St. Joseph County, Indiana - The City of South Bend, 1907 (part 2 of 11)

But little further interest seems to have been taken in public parks for many years. In 1889, however, Alexis Coquillard, who inherited the enterprise and public spirit, as he did the name, of his distinguished uncle, the founder of the city, showed his zeal in this direction by making a gift of four lots to Howard Park, and, still more, by offering to the city for park purposes a fine tract of ground, of nearly one hundred acres, on. the east side of the corporation. He went so far as to lay out this park, plant trees and grade boulevards, walks and drives. In Coquillard Park, the city of South Bend seemed about to have one of the finest parks in the west. Unhappily, Mr. Coquillard, in the midst of his laudable enterprise, and in what should seem to be the prime of his active and useful life, died on February 25, 1890. With his death the life seemed to leave the noble project which he so fondly cherished. It was not until 1906 that all controversies as to this gift were settled, and the city accepted, in compromise of all its claims, a tract of ten acres, taken out of the grounds in dispute, for which the name of Coquillard Park has been retained.

With the coming in of the new century, attention was drawn to the large tract on the St. Joseph river, at the foot of Michigan street, which had been purchased in 1895 by the city for the use of the water works department. The building of a pumping station on those grounds, and the sinking and capping over of numerous artesian wells, left the greater part of the tract suitable for use as an additional park, without interfering with its use for water works purposes. The

On November 27, 1900, David R. Leeper died. He had been born very near to the present limits of the city of South Bend, on Januarys 12, 1832 and was during the whole of his vigorous manhood one of our most honored citizems. He represented the county in the state legislature, in both house ' and senate, and was also mayor of the city. His residence, during the later years of his life, jusit north of the river and near the new park, perhaps also suggested his name as one that might most appropriately be bestowed upon it. The beautiful stretch of

Another park along the river is La Salle Park, located on the east side of the river, near the Sample street bridge. This will be only a park in name until the bayou in the river at that point has been filled up. When finally improved La Salle Park, like all our other river parks will be a place of beauty.

The Studebaker Park, in the southeast part of the city, named in honor of Henry Studebaker, and the Kaley Park, in the southwest part, are among the largest and ground along the river, including the island near the south shore, was accordingly named Leeper Park. Li 1904, there was an extension of the park to the north along the river, from Michigan street to Lafayette street. ]\Ieanwhile a boulevard had been constructed all along the river, from Marion street to ^lichigan street, which has since been extended north, the intention being ultimately to have a continuous driveway down to River View cemetery and the old portage. Leeper Park is destined therefore to be one of the finest pleasure grounds anywhere along the banks of the St. Joseph. The name of another worthy citizen of South Bend was honored.

most valuable of our recent acquisitions. These fine breathing places are gifts to the city by public spirited donors whose names they bear. Pottawatomie Park, the old county fair grounds between South Bend and the town of River Park, has been described in connection with the history of River Park."

A comprehensive summary of the condition of the park system of the city, at the close of the year 1906, will be found in the following extract from the report of Herman H. Beyer, the park superintendent, for that year : park extensions in South Bend. The city acquired in the past j^ear approximately seventy-eight acres of park property, distributed as follows: Coquillard park, comprising ten acres, secured by the city in the settlement of the old Coquillard park litigation. ThLs ground is in the northeastern part of the city on East Campau street. It lies directly east of the Perley school and is a very desirable site for a public park. The most important park property which was added to our park system is the old County Fair grounds, presented to the city of South Bend by the county commissioners for park purposes. This ground is situated on the north side of Mishawaka road just beyond the eastern city limits. It comprises about sixty acres and is a most beautiful piece of rolling and wooded land. This tract will be known as Pottawatomie Park, in honor of the tribe of Indians of that name who formerly inhabited this locality.

"The city has also acquired by purchase an addition to Kaley Park which contains about three acres. This addition is a great improvement to the park as it is now entirely surrounded by streets. Formerly the south line was bounded by an alley which prevented a proper development of this beautiful piece of wooded ground. The next property acquired by purchase was about four acres from Messrs. Anderson and Du- Shane. This is situated at the foot of North Lafayette street, and will make a valuable addition to Leeper Park. It also forms a connecting link with the river shore drive (Marion boulevard) and Chapin Park.

"A great deal of work has already been done in the new park grounds. At Coquillard Park a great many trees and shrtibs were planted; the entire park was seeded, and laid out with drives and wallvs.

"Kaley Park was thoroughly cleared of leaves and underbrush, twenty-four park benches were stationed in this park which were appreciated by the many people that

"We have also done considerable work in Pottawatomie Park. This work was limited to the removal of stumps and underbrush. At this park were also placed thirty benches, which were much appreciated.

"There has also been considerable work done in Leeper and Howard Parks the past year. The west end of Leeper Park between Main and Lafayette streets, was graded, seeded and planted with trees and shrubs; this will soon bring this part of the park into good condition.

At Howard Park the new addition was developed. In this location was erected the beautiful Studebaker fountain that was donated to this park by Mr. John M. Studebaker, who is greatly interested in the development of this park. The band concerts at Leeper and Howard Parks were very much appreciated by the thousands of people that gathered in the parks on Sunday afternoons during the season.

"Our Zoo at Leeper Park is one of the chief attractions at that park on account of the numerous donations of pets that were received the past year. We were compelled to increase our cage room to take care of this fine collection of pets. This department is receiving considerable attention and is making gratifying progress."

After the foregoing report was made, Mr. Calvert H. Defrees, in the summer of 1907, placed in Howard Park a fine bronze drinking fountain; which, like ^the electric fountain presented by Mr. Studebaker, and the drinking fountain in Leeper Park,, presented by Mrs. Bugbee, is highly appreciated by the throngs of summer visitors.

Closely connected with the pleasure resorts of the city, yet not of them, is Springbrook Park, owned and managed by the Chicago, South Bend & Northern Indiana railway company, and situated near the river on the line of the interurban, between South Bend and Mishawaka. Upon the grounds are a

In the light of the splendid progress that has recently been made in extending and ornamenting our parks, it may be interesting now to look back over the history of our first park, the first effort at park making in our beautiful city. On April 7, 1903, the following paper was read before the Northerji Indiana Historical Society by the writer of this history :

The Story Of A Park

"Prior to the year 1878, the tract along the east bank of the St. Joseph river in the city of South Bend, stretching from Jefferson street to the Grand Trunk (formerly Lake Huron) railroad, was an impassable morass, breeding malaria in summer and good in winter for skating only. Cottrell avenue ran on the eastern side of the tract, and the ownership of the part between the avenue and the river was in doubt. This morass was claimed by Mr. William Heck, who platted the same into lots, which, however, remained vacant and unimproved, except that a part of the ground was scooped out deeper to make an ice pond for the cutting and storing of ice in the cold season.

"The place had become a nuisance in the summer as an ague breeder; but^ as the city had no unquestioned control over it, the means of relief were not apparent; and yet the people were insistent on some plan for the abatement of the nuisance. Few persons in those days thought of parks, still less did any dream of turning this swamp into a pleasure ground. Something however, had to be done in the interest of the public health; and here, as in many other cases, necessity became the mother of invention.

" 'Resolved, by the common council of the city of South Bend, Indiana, That the city attorney is hereby directed to examine the title of the city to that tract of overflowed land lying along the east bank of the St. Joseph river, between the Jefferson street bridge and the Chicago & Lake Huron railroad, and bounded as follows: On the north by Jefferson street, on the east by Cottrell avenue, on the south by Division street, and on the west by the St. Joseph river; and if the title of the city to said tract is found to be good, then that the attorney report an ordinance to the council setting apart said tract as a city dumping ground for the deposit of all refuse matter from the streets and alleys of the city, with the view of finally filling, leveling and planting said ground, and thus, in time, converting the same into a public park or pleasure ground for the use of the citizens of South Bend.'

"On November 25, following, the city attorney, now the Hon. Lucius Hubbard, reported that, in his opinion, the said lands were a part of Cottrell avenue, but that as 'Heck's addition' they were held adverse to the city ; and he requested authority to bring suit in the circuit court to quiet the title of the city; which authority was granted.

"On January 6, 1879, the attorney reported that John and George Beck, who appeared to have title to the greater part of 'Heck's addition,' were willing to quit claim to the city their supposed interest for one hundred dollars, each party to pay one-half costs of suit in court.

"On February 3, 1879, the city offered to pay sixty dollars for the lots in Heck's addition held by John and George Beck. This offer was accepted and the purchase made.

"On February 4, 1879, the Hon. Lucius Tong, then mayor of the city; Jonathan P. Creed and Charles LaCoss quit-claimed for a small consideration four other lots in Heck's addition. And on February 17, 1879, the city engineer was directed to mark the boundaries of the park.

"On March 17, 1879. pursuant to a motion therefor introduced by the writer, ordinance No. 524, establishing- the city park and placing the same under the control of the city marshal, was adopted by the common council.

"On April 5, 1880, also on motion of the writer, the board of public improvements was authorized to plant 50 trees, elm and soft maple, upon the narrow ridge of ground near the river bank ; which was done. The maples all died, and some of the elms also, but many of the elms have grown and flourished, and now afford grateful shade in the summer weather.

"Afterwards, on like suggestion of the writer, the city purchased the Semortier property, between Hill street and Cott^ell avenue, being lot 170, Oottrell's first addition to Lowell; and on June 4, 1883, the common council vacated that part of the avenue between the Semortier lot and the river, thus greatly enlarging the original ground.

"No further action, except the gradual filling up of the low ground, was taken until November 5, 1889, when Alexis Coquillard, as a gift for the park, made a deed to the city of lots 195, 196, 197 and 200 in Oottrell's first addition. Lot 200, so given by Mr. Coquillard, proved to be of exceptional value, inasmuch as it fronted upon St. Louis street, and thus enabled the authorities afterwards to connect the walks and driveways of the park directly with that street.

"During the fifteen years, from 187§ until 1893, the 'City Park' was little more than a by-word among the people, and in the city press. The locality was indeed an unsavory one. At first a quagmire, the filling of street cleanings made it only slightly less offensive ; and those who saw a future 'public park or pleasure ground' in the repulsive tract were compelled to suffer much obloquy in connection with the embryotic park. But the refuse continued to he covered from time to time with fresh earth; and when the years 1892, 1893 and 1894 came around, the people began to see that, in the end, the originators of the park on the St. Joseph were sure to be vindicated. To give some idea of the work accomplished, it is said that the filling, or 'made ground,' is, in places from ten to fifteen feet deep.

"On June 8, 1891, the common council elected a board of park commissioners, consisting at first of Frank Mayr, Corwin B. Vanpelt and Samuel S. Perley. On October 5, 1891, this board reported that steps should be taken for the improvement of the park. The filling was at this time nearly complete, and the ground almost ready for covering with fresh soil, preparatory to grading, laying out walks and planting to grass, flowers and trees. On July 10, 1893, the park commissioners took the first important action looking to the permanent improvement of the grounds. The members of the board at that time were Corwin B. Vanpelt, Frank Mayr and Joseph E. Robert. They recommended the appropriation of $5,000 for the erection of a sea wall along the river front and for other necessary work. The matter was before the council for several months; and it was not until June 25, 1894, nearly a year afterwards, that ordinance No. 949, making the appropriation requested, was finally passed.

"On February 26, 1894, the city engineer, William M. Whitten, reported that he had nearly ready for the engraver a new map of the city and desired to have a name given to the park, so that he might enter the same on his map. The engineer in his report was kind enough to refer to the action taken by the writer while a member of the council in securing the grounds for the city and providing for their enlargement and improvement; and he suggested that the writer's name be therefore given to the park. The council accepted Mr. Whitten 's suggestion; and by a unanimous vote ordered that the tract should thereafter be known as 'Howard Park. '

"On February 25, 1895, the commissioners asked that the park cease to he further used as a dumping ground. The city then procured other ground for the purpose, since known as La Salle Park, adjoining the new Sample street bridge, and also lying along the east side of the St. Joseph river.

' ' The commissioners now sought for a competent landscape artist to lay out the park, and were exceedingly fortunate in securing the services of Mr. John G. Barker, at whose magic touch the former swamp began at last to assume the fair outlines of a pleasure ground. Under his skilled hand a wonderful transformation has taken place. Those who enjoy the park, as it is today, owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Barker. He has shown by apt illustration how 'a thing of beauty is a joy forever.'

"During the summer of 1895 the fine sea wall and cement walk along the river was constructed. The report filed by the commissioners, November 19, 1895, shows receipts $5,673.96, and expenditures $5,663.62. The funds in the hands of the board were most judiciously expended. The results of that summer's labors are not only for the pleasure of those now living, but for the enjoyment of thousands yet unborn.

"The good work continued. The trees flourished from year to year. The green sod grew firmer. The gravel walks and drives were extended until they wound gracefully over the whole tract. During the summer months picturesque mounds of fiowers mingled their bright colors with the deep green of the grass and trees and with the silvery sheen from the waters of the St. Joseph.

"And, lest the people in their enjoyment should forget that life is not all a holiday and that there had been times that tried men's souls, Captain Vanpelt, president of the board, secured three fine guns that had done service during the war, and had them mounted where they remain today, as if on guard against any possible enemy that might

"On October 25. 1897, the board, in a petition filed with the city council, began to agitate the procurement of additional land to the east of the park up to the alley first west of St. Louis street. The demand for that addition did not then, however, seem to be sufficiently urgent to induce the city fathers to yield to the request of the park commissioners. That extension was destined to come, but only after many years.

"With his third, and final, report, filed January 24, 1898, Captain Vanpelt, in the following words, feeling perhaps that he had done his work of love, and done it well, handed in to the common council his resignation of the office which he had so acceptably filled: 'Owing,' he said, *to the pressure of private business, I feel it my duty to tender you my resignation, to take effect immediately. I desire to thank you, on behalf of the board of park commi.ssioners, for the uniform courtesy and consideration you have at all times extended to us in the matter of the improvement of Howard Park, transferring a pestilential tract into what is, even now, a clean and wholesome spot, which, in time, will inure to the benefit of the general public. " 'C. B. Vanpelt, " 'President and Treasurer.'

"Would that every public servant might lay down his burden with as much honor to himself and with as many good wishes from the public who have been so greatly benefited by his unselfish labors.

"Captain Vanpelt had a worthy successor in the person of Irving A. Sibley, who was elected in his place, and who continued the same progressive methods, until the enactment of the new city charter, when the department of parks was placed in charge of the board of public w^orks.

"On Friday evening, August 18, 1899, the park was formally dedicated as a public pleasure ground, in one of the most splendid civic demonstrations ever witnessed in the queen city of the St. Joseph valley. The dedication was in connection with a patriotic festival in honor of Indiana's distinguished soldier, Henry W. Lawton, then winning his laurels in the Philippines. Dedication and festival were under the auspices and direction of Auten Post No. 8, G. A. R., of which the writer was then post commander, and Auten Relief Corps No. 14, W. R. C. Full and graphic accounts of the double celebration were given in the city press next day.

" 'South Bend's park commissioners well earned the praise bestowed upon their parkmaking efforts by the great, multitude that thronged Howard Park at the Gen. Lawton memorial festival and park dedication. The results were a pleasing surprise to the many who had not before visited the park; and many friends were made for park expenditures so judiciously directed.

" 'It was an imposing parade that was formed on South Michigan street in front of Auten Post headquarters, last evening, led by Col. George M. Studebaker and Capt. David A. Ireland on horseback. When the line of march reached the Jefferson street bridge there was a crowd found on that structure that was simply alarming from its density, and all breathed easier when the procession had passed over. At the park there was a vast multitude, one of the largest ever gathered in South Bend. '

" 'Silvery rays of many electric lamps and the full flood of moonlight turned pretty Howard Park into a fairyland last night ; and the thousands of visitors who strolled over its winding paths, its graveled roads and wellkept lawns, and gazed into the quaint and picturesque St. Joseph, will long remember the dedication of what is to be the most beautiful little park in Indiana.

that Indianian. who is distinguishing himself in the Philippines, they found a revelation, for Howard Park was never more beautiful nor the river more sparkling than on last

" 'The speaking was from the open pavilion in the center of the park. The speakers, who were introduced by Post Commander Howard, of Auten Post, as master of ceremonies, were Mayor Colfax, Congressman Abraham Lincoln Brick, Attorneys Stuart McKibbin and George E. Clarke and Captain Edwin Nicar. '

"The articles in the city papers were elaborate and enthusiastic in the extreme; but the foregoing condensed extracts will suffice to give some idea of the wonderful interest awakened among the people by the final opening of the park upon the St. Joseph.

"In 1901, on the re-organization of the city government under our special charter, the commissioners who had done their work so well, turned over the park to the new board of public works, consisting of Arthur L. Hubbard, Samuel Leeper and Charles L. Goetz. During the administration of this efficient board the park became so frequented a resort that attention was drawn more and more to the need of extending the area of the grounds set apart by the city for recreation and breathing places for the people. Early in their administration the board established La Salle Park, an admirably situated tract half a mile further up the river. Soon afterwards, over a mile down stream, they laid out the fine Leeper Park, which includes the dainty island in the river at that point.

"The urgent desire of the people for the enlargement of Howard Park wrought upon the public-spirited and enterprising nature of one of South Bend's most eminent, as he is one of her most wealthy, citizens, Mr. John M. Studebaker; and in Aug-ust, 1902, the board of public works received from Mr. Studebaker a deed for lots 187 and 188 in Cottrell's first addition, together with two thousand dollars in cash for the further im- provement of the park. This timely gift was made conditional on the purchase by the city of lots 183, 184, 185 and 186, also to be added to the park. The purchase of those lots was accordingly made by the city at the price of twelve thousand, five hundred dollars; and the east limits of the park were thus extended to the alley next to St. Louis street, carrying out the design so long entertained by the park commissioners, as well as by the board of public works.

eastern part of the park, it was tlie desire of many people that the soldiers' monument, about to be erected by the county should be located on those high grounds, where it could be seen to so good advantage from all the city and surrounding country. The location finally chosen was different; and time only must tell whether a mistake has been made or not.

"With the ground clear from the river to the east side of the recent acquisition, the artist hand and brain of Mr. Barker will give us, Avith Howard Park and Leeper Park, pleasant recreation grounds, surpassing in when the park was first projected ; and, afterwards, Alexis Coquillard gave four Cottrell lots for the same public use, bringing the grounds out to St. Louis street on lot 200. Finally, Mr. Studebaker added two lots more, with a gift of money for the same worthy purpose. So it has been that the generosity of high-minded citizens has combined with the ceaseless activity, wise economy and excellent taste of the officials in charge to make this park what it has now become, an ornament to our city and a place of delight for all our people.

"Howard Park will attain to its destined outlines and usefulness only when the lots immediately on the east are added to it. The grounds will then be bounded by Jefferson street, St. Louis street and the St. Joseph river. It will be a pleasure ground most romantically and at the same time most conveniently situated, consisting of nearly twenty acres of ground, lying in the very heart of the city, and stretching along the banks of the 'St. Joseph - ^by far the finast river in Indiana. That will, without douJDt, give our fair city, if we have it not already, the most

To conclude, it will soon be twenty-five years since the passage by the common council of the original resolution first proposing to convert into a public park the tract of low and overflowed land lying between Cottrell avenue and the St. Joseph river. It has taken all those years to bring about the transformation proposed by the terms of the resolution. But the work is done, and the citizens of South Bend are in the actual use and enjoyment of the anticipated pleasure ground. Let us trust that this is l)ut the first of the many public i)arks that are to adorn our beautiful city."

During the four years that have passed since the writing of the foregoing paper, the materials for "the continuation of the story" of Howard Park have been added to, by reason of the presentation of an ornamental electric fountain by John M. Studebaker and a bronze drinking fountain by Calvert H. Defrees.

On July 21. 1906. there was a double dedication in the park, as there had been on August 18, 1899, when the park itself was opened to the public, and at the same time the people united with the dedication a patriotic festival in honor of General Lawton, then doing honor to his country, and particularly to his state, during the war in the Philippines. On July 21, 1906, the people came together to dedicate the Studebaker fountain and also to witness the opening of the beautiful Melan bridge over the river, at Jefferson street, then recently completed. On the Monday evening following the dedication, the following particulars in relation to the exercises appeared in the South Bend Times :

"The outpouring of people Saturday night to witness the dedication of the electric bronze fountain presented the city for Howard park by John M. Studebaker, must have been greatly pleasing to that gentleman for the appreciation of the gift it evidenced. Estimates of the crowd assembled in the park are from eight to ten thousand. It was a good natured assemblage, standing patiently through the concert given by Miller's band preceding the ceremonies, and listening intently to the speakers.

"Mayor Fogarty brought the assemblage to order, speaking of the pleasure it gave him to be permitted to preside at a meeting of this nature, when two such magnificent gifts as the fountain and the Jefferson street bridge were to be received by the city. He then introduced Mr. Studebaker.

"The address of the latter was of an extemporaneous order and of a happy nature. He said it was not his purpose to attempt making a speech, but he wanted to speak a few words to the young men who stood before him.

"The incentive for giving the fountain to Howard park, he said, came from his travels over the country and visits to the parks of the larger cities. He had found that the parks most frequented were those made most attractive through public or private enterprise. This reflection caused him to reach the decision to do something that would make Howard park more attractive, and from it came the suggestion of an electric fountain as the best thing he could do.

"Mr. Studebaker then became most interestingly reminiscent, and told of his start in life; how he had struggled along, believing in the principle that God helps those who help themselves, eventually leading up to what made it possible for him to make the city this gift. It was at this point that he wished the close attention of his young auditors.

" 'Fifty-six years ago,' said Mr. Studebaker, 'I landed in South Bend as poor a boy as stands before me tonight. The only shoes I wore were those God had given me. I lived with my parents in a log cabin and there are men and women here today who can remember it. I got up at 4 o'clock in the morning and walked one or two miles in the woods where I cut my two cords of wood a day. That is the way I got my start. The opportunity for young men then was not very great or promising. It is better today. Times have changed it is true, but the opportunities are here just the same. The trouble is that many do not avail themselves of them, and are not willing to work as it is necessary to gain a start in life, and oftentimes fail to save and store away their earnings.'

' ' In his concluding remarks Mr. Studebaker made reference to the new bridge, and told of the struggle to get commissioners who would go on with these improvements. Where the commissioners were unable to realize the necessity for new bridges they were superceded by men who did. The improvements of the city had made, he said. South Bend known far and wide as a progressive and enterprising city, and it would grow still greater. Best of all, he said, was that in all these improvements there had been no grafting by officials.

"The address of Mr. Mclnerny was a highly creditable effort, and in his remarks he took occasion to make it known that this was not the first evidence of public spiritedness on the part of this honored citizen. He said that Mr. Studebaker was an extensive traveler and greatly interested in municipal government. When he found something that was a departure from old established lines of government and that was an improvement, he brought the ideas home and laid them before the board.

"In the years he had served upon this board, Mr. Mclnerny said, he had always found Mr. Studebaker ready to co-operate in any necessary improvement and one who had never turned a deaf ear to requests for advice upon matters where his opinions would be of value to the board.

"The Hon. John B. Stoll, of The Times, referred to the value citizens of Mr. Studebaker's type were to a city, and also called attention to what an institution of the Studebaker factory's magnitude meant to South Bend. He said it should be the object and endeavor of every citizen to help improve South Bend as Mr. Studebaker had done. The poorest and humblest could do their mite and yet accomplish wonders by the planting of a tree, a shrub or a flower and keeping their lawns and premises in a neat, tidy condition.

"Congressman Abraham L. Brick was the last speaker. He spoke of the efforts to make the city more attractive and more beautiful and how its fame has spread. He had seen the new bridge built at Boston and although it was some spans longer he could honestly say that it was no prettier than the Jefferson street bridge, while he was confident that the county got better value for its money at less cost, than did the Boston builders.

' ' Mr. Brick referred to the charges of grafting that were being made over the country, taking occasion to say that citizens of South Bend could rest assured that there were no such conditions existing here. He believed in giving full credit to whom credit was due, and it was certainly due the present city administration for the improvements that were going on and the clean streets with the limited funds at hand.

"At ]\Ir. Brick's close the water was turned into the fountain and as the cascades began falling over the basins the electric lamps burst into blaze, revealing the full magnificence and beauty of the gift of this most public spirited citizen and generous donor."

The Times took occasion in the same issue to speak in deserved praise of the public spirit of the citizens of South Bend who had been liberal in bestowing of their means in making their city beautiful. Some of these items are of special historical interest, and are here inserted for that reason : the dedication of the Studebaker fountain in Howard Park bore eloquent testimony to the high appreciation which the citizenship of this municipality feels in the beautifying of the queen city of the St. Joseph valley.

"Calvert H. Defrees is deserving of honorable mention in connection with the installation of the Studebaker fountain in Howard Park; With commendable generosity and by the manifestation of an appreciable public spirit he constructed free of charge the approaches to the fountain - the modern walks leading to that ornamentation of the city's most inviting resting place. In doing this voluntarily and gracefully, the name of Mr. Defrees is given an honorable place in the list of South Bend's benefactors. Doubtless the well-known contractor will find much satisfaction in contemplating that he has rendered a good service to those who seek recreation and joy in Howard Park.

' ' There are still opportunities for well-to-do citizens of South Bend to do something for the city by way of adornment and usefulness. Good examples have been set; emulation should follow according to circumstances and inclination. The Studebaker fountain in Howard Park serves as a pointer. It was, on a smaller but none-the-less appreciated scale, preceded by the widow of the late Almond Bugbee in rearing a fountain in Deeper Park. Epworth Hospital and St. Paul's church constitute imposing monuments to the memory of that noble citizen, the late Hon. Clement Studebaker. The Y. W. C. A. will soon be provided with a splendid home through the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. George Wyman. The Studebaker Manufacturing Company will presently give us a superb building for the Y. M. C. A., supplementing the spacious Auditorium. The Olivers have supplied the city with a magnificent hotel, preceded by an elegant opera house. Valuable school sites have been generously donated by 'Samuel S. Perley, James Oliver, the Muessel estate and Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Kaley; and Mrs. Jennette Reynolds has endowed the Humane Society with a $5,000 fund."

The following also, from an editorial in the same issue of the Times, coming as it does from the philosophic and eloquent pen of the Hon. John B. Stoll, its able editor, is in the truest vein of appreciation of the deeds of those eminent citizens who have made South Bend renowned throughout the world and beloved by her own people :

The formal ceremonies are, however, but introductory to the real acceptance and dedication of the fountain. These will continue day after day and year after year, as the citizens singly or in groups seek the wholesome recreations of the park, listen to the falling waters of the fountain, quaff its refreshing bounty or feast their eyes upon its beauty. Little children will accept it as they play about its base or laughingly dip their childish fingers in its waters. Youths and maidens will accept its influences unconsciously, perhaps, in their absorbed devotion to one another; tired manhood and womanhood will accept it in an hour snatched for rest from weary toil : old age will accept it as an aid to contemplation - and all Avill dedicate and rededicate it to purposes of culture and comfort. Nor will this acceptance and dedication be confined to the present time or to those now living.

When this generation shall have passed away, when its successor shall have come and gone and others still and others shall have followed; when the great industries which ha.ve built up our city and which effectuate its present prosperity may have passed i;ito forgetfulness, this fountain, giving forth its waters like some of the old Roman structures that have blessed their localities for 2,000 years, will be annually accepted and consecrated by the people who centuries hence shall come after iLS. When the Studebaker wagon or automobile even shall perchance have become as obsolete as is now the chariot of the ancients, this fountain "gives bond in everduring brass" to guard the name of its donor and immortalize the trust committed to it.

manifests a recognition by one whom fortune has favored of the obligations which prosperity has laid upon him. "Noblesse oblige" - nobility imposes obligation - was the motto of the old feudal lords of France.

In this land of equal manhood there are no lords and retainers, no barons and peasants - the highest rank may be reached by those in humblest conditions. But there are those whose organizing genius, financial skill or executive ability, combined with favorable circumstances, enables them to amass fortunes. They are the captains of industry, leaders of the hosts of enterprise. Such leaders are a blessing to any community. In their enterprise a city grows and its citizens prosper. The employment they furnish becomes a means of frugal comfort to many others, and of fortune to some. Of course, the concentrated profit means greater wealth to the few whose capital is risked and whose business ability is chiefly responsible for success or failure.* If now, out of these accumulations the holder feels himself, under the obligations of good fortune, bound to use a part for the benefit of the citizens at large, his activities become a double blessing, and his individual success is still more the success

South Bend is fortunate in her capitalists. They have not built up their fortunes in doubtful speculations or by crushing feebler competitors. They have conducted legitimate business enterprises in such a way as to benefit their co-workers as well as to enrich themselves. They have honestly earned the rewards that have come to them. They also are generous in sharing their surplus. Charities, churches, hospitals and Christian associations, in plans completed or projected, are continuously and munificently aided. The city, too, has been beautified by the generous expenditure of money not all with hope of return. This Studebaker fountain, though conspicuous, stands not alone as evidence of a generous, broad-minded public spirit in the successful men of the city. It may well be accepted as a type of what has been and is yet to be.

V. Busiistess Enterprises

gee. 1. - The Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company. - The writer of this history is indebted to the courtesy of Col. Charles Arthur Carlisle for the following sketch of the evolution of the modern vehicle ; including also an account of the organization of the Studebaker company and the development of its mammoth manufacturing business. The article has already been published in a widely circulated vehicle journal, and has received general commendation as a modest but comprehensive treatment of a most interesting subject. The article is followed by a summary of the Studebaker history since the coming of Henry and Clement Studebaker to South Bend, in 1852; also written by Mr. Carlisle :

All vehicles prior to 1750 A. D. were absolutely springless and the leather thoroughbrace, which preceded the steel springs, did not come into use until the end of the seventeenth century (about 1692).

Westward Ho ! the advance of civilization carries us through all Europe, across the Atlantic, and we see the birth of a new nation - a people who will outrank and outshine all others in progress. In 1768 Boston proudly boasted of having twenty-two carriages of every description. In 1798 the number had increased to one hundred and forty-five.

' ' The carriages were old and shackling, and much of the harness made of ropes. One pair of horses carried us eighteen miles. We generally reached our destination for the night, if no accident intervened, at ten o'clock and, after a frugal supper, went to bed, with a notice that we should be called at three next morning, which generally proved to be halfpast two, and then, whether it snowed or rained, the traveler must rise and make ready by the help of a horn lantern and a farthing candle, and proceed on his way over bad roads, sometimes getting out to help the coachman lift the coach out of a quagmire or rut, and arriving at New York after a week's travel, wondering at the ease as well as the expedition with which our journey was effected."

In 1775 Washington went to take command of the American Army. It took him eighteen days to go from Philadelphia to Cambridge, Massachusetts.

industry of vehicle construction developing and spreading- in America. The leading styles then in use throughout Europe naturally became the patterns followed by the American craft, but here we began to mingle the ideas of the English, the French and the German, and development shows we made rapid progress.

In 1736, among the passengers who arrived at Philadelphia on September 1st, on the ship Harle, with Ralph Harle as master, from Rotterdam, as per the original manuscripts now in the Pennsylvania state library, were:

These brave pioneers, like others who were tlocking to the shores of the land of the free and the home of the brave, entered upon the plain life before them. In 1830, in the village of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, yet unknown to fame, nestling at the foot of the mountain, quiet and lovely, forming a scene of rustic beauty and of ideal life, lived John Studebaker, worthy son of a worthy sire, a village blacksmith, whose motto hung upon the door:

He built wagons, shod horses and did all kinds of work at the forge and anvil. He did honest work and his fame spread, and people came from afar, because they knew of it. He was poor, but he was young, and he was strong, and he was of good heart. While he hammered at the anvil his good wife was running the spinning wheel or making into garments the cloth she had spun and woven. Cheerful, happy, industrious and economical, she was a fit helpmate for such a man.

Into this home of frugal but domestic bliss Henry and Clement (the latter afterwards known as Clem Studebaker, of national fame, a man honored among men and beloved by all who knew of him,) were born.

In 1835, after long and anxious thought and prayer, John Studebaker, with his wife and two sturdy boys, decided to move farther west, hoping there to find greater prosperity. A wagon was built for the family use, the type and style of the Conestoga, or prairie schooner ; another for the forge and anvil and tools ; a third for the household articles, and with all of these the little family with brave

Ashland, Ohio, was selected as the place for the new home, aud there a new shop was erected and the hard-working smith once more began the battle of life.

At Ashland three other sons were born to the happy smith and his wife - John Mohler, Peter E., and Jacob F. So far as the loving parents were able, each child was given a common school education, but better than this was the inspiration of love of honest toil and living inculcated through the lessons taught by the father and mother. They taught them industry, frugality and honest dealings, and as each of these boys learned his trade he was taught how to put an honest and conscientious endeavor into everything he undertook.

It is a far cry from a village blacksmith shop, with its solitary forge and one anvil, to a factory covering more than one hundred acres of land, employing more than three thousand workmen, using more than fifty million feet of lumber and thousands of tons of refined bar iron and steel; maniifacturing and selling more than one hundred thousand vehicles in a -single year.

In 1852, Henry and Clem Studebaker, the oldest of the five brothers, set their faces again to the westward, and saying "good-by" to lov^ed ones at home, moved overland from Ashland, Ohio, to South Bend, Indiana, then a bustling little community located as an important trading post upon the banks of the beautiful St. Joseph.

With sixty-eight dollars in cash and stockin-trade, these two boys opened a blacksmith shop in South Bend, Indiana. The first year they built two wagons, shod horses and laid the foundation for their greater success. One of these wagons was found in daily use thirty-three years afterwards.

Within a few years, Henry, desiring to retire from the firm of II. & C. Studebaker, his interest was bought by John ]M., the third son, who, like his brothers, was no stranger to the anvil and the forge. Little by little, but ever pressing forward, like the great oak from the acorn, these brothers developed and grew.

A few years later the fourth son, Peter E., bred to buy and sell, joined his brothers, Clem and John M., and together they continued the march for great victory.

pioneers who were going overland to penetrate the gold fields and the fertile valleys of the western plains. There located, Peter E. Studebaker opened the first repository for the sale of Studebaker vehicles. Growing in the confidence and respect of the people, the demands for the Studebaker product, so ably represented by its western manager and so splendidly and honestly made by the brothers, Clem and J. M., at the factorj% began to roll in upon them, and additional facilities were required. The youngest brother, Jacob F., was taken into the firm and the work of building, vending and spreading its influence became almost a herculean task, but the emergencies as they arose found willing and capable energies equal to the demands.

Original Studebaker Plant

The government in 1864 gave them their first great order, and every demand upon them was promptly and quickly met, ever keeping before them the motto of their sire : "Owe no man anvthing, but love one another. ' '

Fire swept in upon them, and within a few hours their frame factory buildings were almost entirely destroyed. Before daylight the next morning one brother could be seen flying to the eastern markets for new equipment : another to Chicago for temporary relief: another superintending the removal of the' debris and arranging for reconstruction. These men knew how to meet an emergency, and they set aside all grief and thouoht of loss, and inspired the confidence of others

Out of the ashes of the fire rose quickly brick and stone structures, equipped with modern appliances and machinery, and almost before their gTeat loss was know^n broadcast the announcement was rushed, over wire and by mail, from mouth to mouth their story ran, and the world saw and knew of their greater achievement - a modern factory of brick and mortar, splendidly equipped, improved facilities, almost doubling the former output in capacity, ready for business, not a loss of trade, not a dissatisfied customer. Is it any wonder that they grew in the confidence and respect of the people? Why, apparent hardships seemed almost a pleasure to such men. (3ften, though, have I heard Clem Stu lebaker tell the true story; that is, the story of those dark hours at home, when all the world seemed asleep: there the great struggle of these men was uncovered, there the true strength of the man's honest heart was seen. The love and devotion of a true wife, the blessings and comforts of a happy home, come to such a man as the inspiration of prayer, and God leads him out of darkness again into the sunshine.

Ever keeping apace with the demands upon them, the Studebaker Brothers increased their variety of styles, until it embraced every type ' of vehicle for pleasure or busi- Jiess use, from a tAvo-wheeled cart or a farm wagon to a Presidential landau, and inclusive of electric and gasoline automobiles.

"Wagons were imported for trial from the Tnited States, and these proved to be superior to any other make, either of Cape or English manufacture. The wheels were of hickory and the metal work of steel. They were built by ^Messrs. Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co., who have a great vehicle factory at South Bend, Indiana.

This splendid testimonial was looked upon as a triumph for the American manufacturer and the skill of th^ American mechanic. The Studebaker ambulance, service and field

Addresses Of Branches

Stndeb&ker Bros. Co. of N. Y., Broadway and 7th Ave., Cor. 48th St., New York. N. Y. Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co., 3TS to 3S8 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111.

Studebaker Bros. Co. of Californi2L, Cor Market and 10th Sts., San Francisco, Cal. Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co., Cor. Hickory and 13th Sts., Kansas City, Mo.

Studebaker Bros. Co. of VtaK, 157 to 159 State Street, Salt Lake City. Utah Studebaker Bros. Mf^. Co., Cor. ISth and Blake Sts., Denver, Col. Studebaker Bros. Mf^. Co., 317-319 Elm Street, Dallas. Texas.

Today magnificent Studebaker repositories are seen in New York, Chicago, Kansas City, San Francisco, Portland, Oregon, Denver, Salt Lake City, Dallas, with more than ten thousand selling agencies penetrating almost every corner of the civilized world.

The New York Sun, under date of September 4th, 1904, says: "How rarely now one sees a foreign name-plate on a carriage in New York. How often a few years ago. There is no question but that Studebaker did most to make American carriages better than those of Europe - better in character and style of design, better in workmanship. In fact, Studebaker has built the .spirit of sturdy and progressive Americanism into the vehicle itself."

Henry and Clement Studebaker, having received a common school education and having learned their father's trade, wagon-making, moved from Ashland, Ohio, in 1852, and settled in South Bend, Indiana. Here they opened a blacksmith shop on Michigan street, where they shod horses, built two wagons the first year, and laid the foundation for their greater successes. Their ca.sh capital and stock in trade was $68. In 1858 Henry retired from the firm of H. & C. Studebaker, his interest being purchased by John ]Mohler, the third son, for $5,200. A few years later Peter E. joined his brothers and located the first repository for the sale of their output at St. Joseph, Mo. In 1868 they w^ere incorporated as a stock company, capital $75,000. As the business grew, Jacob F., the youngest brother, was taken into the company.

In 1872 their frame factory north of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway was completely destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of $80,000. New works were immediately erected south of the railroad, on the present site. In 1874 the works were again burned to the ground, the loss amounting to $350,000, including 2,400 wagons; but out of the ashes grew a modern factory, splendidly equipped with improved facilities, almost doubling the former output in capacity and making all types of vehicles. These works now constitute the largest wagon and carriage manufactory in the world, covering more than 100 acres; employing more than 3,000 workmen; using more than 50,000,000 feet of lumber, and thousands of tons of refined bar iron and steel ; manufacturing and selling more than 100,000 vehicles of all descriptions in a single year.

The present officers of the company are as follows : John Mohler Studebaker. president ; Geo. M. 'Studebaker, vice-president; Clement Studebaker, Jr., treasurer; John M. Studebaker, Jr., secretary.

In 1891 the Studebakers commenced the manufacture of harness in all its branches, and in 1906 the business was incorporated under the name of Studebaker Harness Company. Their annual product approximates 25,000 sets of complete single and double work, team and driving harness, besides a large output of collars, strap work and patent leather saddlery.

Keeping pace with the march of progress and the advent of self-propelled vehicles, the Studebakers in 1902 embarked in the manufacture of automobiles. The business was incorporated as the Studebaker Automobile Company; large buildings were erected and equipped; and the Studebaker automobile has already gained an enviable reputation, not alone in this country but abroad. The output consists of gasoline passenger cars, electric passenger cars, and electric wagons and trucks for commercial purposes.

The several Studebaker companies have been evolved from a little blacksmith shoj) to their present proportions in the city of South Bend, and their agencies and warerooms are spread throughout the civilized world. Their policy is permanent and fixed, and the spirit of American progressiveness and integrity characteristic of the founders of the parent company, has been handed down from father to son, and in like manner will be transmitted to the next generation, each being particularly trained in knowing

Sec. 2. - The Oli\^r Plow Works. - James Oliver was born in Liddisdale, Scotland, August 28, 1823. and came to America with his parents when he was twelve years of age. After a stay of one year in Seneca county, New York, the family removed to Mishawaka, Indiana, where ^Ir. Oliver was married and where he continued to live until the year 1855, when he came to South Bend. During the last ten vears of his residence in Mishf ull share of mishaps ; the water power being at one time washed away, while afterwards, on December 2-1, 1859, the works were totally destroyed by fire. But these hardships only served to infuse new energy into the sturdy manufacturer, who rebuilt his foundry and constantly increased his business. It was in this foundry that Mr. Oliver began and perfected his experiments in the manufacture of chilled plows, and thus laid the foundations of his great fame and fortune.

awaka, he was in the employment of the St. Joseph Iron Works, where he became an expert in the foundry business and other matters relating to the manufacture of machinery and farm implements.

In 1855, Mr. Oliver formed a partnership with a Mr. Lamb and Mr. Fox in the foundry business. The foundry was named the South Bend Iron AVorks, probably by reason of "Sir. Oliver's long association with the St. Joseph Iron Works in Mishawaka. The foundry in South Bend was located on Mill street, on the west race. The establishment had its with some of his enterprising friends, incorporated the South Bend Iron Works - afterwards developed into the famous Oliver Cliilled Plow Works. The incorporators were: James Oliver, Thelus M. Bissell, George Milburn, John Brownfield and Clement Studebaker. In time the stock of the corporation passed entirely into Mr. Oliver's hands, and those of his wife and children, James Oliver and his son, Joseph D. Oliver, becoming the sole active owners and managers of the mammoth establishment.

came too small for the immense business that began to crowd into it, Mr. Oliver purchased a large tract in the southwest part of the city of South Bend, or rather outside what were then the city limits. There has grown up the largest plow factory in the world, the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, out of which daily carloads of the famous chilled plow go to every quarter of the globe. The- value of the great plant hardly admits of estimate, running as it does into millions of dollars.

On October 12, 1901, the company was reorganized under the more fitting title of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works, with a capital of five hundred thousand dollars. This sum, vast as it is, is but a .small part of the great property which it represents, as the most extensive plow works in the world.

Sec. 3. - The Birdsell ]\Ianufacturing Company. - The Birdsell Clover Huller was invented and perfected by John Comly Birdsell, while he was engaged in farming in Monroe county, New York. After several years of thinking and experiment the famous machine was patented in 1855. Ten years more

Residence Of J. D. Oliver, South Bend

Manufacturing Company. The old mills and factories have been removed, and the new owners of the water power have constructed an electric light plant, using the water power of the river to generate the electric fluid, as heretofore noted in this history.* The electricity so generated is used not only to give light, heat and power to the immense factory, but also to light and heat the Oliver Opera House, the Oliver Hotel, and the residences of Mr. Oliver and those of his son, Joseph D. Oliver, and his daughter, Mrs. Josephine Oliver Ford, wife of Ex-Congressman George Ford.

were given to its improvement. In 1864 Mr. Birdsell's factory, which had been erected on his farm in New York, was destroyed by fire. He then determined to remove to the . west, and settled at South Bend, Indiana, where, notwithstanding vexatious and expensive litigation growing out of infringements on his patents, the business grew rapidly. On jNIarch 8, 1870, the Birdsell Manufacturing Company was incorporated by ]\Ir. Birdsell and his sons, Varnum 0., Joseph B., and Byron A. - John Comly Birdsell being made president, and Joseph Benjamin Birdsell, treasurer. Brief biographies of father and son are found elsewhere in this work. In the same year, a five-story brick factory building was erected, which is still the main building of the Birdsell plant. At the time this was the largest factory building in South Bend.

In 1887, the company began the manufacture of farm wagons, which enterprise has nearly equalled in success that of the clover hulling manufactor3^ The company has long enjoyed the distinction of having the largest clover huller factory in the world. The Birdsell clover hullers are used in every civilized nation of the world. Agencies for its sale are now established in every state in the Union where clover grows, and likewise in Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Russia and other countries in the old world. No article manufactured in South Bend has brought more honor and fame to the city than the Birdsell Clover Huller.

Sec. 4. - The Singer Sewing Machine Company. - The Singer Sewing Machine Company was originally incorporated under the laws of the state of New Jersey with a capital of ten millions of dollars j and this has since been increased to thirty millions. The three principal plants of the company are near Gla^sgow. Scotland, at Elizabeth, New Jersey, and at South Bend, Indiana. The plant at Glasgow is the largest sewing machine factory in the world, and has a capacity of twenty thousand completed machines a week. Other factories are at Hamburg and Berlin, Germany. The eabinets and cases manufactured at South Bend are finished here complete for the American trade and shipped to Elizabeth, where they are perfected and then supplied to the trade. Cases and cabinets are also shipped from South Bend direct to the great factory at Glasgow, and likewise to Haiiibui'g and Berlin, for the European trade.

The South Bend Singer plant was established in 1868. At that time the capacity of these works Avas one thousand cabinet sets a week. Today the capacity of the South Bend works approaches ten thousand sets per day, while over two thousand persons are employed in the various departments.

The South Bend plant was originally located on East Madison and North Emrick streets, adjoining the tracks of the Michigan Central railroad; and the buildings were increased in size from year to year until all the available territory in the locality was occupied. In 1899 and 1900 preparations were made for the moving of the plant to another part of the city, in order to accommodate the constantly increasing business. A tract of about sixty acres, at Division and Olive streets, adjoining the Lake Shore railroad traclvs was accordingly purchased; and the erection of massive structures of brick was at once begun, which with the vast lumber sheds had by the close of the year 1901, nearly covered the vast area. Even persons who had fair knowledge of the vastness of the business of the Singer Company could hardly believe that so much business space could be occupied. But the new works are filled with men and machinery and the enormous daily product already mentioned is the result.

The genius of the Singer Company in South Bend was Leighton Pine, already spoken of in connection with the building of our city water works." Mr. Pine was not only the untiring genius of the Singer Sewing Machine Company in South Bend; he was, in addition, one of the most valued citizens of the city, always foremost in what pertained to the welfare of the community of which he was so highly honored a member.

Sec. 5. - The O'Brien Varnish Works. - The O'Brien Varnish Works has a history similar to many others in South Bend. It is the creation of a man of energy and force of character, combined with good business capacity. The company was organized May 31, 1878, with a capital of twenty thousand dollars, and is now owned and managed entirely by Mr. Patrick O'Brien and his very capable sons. The officers are: Patrick O'Brien, president; George L. O'Brien, vicepresident; William D. O'Brien, secretary; and Frederick O'Brien, treasurer. The plant has increased to very large proportions, proa. Ante, this chapter, Subd. 4, Sec. 3.

(lui'iiiii' not only varnish, as originally contemplated, but also all oils and materials going to the manufacture of paints. The company has won a very high place among the manufacturers of the city.

Sec. 6. - The Staley Manufacturing Company. - Alexander C. Staley was one of the substantial men of South Bend, and became a successful manufacturer of woolen underwear. The A. C. Staley goods have for many years been w^ell known to the trade of the country. On July 24, 1888, Mr. Staley, with his son, Marion B. Staley, and William H. Longley organized the A. C. Staley Manufacturing Company, which has continued to maintain the reputation of the founder. After the death of Mr. A. C. Staley, Marion B. Staley and other stockholders continued the business which has developed into very large proportions. The present stockholders and managers are the Stephenson brothers, who also constitute the Stephenson Manufacturing Company. In 1907 the name of the A. C. Staley mills, and that of the company, was changed to Stephenson Underwear Mills.

See. 7. - The South Bend Toy Works. - The South Bend Toy Manufacturing Company w^as organized December 22, 1882, with a capital of fifteen thousand dollars, for the purpose of making croquet sets and other articles of wood, chiefly intended for amusement. The incorporators were John W. Teel, Frederick H. Badet and William T. Carska.ddon. It is said to be at present the largest establishment of the kind in the world. Before incorporation the w^orks were known as the Teel & Badet Company, and are sometimes so called even now.

Sec. 8. - The Knoblock-Heidman Company. - This company has been very successful in the manufacture of electrical apparatus. The present owners and managers are Otto M. Knobloek, William H. Miller, and George H. Heidman. The company was originally organized May 17, 1900, with a capital of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, as the Miller-Knoblock Electric

Priming Manufacturing Company, the incorporators being John C. Knobloek, Otto M. Knobloek, William H. Miller, Horace G. Miller, Albert W. Morrell and C. Warren Sheets. Sec. 9. - The South Bend Chilled Plow Company. - The Knobloek Brothers' Manufacturing Company was organized April 18, 1871, for the manufacture of farm implements, the incorporators being John C. Knoblock, William Knobloek, Theodore E. Knoblock and John H. Dolman. Out of this company grew the St. Joseph Reaper and Machine Company. In 1876, the Company began the making of chilled plows, and on July 1, 1878, was reorganized as the South Bend Chilled Plow Company, with Adam S. Baker, as president; John C. Knobloek as treasurer; and George W. Baker as secretary. Ever since the closing of the Northern Indiana College, at the west end of Washington street, the company has occupied the buildings and grounds of that institution. Other buildings, however, have been erected and the lands of the company much extended. The present officers are: W. L. Cassaday, president; A. D. Baker, secx^etary and treasurer. The company has become one of the great manufacturing concerns of the city, and its plows are everywhere acknowledged to be among the best made at any place.

Sec. 10. - The Folding Paper Box Company. - This company was incorporated December 2, 1893, for the manufacture of paper boxes of every kind. The incorporators were William H. Barger, Marvin Campbell and Myron Campbell. The capital stock was twentyfive thousand dollars. The present owners and managers of the plant are: Marvin Campbell, president; John B. Campbell, secretary; Myron Campbell, treasurer; and John Campbell, manager. The company has prospered from the beginning, and the business operations have become very large.

Sec. 11. - The South Bend Woolen Company. - ^This fine plant has been in operation for a great number of years, and has always been noted for the excellent quality of the cloth manufactured. The efficient managers in the beginning were Joseph Worden, George W. Lewis, Cormn B. Van Pelt and Henry G. Niles. It was, as these names will indicate, an institution originating in Mishawaka. The present managers are : Henry G. Niles, president; Corwin B. Van Pelt, vice-president; S. A. Niles, secretary; Henry G. Niles, Jr., treasurer and manager; and William Fisher, superintendent.

See. 12. - The Indiana Foundry Company. - This is one of our latest acquisitions. The company was organized April 17, 1903, with a capital of ten thousand dollars. Like most of our successful manufactories, it had a modest beginning ; but it has developed rapidly. The incorporators were : William N. Bergan, Alonzo A. Forsyth, Joseph Bergan, Frederick L. Dennis, Edward Bergan, Hiram W. VanNest and Chauncey N. Fassett. The present officers are : Frederick L. Dennis, president; William N. Bergan. vice-president; F. H. Fassett, secretary; Chauncey N. Fassett, treasurer and general manager; M. Konzen, cashier and purchasing agent.

Sec. 13. - The La Salle Paper Company. - This company is now under the sole management of Frank P. Nicely. The building; in which the business of manufacturing paper is carried on, situated on East Madison street, on the east race, is deserving of particular notice from the circumstance that here, when Beach & Keedy were the proprietors, the first paper made in South Bend was manufactured. It is at present the only factory in South Bend for the manufacture of paper.

Sec. 14. - The Winkler Brothers' Manufacturing Company. - The friendly relations of the members of manufacturing companies in South Bend is manifested by the number of companies organized by families - the Studebakers, the Olivers, the Birdsells, the O'Briens, the Knobloeks. the Stephensons, the Campbells, the Hunts, the Colmers, and many others; and more recently, the Winklers. The Winkler Brothers are also distinguished for their success before the organization of any corporation. Like the Studebakers, they began at the anvil and the bench. On October 29, 1902, when their business in the manufacture of wagons and other vehicles had increased to mammoth proportions, they found the necessity of becoming incorporated. The capital was fixed at seventy-five thousand dollars; and they purchased a large vacant tract on the Lake Shore railroad, in the southwest part of the city, where they erected a most complete and modern factory building, which was completed and occupied during the past two years. The present officers are : Frederick C. Winkler, president ; Charles H. Winkler, vice-president; John G. Grim, secretary; Remy VuyLsteke, superintendent.

Sec. 15. - Other Manufacturing Companies. - South Bend is essentially so much a manufacturing city that it would be quite impossible in this work to give an extended notice of each, or even of a majority, of the companies now organized and engaged in almost every variety of manufacturing. The following is but a partial list of companies not yet mentioned, most of which would be entitled to far more notice than that which can here be given :

The Indiana Lumber and Manufacturing Company, one of the present live companies of the city, at the head of which is the genial and energetic Christopher Fassnacht.

The Colfax Manufacturing Company, engaged in the building of light wagons, and which preserves in our industrial. history the name of our most distinguished citizen of other days, Vice-President Schuyler Colfax, and that of his son, also Schuyler Colfax, former mayor of South Bend.

The Stephenson Manufacturing Companj^, makers of wood turnings. This is the same corporation mentioned in connection with the A. C. Staley Manufacturing Company.

The South Bend Watch Company, having iifacturer; The John A. Neuperth Grill Mana factory situated near the eastern city lim- ufacturer; The Owen Harness Snaps Manuits. between South Bend and Mishawaka. The factory ; The John D. Ilaberle Machine

Still other manufacturing industries are: ^^^^r Mattress Makers; The Turner Oil Fil- The Boiler Compound Manufacturing Com- ^^r Company; The South Bend Pulp an.l pany; The Hull Brothers' Boiler Company,; blaster Company; The Beall Non-Pounding Thaddeus Talcott's Boiler Works; Maurer, Frog and Crossing Company; The John Bey- Labadie & Company, boiler makers; The ^^^^^ Roofing Company; The Lauber & Weiss Northern Brass & Aluminum Foundry; The Galvanized Works; The Cassady Rotary En- Frank Fisher Brick Kilns; The Frank Per- -i"® Company; David Armstrong Rubber kins Brick Kilns; The South Bend Brick ^'^^^^^P Factory; The H. A. Pershing Office Company; The Jacobson-Peterson Broom Supply Works; The Bailey & Ingram Rub- Works; The Botts & Klaasen Concrete ^er Stamp Worlvs; The August Soderberg Works; The Calvert H. Defrees Concrete Snuif Factory; The South Bend Spark Ar- Works: The R. S. Hollowell Concrete Works; ^^^^^^r Company; The Malleable Steel Range The Henry C. Eckler Building Material Man- Manufacturing Company; The C. G. Folsora ufaeturers; The Miller & Donahue Lumber & ^o. Stove Company; The South Bend Tent Manufacturing Company; The Smith & Jack- & Awning Company; The Indiana Tent & son Lumber and Manufacturing Company; Awning Company; The James W. Camper The Ziegler-Stickler Lumber and Manufac- ^ent & Awning Works; The South Bend turing Company; The Ideal Concrete Ma- Spring Wagon & Carriage Company; The chine Company; The Edmondson Coi^'^rete Jo^^ ^^^^^ Weather Strip Works; the Machine Company; The R. Z. Snell Cement Chauncey Pippinger Weather Strip Works; Block Machine Manufacturers; The South The South Bend Split Pulley Works. Bend Machine Manufacturing Company; The ^^^- 16.-BANKS.-Closely connected with

Crawford, of Elkhart county, secured the location of one of the branch banks at South Bend. On February 22, 1838, a public meeting was held at the court house to express the great satisfaction of the people with this action; and on February 24, 1838, a dinner was given at the Exchange hotel in honor of the same event. Subscription bools were opened July 2, 1838, Alexis Coquillard, Lathrop M. Taylor and John Grant acting as commissioners. The books were closed August 4, 1838, with more than a thousand shares subscribed over the amount required. The bank was opened for business November 24, 1838. It was first located in a two-storv brick build-

Among the presidents of our first bank, the South Bend Branch of the State Bank of Indiana, were Tyra W. Bray, John Egbert, Lathrop M. Taylor, Anthony Defrees, Jonathan L. Jernegan, Samuel C. Sample and Ricketson Burroughs. Marshall P. Chapin, as teller, settled up the affairs of the bank at the expiration of the charter. The officers of the second bank, the Bank of the State of Indiana, during its existence, from 1858 to 1864, were : President, John Brownfield ; cashier, Horatio Chapin; and teller, John T. Lindsey.

Old First National Bank

ing at the northeast corner of ]\Iichigau street and wha.t is now Colfax avenue. In 1841, the long familiar building opposite, with its imposing porticos, on the southwest corner of the same streets, was occupied by the bank; and there it remained until the expiration of the charter, in 1858.

On jNIarch 3, 1855, a charter had been obtained for a bank to be known as the Bank of the State of Indiana, with a capital of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to begin business on the expiration of the charter of the old bank. This bank continued until the establishment of national banks, in 1864.

N. Culver, Thomas S. Stanfield, John A. Henricks, Ethan S. Reynolds, John Reynolds and Ransom Hubbard. The capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars. The bank opened for business in the old St. Joseph block, at the corner of Washington and Main streets, November 30, 1863. Thomas S. Stanfield was the first president and John T. Lindsey first cashier. The directors were Thomas S. Stanfield. John Reynolds, Ethan S. Reynolds, John A. Henricks and Ransom Hubbard. William Miller, afterwards Mayor Miller, became president in 1867, and in the same year Charles W. Guthrie became cashier. In 1869 John A. Henricks was elected president. On

January 13, 1871, Caleb A. Kimball was elected cashier, a position which he has ever since held. John R. Foster was afterwards president, and was succeeded by Lucius Hubbard, who is still president. The vice-presidents have been Albert G. Cushing, Ethan S. Reynolds, Edward B. Reynolds and Marion B. Staley. the present incumbent. On the burning of the old St. Joseph block, in 1865, the bank was removed to the building of the old State Bank of Indiana, where it remained for thirty-five years. On June 10, 1900, the bank was again located on the site of its original quarters, in the Oliver hotel block, at the northwest corner of Washington and Main streets.

The South Bend National Bank was organized in 1870 by John Brownfield, William Miller, Lucius Hubbard, Schuyler Colfax, William Mack, Powers Green, Darwin H. Baker, Benjamin F. Price and Caleb A. Kimball. John Browntield was the first president. He wa.s succeeded, in 1888, by William Miller, who remained president until his death, February 21, 1901. Marvin Campbell has been president since the death of Mr. Miller. The bank was for many years located in the Price Theatre building on ^Michigan street, adjoining the old State Bank building. It is now on the same street, near the corner of Washington street.

The origin of the St. Joseph County Savings Bank is principally due to Theodore J. Seixas, one of the brightest financiers in the history of the county. The bank was incorporated November 25, 1869. The incorporators were Louis Humphreys, John C. Knoblock, Thelus M. Bissell, Joseph Worden, Adam S. Baker. T. Wilkes Defrees, David Greenawalt, Almond Bugbee, William F. Bulla and John C. Birdsell. The bank was opened for business in January, 1870. The first bank building was located on the east side of Main street, a little north of Washington. The location was afterwards changed to a point nearly opposite, on the west side of the same street. Afterwards, for a time, it was at the southwest corner of Michigan and Jefferson streets. In 1883, the present site was purchased, at the northeast corner of Main and Center streets, where a commodious bank building was erected. In 1900 this building was greatly enlarged and improved. The bank has now as commodious and pleasant quarters as could be desired. The business has continued to increase in an extraordinary degree, from the beginning. In

1870 the deposits were seven thousand, two hundred and sixty-seven dollars and ninety-eight cents. They are now over three and a quarter millions. The depositors number nearly ten thousand, and over thirteen hundred thousand dollars have been paid to them in interest. Mr. Seixas served as secretary and cashier until 1878, when he was succeeded by the present incumbent, Lucius G. Tong. The first president was Louis

Humphreys. On the death of Dr. Humphreys, George W. Matthews became president. On the death of Mr. Matthews, in 1895, Jacob Woolverton became president. In the year 1900. the St. Joseph Loan and Trust Company Avas organized in connection with the bank, and has since done a mdst extensive business. It may be said that the extraordinary success of the St. Joseph County Savings Bank has been due chiefly to the business ability, kindliness and strict integrity of Theodore J. Seixas, Lucius G. Tong and the other managers of its concern. The present officers of the bank are : President, Jacob Woolverton; vice-president, Benjamin F. Dunn ; second vice-president, George U. Bingham ; secretary and treasurer, Lucius G. Tong. The officers of the trust company are : President, John M. Studebaker, Sr. ; vicepresident, Jacob Woolverton; second vicepresident, George U. Bingham; secretary and treasurer, Lucius G. Tong.

The People's Savings Bank was organized in 1875 by Joseph B. Arnold, Jr., and others. Mr. Arnold was the first president. The trustees were : Hiram Jackson, Newton Jackson, Aaron Webster, Henry B. Hine, George W. Swygart, Andrew J. Jaquith, Joseph B. Arnold, Sr., and Joseph B. Arnold, Jr. The business was successfully carried on for ten years, when the bank voluntarily closed, paid its depositors in full and retired.

The foregoing may be considered as the historical banking concerns of the city. The remaining banks and trust companies, all of which are doing an excellent business, are: The Citizens' National Bank, the Merchants' National Bank, the American Trust Company and the Citizens' Loan, Trust and Savings Company.

Vi. Religious, Educational And Soclvl

Sec. 1. - The Methodist Church. - From May 6th to IMay 13th, 1906, the First Methodist Episcopal Church of South Bend held its diamond jubilee, in commemoration of the first organization of the local society.

Through the courtesy of the Rev. Madison H. Appleby, present pastor of the church, the following historical sketch, published in connection with the jubilee, is here given,:

"Organized ]\Iethodism north of the Wabash river had its beginning-s in 1831, when from the Illinois conference N. B. Griffith was appointed to the Ft. Wayne mission, ]\Iadison district, Allen AViley, .presiding elder.'*

First Church, South Bend

B. Griffith and Benjamin Ross and family arrived at South Bend. Samuel Martin and wife and Benjamin Potter and wife, who were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, had preceded them. X. B. Griffith came as a missionary, but as there was a deep snow on the ground and the weather was very cold, and as the few families in the village were a. But see Chap. 8, Subd. 5, Sec. 13, of this history. While the first regular organization may have been under the Rev. N. B. Griffith, as stated, yet it appears that the Rev. James Armstrong organized the first Methodist church in the county, at Hamilton, on Terre Coupee Prairie, in 1830.

sheltered in e;ibiiis and half-faced shanties, no room could be had large enough to accommodate the people for preaching. On the evening of the 31st of January, these Methodist families met at the house of Benjamin Ross and held a pra^^er-meeting, which was the first ^Methodist worship, if not the first Protestant worship, held in South Bend.

"Some time in March following, the Rev. Leonard B. Gurley, on a missionary tour, arrived and preached in the house of Benjamin Ross; but as the field had been provided for by the appointment of Mr. G'i-iiBth, he did not remain.

"Early in April Mr. Griffith returned, and on the evening of the 6th collected the people in the bar-room of a small tavern kept by Benjamin Coquillard, a Roman Catholic, and preached; after which he organized the first class, consisting of Samuel Martin and w^ife, Benjamin Potter and wife, Benjamin Ross and wife, Rebecca Stull and Simeon Mason. ^lartin and Ross were appointed leaders. In June. 1831, William Stanfield and wife came to South Bend and were added to the class by certificate, and Mr. Stanfield was soon afterward appointed leader. About the same time Samuel Newman and wife were also added by letter. In August Jacob Hardman. M. D., and in the fall Samuel Good and wife joined by certificate. A Sabbath school was organized and oiHcered as follows: Superintendent, William Stanfield; secretary and treasurer, Horatio Chapin ; teachers, H. Chapin, E. R. Tutt. Elliott Smith and Dr. Hardman. This was a union school. Ill 1835 the first Methodist Sunday school was organized. It met for a- time in John Brownfield's kitchen. The first church building was erected on North Main street in 1835-36. A brick church building was built, in 1851, on the site of the present building, at the corner of ]\Iain and Jefferson streets. It was dedicated on the 17th of August of that year. The present building was completed in 1871. A parsonage on the site now occupied was built in 1866. during the pastorate of Dr. C. A. Brooke. This building was torn down and replaced by the present modern and commodious structure, in 1905. The following men have served the church as pastors since its organization, in 1831:

A. A. Gee, C. S. Burgner, William Wilson, Joseph C. Reed. G. Morgan, S. T. Cooper, Clark Skinner, C. A. Brooke, John Thrush, J. H. Swope, G. M. Boyd. H. A. Gobin (two tenm), J. C. Stephens, S. B. Town (two terms). W. H. Hickman, H. M. Middleton. J. H. Hollingsworth, E. P. Bennett and M. H. Appleby."

The second society established in South Bend by the Methodist church was the Michigan Street Church, or Grace Church, as it is more properly called. This church was organized in 1869, with one hundred and thirty-seven members. The first pastor was the Rev. William R. Mikels. This church has continued prosperous to this day.

The German Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1872 by the Rev. Philip Walker, of Michigan City. The first pastor was the Rev. William Keller. The society has a fine brick church at the northwest corner of Lafayette and Wayne streets. The present pastor is the Rev. Henry Karnopp.

B. R. Parks, pastor; the Lowell Heights ^Methodist Church : and the Blount Olive African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Rev. Cyrus E. Roberts, pastor. There is also the River Park Methodist Episcopal Church.

The ]\Iilburn Chapel, in memoi-y of her father, George Milburn, was built on West Thomas street, in 1883 by :\Trs. ChMuent Studebaker at a cost of ten thousand dollars. Before his lamented death Mr. Studebaker began the erection at the corner of Laporte and Colfax avenues of what has since become the finest church edifice in northern Indiana, if not in the state. It has been dedicated under the name of St. Paul's Memorial Church; and is a fitting monument to the memory of the great and good man who projected it. as well as to that of Mr. Milburn, for whose commemoration the original chapel was built. Clement Studebaker, known and beloved by the people of South Bend, could have no fitter monument than this ma.gnificent church of Saint Paul's. The present eloquent and wives and their children, forming and organizing the pioneer church. At the first meeting held in the house of Horatio Chapin, Rev. M. M. Post, of Logansport, officiated as moderator, and John McConnell, of Crawfords- ^ ille. was elected the first elder. Later on, August 17, 1834, another meeting was held and more families united with the church, and the Lord's supper was celebrated. On the next day following, Horatio Chapin was elected an elder, and was later ordained by Rev. A. B. Brown of the then territory of ^Michigan. For over a year they were with-

First Presbyterian Church, South Bend

Sec. 2. - The Presbyterian Church. - The Presbyterian church in South Bend had its inception in 1831. when Horatio Chapin and William Stanfield organized the first union Sunday school in a log school house. The history of the First Presbyterian Church in this city has recently been published under the auspices of the church ; and, by permission of the reverend pastor. Dr. Henry Webb Johnson, it is inserted in this history, as follows:

"On the third day of May, A. D. 1834, in the then wilderness, abounding with Indians, the First Presbyterian Church of South Bend was organized by families, husbands and out a pastor, and held services in private houses, and in a log school house, that stood where the Jefferson school house now stands. Here it was that their first pastor, Rev. Alfred Bryant, preached to them in October, A. D. 1835. ]\Ir. Bryant was a 3'oung man, a graduate of Princeton College, and was sent out the Board of Home Missions, who paid two-thirds of his salary. He was a scholarly and saintlv man, and thoroughly devoted to the work of his Lord and IMaster. He came here with his young wife to face the hardships of the wilderness, and ready to toil with all his powers, that he might preach the gospel. With his own hands he planed and sawed and dressed lumber, and prepared seats and a pulpit for his little flock, and with a few hundred dollars left him from his father's estate, he in later years bought a lot on Main street which he used for the benefit of the church. His earnest, self-sacrificing labors laid the foundation of the church of to-day. The church society was then without a building to worship in. Horatio Chapin owned a large two-story building on ^Michigan street, near the Water street bridge. In the first story he kept a dry goods store, and in the large upper rooms were the cradle and nursery of the infant church. How often must their thoughts have turned to that large upper room where centuries before their sorrowing Master instituted the Lord's supper in remembrance of Him. In this upper room the first Sabbath school was organized with Horatio Chapin for superintendent. It began with twelve scholars. The Hon. Samuel Hanna, of Fort Wayne, donated a lot at the corner of Lafayette and Water streets for a church building, and here, in 1836. a small frame church was erected, which in later years was converted into a dwelling, and still remains as such to-day. The first bell of this church was of Spanish make, and was imported by a Catholic church, but for some reason was not accepted, and was purchased and sept here by a sister of ^Ir. Bryant. This bell was later disposed of in some manner, and later still another bell, cast in New York in 1838, was purchased and is still owned by the church. For over half a century its soft mellow tones sent its ringing invitation to enter the house of God, and tolled solemn funeral notes for the dead.

"The location of the church was found to be not central enough, and the pastor, Mr. Bryant, raised all he could by subscription here, obtained $300 from his esteemed friends and relatives, borrowed $500 on his own responsibility, and turned all over to the trustees. With this, in 1839. a new church was built on Main street, on the next lot south of the Y. M. C. A. building, now owned by Mrs. Jacob Kerner. The church was a fine structure for the time, and had a basement for the Sabbath school. Here in this building, Revs. George Gordon, Robert R. Wells, A. Kerr, J. T. Umstead, A. Y. Moore, Dr. ^John C. Brown, D. D., and Walter Forsyth, ministered to the church. During Dr. Brown's ministry he enlisted in the array and became chaplain of Colonel Eddy's Forty-eighth regiment, and died in the service. Rev. Walter Forsyth, a native of Scotland, who had been apprenticed as a machinist or engine builder, but afterwards studied and prepared himself for the ministry, succeedd Dr. Brown. He was a young man full of enthusiasm, and untiring in his labors, and to his active efforts, the third church was built of brick with a .spire 145 feet tall, in the year 1866, on the corner of Lafayette and Washington streets.

"At the time it was built, it was the finest church building in the city. In this edifice the Rev. Mr. Forsyth was succeeded by the Revs. James F. Knowles, Henry M. Morey and George T. Keller. Under the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Keller, in 1887, the brick church was leveled to the ground, and the present beautiful stone church was planned and begun. The work had hardly commenced when the pastor passed away from his earthly labors and entered into heavenly rest. His loss was keenly felt and universally deplored. For a year the church worshipped in the Y. ]\r. C. A. building, without a pastor, awaiting the completion of the new stone edifice. On its completion the Rev. Henry Webb Johnson, D. D., the present loved and able pastor, was called to the church, and under his pastorate the church has been signally blessed. It would be impossible in a brief sketch to review the labors of the several pastors of the church. Th'^ church, however, will ever hold their labors and sacrifices in grateful remembrance.

"During the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Keller, in the year 1884, the church celebrated its semi-centennial, the exercises lasting three days, and the entire history of the church during the fifty years preceding was fully reviewed and all ending with a banquet to celebrate her jubilee year. Many of the leading events of the church will have to be omitted in this brief article.

' ' Nor can we recount here the self-denying, faithful devotion to the interests of the church, of those who were long identified with her, who bore her burdens, who shared her adversity and prosperity, who labored heartily and zealously to build up and strengthen the church, and to secure her peace and prosperity. It is all bound up in the volume of their lives, to be read by the great Head of the church, who in that great day will say, 'Well done, good and faithful servants, enter ye into the joy of the Lord.'

''Nor will the church in all its history ever forget her warm friends, who helped in her work, and aided and encouraged her, when in need of help and encouragement, and for them and theirs the blessing and favor of God will be their, reward.

"The church has had men and women within its fold of marked ability and great influence which they exerted to make the world better. Some have been noted as authors (as Miss Finley, author of the popular Elsie stories), others as jurists, editors, educators, legislators, officers of the county, city, state and nation, and of the armj^ bankers, professional men, business men, ministers, pastors, missionaries, and many others too numerous to mention, who have used their talents and influence to advance Christ's Kingdom in the church and world. The church to-day has entered into their labors. Of the workers in the Sabbath school, brief mention will be made of a few. Of the superintendents, mention has been made of a few, and of the secretaries, were Edwin B. Crocker, Schuyler Colfax. John T. Lindsey and Colons] A. B. Wade. Judge Crocker afterwards became chief justice of the state of California. Of the teachers were Judge Thomas S. Stanfield, who once taught a Bible class, and Prof. Benjamin Wilcox, Dr. Louis Humphreys, Julia M. Bacon, who later became a missionary in India, and a host of other able and efficient teachers, now in heavenly rest. One of the early superintendents was Joseph L. Jernegan, then president of the State Bank, a lawyer of great ability, who later became prominent in his profession in New York City, and afterwards resided in Florence, Italy, w^here he died. But the list might be extended and multiplied at length, if space permitted. We have only mentioned some now deceased, and none now living. Such in brief are some of the events in the history of the church. That the labors of those gone before us may not have been in vain, this heritage planted and watered by them and blessed of God, and left to us, must be maintained and the work carried on in the same earnest, zealous spirit. Our prayers and labors and our sacrifices m\ist be given tiJl the night of death shall come to each, when our mission here shall end.

ministers in charge of congregations: Rev. George Thompson, Hamilton, Ohio ; Rev. Charles Evans, Hoboken, N. J. ; Rev. John X. :\Iills, Evanston, HI."

The Trinity Presbyterian Church is located at the corner of North St. Peter street and East Colfax avenue, the Rev. Samuel M. King, pastor. The Westminster Presbyterian Church is located at the corner of North Scott and West Lindsey streets; the Rev. Henry B. Hostetter, pa.stor. Hope Presbyterian Chapel is on South Leer street; the Rev. Prentiss H. Case, pastor.

Sec. 3. - The Reformed Church. - The Reformed Church of South Bend was organized in 1849 by the Rev. David McNiesh. The bi'ick church erected in that year at the corner of Lafayette street and Colfax avenue continued to be occupied until two years ago, when the present beautiful modern building was erected in its place. The pari.sh was re-organized March 31, 1870, by the Rev. William J. Skilbuan. The most noted pastor in the history of this church was the Rev. N. D. Williamson, who became pastor in July, 1872, and who was known and honored fi*^ Father Williamson by hundreds of persons besides those who were members of his church. The pastor since the completion of the new church is the Rev. Israel Rothenberger. In 1873 a ^fission Chapel was built on the corner of Lafayette and Sample streets; but this has been discontinued.

Sec. 4. - The Catholic Church. - In the year 1901, there was issued a brief history of St. Joseph's Catholic Church, situated at the southeast corner of La Salle avenue and Hill street, in the city of South Bend. Incidentally, this sketch contains much local history relating also to other Catholic churches in the city. The facts here stated are abbreviated from the sketch so published in 1901:

"St. Joseph's Church is the oldest Catholic establishment in South Bend. A short sketch of its history during the last fifty years is hereby submitted. For his material

"On the 18th day of September, 1847, before Justice Johnson Howell, the Right Rev. Celestine de la Hailandiere, bishop of the diocese, in trust for St. Joseph's congregation, bought of Christopher W. Emerick and his wife, lots 133, 134 and 135, situated on ]\Iain street, now La Salle avenue, in the village of Lowell, now the Fourth ward of the city of South Bend, for the consideration of fifteen dollars; and Catherine, the wife of Christopher W. Emerick, in consideration of the sum of one dollar to her in hand paid ' relinquished said Celestine de la Hailandiere to the aforesaid premises.'