Pace's Ferry Earthwork, 4075 Paces Ferry Road Northwest, Atlanta

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER GA-158. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Paces Ferry Road, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia The Pace's Ferry Earthwork is located at latitude: longitude: This coordinate represents the point at which the earthwork meets Loridans Drive (the former Pace's Ferry Road). The north end of the earthwork is located at latitude: longitude: These coordinates were obtained on September 30, using professional survey data georeferenced to Virtual Earth and USGS. The datum is North American Datum Date of Construction: Construction of the earthwork at Pace's Ferry began in the early morning hours of August 25, Construction of the earthworks continued until September 2, I 6<.oLf Engineer: First Lieutenant William Ludlow, Chief Engineer, Twentieth Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, Military Division of the Mississippi, United States Army.

Builder: Union army pioneer troops and members of the Third Brigade (Ireland's), Second Division (Geary's), Twentieth Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, Military Division of the Mississippi, United States Army.

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER GA-158. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Pace's Ferry Earthwork is an increasingly rare and well preserved example of Civil War battlefield engineering, and as such it reflects the combined effect of natural terrain and contemporary military theory on the construction of defensive earthworks. The earthwork at Pace's Ferry also represent one of the earliest accomplishments of William Ludlow, who graduated from the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) only two months prior to its construction, was appointed Chief Engineer of the Twentieth Army Corps in the midst of the Atlanta Campaign, and eventually ascended to the rank of Major General, United States Army. Report Prepared by: Neil J. Bowen; Webb & Associates, Holly Springs, Georgia Date: September 30, PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No.

GA-158 Page2 Physical History Construction of the Union army's defensive earthworks at Pace's Ferry began in the early morning hours of August 25, and it continued until its occupying troops moved out from Pace's Ferry to occupy the abandoned City of Atlanta, September 2, The construction was begun by "pioneer" units (which were organized specifically to clear roads and prepare earthworks in advance of the main body of infantry, and often included former slaves) along with one infantry regiment from each brigade of the Twentieth Army Corps, Union Army of the Cumberland, U.S. Military Division of the Mississippi 1.

Construction of the Pace's Ferry Earthwork was can-ied further by troops of Third Brigade (David Ireland's), Second Division, Twentieth Army Corps upon their occupation of the position at approximately A.M. on August 26, Ireland's Brigade consisted of the Sixtieth, Seventy-Eighth, 102 ct, and New York Regiments, and the Twenty-Ninth and 111 th Pennsylvania Regiments. The Art of Fortification Dennis Hart Mahan graduated first in his class at West Point. Hard work won him a commission as Second Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, and an appointment as professor of mathematics and engineering at the U. S. Military Academy (now refen-ed to as West Point). Mahan was then sent by the U.S.

War Department to Europe for four years of study under Napoleon's officers at the School of Application for Engineers and Artillery (Metz, France). He returned to West Point in and was promoted to professor of civil and military engineering. Mahan published his military ideologies in A Treatise on Field Fortification among other works, which was republished both before and during the Civil War. Soon it became a requirement that each individual who graduated from West Point (between 183 2 and be well versed in Mahan' s concepts of constructing, attacking, and defending earthworks; these modernized concepts were thus conveyed to many individuals who later applied them to the battlefields of the Civil War.2 The Chief of Engineers for the U.S.

Military Division of the Mississippi (all units under General Sherman's command in was Captain Orlando M. Poe, who graduated sixth in a West Point class of forty-nine in According to a military order issued on August 24, Generals William T. Ward (Third Division) and John W. Geary (Second Division) of the Twentieth Army Corps, Union Army of the Cumberland, were to each delegate a "competent staff officer" to 1 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Corifederate Armies (O.R.), Series 1, Volume 38, Part 5, Page 660 2 Faust, (editor). "Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War." (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No.

GA-158 Page 3 accompany First Lieutenant William Ludlow to the Pace's Ferry vicinity for the purpose oflocating lines and superintending the construction of earthworks. 3 William Ludlow graduated eighth in a West Point class of twenty-seven in June shortly after the Atlanta Campaign began and two months before earthworks were constructed at Pace's Ferry; his first assignment was as Chief Engineer of the Twentieth Army Corps, Union Army of the Cumberland. Ludlow was promoted to Captain for his gallantry during the Battle ofl:>eachtree Creek (July 20, to Major in December of that year for his service during the Atlanta and Savannah Campaigns, and to Lieutenant Colonel in March less than a year after his graduation.

Following the war, Ludlow served as Chief Engineer, Department of Dakota during which time he made several surveys of the Yellowstone and Black Hills regions; with permission from Congress he served as Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia Water Department he was appointed military attache at the U.S. Embassy in London and as Chairman of the Nicaragua Canal Commission(April-November During the Spanish-American War,Ludlow served as Brigadier General of Volunteers and as Chief Engineer of the armies in the field he was then promoted to Major General of Volunteers, was appointed Military Governor of the City and Department of Havana, and in January he was promoted to Brigadier General, United States Army.

4 Union Army Earthworks at Pace's Ferry The original concept for the Pace's Ferry Earthworks was for the establishment of a defensive position located on a "chain of hills" on the east (or south) side of the Chattahoochee River (Appendix A). The original character and appearance of the completed Pace's Ferry Earthworks is not known. However, the local terrain, the context of the construction, and contemporary accounts of its construction suggest that it was of a common "breastwork" design without a banquette, an interior three to four foot wide step from which troops could fire over a parapet or embankment.

Soil for the breastwork type of fortification could be taken from both front and rear of the embankment, and the breastwork was conveniently suited to ground along crests of ridges where thin layers of soil covered a rocky substrate. 5 3 Op. Cit., O.R. Pg. 660 4 Arlington National Cemetery. "William Ludlow. Major General, United States Army" (Accessed September 1, 5 Civil War Fortifications Digital Research Library. "Dictionary of Fortification: Breastwork". P.E. McDuffie. (Accessed September 2, PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page4 By August Union and Confederate armies had been marching and digging almost constantly for three months throughout north Georgia.

Consequently, the constructfon of defensive earthworks had become systematic, and the requirements ofits construction were intimately familiar to soldiers and engineers alike. The Union army earthworks at Pace's Ferry were begun expediently, or without he luxury of time for embellishment. However, a letter written by Charles Engle of the New York State Volunteers on August 29, three days after the initial occupation of the Pace's Ferry position, stated that he and his comrades were "building a fort" and that they had "to work every day." Mr.

Engle further indicated that the Union army anticipated the possibility of being attacked by a Confederate advance from Atlanta when he stated that "We can't tell [if there will be a general battle at Pace's Ferry] but we will have breastworks to fight behind."6 Colonel George W. Mindil of the Thirty-third New Jersey Regiment indicated that the men of the Second Brigade (placed in line south of the Third Brigade) "at once proceeded to render [the Pace's Ferry] position secure by constructing works and by slashing the heavy timber in its front. ...

From the of August to the 2nd of September the brigade was constantly and actively employed in rendering its position impregnable by the construction of additional works and abatis " 7 There appear to have been no alterations or additions to the Pace's Ferry Earthwork. The berm or parapet of a typical Civil War breastwork was constructed from three to four feet above the natural level of the terrain, but the Pace's Ferry Earthwork could have been more formal, and the parapet somewhat higher, due to the fact that the troops worked on them for a full week. Today, the embankment of the Pace's Ferry Earthwork ranges from 2' above ground level at the extreme south end, at the former Pace's Ferry Road (Loridans Drive), to 4' at the extreme north end (Appendices A and B) ..

The trench portion of the earthwork has mostly filled with soil over time except at the north end where distinct depressions are still notable on both sides of the embankment. The earthwork terminates rather abruptly at the north end; this terminus could have been designed to take advantage of the extraordinarily steep terrain to the north, but it is also possible that a portion of the trench was lost to development or other forces through the years. Historical Context From May 4 to September 2, the Civil War in Georgia, from Chattanooga to Atlanta, was orchestrated like a grand game of chess between Union Major-General William T. Sherman and Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood.

Each commander was ever alert to weakness in the enemy, and for an opportunity to attack their foe either piecemeal or on terrain 6 Wright, and Mitchell. "An Analysis of Civil War Activity in the Vicinity of the Lovett School Campus." (Atlanta: Buckhead Heritage Society, 7 Op. Cit., O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 219 PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No .. GA-158 Page 5 favorable to them. Being on the defensive, and often acting from behind entrenched positions, gave the Confederates enough advantage to avoid the destruction of their army and provided the very occasional opportunity for an offensive.

Being on the offensive, and with almost double the number of soldiers, General Sherman practiced the technique of flanking the Confederates with a portion of his army, forcing Johnston to abandon his selected defensive position in favor of another position further south, and ever closer to Atlanta. Following the battle at Kennesaw Mountain on June 27 and the skirmishes at Smyrna Campground and Ruffs Mill on July 3, Sherman believed the Confederates to be in full retreat across the Chattahoochee River and into the city of Atlanta.

However, upon discovering Johnston's army on July 5 behind an entrenched position of an innovative design (subsequently designated Johnston's River Line), Sherman halted his army to regroup and to "study the case a little." 8 July 5, also marked the date of the so-called Battle of Pace's Ferry, as Union infantry forced Confederate cavalry eastward from Vinings and across the Chattahoochee River along the Buckhead or Pace's Ferry Road. The Confederates had constructed a pontoon bridge over the river at the ferry, and on their retreat the cavalry cut the moorings on the east bank to prevent the bridge from falling into enemy hands. The attempt at sabotage failed as the "errant pontoon bridge" remained attached on the west bank of the river and was seized by the Union army three days later.

9 The Union armies of the Cumberland, the Ohio, and the Tennessee continued their steady march toward Atlanta on July 9, As the Army of the Tennessee crossed the Chattahoochee River to the north at Roswell, and Johnston withdrew his Confederate army to the east side of the river, the Army of the Cumberland crossed the river at Pace's Ferry, and the Army of the Ohio crossed in between, at Soap Creek. Once on the east side of the Chattahoochee, Johnston was replaced by John B. Hood, and the Confederate and Union armies fought three major battles: the Battle of Peachtree Creek north of Atlanta on July 20; the Battle of Atlanta east of the city on July 22; and the Battle of Ezra Church west of the city on July 28.

Formidable Confederate earthworks around Atlanta itself precluded a direct assault on the city, and Sherman determi: ed to make an attempt to force the evacuation of the city by severing the last remaining rail line, to the south, on which supplies were delivered to the city. 10 8 Cox, "Shennan's Battle for Atlanta." (New York: Da Capo Press, 9 Georgia Historical Commission, Historical Marker: "The Errant Pontoon Bridge", Paces Ferry Road west of the Chattahoochee Rver, 10 Scaife, The Campaign for Atlanta (Alatoona, Georgia: Scaife, PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No.

GA-158 Page6 In early August Sherman ordered two 32-pound Parrott artillery pieces, "with which we can pick out aimost any house in town", be sent from Chattanooga by rail in preparation for a siege 11 In the meantime, Sherman sent cavalry forces under Generals McCook and Stoneman southward in an attempt to destroy the railroad near Macon. After learning that the cavalry efforts had failed, Sherman was satisfied that the only way to cut the railroad was with a heavy force of infantry. On August 10, Sherman wrote his superior's in Washington: "Since July 28 Hood has not attempted to meet us outside his parapets.

In order to possess and destroy effectually his communications, I may have to leave a corps at the railroad-bridge, well intrenched, and cut loose with the balance to make a circle of desolation around Atlanta. I do not propose to assault the works, which are too strong, nor to proceed by regular approaches. . . . We have killed, crippled, and captured more of the enemy than we have lost by his acts. " 12 Ori August 13, Sherman issued orders for the Twentieth Army Corps to retire to the Chattahoochee River crossings, between Pace's Ferry southward to Turner's Ferry (Veteran's Memorial Parkway), and intrench.

The initial order, however, was suspended when Sherman learned that most of the Confederate cavalry was well north of the city attacking the Union army's own communication and supply lines. In light of the new facts, Sherman ordered his cavalry to make second strong reconnaissance on both flanks to further assess the prospect of breaking Hood's supply line without the employment of a infantry in force. The cavalry sent to the right (southwest) under General Hugh J. Kilpatrick was successful enough that Sherman determined it possible that a cavalry raid on the railroad at or near Jonesboro might produce the desired effect of forcing Hood's army either out of Atlanta or into the open for battle.

Kilpatrick' s raid began on the eighteenth of August and he returned, after riding a complete circuit around Atlanta, on the twenty-second. "On the however, we saw trains coming into Atlanta from the south, when I (Sherman) became more than ever convinced that cavalry could not or would not work hard enough to disable a railroad properly, and therefore resolved at once to proceed to the execution of my original plan. ... On the I rode down to the Chattahoochee [railroad} Bridge, to see in person that it could be properly defended 11 Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman (Cambridge, Masschusetts: J?aCapo Press, 101 12 Op. Cit. Sherman 102 PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page7 by the single corps proposed to be left there for that purpose . ..

The real movement commenced on the at night. " 13 The Twentieth Army Corps at Pace's Ferry The Twentieth Union Army Corps was created as a result of the consolidation of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps prior to the beginning of the Atlanta Campaign. The new Twentieth Army Corps was commanded by Major-General Joseph Hooker until July 28, by Brigadier-General A.S. Williams until August 27, and by Major-General Henry W. Slocum thereafter. The Twentieth Army Corps consisted of three divisions commanded by Brigadier-Generals A.S. Williams and John W. Geary, and Major-General Daniel Butterfield, respectively.

Each of these three divisions contained three brigades, each with its own section of artillery 14 The Third Brigade, Second Division (Geary's), Twentieth Army Corps that occupied the project area from the twenty- fifth of August to the second of September included officers and men at the beginning of the Atlanta Campaign and was commanded by Colonel David Ireland of the New York Volunteer Infantry, until his death on September 10, at Atlanta. 15 Ireland's (Third) brigade consisted of the Sixtieth, Seventy-eighth, and New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments and the Twenty-ninth and 111 th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments.

The Third Brigade's artillery component included the Thirteenth New York Light Battery (six Napoleons) commanded by Lieutenant Henry Bundy and the Pennsylvania Light Battery E (four 3' ordinance rifles) led by Captain James D. McGill. 16 In his official report of the Atlanta Campaign dated September 15, Brigadier-General Geary, commander of the Second Division, Twentieth Army Corps, wrote that, on the twenty-fourth of August, a previous order from Sherman, that was suspended on the seventeenth, was ordered again. At daybreak on the morning of the twenty-fifth Geary sent one regular infantry regiment and his pioneer corps to Pace's Ferry "to construct defensive works on the east side of the river." 17 At A.M.

he went to the ferry in person to oversee the progress; at his army withdrew 13 Op. Cit., Sherman 14 Op. Cit., Scaife 15 Op. Cit, O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 112 16 Op. Cit. O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 113 17 Op. Cit, O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 144 PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page8 from the trenches in front of Atlanta, and they reached the Pace's Ferry vicinity at A.M.

on August 26, Geary's army was immediately posted with "Third Brigade on the left [the north end of the Pace's Ferry line], extending across the Buck Head [or Paces Ferry] road, covering the [pontoon] bridge at the ferry; the Second Brigade in the center, joining the Third; the First Brigade on the right, joining the Second [Brigade], and connecting with Williams'[First] Division on the north side of Peach Tree Creek; Bundy's battery placed in the works of the Third Brigade". 18 According to various official reports, the Pace's Ferry Earthworks were not completed when the main body of Geary's Division arrived. As was customary by that point of the campaign, the troops immediately worked to perfect their defenses.

Colonel David Ireland, commander ofthe Third Brigade at Pace's Ferry, die~ of an unknown cause before he could submit his official report on the Atlanta Campaign. It is, therefore, unknown the exact disposition of the various regiments within his command at Pace's Ferry. The number of "effective" troops reported for the Third Brigade on September 2, was a reduction in number of men since the beginning of the campaign in May 19 Upon discovering the Union trenches around Atlanta vacant, the Confederates believed that Sherman's armies had abandoned hope oftaking Atlanta and were in retreat.

General Geary reported that dismounted Confederate cavalry were "busily engaged in feeling my lines" at the Chattahoochee River late in the day of August but they "were driven back with a loss of [eight] killed (left on the field), some twenty-five wounded, and three prisoners, with no casualties in my command. Skirmishing continued throughout the afternoon. The artillery firing a few shells into the cavalry caused them to disperse rapidly." 2 Colonel George W.

Mindil of the Thirty-third New Jersey Volunteer Regiment stated that "About 6 o'clock in the evening, and before the works were in condition to afford much protection, the enemy appeared in front, but a few well-directed volleys from the Seventy-third Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteersandashellortwo from Bundy satisfied [the Confederate cavalry's] curiosity, and they soon retired. " 21 Both the Thirty-third New Jersey and the Seventy-third Pennsylvania were part of the Twentieth Army Corps' Second Division, which suggests that the Confederate cavalry attack fell on or near the neighboring brigade, south of Pace's Ferry Road. 18 Op. Cit., O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 144 19 Op. Cit., O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 276 20 Op. Cit., O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 144 21 Op. Cit., O.R.

Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 219 PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page9 Captain Bundy later reported that his battery was placed near the Pace's Ferry road and that he "fire[d] only three rounds [from August 25 to September 2, 1864]-that on the occasion of some of the enemy's cavalry making a demonstration on our front." 22 A well trained Civil War artillery battery was capable of firing as many as three rounds per minute, thus the most intense part of the August 26, skirmish at Pace's Ferry was likely very brief. 23 The Final Battle for Atlanta The remainder of the Union army marched south during the night of the twenty-fifth determined to attack the railroad near Jonesboro and force the evacuation of the city.

Upon finding a significant body of Confederate infantry there, a fourth battle for Atlanta ensued on August 31 and September 1, The result of this movement and final battle was all that Sherman had hoped for, as Hood's Confederates were forced to abandon Atlanta on September 2, That afternoon the Twentieth Army Corps, now commanded by Major-General Henry Slocum, advanced cautiously eastward from Pace's Ferry. They found that Atlanta was devoid of Confederate troops, and that the Atlanta Campaign was substantially over.

24 Hood's Confederates retreated to the vicinity of Palmetto, Georgia and were visited there by Confederate President Jefferson Davis on or about September 23, With a new resolve Hood then launched his army northward, hoping to draw Sherman's army away from Atlanta, and attacked Sherman's communication lines at Allatoona Pass and at Rome before heading west into Alabama. The campaign concluded with the fruitless battles at Franklin and Nashville, Tennessee. On the third of October Sherman again ordered the Twentieth Army Corps to hold Atlanta and defend the bridges of the Chattahoochee River while he pursued Hood with the remainder of his armies.

During this time, Sherman proposed to his superiors in Washington that Hood's army was no longer the object of greatest interest to him or his government and suggested that a movement southward to Savannah would better serve their cause. Finally, after following Hood's army as far as Gaylesville, Alabama and securing enough reenforcements at Chattanooga and Nashville to resist them, consent was given for his proposed march through Georgia, Sherman returned to Atlanta on November 12, Upon making the necessary arrangements, all communications and supply lines to his armies were severed as Sherman left Atlanta behind and launched his "March to the Sea" on November 15, 25 22 Op. Cit., O.R. Volume 38, Chapter 50, Page 483 23 National Perk Service, Gettysburg National Military Park.

"The Civil War Soldier." John Heiser, May (Accessed September 2, 24 Op. Cit. Sherman 25 Op. Cit., Sherman PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 10 Structural/Design Information The old Buck Head or Pace's Ferry Road that historically bisected the Pace's Ferry Earthwork is now an asphalt-paved Lovett School campus road called Loridans Drive. A historical marker stands near the portion of the earthwork south of Loridans Drive; this portion of the earthwork will be preserved. The current condition of the Pace's Ferry Earthwork is generally good, though significant erosion of the embankment can be assumed to have occurred over the course of the 145 years since its creation.

The portion of the earthwork lying within approximately twenty to thirty feet north of Loridans Drive has been destroyed. The remaining approximately of the Pace's Ferry Earthwork, on the north side ofLoridans Drive, has been preserved in recent years on a wooded lot (Appendix A). The Pace's Ferry Earthwork was constructed primarily with the use of hand tools: the pick, the axe, and the shovel. The earthwork was sited using traditional methods, and it was designed to the limitations of the local terrain. Contemporary military engineering theory judged that any plan of entrenchment should be constructed on an "angular system", or that it should have a "flanked disposition", whereby the individual parts of the fortification were mutually defended by other nearby parts.

Thus, a combination of forward facing ("salient") and rearward facing ("re-entrant") points or bends in the line were designed to produce "angles of defense" wherein defenders of the re-entrant angles could fire on the flank of the enemy as it attacked the salient angles.

26 A "good work" was concretely defined as a position in which salient and re-entrant angles were no less than sixty degrees and the angle of defense was between ninety and 120 degrees, "but here theory must give way before practice: the ground to fortify is given, and we must make the best of the foregoing principles." 27 In order to make an effective defense, the Pace's Ferry Earthwork was constructed in two segments or in one slightly arching segment, and the angle of defense was slightly greater than that prescribed (approximately 147 degrees). The southern segment extends from the north edge of Loridans Drive for and has a bearing of 348 degrees.

To create an acceptable angle, a bearing of twenty-one degrees was then taken for a distance of220' from the apex of the re-entrant angle (Appendix B). This produced the desired effect that soldiers placed in the extreme left (north end) of the Pace's Ferry Earthwork had a clear shot at the flank of an enemy attacking the position at or near the Pace's Ferry Road (Loridans Drive), and the soldiers placed south of the angle could support the north end of the line. 26 Mahan, A Treatise on Field Fortification, Containing Instructions on the Methods of Laying Out, Constructing, Defending, and Attacking Jntrenchments. (New York: John Wiley, ), 27 A.F. Lendy, Elements of Fortification: Field and Permanent; for the Use of Students, Civilian, and Military. (London: John W. Parker and Son, 30.

PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 11 The most obvious evidence of trenching or ditching on either side of the embankment is at the extreme north end of the line, where it is pronounced on both the east and west sides of the embankment. The crest of the embankment is also wider and more flat at the north end of the line. The height of the embankment averages 4' at the north end of the line, 3' at the apex of the re-entrant angle, and 2' at the south end of the line (Appendix B). There are no other unusual or distinguishing features of the Pace's Ferry Earthwork in terms of its design. PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 12 Sources of Information Primary

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER GA-158. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Cox, Jacob D. Sherman's Battle for Atlanta. New York: Da Capo Press. Originally published under the title Atlanta in Davis, George B., Leslie J. Perry and Joseph W. Kirkley. Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Avenel, New Jersey: Gramercy Books. (Originally published Washington: Government Printing Office). H-Bar Enterprises. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (O.R.). CD-ROM. Oakman, Alabama. Also available in print. Washington: Government Printing Office. Lendy, Auguste F. Elements ofFortification: Field and Permanentfor the Use ofStudents, Civilian, and Military. London: John W. Parker & Son. Mahan, Dennis H. A Treatise on Field Fortification. New York: John Wiley.

Ruger, Edward and Dodge (Under Authority of the U.S. Secretary of War). Map Illustrating the Military Operations of the Atlanta Campaign (In Five Parts). New York: Julius Bien & Company. Washington: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division U52 CW Sherman, William T. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. New York: Da Capo Press. Originally published in Regimental Histories and Soldier Diaries: Boyle, John R. Soldier True; The Story of the 11 J1h Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, and of its Campaigns in the War for the Union, New York: Eaton & Mains. Collins, George K. Memoirs ofthe New York Volunteer Infantry, Third Brigade, Second Division, Twelfth and Twentieth Army Corps. Syracuse, New York Mannis, Jedediah and Galen R. Wilson.

Bound to be a Soldier: The Letters ofPrivate James T. Miller, 11 J1h Pennsylvania Infantry, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 13 Stillwell, George W. Letters of a Civil War Soldier, [Company Pennsylvania Regiment]. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing Company, Inc. Secondary McDuffie, Civil War Fortification Digital Research Library. Accessed 23 November McWhiney, Grady and Perry D. Jamieson. Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. Scaife, William R. The Campaign for Atlanta. Atlanta: William R. Scaife Wright, Charles W. and W. Wright Mitchell. An Analysis of Civil War Activity in the Vicinity of the Lovett School Campus. Atlanta: Buckhead Heritage Society.

Sources Not Yet Investigated: Cluetz, David. In Their Own Words: Colonel David Ireland and the Regiment New York State Volunteers. PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 14 APPENDIX A MAPS PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 15 0 610mewrs Fen-y Earthwork Site Location PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 16 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF RIDGE CONTAINING PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK (9FU402) LOCATED IN LAND LOTS 235 & 236 DISTRICT N GRAPHIC SCALE FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA 35 70 Map Reference: Collins, Cooper, Carusi Architects, ( tH FEET ) I I 1 INCH 70 FHt PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 17 Map V Illustrating The Military Operations of the Atlanta Campaign, Office of the Chief of Engineers, USA (Library of Congress, Washington, DC) PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No.

GA-158 Page 18 0 l n:1I:1.ers foet Pace's Ferry Earthwork in the Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Plate 60, No. I) PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 19 APPENDIXB SITE PLANS PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 20 '1J L LDCllED IN LANl )> CCIMY, IEIIRAU.. IUACH. tin LAST 0 C z . tn 0 O -< 0 z- -0 ::Ir,,-... IT1 g n:::cOr-ta :;o: 0 C V>~ C :;o ~ ... .,i,. -<n -I (/) (>I C 0 VI ;;o Ul- z N ii -0 pP )> ~ G') -I :;o-< 0 I',) -I !il ;;o (>I :I: G') a, > ~ 0 :;o ~ - . . . . . Dl1E IRll1St_..... - . N GRAPHIC SCALE :: i i ( IN Fli T) . . . . =:: --"';am"',,..,,....~--- .1 ao tt. PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No.

GA-158 Page 21 BENCHMARK: ELEV IIDfZE DDIC ON CENTER DF PACES FEIIA\" ROAD BRIDIE O !R Tl CIIATTAHOIICHl!E RI Ell : IIAlESREBl: DATE IFlll1Elt - .=t 'i - IIM'IED - .. IIA1E~-- IID,\1E II/Ml IIIAIIN BY: IIElllCED ~ - FJEI.Dllllll-=== JIB tUIElt FIIUBI IUIBI:_____.!!! l:llalf11.2 FUT ~ F1LE: HEI': tFI 6RAPHIC SCALE N F!ET, j ( JN T 1 inc:11 20 ft. PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page22 BENCHMARK: ELEV 1WDaE DIBK ON CENTER PIEi! CF PACES FEAAV ROM) IRIDIIE Ga Tl CHATTMIJOCI& RIWR 111:AI E" DATEW DATE ll'IIA'IBt BIIWE1ED IIY: DATE INFlBI: m.11:tBIE IJIIIATE IIW'1St--!I!!!! ll!a!IIY: ~.: a lUIEII: FWDII& CUBII FILE FD.E: cumJUJiili PUT 8IEET: --= 6 I GF I GRAPHIC SCALE N 0 I t IN FEET J I X t inch 20 ft.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK (9FU402) LOCATED IN LAND LOTS 235 I: 238 MATCH DISTRICT FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA PACE'S FERRY EARTHWORK HAER No. GA-158 Page 23 .. ,., ... ,, _. ... ,, Iii. .. ALIGNMENT "A" ! ! ! IU [ ::) ::::i;-.:: ., ,.. ., ... ... ,. :. ._ + :- ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .. : .. ALIGNMENT ! I ! SCAI E llili.o L----!.------a.----__,,__. 1 20' HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT "D" 1" 10' VERTICAL IM1E IUIEED: , - TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF' IM1E ll'IM'!Bt PACE'S FERRY =.e~ IIAIElED~ EARTHWORK - rr: DIWII CIBICEII II FIEUI t . u a - (9FU402) Jiil l'll.lEIIIUEt__ma IDIO FlLE: DISC FlLE: IDIITY/UJD/ll: PLAT FlLE: ~ -- -- ' LAND LOTS 235 cl 236 LOCATED IN DISTRICT FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA .