Clark Howell Homes (Public Housing), Bounded by North Avenue, Lovejoy Street, Mills Street & Luckie Street, Atlanta

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS GA,61-ATLA,63-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Clark Howell Homes is the first public housing project to be completed by the Atlanta Housing Authority, which was created in May of Clark Howell Homes is a representative example of pre-World War II housing projects constructed by local housing authorities nationwide with the assistance of the United States Housing Authority. Established by the U. S. Housing Act of (the Wagner-Steagall Bill), the United States Housing Authority sponsored new units in 300 public housing projects between and Creation of the Atlanta Housing Authority reflects Atlanta's early and active participation in a national program of slum clearance and public housing construction that began during the Depression.

Clark Howell Homes was constructed directly adjacent to Techwood Homes, the nation's first federally subsidized public housing project, and reflects refinements to the funding, administration, and design of public housing as first undertaken at Techwood Homes. Clark Howell Homes was designed by the prominent Atlanta firm of Hentz, Adler, and Schutze. The project was named in honor of Clark Howell, one of several Atlanta businessmen who were instrumental in securing federal funds to alleviate slum housing conditions in Atlanta during the CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 2) PART I. INTRODUCTION 1. Clark Howell Homes covers a 40-acre site north of downtown Atlanta in Fulton County.

Major land uses and institutions in the immediate area consist of the Georgia Institute of Technology to the north, the Techwood Homes housing project to the east, the construction site of the Centennial Olympic Park to the south, and the headquarters of the Coca-Cola Company to the northwest. Dormitories for the Olympics are currently under construction on land that previously formed the northeast quadrant of Techwood Homes, and Interstates along the eastern edge of Techwood Homes separate the Techwood and Clark Howell housing projects from the midtown area of Atlanta. Completed in by the Atlanta Housing Authority, Clark Howell Homes is closely associated with Techwood Homes, which was completed in by the Public Works Administration.

Clark Howell Homes features two major amenities--a community building and a large playground--that have been shared with Techwood Homes since Clark Howell was first developed, and the two housing projects have traditionally shared a tenants' association and facilities for project maintenance and management. The Clark Howell site incorporates the Anne Wallace Branch Carnegie Library, which was constructed on the east side of Luckie Street in Created as the first branch library of the city of Atlanta, the Anne Wallace Branch was funded by a foundation established by the Andrew Carnegie family and is now owned by the Atlanta Housing Authority.

Three non-historic buildings are located on parcels at the perimeter of the Techwood/Clark Howell site: Fowler Elementary School, built in 1951ona2.9- acre site that was formerly part of the Clark Howell community playground; Palmer House, a high-rise public housing project built in on land that was previously a playground at the south end of Techwood Homes; and Roosevelt House, a high-rise public housing project built in on land that was previously a recreation area at the north end of Techwood Homes. The Techwood Homes Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in and is documented in the Historic American Building Survey as HABS No. GA-2257.

Clark Howell Homes and the Anne Wallace Branch Library are considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Both Techwood Homes and Clark Howell Homes are to be redeveloped as part of the Techwood/Clark Howell Homes HOPE VI - Urban Revitalization Demonstration (URD) Project. The proposed project will result in the demolition of all buildings at Techwood Homes except HABS No. GA-2257-S and all buildings at Clark Howell Homes except the Clark Howell Community Center (HABS No. GA-2309-A) and the Anne Wallace Branch Carnegie Library (HABS No. GA-2309-B). PART II. HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PUBLIC HOUSING A.

National Context Clark Howell Homes is typical of pre-World War II public housing projects constructed by local housing authorities nationwide with the assistance of the United States Housing Authority (USHA). Established by the U. S. Housing Act of (the Wagner-Steagall Bill), the USHA sponsored new units in 300 public housing projects across the country between and 1 The USHA program represented a continuation and refinement of the public housing program undertaken by the Housing Division of President Roosevelt's Public Works Administration (PWA). The purpose CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No.

GA-2309 (Page 3) of the PWA's ambitious public housing program was to eradicate slum housing on a grand scale while also creating much-needed jobs and decent low-cost housing during the Depression.

Beginning in Atlanta with the completion of Techwood Homes in and University Homes in the PWA's Housing Division undertook the planning and construction of a total of 51 large-scale public housing projects between and For more information about the goals and accomplishments of the PWA's pioneering program of federally funded public housing, see America Builds: The Record of ~(Public Works Administration, The PWA's housing program established high standards for health, comfort, and safety in the design and construction of public housing and provided a foundation for subsequent public housing efforts. On the other hand, shortcomings in the PWA approach drew criticism and led to reforms in the financing and implementation of public housing in the United States.

The PWA program was opposed by representatives of the real estate industry, who asserted that public housing would compete with an already struggling private housing market and constituted intrusion by the federal government into a traditionally private enterprise. In addition, the well-designed, well-built projects of the PWA program featured high construction costs and rental rates, which, even with government subsidies, were considered too costly to benefit slum dwellers as originally planned. The USHA program established under the act responded to these and other issues pertaining to public housing policy, replacing the PWA's short-term, Depression-era program with a framework for the nation's public housing system that has lasted through the Passed in November of the U. S.

Housing Act increased budget allocations for housing project subsidies and also decentralized the federal housing program. Under the new program, the federal government would make loans and pay subsidies to local housing authorities that would, in turn, build and operate public housing projects designed to accommodate lower-income tenants. The budget allocation of million for the U. S. Housing Authority provided for a more massive program than the $36 million total of the PWA public housing program. The legislated construction costs of housing units built by local authorities could be no more than per unit, compared to the per unit average of the PWA projects.

2 An article in Newsweek in August of summarized the distinguishing characteristics of the USHA program: [The USHA] aims to carry on the work of PWA's housing division. . . . The USHA, however, functions differently from its predecessor. PWA's buildings were government-built, government-financed, and government-owned. USHA projects are constructed by local housing authorities, which bear 10 per cent of the costs, while the authority advances 90 per 3 cent on low-interest loans that run for 60 years. In July of the USHA's first public housing projects opened simultaneously in four cities: Austin, Texas; Buffalo, New York; Jacksonville, Florida; and Brooklyn, New York.

4 The USHA's large-scale program of slum clearance and public housing construction continued until when the advent of World War II necessitated re-direction of resources and energies to provide hastily constructed housing for defense needs. In January of the USHA opened the first of its many defense housing projects, in Pensacola, Florida and Montgomery, Alabama. 5 Virtually no public housing was constructed in the years immediately following the war, while the private housing market boomed in response to the loan programs of the Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans Administration. CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 4) Enactment of the Housing Act of began a new chapter in the federal government's role in housing policy.

The act introduced the mechanisms and funding for urban renewal, in which slum clearance and public housing construction would, theoretically, work in tandem. 6 Public housing under the Housing Act was fundamentally different in design and character from its pre-war predecessors. The architectural theories of Le Corbusier became popular among some designers, and high-density 7 development and new tenant selection policies changed the character of public housing. Financial constraints resulted in an increasingly institutional look among new public housing projects, which 8 lacked the design amenities and social services of earlier projects.

As described in Part IV of this narrative, the trend towards development of higher density projects actually encroached upon existing design amenities in the case of the Techwood/Clark Howell complex, where recreational areas were replaced by high-rise public housing projects. Public housing projects, regardless of their era of construction or style of design, were also adversely affected by shifts in the demographics of their tenant populations. After World War II, working class families--for whom public housing had been designed originally--found an enticing new housing option in the modest but affordable dwellings of America's growing suburbs. Meanwhile, income ceilings placed on public housing tenants drove out anyone whose economic situation improved.

In President Kennedy signed Executive Order which mandated the end to segregation in federally assisted housing and, ultimately, forced often-recalcitrant housing authorities to address the difficult issues of race in the management of public housing projects. Due to these and other diverse factors, the character of public housing by the had changed dramatically since its early years: By the public housing's clientele had shifted from the upwardly mobile working poor to a more or less permanently dependent group, the hard-core poor whose minority status, lack of education or training, and/or family conditions relegated them to housing of last resort.

Even the group whose needs were most catered to after the elderly, were a permanent dependent group: they were not likely to get younger, find better-paying jobs, or attain greater wealth. 9 As changes occurred over time in the role and management of public housing and the demographics of its tenants, the environment and quality of life provided by public housing projects changed as well. B. State and Local Context Approval of the Techwood and University Homes projects laid the foundation for the future of public housing in Atlanta. By the time the U. S.

Housing Act was passed, the state of Georgia and the city of Atlanta were poised to take advantage of the new program, since a local precedent for public housing development had been established by Atlanta's early involvement with the PWA's Housing Division. The General Assembly of Georgia adopted legislation to allow Georgia cities to establish local housing authorities and, on May 18, the Atlanta City Council and Mayor Hartsfield created the Atlanta Housing Authority. By the time its first project, Clark Howell Homes, was opened for occupancy in the Atlanta Housing Authority had embraced the concept of public housing on a large scale. In .

July of the progress of public housing construction in Atlanta and the rest of Georgia was summarized in the Atlanta Constitution as follows: CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 5) Atlanta, the first city in the nation to have a low-cost housing project completed--Techwood Homes, built by PWA in 1936--still leads the nation in housing under the USHA program. No city in America has secured a larger per capita appropriation. Outside Atlanta, too, the building program goes on, with tenants already occupying homes in projects in Augusta, Macon and Columbus, and with construction underway in Athens, Augusta, Brunswick, 10 Columbus, Decatur, Macon, Marietta, Rome and Savannah.

The newly established Atlanta Housing Authority quickly sought to address the most serious criticism of the city's two PW A housing projects, i.e., that project rents were not sufficiently subsidized to provide housing that slum dwellers could afford. As pointed out in the Atlanta Constitution in August of "Slums have been razed, but the houses that have gone up in their stead have been too costly for the slum dwellers in the great majority of cases. Higher income families moved into the new buildings, and the slum people moved to other slums. . . . Automobiles are parked in the streets of [the Techwood and University] housing projects while the slum folk live on in squalor.

" 11 In its first annual report, submitted to Atlanta's Mayor and City Council on July 1, AHA took care to distinguish itself and the U. S. Housing Authority from the efforts of the PWA: "Bear in mind that [Techwood and University Homes] were not constructed under the present program but under the PWA, and their rents are higher than ours will be because the USHA projects get a much greater 12 subsidy." With aid from the USHA, AHA forged ahead with a large-scale program of public housing construction, completing Clark Howell and John Hope Homes in and Capitol, John Eagan, Grady, and Herndon Homes in Of these projects, Clark Howell and Capitol Homes were for white residents only, while the remaining four projects were for African-American residents only.

For the design of its early housing projects, AHA sought the expertise of some of Atlanta's most prominent architectural firms, including Hentz, Adler, and Schutze (for Clark Howell Homes) and Burge and Stevens (for John Hope Homes). The onset of World War II brought a temporary end to the planning and construction of public housing in Atlanta. Like other local housing authorities nationwide, AHA turned its attention to urban renewal efforts after passage of the Housing Act of Construction of public housing in Atlanta did not resume until the mid-1950s, when AHA completed Carver, Perry, and Joel Chandler Harris Homes in and respectively.

For more information about AHA's expansion into urban renewal programs and the construction of subsequent public housing, see AHA' s annual reports and other publications from after PART III. DEVELOPMENT OF CLARK HOWELL HOMES Clark Howell Homes was the first of six public housing projects to be planned and undertaken by the Atlanta Housing Authority during its first year of operation. In the fall of AHA secured USHA loans totaling 000 to finance a comprehensive program of slum clearance and public housing construction for the city of Atlanta. The loans would finance 90 percent of the program, with the remaining 10 percent of the development costs to be raised locally by the sale of bonds. 13 CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No.

GA-2309 (Page 6) Articles in the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution in February of outlined AHA's basic plan 14 for its first project. The project would represent a total investment of approximately of which would be obtained through a USHA loan and the balance would be raised by the housing authority. AHA adopted a resolution to name its first project in honor of the late Clark Howell, who had served as publisher of the Atlanta Constitution and played a key role in Atlanta's early involvement in public housing construction under the PWA. The following project team was identified for the design of Clark Howell Homes: Hentz, Adler and Schutze, principal architects; Warren Armistead, associate architect; Newcomb and Boyd, mechanical engineers; and Robert G. Lose, structural engineer.

Though her involvement was not acknowledged in media accounts of the era, the landscape architect for the project was Edith Henderson, the first female landscape architect in Georgia. In an interview in Henderson recounted her collaboration with the architects on the landscape design for Clark Howell: I remember Mr. Adler talking to me at great length about the fact that each unit of the apartments should mean something to each family [The architects] told us to be sure to work diligently to make this Clark Howell Homes [landscape] design as beautiful as possible, because it, being the first one of its kind in the country, would be watched and copied We tried to make each unit, again, following Mr.

Adler's admonition, to be a miniature house, [with its] own grounds, so it would seem as if they were surrounded by their own plant . I ls matena. Newspaper accounts from February of reported AHA's selection of a site for Clark Howell Homes directly adjacent to the existing Techwood Homes project. The site chosen was located south of the Georgia Institute of Technology and extended westward to Luckie Street. The site encompassed over 21 city blocks and formed a rectangle that incorporated the existing Anne Wallace Branch Carnegie Library, built in on the east side of Luckie Street. The aerial perspective shown in Photograph GA-2309-2 taken around documents the close relationship that existed between the Techwood and Clark Howell sites.

In its first annual report, AHA summarized its process for selection of the Clark Howell site as follows: Our first responsibility [as Atlanta's new housing authority] was to propose suitable areas for slum clearance We could not pick a site completely surrounded by substandard houses. The good would thus be lost in the bad. We were therefore compelled to start at the edge of a slum district and anchor our projects so as to receive the protection of public institutions or other improvements of a permanent character. . . . Thought also had to be given to the facilities already available in the general area for the social needs of the communities we were to create, such as churches and schools. . . .

Each project had to be planted where the future costs of its management might be kept at a minimum . . . . It was necessary to anticipate all those factors which would protect the projects when completed against blight and make them 16 desirable as places in which to live. Our first choice was next to Techwood. In February of land acquisition costs for Clark Howell were estimated at 17 and in 18 March of AHA purchased the first parcel of land for the project. AHA undertook a program of relocation assistance for residents of the site, consisting of 260 white families and 86 African-American 19 families. On June 15, the advertisement for bids for construction of USHA Project GA Clark Howell Homes, appeared in the Atlanta Constitution.

Demolition of slum dwellings at the site CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 7) began on the same day, preceded by a "pestilence-control campaign" throughout the area to ensure that adjacent properties would not be invaded by rats or other vermin as a result of the slum clearance. 20 On August 1, AHA awarded a contract to Mion Construction Company of Atlanta for project construction, including plumbing, steam heating, electrical work and site improvement. 21 Construction of the project began shortly thereafter, in August or September of Construction of Clark Howell Homes continued into along with site acquisition and construction for the five other housing projects AHA had undertaken.

In its second annual report, dated June 30, AHA reported the total cost of Clark Howell Homes as the highest cost estimated 22 for any of the six AHA projects in progress. To facilitate the application process for prospective tenants, AHA opened an application office for Clark Howell Homes on April 7, at 118 Merritts Avenue, 23 which was one of the first buildings constructed at Clark Howell. Promotional brochures were distributed to publicize the Clark Howell project and assist prospective tenants; one of the double- sided brochures is reproduced at the end of this narrative under Supplemental Materials.

Information and application booths for Clark Howell Homes were also established in Rich's and High's department stores, as documented in newspaper notices and advertisements from July of For several of its early projects, including Clark Howell, AHA developed an innovative promotional tactic in which "demonstration apartments" were furnished and decorated, then opened to the public for inspection.

In a June, article, the Atlanta Constitution commented on the novelty of this approach: Atlanta will see something new in renting technique today as furnished demonstration apartments open for inspection at Clark Howell Homes, low-cost housing project for low- income white families [The units] will be furnished, with suggested color schemes and appropriate furnishings and decorations there to provide ideas for the homemaker. . . . [One apartment] will illustrate the possibilities of using homemade, reconditioned furniture and 24 accessories. Photograph GA-2309-5 shows visitors lined up to view the demonstration apartments at Clark Howell, which opened on Sunday, June 30, near the corner of Mills and Luckie Streets.

According to in the tenants' association newsletter, over people had visited the Clark Howell "open house" by 25 August 7, During the first week of November, Clark Howell's first families began moving in and were profiled in articles such as "Dreams Do Come True: The Story of Three Atlantans" (Atlanta Constitution, 7 November The last units completed at Clark Howell were ready for occupancy early in PARIIY. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF CLARK HOWELL HOMES A. Original Elements and Site Plan Clark Howell Homes was constructed on a 40-acre site that replaced over 21 city blocks of slum dwellings. The project featured a total of 630 units in 63 residential buildings.

The project included a seven and one-half acre playground and a community building with small rooms for group meetings and a main assembly hall. During construction of Clark Howell Homes, the Atlanta Constitution stated CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 8) that the community building would be "the center of life at Clark Homes" and noted that such community buildings were to be an integral component of housing projects designed by AHA: "The realization that only through community pride, through organized community activity, can a neighborhood prosper, has prompted the Atlanta Housing Authority to make careful plans for 26 community centers in all projects in its program.

" The advertisement for construction bids for Clark Howell Homes, which appeared in the Atlanta Constitution on June 15, mentioned a proposed gymnasium building, but this structure was never built. Newspaper accounts of the project's design and construction emphasized that Clark Howell's residential buildings differed from those of Techwood in that all units had a separate exterior entrance, with no common entrances or hallways, and all but the smallest units were two-level townhouse units. This design feature became a hallmark of AHA's early projects, as later noted in AHA's annual report: "With the exception of some apartments in Techwood Homes, all the Atlanta projects are of the row-house type, each building consisting of a series of dwelling units located side by side.

27 This type of construction gives each tenant his own front and back yard. " Clark Howell's 630 units were divided into types as follows: 52 two-and-one-half room units, designed to accommodate two persons only; 216 three-and-one-half room units, for two to three persons; 228 four-and-one-half room units, for three to five persons; and 134 five-and-one-half room units, for four to seven persons. This distribution of housing unit types resulted in a population density of approximately 3.6 persons per unit at Clark Howell Homes, versus approximately 2.9 persons per unit at the adjacent Techwood Homes housing project. The site for the Clark Howell project featured a rolling terrain that required skillful design and layout of the project's buildings.

During construction, the Atlanta Constitution noted: The unevenness and irregularity of the ground presented a difficult problem in avoiding high costs resulting from excessive foundation wall construction. This was partly overcome by the architects by varying the floor level in a building which results in the breaks in the roof. Much study has been given to the arrangement of the units within the buildin~ and to the buildings within the project to provide a maximum of air and sunshine for each. 8 Following completion of Clark Howell Homes, a review in Architectural Forum praised the site plan of the project: "Terraces along the groups of row houses are laid out to avoid separate platforms in front of the entrances.

All efforts were successfully made to cope with the topography of the site and to preserve existing trees. "29 The uneven topography of the site required extensive use of retaining walls, as shown in Photograph GA-2309-3. B. Architectural Character The architectural style and detailing of Clark Howell Homes has been the source of confusion in written sources, because the proposed style and appearance of the project was ultimately scaled back in its final execution. An Atlanta Constitution article from February of stated that Clark Howell would feature a Georgian style of architecture.

The article presented a rendering of an elevation that showed bay windows, decorative chimney tops, and elaborate door surrounds topped by semi-circular fanlights and classical pediments, with a caption that stated, "Architectural Variety Will Lend Charm to Housing Development. "30 This handsome elevation was reproduced in color in American Classicist: CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 9) The Architecture of Philip Trammel Schutze (Dowling, accompanied by text stating that the design of Clark Howell Homes featured "varied door surrounds" and architectural details that "break from the monotony that has characterized so many attempts at government housing. "31 However, this stylized design for the facades of Clark Howell was, in fact, never realized.

Instead, the project was executed under budgetary constraints that "resulted in the choice of the most durable materials and the simplest design possible[;] frills were omitted and simple, standard, stock designs were used. "32 The design of Clark Howell as actually built was characterized in Architectural Forum in March of as follows: "The houses are built in multi-colored brick with simple and carefully designed details for canopies projecting over the doors, and for cornices allowing a sufficient roof projection. 33 The red roofing tiles are, in color and texture, harmonious with the brick walls. " The completed buildings were very similar in style, with the exception that some buildings featured gabled roofs while others featured hipped roofs with brick dentil cornices.

Schutze's original scheme of diverse facades was reduced primarily to the use of different colors for the doors of individual units, as described in the Atlanta Journal in August of "The government turned to the rainbow to borrow its color designs for doorways on the new residential units at the Clark Howell Homes Bright reds, greens, 34 yellows, oranges and blues have been utilized to break the monotony. " C. Alterations and Renovations Clark Howell's original buildings (63 residential buildings and one community building) are largely intact, having suffered no demolitions, additions, or fires. The changes that have occurred have affected primarily the project's open spaces and residential interiors.

The first major physical alteration to Clark Howell Homes occurred in when the Fowler Elementary School was constructed on the north end of the open space that formed the Clark Howell playground. While providing a modern, conveniently located school for the children of Techwood and Clark Howell Homes, placement of the school eliminated part of the open space that had been designed and landscaped scarc;7 a decade earlier as an important amenity for residents of Clark Howell as well as Techwood Homes. In the Anne Wallace Branch Carnegie Library was moved from its original Luckie Street facility into the Clark Howell Community Center. The original library building--constructed in 1909--served 36 as a recreational center from until at which time the building was closed and left vacant.

Open areas at the south and north end of the Techwood Homes project were replaced with high-rise public housing projects in and reducing recreational amenities available to residents of Techwood and Clark Howell Homes and increasing the concentration of public housing in the Techwood/Clark Howell area. From to both Techwood Homes and Clark Howell Homes received extensive renovations and modernizations, funded by a million grant to AHA from HUD through the Comprehensive Improvement Assistance Program. Exterior work included replacement of doors and windows, replacement of the original tile roofs with asphalt shingle roofing, and re-landscaping. Interior renovations and alterations included modernization of kitchens, bathrooms, and utility systems.

In recent years, some of Clark Howell's smallest, efficiency-type apartments have been combined with larger units, reducing the total number of living units from 630 to CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 10) PARTY.

Evolution of Clark Howell Homes and Environs

Limited information is available about the evolution of Clark Howell's social environment and physical context over time, since the project drew little attention in written sources after its completion early in Clark Howell Homes has tended to be overshadowed by its better-known neighbor, Techwood Homes, which has been the subject of student theses and dissertations, AHA public relations materials, and retrospective articles in newspapers and magazines. Clark Howell Homes' history is, however, generally similar to that of Techwood Homes, because the two projects are immediately adjacent to one another and historically have shared community facilities, maintenance and management facilities, and a tenants' association.

Both projects provided comfortable, community-oriented housing environments in their early years, then experienced a series of adverse impacts after World War II in response to changing demographic, administrative, and physical factors. A. Social and Administrative Changes at Clark Howell Homes and AHA The newsletters of the Techwood/Clark Howell tenants' association provide insightful vignettes of the quality and style of life at both housing projects over the years. A copy of The Techwood News from November 4, for example, featured articles on community and domestic subjects, including schedules of dances and other recreational events, an advice column on nutrition, a list of new books available at the Anne Wallace Branch Library, and a page of stories and riddles for children.

Many activities took place at the Techwood-Clark Howell Community Center, which was centrally located and constituted an integral component of the design of Clark Howell project. Advertisements in the newsletter are of particular interest, because they indicate that the tenants of Techwood and Clark Howell Homes were welcome at businesses and churches in the area. The following statements are from typical advertisements in the November 4, newsletter: Floyd's Grill, 408 Techwood Drive--We thank you for your patronage. The North Avenue Presbyterian Church, Peachtree Street and North Avenue, cordially invites you to special Sunday evening services. Why not walk to church? Come to Payne Memorial Methodist Church, on Luckie, corner Hunnicutt.

Techwood and Clark Howell Homes were also considered by the Georgia Institute of Technology to be desirable neighbors, according to Georgia Tech President M. L. Brittain. The annual report of the Atlanta Housing Authority quoted Dr. Brittain as follows: "We feel that a real problem was solved when the fine buildings and landscaped grounds of the Projects replaced the slum area which faced our men every day of their college careers here at Georgia Tech. Such an outlook cannot help but have an influence, and the Projects have replaced a definitely bad influence with a good one. "37 Based on recollections by former residents, it appears that social conditions at Techwood and Clark Howell Homes remained generally positive and unchanged through the and perhaps longer.

When asked in about his experiences as a resident of Tech wood Homes from until CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 11) Waldo Roescher commented: "We were all very happy to be there There was no stigma to it at 38 all ... " Roescher did, however, perceive socioeconomic differences between the residents of Techwood Homes and the residents of Clark Howell Homes: "It was a lower class of people that got into Clark Howell. The requirements were lower. . . . You could get into Clark Howell when you 39 couldn't get into Techwood.

" This circumstance was consistent with the goal of the USHA and local housing authorities to develop public housing projects whose per-unit costs were lower and more heavily subsidized than those of the PWA projects, with the result that rents could be lower and, therefore, lower-income residents could be accommodated. Annual reports from AHA' s early years included photographs and descriptions of the housing authority's properties and provided generally positive characterizations of life at the housing projects. During the and early however, AHA's annual reports offered little information about social conditions or changes at individual projects and did not comment on the growing problems associated with public housing.

This position changed abruptly in the annual report, whose first page contained the following blunt statement: "During the fiscal year, the percentage of families with a woman as head of the household increased to 50 percent. This is a very significant figure since it implies the existence of serious family problems, some of them economic, and some social. In AHA acknowledged its struggle to fill a changing role: "New families moving into low rent housing usually bring their old problems with them During the years, through its awareness of numerous social and economic problems, the Atlanta Housing Authority has changed from what 41 seemed to be a real estate agency into a social force.

" The greatest change in the demographic profiles of AHA's projects, including Clark Howell Homes, came with the advent of racial integration. In a report, the Georgia State Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights criticized AHA for its limited compliance with Executive Order signed by President Kennedy in As of December 31, all nine of Atlanta's original all-African-American housing projects remained overwhelmingly African-American, and modest levels of integration existed at only three of the city's original all-white projects. Curiously, only three of Atlanta's housing projects contained IlQ African-American residents at the end of 42 Techwood Homes, Clark Howell Homes, and Palmer House.

This situation suggests that AHA may have been attempting to preserve this cluster of public housing as an all-white bastion, though the Advisory Committee's report does not specifically draw this conclusion. Integration finally occurred at 43 Techwood and Clark Howell Homes in late or early Beginning in the early a deluge of controversy and criticism surrounding AHA and Techwood/Clark Howell Homes appeared in newspaper and magazine articles, drawn from interviews with public housing authorities as well as residents. An October, article linked escalating levels of crime, vandalism and poor housekeeping to the fact that applicants were no longer being screened, a policy change attributed to pressure from the National Welfare Rights Organization.

44 A March, article chronicled funding and budget cutbacks, a near-50 percent reduction in the maintenance staff at Techwood/Clark Howell, strikes by disgruntled maintenance workers, an estimated building code violations at Techwood/Clark Howell, and allegations of conflicts of interest and unresponsive management at AHA. The article also reported an allegation by the president of the Techwood/Clark Howell tenants' association that AHA deliberately allowed deterioration of both projects following integration in possibly in response to private sector interest in redevelopment of the site. 45 A May, article reiterated allegation of poor management and inadequate maintenance and also CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No.

GA-2309 (Page 12) asserted that an exodus of white residents from Techwood/Clark Howell had occurred in the 46 In May of an investigation by the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development cleared AHA of charges that it misused federal funds and tolerated unacceptable living conditions during 47 renovation of Techwood/Clark Howell from to Reports and allegations about social conditions and management issues at Techwood and Clark Howell Homes during the and involve complex and speculative issues. On the other hand, certain facts not in dispute provide insight into the dramatic change in socioeconomic conditions that occurred at Clark Howell Homes over time.

In April of AHA prepared a demographic profile of Clark Howell's original 628 households (excluding two households occupied by AHA employees), noting data such as sources of income and household composition by age and gender. Clark Howell's original population of persons was percent male and percent female, with an average household size of 3 .57 persons. The average number of wage earners per household was persons, and percent of the total income of Clark Howell households came from earned income rather than sources such as Social Security and pensions. In January of similar data prepared by AHA revealed that the demographic profile of Clark Howell had changed dramatically in the three decades since the project was completed.

At the beginning of Clark Howell had a total of 625 households, only three fewer than in the profile, yet its total population had dropped percent since to residents. Of Clark Howell's 625 households, percent were headed by women, who were apparently single or divorced. Aid to Families with Dependent Children constituted the primary source of income for almost 50 percent of Clark Howell's households, while other forms of government benefits and Social Security constituted the primary income source for an additional 30 percent of households. These statistics suggest that the population of Clark Howell Homes by bore little resemblance to its original population of intact family groups and employed heads of household.

Its demographic profile close matched conditions of downward mobility and institutionalized poverty that plagued public housing nationwide: "[In the main occupants of public housing are the poor, black, 48 predominantly fatherless families. " B. Changes to the Physical Context of Clark Howell Homes The environment and quality of life at Clark Howell Homes has also deteriorated over time in response to external factors. In May of an Atlanta Journal article succinctly described the adverse physical conditions immediately surrounding Techwood Homes: "Today, [Techwood Homes] is a small city hemmed in on the northwest by Coca-Cola, on the north by Georgia Tech, on the east by the downtown connector--Interstates 75 and 85--and on the south by the fringes of downtown Atlanta.

"49 The "hemming in" of Techwood Homes and its immediate neighbor, Clark Howell Homes, began shortly after World War II and took a steady toll in subsequent decades, severing physical ties to nearby amenities such as stores and churches and changing the overall character of land uses surrounding Techwood and Clark Howell Homes. Like the city of Atlanta as a whole, the area surrounding Techwood and Clark Howell Homes experienced growth and transition after World War II. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of the area show a number of changes to land uses and community amenities between the early when the area was mapped shortly before construction of Techwood Homes, and the and early when CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 13) maps of the area were updated.

The maps document that residential areas around the fringes of the Techwood/Clark Howell site gradually changed to commercial, industrial, and institutional land uses. To the west and east of the Techwood/Clark Howell complex, rows of dwellings facing the housing projects were gradually replaced by industrial and commercial land uses. The two-story, wood-frame duplex visible in the background of Photograph GA-2309-5 was one of many modest residential buildings that once lined the west side of Luckie Street opposite Clark Howell Homes.

Land to the east of Techwood Homes changed first from residential to commercial uses, then was transformed completely by a massive highway construction program that began in the and was expanded several times in the and Construction of the north-south highway along the eastern edge of Techwood Homes eliminated dozens of structures in its path, including a cluster of stores and a movie theater on North Avenue that had been within walking distance of Techwood and Clark Howell Homes. The elevated interstate highway and its high retaining walls ultimately severed most pedestrian and vehicular ties between the Techwood/Clark Howell community and the midtown area of Atlanta, permanently separating areas that had once been immediate neighbors.

Changes also occurred to the north and northwest of the Techwood/Clark Howell community, as both the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Coca-Cola Company expanded into areas that had previously been primarily residential. In the mid-1930s, before construction of Clark Howell Homes, Coca-Cola facilities in the immediate vicinity consisted of a manufacturing plant and office building complex at the southwest comer of North Avenue and Luckie Street.

Coca-Cola began a large-scale expansion in the late completing a 12-story office building and auxiliary structures in This vertical expansion continued in the and with the addition of a 26-story office at the comer of North Avenue and Luckie Street in a 10-story Technical Center in and a 20-story office tower in During the same time period, Georgia Tech continued expansion of its facilities. Both Coca-Cola and Georgia Tech have been identified as "good neighbors" due to various outreach programs provided to the Techwood/Clark Howell community over the years.

50 Their respective expansions, however, altered the area's original, low-density character by adding high-rise structures and high-status land uses that have tended to isolate and marginalize the Techwood/Clark Howell public housing complex. Techwood and Clark Howell Homes have also been adversely affected by changes to the area directly to the south. For the most part, these changes have consisted, not of construction or expansion, but of the demolition, decay, or abandonment of structures. Sanborn maps indicate that, in the the area south of Mills Street was a neighborhood of primarily single-family dwellings, with some commercial and institutional structures. By the the area was primarily industrial/commercial, with isolated residential pockets.

The area declined in subsequent decades, as the northward growth of downtown Atlanta demanded parking lots and high-capacity surface streets in place of residential and industrial parcels. The result was a forbidding expanse of surface parking lots, vacant lots and abandoned buildings that hampered safe pedestrian access from Techwood and Clark Howell Homes to downtown Atlanta and offered few amenities for public housing residents. The south end of the Techwood/Clark Howell community suffered another adverse impact in when the Atlanta Union Mission opened a large homeless shelter at 165 Alexander Street. Up to 350 men are accommodated nightly at Shepherd's Inn, and over 500 lunches are served daily at the 51 Community Kitchen, the largest such facility in Georgia.

While these services address the needs of CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 14) Atlanta's homeless population, placement of the facility directly adjacent to the Techwood/Clark Howell complex exacerbated levels of vagrancy, vandalism, and criminal activity within the public 52 housing community. In site clearance and construction activity for the Centennial Olympic Park and related facilities directly south of the Techwood/Clark Howell community resulted in displacement of homeless persons and introduced construction-related traffic and activity into the immediate area. Notes to Parts I through V 1. Eugenie Ladner Birch, "Woman-Made America: The Case of Early Public Housing Policy," Journal of the American Institute of Planners 44 (April 2. Ibid. 3.

"USHA Breaks First Ground in Slum War," Newsweek 12 (1August1938): 4. "First Projects of the USHA Are Opened in Four Cities," Newsweek 14 (17 July 5. "As Public Housing Enters American City 56 (January 65. 6. J. Paul Mitchell ed., Federal Housing Policy and Programs: Past and Present (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University, Center for Urban Policy Research, 7. Birch, "Woman-Made America," 8. Mitchell, Federal Housing Policy and Programs, 9. Ibid. 10. "Where Hundreds of Families Will Be Happily Housed," Atlanta Constitution, 14 July 11. "Uncle Sam Uses Atlanta as His Housing Laboratory," Atlanta Constitution, 28 August 12. Atlanta Housing Authority, First Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta (Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, 30.

(Atlanta Housing Authority hereafter identified as AHA.) 13. AHA, Second Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta (Atlanta: AHA, 7. 14. Atlanta Program of Slum Clearance Starts With Selection of Site," Atlanta Journal, 12 February Units First of Slum Clearance," Atlanta Constitution, 12 February 15. Edith Henderson, interview by Clifford M. Kuhn, Atlanta, October Atlanta History Center, Manuscript Collection Box Folder #2 (transcript). CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 15) 16. AHA, First Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta (Atlanta: AHA, 17. Atlanta Program of Slum Clearance," 12 February 18. "First Land Is Bought for Howell Homes," Atlanta Constitution, 23 March 19. AHA, Second Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta, 11. 20. Ibid. 21.

"Two Million Contract Let For Housing," Atlanta Constitution, 1 August "Atlanta Housing Project Gets Underway," Atlanta Constitution, 6 September 22. AHA, Second Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta, 14. 23. AHA, Atlanta Rebuilding: Bulletin of the Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta 1 (April 3. 24. "Clark Howell Homes on View," Atlanta Constitution, 30 June 25. "Clark Howell Open House," Techwood News, 7 August 26. "Clark Howell Homes To Be Occupied by First of September," Atlanta Constitution, 14 July 27. AHA, Ninth Annual Report: (Atlanta: AHA, no pagination. 28. "Clark Howell Homes To Be Occupied by First of September," 14 July 29. "Public Housing in the Southeastern States," Architectural Forum 74 (March 30. Units First of Slum Clearance," 12 February 31.

Elizabeth Meredith Dowling, American Classicist: The Architecture of Philip Trammell Shutze (New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., Figure 32. "Clark Howell Homes To Be Occupied by First of September," 14 July 33. "Public Housing in the Southeastern States," 34. "Gay Colors Adorn Housing Project," Atlanta Journal, 5 August 35. Henderson interview by Kuhn. 36. Albert Kahn & Schervish Vogel Collaborative, "Techwood Clark Howell Urban Revitalization Demonstration Program: Section 106 Report (Revision (Detroit: May 31. CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 16) 37. AHA, Fourth Annual Report: Democracy in Action (Atlanta: AHA, no pagination. 38. Waldo Roescher, interview by Clifford M.

Kuhn, Atlanta, January Atlanta History Center, Manuscript Collection Box Folder #2 (transcript). 39. Ibid. 40. AHA, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report: (Atlanta: AHA, 1. 41. AHA, Goal: A Better City (Atlanta: AHA, no pagination. 42. Towards Equal Opportunity in Housing in Atlanta. Georgia: A Report of the Georgia State Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, by Dr. Vivian W. Henderson, Chairman (Atlanta: May Appendix F. 43. "The Great Experiment Falters: Two Faces of Techwood Homes," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 27 October 44. Ibid. 45. "Who Wants Techwood?" Atlanta Weekly [Atlanta Journal and Constitution], 15 March 46. "Techwood Homes: Symbol of Despair, Hope," Atlanta Journal, 24 May 47. "AHA is Cleared in Probe of Techwood," Atlanta Constitution, 17 May 48.

Tom Forrester Lord, Decent Housing: A Promise to Keep (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman Publishing Company, Inc., 29. 49. "Techwood Homes: Symbol of Hope, Despair," 24 May 50. "Dream Vs. Reality? Techwood Turns Atlanta (November 51. As reported in pamphlets from the Development Office of the Atlanta Union Mission. 52. Albert Kahn & Schervish Vogf'.l Collaborative, "Section 106 Report (Revision PART XI. SOURCES OF INFORMATION A. Historic views: Reproductions of historic views of Clark Howell Homes accompany this submittal to the Historic American Buildings Survey. Original historic photographs are archived at the Atlanta Housing Authority (AHA). Photographs appear in many of the AHA annual reports and historic newspaper articles listed in the bibliography at Section C.

CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 17) B. Interviews: The Atlanta History Center has transcripts of interviews with Atlanta citizens (Manuscript Collection conducted from to by Clifford Kuhn and later excerpted and compiled into a book, Living Atlanta: An Oral History of the City. For first-hand accounts of project construction and subsequent living conditions at Techwood Homes and Clark Howell Homes, interview transcripts were reviewed for two individuals: landscape architect Edith Henderson, who designed the landscape plan for Clark Howell Homes and Techwood Homes; and Waldo Roescher, Techwood Homes resident from to Specific citations for transcripts are provided in the bibliography at Section C. C.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS GA,61-ATLA,63-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Atlanta Housing Authority has an extensive collection of newspaper clippings, annual reports, and pamphlets pertaining to the AHA and its properties. Many of the articles and other documents identified in this bibliography were obtained from the AHA. Other information was obtained from the Atlanta History Center, the files of the State Historic Preservation Office, the archives of the Coca-Cola Company, and the Development Office of the Atlanta Union Mission. 1. Primary and unpublished sources: Albert Kahn & Schervish Vogel Collaborative, Detroit, Michigan. "Techwood Clark Howell Urban Revitalization Demonstration Program: Section 106 Report (Revision Prepared for the U.S.

Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, and the Integral Partnership of Atlanta, May 2. Secondary and published sources: Abrams, Charles. The Future of Housing. New York: Harper & Brothers, "As Public Housing Enters American City 56 (January 194 I): 65. Atlanta Housing Authority. Atlanta Rebuilding: Bulletin of the Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta 1 (April _ _ . First Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta. Atlanta: Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, _ _ . Second Annual Report: Rebuilding Atlanta. Atlanta: Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, _ _ . Third Annual Report: Homes, Health and Happiness. Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page I 8) _ _ .

Fourth Annual Report: Democracy in Action. Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, _ _ . Ninth Annual Report: Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, _ _ . Tenth Report of Operations: Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, _ _ . Sixteenth Annual Report: Atlanta: Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, _ _ . Twenty-Fourth Annual Report: Atlanta: Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, _ _ . Annual Report. Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, _ _ . Annual Report: Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, I _ _ . Goal: A Better City I Atlanta's Low-Rent Housing and Urban Renewal Program. Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, _ _ . Urban Renewal: Atlanta's Program for Progress. Atlanta: Atlanta Housing Authority, ( c.

I "Atlanta Housing Project Gets Underway." Atlanta Constitution, 6 September "Atlanta Opens First of Six USHA Projects." Public Housing: Federal Works Agency I U.S. Housing Authority 2 (6 August Birch, Eugenie Ladner. "Woman-Made America: The Case of Early Public Housing Policy." Journal of the American Institute of Planners 44 (April "Clark Howell Homes Modem, Fireproof, and Convenient." Atlanta Constitution, 1 December "Clark Howell Homes To Be Occupied by First of September." Atlanta Constitution, 14 July "Clark Howell Homes To Open for Public Inspection Sunday." Atlanta Constitution, 27 June "Clark Howell Homes on View." Atlanta Constitution, 30 June "Clark Howell Open House." Tecbwood News, 6 July CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No.

GA-2309 (Page 19) "Clark Howell Open House." Techwood News, 7 August Corley, Florence Fleming. "Atlanta's Techwood and University Homes Projects: The Nation's Laboratory for Public Housing." Atlanta History 31 (Winter Dowling, Elizabeth Meredith. American Classicist: The Architecture of Philip Trammell ~. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., "Dream Vs. Reality?

Techwood Turns Atlanta (November "Dreams Do Come True: A Real Life Story About Three Atlantans." Atlanta Journal, 7 November "Federal Aid to Bring New Homes for Old." Atlanta Constitution, 18 June "First Land Is Bought for Howell Homes." Atlanta Constitution, 23 March "First Projects of the USHA Are Opened in Four Cities." Newsweek 14 (17 July Atlanta Program of Slum Clearance Starts With Selection of Site." Atlanta Journal, 12 February "Gay Colors Adorn Housing Project." Atlanta Journal, 5 August "The Great Experiment Falters: Two Faces ofTechwood Homes." Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 27 October "Ground Broken for New Project." Atlanta Constitution, 18 June Henderson, Edith. Interview by Clifford M.

Kuhn, Atlanta, October Transcript available from the Atlanta History Center, Manuscript Collection Box Folder #8. "Housing Project Opens to Public." Atlanta Constitution, 29 June Kuhn, Clifford M.; Joye, Harlan E.; and West, E. Bernard. Living Atlanta: An Oral History of the City, Athens: University of Georgia Press, Lord, Tom Forrester. Decent Rousing: A Promise to Keep. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman Publishing Company, Inc., Mitchell, J. Paul, ed. Federal Housing Policy and Programs: Past and Present. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University, Center for Urban Policy Research, CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 20) "New 3-Million Housing UnitNearTechwood." Sunday American, 12 February Palmer, Charles F. Adventures ofa Slum Fighter.

Atlanta: Tupper and Love, Inc., "Public Housing in the Southeastern States." Architectural Fomm 74 (March "Public Housing and the USHA." Architectural Forum 72 (January Public Works Administration. America Builds: The Record of PWA. Washington, United States Government Printing Office, Roescher, Waldo. Interview by Clifford M. Kuhn, Atlanta, January Transcript available from the Atlanta History Center, Manuscript Collection Box Folder #8. Sanborn Map Company. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps for Atlanta, Georgia. Volume I, Sheets 29, 37, 40, 48, 49, 50, 58, 59, and 60: Volume l, Sheets 51, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, and 62: (revised Volume 4A, Sheets 453A, 454A, and 461A: Available as bard copies, with revisions, at the Atlanta History Center.

Units First of Slum Clearance." Atlanta Constitution, 12 February Techwood and Clark Howell Homes Tenants' Association. Tecbwood News (4 November "Techwood Homes: Symbol of Despair, Hope." Atlanta Journal, 24 May "Techwood Project Comes Full Cycle: From Slum to Slum." Atlanta Journal, 19 September Housing Project for Atlanta is Approved." Atlanta Constin1tion, 12 February Towards Equal Opportunity in Housing in Atlanta, Georgia: A Report of the Georgia State Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. By Dr. Vivian W. Henderson, Chairman. Atlanta: May "Two Million Contract Let For Housing." Atlanta Constitution, 1 August "Uncle Sam Uses Atlanta as His Housing Laboratory." Atlanta Constitution, 28 August "U. S.

Gets First Permanent Housing Authority." Architectural Record 82 (October 38. CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 21) "USHA Breaks First Ground in Slum War." Newsweek 12(IAugust1938): 33- 34. "Where Hundreds of Families Will Be Happily Housed." Atlanta Constitution, 14 July "Who Wants Techwood?" Atlanta Weekly [Atlanta Journal and Constitution], 15 March D. Supplemental material: Following this narrative format text are four x 11' graphics, as follows: brochure promoting open house for Clark Howell Homes, Summer , front.

brochure, rear historic site plan of Techwood/Clark Howell Homes site plan of existing historic district with all buildings indicated Historic site plan of Techwood/Clark Howell Homes with typical buildings Site plan of existing conditions of Techwood/Clark Howell Homes with typical buildings of each floor plan type indicated PART XU. PROJECT INFORMATION This HABS documentation packet is being prepared in compliance with a stipulation of a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) that addresses the impact of the Techwood/Clark Howell Homes HOPE VI Urban Revitalization Demonstration (URD) Project on the Techwood Homes Historic District, the Clark Howell Homes Historic District, the Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District, and the Anne Wallace Branch Carnegie Library.

The MOA is dated March 19, Parties to the MOA are: the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Georgia State Historic Preservation Officer, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Housing Authority of the City of Atlanta, and the Techwood/Clark Howell Resident Association. Prepared by: Kyle F. Epstein, AIA Warren Epstein & Associates, Architects, Inc. Cheshire Bridge Road NE Atlanta, Georgia In association with: Kit Sutherland, President KitWrites, Inc. Stillwood Drive NE Atlanta, Georgia Date: July 1, n > ~ 0 a3:: Cll .,, 0 3:: 0 ::j @ Cl > > a:i ~ fi,1.rkk t ~nJ up ::i::i wd~ i:mw~nicnt 0 tv ~ ; . of;.<; Cl 0 ~ ~d. "' > hi r . . jXI rk~ a,,J . ~ ~h ppi"g Tlie l.uddc a T<K'.hw~),,.-i lni~ wiil i;<1 <lir~ t s;: ~ h W !I!<' ~ a:i "Tj Cll .

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GA-2309 (Page 26) HISTORIC SITE PLAN, CLARK HOWELL HOMES CLARK HOWELL HOMES (Public Housing) HABS No. GA-2309 (Page 27) SITE PLAN, CLARK HOWELL HOMES