St. Joseph County, Indiana - The City of South Bend, 1907 (part 5 of 11)

Aside from the journals mentioned, a few newspapers representing special interests have been published from time to time, but need not be further referred to. The city seems now to be, and for several years past to have been, fully provided for in this line by the Daily and Weekly Times, the Daily and Weekly Tribune and the Sunday News. No city has better newspapers, and they seem to fully satisfy all the needs of our people in this line.

Sec. 7. - South Bend Summary. - The following statement is taken from a leaflet issued from the Tribune press, in the general interests of the business men of the city of South Bend. In summing up the advantages of our city as a place of residence and business, this statement seems at the same time to present a comprehensive abstract of what South Bend has attained to, from the year 1820, when Pierre Navarre, the first white man to settle here, built his cabin on the banks of the St. Joseph, even down to this year of our Lord, 1907 :

South Bend, population' approaching 60,- 000. the largest city in the northern part of Indiana and the county seat of St. Joseph county, is situated on the St. Joseph river, one of the most picturesque inland streams in the world, six miles south of the Indiana-Michigan line. It is regarded as one of the cleanest, best-paved and healthiest cities in America.

It has eight steam railroads, fine street railways, electric interurban systems to adjacent territory and is one of the best points for manufacturing, general business and residence in the United States. South Bend is 86 miles east of Chicago and within a day's ride of New York city. Manufacturers seeking a location should carefully investigate South Bend and its manifold advantages before arriving at a decision. With scores of prosperous manufacturing establishments, the product of many of which goes to all parts of the civilized world. South Bend is one of the best advertised cities in the universe. It is a stamp of merit for goods to bear the name

A paid fire department of 12 companies forming one of the best fire departments in the world, besides several private factory fire departments, and 850 fire hydrants.

Eleven hotels of various grades and prices, the Oliver, erected at a cost of $600,000, being one of the finest and most complete in the world.

Many clubs devoted to social, athletic, literary and dramatic objects, several in their own buildings, besides a large number of lesser social organizations.

Fourteen public and a number of parochial confectionery, carriages, cement bricks, carts, schools, all of a high order, the celebrated cut building stone, doors, dowels, electric dry University of Notre Dame, for men, the world- batteries, electrotypes, electric house fixtures, famed St. Mary's Academy for women and electric sparking devices, electric coils, eleca commercial college. trie switches, electric specialties, engines, fur- Eight railroads - the Lake Shore & Mich- niture, feed mills, flour, fishing tackle, flue igan Southern, Grand Trunk Western, Mich- brushes, furnaces, folding paper boxes, gas igan Central. Chicago, Indiana & Southern, and gasoline engines, gas fixtures, grills, Indiana Northern. New Jersey, Indiana & games, grain drills, harness and harness ap- Illinois, Vandalia and Chicago & South Bend, purtenances, hand carts, harrows, horse cov- One hundred and twenty-two artesian wells ers, hose carts, hardware specialties, ice, ice supplying pure water for domestic, factory cream, jewelry, knit underwear, linseed oil, and fire protection purposes all the year, the lumber, labels, loose leaf ledgers, machinery, water being forced throughout the city by mattresses, malleable steel kitchen ranges, standpipe pressure supplied by three pump- mineral water, milling machinery, mail boxes, ^ing stations with a daily capacity of 24,000,- mill cogs, motors, office furniture, oil filters, 000 gallons. plows, printing press rollers, paper boxes, pro- Connections by one of the best electric rail- prietary medicines, pulleys, paper roll proways in America, with IMislia.waka, population tectors, pony vehicles, porch swings, paste, 9,000, four miles distant; Elkhart, 19,000, photo mounts, pulp plaster, power drills, 15 miles; Goshen, 10,000, 26 miles; Warsaw, printed matter, rubber stamps, razors, roof- 7,000, 50 miles ; Niles, Mich.. 7,000, 10 miles; ing, rugs, railroad supplies, respirators, re- St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Mich., popula- seating machinery, roof paint, rattan specialtion 15,000, 35 miles. ties, shirts, steel skeins, shipping tags, sewing Many manufacturing establishments of machine parts, soda water, steam boilers, sash, various sizes, some the largest in the w^orld, street sprinklers, soldering fluxes, street making automobiles, automatic computing sweepers, shovels, street car signs, screens, scales, adjustable shade hangers, artificial sleighs, snuft', standpipes, seeders, steam fuel, awnings, alfalfa hullers, automatic field specialties, sheet iron products, siereotypes, glasses, bicycles, building stone, books, brooms, spark arresters, stone making machinery, toys, bricks, beer, blinds, box making machinery, tool specialties, tombstones, tooth paste, telebaking powder, boats, blueing, bob-sleds, boil- phones and telephone supplies, tents, theatrier compound, brick-making machinery, brass cal posters, tables, varnish, wagons, woolens, articles, box springs, bar fixtures, barrels, bolt wood boxes, watches, willow specialties, water threading machinery, clover hullers, cigars, works machinery, wire bound boxes, wire carpets, cultivators, cutlery, cigar boxes, cast- fence, wood turnings, well boring machinery, ings, carriage covers, concrete mixing ma- wagon covers, wind stacker hoods. Most chinery, chandeliers, cement blocks, cornice, South Bend plants run the entire year.

The preceding pages of history are rich in personal reference, for it would be impossible to describe the civilization that has grown up within the limits of the county, in the country, the towns and the cities, without having continually in mind and speaking of the men and women who bore the part of pioneers, or who did the work of the second generation, or who during the last quarter century have reaped the rewards of their predecessors and have themselves assumed responsiblities for succeeding generations. "Institutions are but the lengthened shadows of men" is a tine statement of the part individuals play in history, and there are a great many individuals in St. Joseph county who have built enduring monuments in character or industrial enterprise, so that either their names or the institutions with which they completely identified themselves are kno'WTi by all and have unforgettable places in the county's history. Most of the names which follow have already been mentioned in the preceding pages, but here will be found a more complete account in biographical foinn of many of the men whose accomplishments have done so much for the development of city and county.

The preparation of the general history of St. Joseph county has been the result of more than a year's diligent and /painstaking labor on the part of Judge Howard, of South Bend. Written at the close of a long residence and active participation in the affairs of the county, this history is the expression of a ripened judgment and intelligent observation of the varied events and the complex development that have attended the splendid progress of the county and its central cities. As a result, this work becomes a valuable contribution to the historical literature pertaining to the St. Joseph valley, and is probably destined to remain for many years the principal authoritative work of local history.

In addition to speaking these words of appreciation concerning the labors of Judge HoM'ard, the publishers deem it fitting to state the principal facts in the career of the author and insert a brief sketch of his life among those of other well known citizens of the county.

Timothy Edward Howard was born near Ann Arbor, Michigan", January 27, 1837. His parents were both of English-Irish ancestry. His father, Martin Howard, was born near Fermoy, county Cork. Ireland, and his mother. Julia (Beahan) Howard, at or near Mount Rath. Queen's county, Ireland, whence both parents came to America and became pioneers of Michigan territory.

The father died when Timothy was fourteen years old, and being the eldest of the seven children, he took charge of the farm and became the principal reliance of his w^idowed mother and the younger children. The subject of this sketch has long been known for his ripe scholarship and classical learning. The foundation of this knowledge was acquired in his youth, despite the primitive schools then existing in Michigan and the necessary confinement of his farm duties. As a boy he had attended country schools during the winters, and at the age of seventeen had two terms in the Ypsilanti union school, where he enjoyed the instruction of Professor Joseph Estabrook and other excellent teachers. Entering the University at Ann Arbor in his eighteenth year, he was able to continue his studies only until the middle of his sophomore year, when the home farm ag^ain needed his presence. At the age of twenty and again the following year he taught country schools. When twenty-one he was elected inspector of the schools of Northfield, his native township.

Judge Howard first became identified with St. Joseph county, Indiana, as a student in Notre Dame, when he. was twenty-two years old. Three years later he was graduated, having taught primary classes during his collegiate career. From the quiet study halls of Notre Dame he took his place as a private soldier in the struggle of the nation for existence. Enlisting, February 5, 1862, in the Twelfth Michig-an Infantry, he hurried to the front, and just two months later, April 6, was severely wounded at the battle of Shiloh. After lying for a time in the jNIarine Hospital at Evansville, he was discharged June 14, 1862, by reason of his wound. His return to Notre Dame was marked by his employment as professor of English literature and other classes in the university. For a number of years his career was identified with this university, and as an educator he is remembered and esteemed by hundreds who are now in active life. ,

For nearly thirty years he has been almost continuously in public life. Beginning in 1878, he served vsix years as a member of the South Bend common council. One of the acts which stands to his credit as councilman is the fact that through his efforts the first public park was secured for the city, and later was named Howard Park. During this time, beginning in 1879, he was clerk of the St. Joseph circuit court four years. Jn 1886 came his election to the state senate, where he served three sessions until his resisrnation in 1892. His chief services in the upper house were as follows : He was author of the bill to remove the limestone ledge in the Kankakee river at Momence; assisted in framing the Australian ballot law in 1889 ; brought in the bill for the establishment of the appellate court in 1891 ; and framed the bill for the Indiana tax law of 1891. On his resignation from the senate he was elected a judge of the supreme court, serving six years. In addition to these elective offices. Judge Howard has served as city attorney of South Bend and county attorney for St. Joseph county, and has also been selected for service on special commissions dealing with subjects of vital interest or reform in state government. He was president of the Fee and Salary commission, 1900-01, by appointment of Governor James A. Mount; was appointed by Governor Durbin a delegate to the tax conference held at the Pan- American Exposition in Buffalo, May 23-24, 1901, where he read a paper on the Indiana tax law; and was appointed by Governor Durbin a member of the commission of 1903-05 for codifying the laws of the state.

Our author has long been interested in the history of his county and state and is now president of the Northern Indiana Historical Society. Besides this history of St. Joseph county, he has written miscellaneous papers and books, some of them prepared as text books during his work as an educator and others for special purposes and occasions. By his marriage, on July 14, 1864, at Detroit, to Miss Julia A. Redmond, Judge Howard has had ten children, seven of whom are still living.

H(3N. Schuyler Colfax. When Schuyler Colfax, vice-president of the United States, congressman from Indiana for many years and one of the speakers of the house of representatives during the period of the Civil war, passed away at Mankato, Minnesota, on the 13th of January, 1885, South Bend lost its most distinguished citizen, and the country not only a leading statesman and patriot, but a good and noble man as well. He was among the most eminent men of the west, whose life record forms an integral part of the history-, not alone of South Bend but of the state and nation, and who is therefore most worthy of special mention in a work of this character. In his death the nation lost one of its most progressive citizens, one whose influence was felt in marked degree along intellectual and moral advancement.

As the day with its morning "of hope and promise, its noonday of activity, its evening of completed and successful efforts, ending in the grateful rest and quiet of the night - so was the life of this honored man. His career was a long, busy and useful one, marked by the utmost fidelity to the duties of public and private life, and crowned with honors conferred upon him by his home city, state and nation, in recognition of superior merit. His name is insepara.bly interwoven with the annals of Indiana, with its best development and its stable progress, and his memory is cherished as that of one who made the world better for his having lived.

Schuyler Colfax was a native of the Empire state, born on the 23d of March, 1823, in New York City. As a lad of thirteen he came to New Carlisle, St. Joseph county, where he was educated and early developed a taste for polities and newspaper w^ork. In 1845 he founded the St. Joseph Valley Begister, and, after filling many political positions of local import, in 1852 was selected as a delegate to the Whig convention which nominated General Winfield Scott to the presidency. In 1855 he was sent to congress and re-elected for six consecutive terms, and from 1863 to 1869 - -covering such momentuous periods of the Civil w^ar and Reconstruction - ably served as speaker of the house of representatives. His vice-presidential term with General Grant covered the period 1869-73, and in the latter year he retired from public life and returned to South Bend.

In 1868 Schuyler Colfax was united in marriage to Miss Ellen "Wade, a niece of the widely known Senator Wade of Ohio. She is a most accomplished lady, whose many acts of charity and kindness have endeared her to the citizens of South Bend and St. Joseph county. One son was born of their union, Schuyler Colfax, Jr., who for many years was an active business man of South Bend and was elected its mayor in 1898, but is no longer a resident of the place.

In his public capacities, Schuyler Colfax was a recognized orator of his day and a wise statesman. In his domestic and personal relations he was a loving husband and an affectionate father; was kind and benevolent, and charitable to a fault; a man beloved by all. especially by the citizens of South Bend and others who knew him best. With him friendship was inviolable and the circle of his friendship was almost co-extensive with the circle of his acquaintance. When those who needed assistance came to him his aid was never withheld. Honor and integrity characterized his every act, and he was never known to take advantage of his fellow man. His name will be honored for many generations as that of one who stood as the highest type of American citizenship.

Alexis Coquillard. The name Coquillard is synonymous with South Bend, and is intertwined with so many interests of this city that it is difficult to say what is the most prominent feature of its historical relations with South Bend. To the oldest residents, and to those who would learn of the origin of this city, one of the first personalities in a long list of celebrities is that Alexis Co<iuillard who, after Peter F. Navarre, became the first white settler on the site of South Bend. He located here in 1823, an agent of the American Fur Company, and as such conducted a trading post in a log cabin that was the first residence of white man in the woods at the south bend of the St. Joseph river. Unlike others in that occupation, who usually retreated before the advance of actual settlement, he remained on the site of South Bend while it was being settled by a thrifty class of pioneers, and until his death in 1855 was closely identified with the interests of the growing town, being one of the proprietors of the first flouring mill and in many other ways a citizen of note and influence.

It was a nephew and namesake of this trader and pioneer whose career is most familiar to the later generation of St. Joseph county. Although it is now seventeen years since his death, he is still remembered with affection and gratitude for his noble character and his usefulness and generosity as a citizen. Many departments of activity were influenced by him while living, and much remains with which his name can still be identified. Having acquired a fortune in his home city and county, he was generous in its expenditure for the benefit of his citizens. A few years before his death he purchased one thousand acres of land adjoining the city, and donated a large tract of it for the purposes of a public park. He established the Coquillard Wagon Worfe in 1865, and directed it through a prosperous growth until its output was sold in nearly every county in the United States. In ways too numerous to mention, his private interests were intertwined with the progress of the entire community, and among those who helped make South Bend during its first half century of existence he will always be considered as one of the most prominent.

Dying at Battle Creek. Michigan, February 25, 1890, Alexis Coquillard had rounded out a life of sixty-five years. He was born in Detroit, April 29, 1825, where his parents, Benjamin and Sophia (Andre) Coquillard, were among the well known French settlers of that city. Benjamin Coquillard was in almost the first group of notable pioneers who came to St. Joseph county at the close of the decade of the twenties. He brought his family to the site of South Bend in 1829. only a few years after his brother, the fur trader, had located here, although by 1829 the furtrading period was rapidly passing and the era of permanent settlement had begun. Benjamin Coquillard made of his rough and primitive home a place of public entertainment, or tavern, as it was then known, and it was in this backwoods inn that the boy Alexis gained his lirst experiences in the world. His tendency to trade early became marked, and while still a boy he was conducting a profitable traffic among the Indians. It is recalled that when he was sixteen years old, L. P. Johnson, who kept a tavern located at the southwest corner of Michigan avenue and Washington street, built a wagon which attracted general attention, this being the first one ever constructed in South Bend. The wagon became an object of envious interest to young Coquillard, and when it was completed he induced his mother to purchase it for him. He put it into service by hauling produce and goods from the river for the few merchants of the town, and soon had paid not only for the wagon but for his team of horses.

As is made clear in other parts of this history, the educational facilities offered at South Bend during the thirties and forties were very meager. In the history of Notre Dame University, Alexis Coc{uillard's name comes first - the first student. This opportunity for gaining an education came when Father Sorin, in two log houses, commenced the work that proved the nucleus of the present university, and the young boy who so cheerfully rowed him across the river to perform his priestly labors became his first student. Alexis pursued his studies and graduated from the log cabin college.

The spii'it of the pioneer has always b^en strong in the Coquillard family. When the rush to California began, this spirit took hold of Alexis, and. having persuaded his uncle to furnish him with an outfit, he started to find his fortune in the Eldorado. The agreement was that the profits of the venture were to be divided between the uncle who furnished the capital and the nephew who furnished the energy and enterprise. He was one of the lucky forty-niners, for after nine months he returned to South Bend and faithfully divided his little fortune of four thousand dollars with the uncle who had thus stood sponsor for his honesty and good judgTnent.

California venture became the working capital with which he built up his fortune. With this money he bought some land near the present family homestead at Mosquito Glen, but he soon found farming too monotonous and its profits too tardy. Following the sale of this property, he turned his lattention to real estate dealings, and in that direction gained the greater part of his fortune. His operations were at first confined to the vicinity of South Bend. Another departure was the buying of a sawmill, which directed him into the lumber business, and in a few years he became one of the most extensive lumber dealers of northern Indiana. His real estate interests were growing so rapidly that by 1860 he was reputed to be the largest land owner in St. Joseph county. The founding of the wagon works followed in 1865, and with the extension of his real estate and other operations to various parts of the country, he built up a large fortune.

Of the marriage of Mr. Coquillard to Miss Maud Perley, of Portland, Maine, two sons were born, Alexis and Joseph Alexander, who continue the Coquillard interests in South Bend and are worthy successors of a father whose life and work were of so much importance to South Bend's history.

Hon. Clem Studebaker. Those are rare characters in the world's history who have both the tact and the force of character to overcome all obstacles caused by lack of early education, and take their place not only among the material forces of their country but -with the cultured and professionally trained, who have had every advantage afforded by the universities of two continents. But eminent common sense, a great heart and the courtesy of an inborn gentleman will overcome all artificial considerations, especially in these United States of America, and perhaps half a dozen times in a generation a family of characters bearing these strong traits comes to the surface and holds the unbounded admiration of the country. The Studebaker family is of this great democracy, and none of its representatives was more typical of its admirable characteristics than the late Hon. Clem Studebaker.

Mr. Studebaker was born near Gettyvsburg, Pennsylvania, March 12. 1831, the boy being four years of age when the family moved to Ashland county, Ohio. There his youth was passed, attending the public schools and working with his father at the forge and in his wagon shop. Through the latter occupation he laid the basis of that thorough and practical knowledge which enabled hira in lateir years to be a prime factor in the founding of the great industry conducted by the Studebaker Brothere Manufacturing Company. When nineteen years old (in 1850) he came to South Bend to live, and was introduced to the locality as a teacher. His career as an educator covered only two terms of school, after which, in partnership with his oldest brother, Henry, he opened a small blacksmith shop near Jefferson and Michigan streets.

It appeal's that during the first year of what may be considered the establishment of the industry which now has a world-wide fame two wagons constituted the total output, although the brothers also engaged in a general blacksmithing business. Their initial capital was sixty-eight dollars. The successors of these sturdy founders have now in their splendidly equipped office an oil painting of this little blacksmith shop, which proved to be the foundation of the splendid reputation and fortune made eventually by the Studebaker family. The plant is now the largest of its kind in the world, and its wagons and vehicles of all kinds are turned out by the hundreds of thousands, being distributed throughout the civilized globe.

Clem Studebaker, who had so large a share in bringing about this remarkable industrial and commercial development, and although before all else a practical man of rare ability and tireless energy, coupled with an iron determination and a manly ambition to excell in his life work, was at the same time liberal in his outlook and deeply interested in educational and public movements. He was one of the leading Republicans of his state, which he twice represented in national conventions. He was thrice honored as a United States commissioner to the great modern expositions, being a representative to those at Paris, New Orleans and Chicago, and at the World's Columbian Exposition he served' as president of the Indiana board of managers. For many years Mr. Studebaker was a member of the board of trustees of DePauw l^nivereity, was president of the board of trustees of the Chautauqua Assembly in 1889-90, and was selected by President Harrison to represent the United States at the Pan-American Congress held at Washington, where his wide knowledge of commercial conditions, as they existed on the western hemisphere, and his

Clem Studebaker was not only a man of strength, but one of magnetism, with a sympathetic outflow toward all suffering. He was charitable in spirit, and his benevolence manifested itself in countless practical works. An ideal business man, a good citizen, a helpful friend, a broad philanthropist and man of the world, eager to aid in its best progress, the deceased left a great void both in the public community and in the hearts of countless friends.

]\Ir. Studebaker 's wife, before marriage, was known as ^Irs. Ann (]\Iilburn) Harper, daughter of George ^lilburn, a prominent wagon manufacturer of Mishawaka. Their home, which is one of the finest in the state, is known as Tippecanoe, in commemoration of the famous treaty which is said to have taken place on the ground now occupied by the Studebaker residence. No citizen of Indiana ever passed away whose death was more keenly or generally deplored.

Henry Studebaker was one of the foundere of the great vehicle industry of the Studebaker Brothers ]\Ianufacturing Company, and although he retired from the business at an early period in its development, it was quite firmly founded when he retired to the less strenuous career of an agricultural life. He was born near Gettysburg, Penn.sylvania, October 5, 1826, the son of John Studebaker, whose sketch appears elsewhere. When Henry was nine years of age the family migrated to Ashland county, Ohio, being transported in a wagon which was built by the father. So it may be that, in reality, John Studebaker was the founder of the business which has carried the name of the family to every part of the globe.

In Ashland county Henry Studebaker was apprenticed to a country blacksmith, working at his trade during the biLsy season and in the winter months attending the district schools. He fina.lly mastered his trade iinder his father's instruction, and when he was ready to go out into the world as an independent workman there was no more expert blacksmith than he in that section. In 1847. then of age, he bought a horse and started for the farther west. His first stop was at Goshen, Indiana, where he worked at his trade for some months, but, finding nothing to encourage him in the outlook of the locality, returned to his home in Ohio.

Henry Stiidebaker

111 1850 Henry Studebaker, in company with his younger brother Clem, made a trip to South Bend, Indiana, and with their joint capital of sixty-eight dollars established a blacksmith shop. During the following year, in addition to a general business in the line of their trade, they turned out and sold two wagons, which was the commencement of a world-famed business. The prospects were so promising that in 1852 the remainder of the family oaiiie from Ohio, making the journey in two wagons. The brothers established their little blacksmith shop at the corner of Michigan and Jefferson streets, under the firm name of H. & C. Studebaker, worked industriously and hopefully night and day, toiled and economized, and, within a few years had the satisfaction of knowing that they had founded a new and profitable industry of unusual proportions for those times. In 1858, with the business fairly on its feet, Henry Studebaker was obliged to retire from it on account of impaired health, disposing of his interest to his brother, J. M. Buying a large tract of land adjoining South Bend, he continued to cultivate and improve it until his death, March 12, 1895, by which time, on account of the general development of the country and the consequent increase in real estate values, coupled with Mr. Studebaker's good management and business judgment, he had reached a position of comfort and agricultural prominence.

Henry Studebaker was a man of strictly temperate habits, being an abstainer from alcohol and tobacco during his entire life. He was of an affectionate disposition, a loving husband and father and a good neighbor and citizen, and possessed altogether a warm, honorable and CTiristian character. He was a member of the Dunkard Church, and took especial delight in entertaining the brethren and elders at his home. His wife, to whom be wfis married in 1852, was Susan Studebaker, daughter of Samuel Studebaker, by whom he had the following six children : Mrs. A. W. Bowanan, Samuel W., Edith (now Mrs. Ervin GMngrich). Clem W. and Mrs. J. M. Chillas, all of whom are living; and Laura, who died in 1876. The mother and wife passed away June 8, 1871.

In 1873 Henry Studebaker married as his second wife his estimable widow, who now occupies the commodious residence which was so many years a comfortable and happy family home. Mrs. Studebaker was formerly Miss

Priseilla Kreichbaum, and she is the mother of four children: D. Adelle, William, Peter C. (who married Mrs. Olive Lewis), and Arthur. Her devotion as a mother and her feminine talents as a home maker have earned for her the admiration of a wide circle of friends and the honor of the children whom she has reared.

J. M. Studebaker. In this age of colossal enterprise and marked intellectual energy the prominent and successful men -are those whose abilities, persistence and courage lead them into large undertakings and to assume the responsibilities and labors of leaders in their respective vocations. Mr. Studebaker has made of life a grand success, steadilv overcoming the difficulties and obstacles in his path and working his way upward to the place where success places the laurel on the victor's brow. He was born near Gettysburg, Adams county, Pennsylvania, October 10, 1833. His father, John Studebaker, worked as a blacksmith there, but when his son was two years of age he moved to Ashland county, Ohio.

It was in that county that J. M. Studebaker received the early educational training which fitted him for life's responsible duties, being obliged to walk two miles to attend a country school. At the age of thirteen he began work on the farm of his brother-in-law at three dollare a month, at the same time contribiuting his earnings to the support of the family. In 1851 the family home was established in South Bend, the journey being made in a wagon built by the father, and they took up their abode in a log cabin four miles from the city in the winter of that year, supplies being obtained by selling wood in South Bend. The lad was a strong and willing worker, and cut two cords a day during the winter of 1851, while his father hauled it to town and secured two dollai's a cord. In the spring of 1852 he entered the employ of John Cotton, a wagon maker. In the spring of the following year, 1853, a company was formed to go to California overland, and Mr. J. M. Studebaker gave his services and furnislied a wagon, the wood work made by him, and ironed by his brothers, for the privilege of joining the party. The trip was a perilous and weary one, fraught with many dangers and hardships, with mountains to scale, rivers to cross and Indian savages to fight. The leader of the party died as the result from a bite of a scorpion and was buried en route. Finally, however, the brave little band reached their destination in Hangtown, California, after five months and eight days spent on the road, Mr. Studebaker's cash capital at that time consisting of but fifty cents. He at once found employment at his trade of a wagon maker with H. L. Hines, who in after years became a stockholder in the Studebaker Company and superintendent of the factories. There he battled earnestly and energetically, and by indomitable courage and integrity soon became a partner in the business. By practicing the strictest economy he was while thus connected enabled to save enough funds at the close of five years with which to return to South Bend and also to pui-chase a half interest in the business of the Studebaker Brothers. At that time the brother Henry retired from the business and engaged in farming, and the firm name was then changed to C. & J. M. Studebaker, Clem doing the blacksmith work and J. M. the wood work. Both were skilled artisans in their respective trades, were ever faithful in the performance of their duties and success attended their efforts. They subsequently took into the firm Peter E., the next younger brother in age to J. M., while later Jacob F. was admitted into the partnership. These brothers have by their own energy and ability built the wonderful business which is known all over the world as the Studebaker Manufacturing Company. The men of influence in this enlightened age are the enterprising, progressive representatives of commerce, and to such ones advancement and progress are due. Although having reached the seventy-fourth milestone on the journey of life J. M. Studebaker still takes an active interest in the business, and is familiar with its every detail. His son, J. M., Jr., and two sons-in-law, F. S. Fish and H. D. Johnson, are also actively associated M'ith the firm, as are also the young men of different branches of the family and by their ability and industry, are keeping the firm to the front.

^Ir. Studebaker's beautiful home, Sunnvside, is one of the beautiful sights of the city. His name figures conspicuously in the history of St. Joseph county from the period of early development to the present time.

Jacob F. Studebaker. Practical ability of the highest order, eombined with the warm traits of humanity and an invariable consideration for the rights and feelings of others, are qualities which mark the Studebakers as a family; and the late Jacob F. Studebaker inherited these family traits in their full strength. He was therefore a large factor in the erection of the splendid industrial monument which his kindred have erected to the glory of themselves and their descendants. The Studebaker Brothers jNIanufacturing Company is one of the distinctively great industries of the world, and none of its departments are better or more favorably known than that devoted to the output of carriages, with which Jacob F. was so long identified as manager.

Jacob F. Studebaker was born in Ashland county, Ohio, May 26, 1844, the son of John Studebaker, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. The old family homestead was near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a change of location to the Buckeye state being made in 1835, and, in 1852, to South Bend. At the old seminary there and at the Notre Dame University, the boy obtained the bulk of his education, and early displayed those strong family traits which marked him as a valuable future element in the fortunes of the Studebaker company. His brothers Clem, J. ^1. and Peter E. wei'e proud to give him full credit for his admirable business and personal qualities. Methodically and surely he advanced from post to post until as manager of the carriage department he was one of the most important pereonal forces connected with the great industry. Under the stimulus of his practical knowledge and keen foresight the branch of the business under his direct supervision reached mammoth proportions. He was energetic and straight-forward, at the same time kind and considerate to those in his employ.

The nature of ]\Ir. Studebaker's specialty in the business of the company necessarily brought him in contact with the owners and lovers of horses, and he himself became one of the most enthusiastic horsemen in the country. He possessed some of the stars of the turf, but his particular admiration was the Pereheron, and he organized the great Percheron Horse Company of Colorado, which has been the means of importing some of the finest specimens of that breed ever brought to the United States.

Jacob F. Studebaker found vent for his large activities in other channels than those of business, and in connection with his absorbing duties connected with the Studebaker company, he was interested in the organiza-

New York

Ill 1864 31r. Studebaker was united in marriage to Harriet Chord, a daughter of Samuel Chord, a prominent citizen of South Bend, and two daughters have been born to them. The widow has occupied their beautiful home at "Sunnyside" since the death of her husband December 17, 1887. The funeral sermon of the deceased was preached by the Rev. G. E. Farr, and the opening of his addre-ss well expresses the sentiment of this review - "Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen." In the field of labor to which he was called Jacob F. Studebaker was truly a prince, and a figure of national importance, while among his intimates his character was but another name for strict reliability and unimpeachable honor.

Peter E. Studebaker. For more than a quarter of a century treasurer of the great Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the deceased and prominent member of the famil.y mentioned above was long acknowledged to be one of the most far sight-ed financiers of the country. By virtue of his position with the company he could have been nothing else but a financial leader. He was energetic, a close observer of industrial and commercial conditions, and always prepared for financial depression or booms, guiding the finances of the immense enterprise thus controlled by him according to his wise forecast.

Peter E. Studebaker was a native of Ashland county. Ohio, born April 1. 1836. the .son of John Studebaker, who is elsewhere mentioned in this volume. He was educated in the public schools of that section, and in 1852 came to South Bend. Indiana, soon securing employment with Kingsley and Beach, then the leading dry goods merchants of the place. From his clerk's salary of fifteen dollars a month he finally saved one hundred dollars and began business for himself. He thus continued until 1856. when be was married to Dora Han. of Cincinnati, Ohio, and removed to Goshen. Indiana, where he was associated with Joseph H. Defrees, a dry goods merchant of that city, who used to send ]\Tr. Studebaker out with a peddling outfit and in later years he often told how one day while peddling through the country he rapped at a farm house door and the. lady of the house came out and informed him she did not want anji;hing to do with peddlers. He told her he was not a peddler, but a trav-- eling merchant and sold her quite a large bill of goods.

In the connection named, Mr. Studebaker was profitably engaged until 1860, when he began handling his brothers' goods, and made such a success of it that they offered him a partnership in the business. By the acceptance of their proposition he became a member of the firm of Studebaker Brothers, in 1864. and in the following year he established a branch warehouse at St. Joseph, Missouri, at that time an important outfitting town for miners, plainsmen and emigrants. He soon extended their trade over the entire western country, but in 1872 relinquished the St. Joseph office, as his services were in imperative demand as general officer of the company.

In the year named ]\Ir. Studebaker assumed the highly responsible duties of the treasurership of the company, which he retained until his death at Alma, Michigan, October 9, 1897. During that period there was never a time when the brothers doubted his ability to meet any crisis, industrial, commercial or financial, and their confidence in his good judgment was never displaced.

]\Ir. Studebaker 's first wife died in 1865, his secoaid wife, whom he married in 1871, being Mrs. M. L. Guthrie, daughter of Charles W. Ewing. of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and the widow still survives him. Besides i\Irs. Studebaker, the members of his family were William F. Studebaker. deceased, and two daughters. ]\Irs. Xelson J. Riley and Mrs. W. R. Innis.

James Oliver. A great inventor in the field of agriculture and a real benefactor to mankind, the venerable and venerated James Oliver, the discoverer of the chilled-plow process, stands out pre-eminently among the practical geniuses of the United States, and is at least one striking exception to the sweeping biblical .statement that "a prophet hath no honor in his own country." So secure, in fact, is he in the affectionate honor of his neighbors of South Bend and Indiana, and his admirers throughout the west and the United States, that the very warmth with which he is regarded may detract somewhat from a calm consideration of his greatness as a benefactor to the world through his contribution to the progTess of the primal and cosmopolitan industry of agriculture. AVith such men as Fulton and Morse he stands as one of the historic inventors, who has pei-severed in the development of his original idea and its application to the good of mankind. There is also one featui-e in his life in which his family and widely scattered admirers take a well grounded pride, and that is that no suspicion has ever been cast upon the originality of his invention. Perhaps the history of invention furnishes no case like his - unless it be that of Edison - in which the real inventor, fighting for many years against ridicule and ig-norant criticism, has emerged triumphant from the long and bitter conflict and enjoyed the legitimate satisfaction not onl}' of seeing his invention recognized by the authorities of the world, but of profiting by it even to the point of opulence. Locally. James Oliver is admired and revered as a public spirited, liberal minded gentleman - practical, but open hearted and warm - and. having passed his more than fourscore years of great and useful toil, the sunset of his life is aglow with the rich colors of a fair western sky.

James Oliver is a Scotchman by birth, or it may be that the discouragements of his earlier years would have completely overwhelmed him. His native place was Roxburghshire, and he was born amid humble circumstances on the 28th of August. 1823. Early in life he learned the value of honest and unremitting labor, and his remarkable success has never weakened his respect and warm regard for the conscientious workman. At the age of twelve yeai-s the boy came with his family to the United States, and, after living for one year in Seneca county. New York, they located at ]\Iishawaka, St. Joseph county. Indiana. James at once put his shoulder to the family wheel and became one of the supporters of the household, and in 1840, then seventeen years of age, entered into independent work.

In the year mentioned Mr. Oliver undertook a contract for the Lee Company, of ]\Iishawaka. to lay pump logs in trenches for the purpose of carrying water from a brook, through Vistula street to the race and still house. He was successful in this undertaking and soon after bought his first house and lot in ]\Iishawaka. The still house, however, was later destroyed by fire and it was necessary' to seek a new occupation. Soon after the manly youth learned the cooper's trade, getting out his own timber and making his own barrels, sometimes as high as eleven per day. From 1845 to 1855 he was in the employ of the St. Joseph Iron Works. ^NILshawaka. where he acquired that practical knowledge of the foundry business which became so useful to him in after years. Prior to thLs time - May 30, 1844 - he had married Miss Susan Doty, of Mishawaka, and commenced housekeeping in the modest cottage which he owned.

In 1855, while waiting at South Bend for a train to Groshen on- a matter of business, ]\Ir. Oliver met a Mr. Lamb, who was part owner of a small foundrj^ in South Bend - the fii-st of its kind. The attraction was so mutual that the young man purchased an interest in the enterprise, and thus became a permanent fixture and force. It is by such accidents as this that the destinies of men and the progress of communities are determined.

The little foundry, with its additions, which became the founxiation of the mammoth establishment of the present day, was first known as the South Bend Iron Works, the plant being located on ]\Iill street near Washington, not far from the site now occupied by the Cociuillard Wagon Works buildings. In a few yeare ]\Ir. Oliver bought the interest of his partner, and among his first contracts secured the iron work for the new St. Joseph Hotel, which was then being built where the .stately Oliver House now stands. While the enterprise w&s rapidly advancing a flood washed away his water power, and, although he was obliged to install hor.se power, he completed his contract according to stipulations. On Christmas eve. 1859, a portion of the works was destroyed by fire, but was promptly rebuilt and operat-ed on a larger and a more modern scale. Later. ]\Ir. Oliver was associated with T. M. Bissell, of South Bend, and George Milburn, of iNIishawaka, who became heartily interested in the brig-ht prospects and substantial interests of South Bend. In 1864 another fire wiped out the plant, but it was promptly rebuilt and increased in capacity. If ever there was a heroic campaign conducted against adverse circumstances it was this which ^Nlr. Oliver bravely fouo-ht. marshallinff his forces with masterly skill and unflinchingly advancing toward the triumphant future.

In the new and enlarged worlvs ^Ir. Oliver continued his experiments which resulted in the perfection of the chilled plow - a plow which is self-scouring, with share and moldboard of chilled cast iron. In spite of ignorant pleasantry of friends and bitter at- tacks of critics, he patiently labored night and day to prove that his ideas were practicable. The agTicultural world knows the result, as the plow trade of the globe was revolutionized. At the Centennial Exposition, held at Philadelphia in 1876, the Oliver Chilled Plow received the encomiums of the expert agriculturists of the world, and the West Race works soon proved too small to meet the demands of the host of converted farmers. Foreseeing this, Mr. Oliver had purchased the Perkins farm of thirty-two acres southwest of the city, and in 1875 commenced the great Oliver Cliilled Plow Works wliich are there located and whose products go to every part of the civilized globe. They are considered in the light not only of one of the greatest public benefits of this section of the state, but among the leading industries of the world.

In 1885, with his son, Joseph D., Mr. Oliver completed a handsome opera house, conceded to be one of the best equipped play houses in the west. It was dedicated, October 26, 1885, by the rendition of the drama, Louis XI, by the great actor, W. H. Sheridan. In December, 1899, the magnificent Oliver Hotel was thrown open to the public. It is one of the finest hostelries in the' country, and but another monument to the public spirit and liberality of James Oliver. At his own expense he also erected South Bend's beautiful city hall, generously agreeing to await the pleasure of tax payers for repayment. It is little wonder that the citizens of South Bend take an attitude of deep gratitude and profound veneration toward Jamas Oliver.

The home of this revered citizen is a beautiful residence on West Washington street, and for many years was presided over by his estimable wife, who departed this life on the 18th of September, 1902. In the calm evening of their lives they were dispensers of numberless charities and benevolences, and were blessed with abundant and well merited rewards. The children bom to Mr. and Mrs. Oliver are: Joseph D., associated with his father in his large interests, and Josephine, wife of Hon. George Ford, a prominent attornev of South Bend and congressman from this district from 1885 to 1887.

WhjTJam W. Dodge. The one whose name forms the caption of these memoirs was one whose labor, influence and co-operation was a strong moving element in the business, intellectual and moral development of St. Joseph county, Indiana, who rose to prominence through the inherent force of his character, the exercise of his native talent and the utilization of opportunity, and the high regard in which he w^as uniformly held came through the fact that his was largely an ideal American manhood. While he controlled important and extensive business enterprises, they were largely of the character that promote public progress as well as individual prosperity, and his efforts were directed along many lines in wliich the community was the sole recipient of benefit. His connection with the manufacturing interests of the state was of the most practical and helpful character, for he aided in shaping the indus- ' trial interests and in promoting the educational, aesthetic and moral development of his city, county and state. Aside from his great manufacturing interests, his patriotic citizenship and interest in community affairs found manifestation in his zealous labors for improvements along many lines, and through the institutions of many trade interests, affecting the material growth of this part of the state and nation.

William W. Dodge was born in Mishawaka, January 18, 1861, and was a son of Harlow and Elizabeth Dodge. As a boy he attended the public schools of his native city, and completed his education in the University of Notre Dame. In 1878 Mr. Wallace H. Dodge, his brother, founded the Magic Jack Company, and began the manufacture of a superior wagon jack, and Mr. William W. Dodge became interested in the business. In 1879 the Dodge Manufacturing Company was organized and our subject became the treasurer, and held that position at the time of death, September 1, 1899. About this time the company began to manufacture saw frames, door stops and a line of wooden hardware. On July 10, 1881, the plant burned down and the Dodge Brothers rebuilt and continued the business, and then commenced manufacturing a wood split pulley. In 1884 they discarded all else and confined themselves to the manufacture of The Dodge Independence Wood Split Pulley, and in 1886 they perfected the great system of power transmission by means of manila rope. Through their energy and a.bilitv they have built up the great plant that will ever stand as a monument to their progressive business methods and which has branches in all parts of the civilized world. Mr. William W. Dodge directed the financial affaii-s of the great enterprise, and the impress of his methods will ever remain with the company. It was his foresight that built up great system in many M^ays, and his master mind handled the finances of all the branches in all parts of the world. Mr. Dodge was one of the best known and most highly esteemed men that St. Joseph county ever produced; he organized the Western Gas Engine Company, and was its president at the time of his death. During his ever active and useful life, his many excellent virtues endeared him to a constantlv arowina: circle of friends here and abroad.

to Miss Xettie Ford, a most estimable and cultured lady of IMishawaka who, with his son, William Wallace, was left to mourn his loss. Of Mr. Dodge it may be said, in his private life he was distinguished by all that marks the true gentleman; his was a noble character, one that subordinated personal ambition to public good and sought rather the benefit of others than the aggTandizement of self. When those who needed assistance came to him, his aid was never withheld, if it could be rendered, and many a business man a.nd firm of St. Joseph county owes its prosperity in a large measure to the generous

He was prominent in church, social and fraternal life, and was a member of the Indiana and Commercial Athletic clubs of South Bend, and the 20th Century Club of South Bend and Elkhart. He was a member of Mishawaka Lodge No. 130, F. and A. M., ]\Iishawaka Chapter No Bend Commandery No. and a member of the funeral was conducted monies of his lodges.

19, R. A. M.. South 13. Knights Templar, Mystic Shrine. His with impressive cereassistance of Mr. Dodge in time of need. His own bu.siness career was unassailable. Honor and integrity characterize:! his every act. He enjoyed to the fullest extent the love and esteem of those with whom he was associated. Wallace H. Dodge. Deeds are thoughts crystallized, and according to their brilliancy do we judge the worth of a man to the country which produced him, and in his works we expect to find the true index to his character. The study of the life of the representative American never fails to offer much of pleas- ing interest and valnable instruction, developing- a mastering of expedients which has brouo'ht about most wonderful results. The subject of this review was a worthy representative of that type of American character and of that progressive spirit which promote public good in advancing- individual prosperity and conserving popular interests. He was long prominently identified with the business interests of Mishawaka and St. Joseph county, and while his varied affairs brought him success they also advanced the general welfare bv acceleratinor commercial activity.

i\Ir. Dodge was a representative of an honored pioneer family in St. Joseph county, and he was one of Mishawaka 's native sons, born on the 10th of July, 1848. His father, Harlow Dodge, who is remembered as one of the leading hardware merchants of Mishawaka, was a native of Booneville, New York, but when a young man he came to St. Joseph county, Indiana, this being in the early '40 's, and he was first employed as a contractor and builder for the railroad. Subsequently however, he embarked in the hardware business, and as such will be well remembered by the early residents of Mishawaka. Durin,g his residence in Mishawaka he was married to Elizabeth Luce, a native also of the Empire State, and they became the parents of four children, two sons and two daughters, all of whom claimed St. Joseph county as the place of their nativity.

Wallace II. Dodge, the eldest son and second child in order of birth, spent the early yeare of his life in St. Joseph, and received an excellent educational training in the Univereity of Notre Dame. His first employment was in the hardware business, continuing in that line of activity for twelve years. In 1881 he founded what is now the Dodge [Manufacturing Company, and to that large corporation he gave the benefit of his time and abilities until his busy and useful life was ended. A history of this manufactory appeal's on other pages of this work.

For his wife Mr. Dodge chose Hattie E. Vesev, who M^as born and reared in Michigan. where her father, ^Madison Vesey, was an agriculturist, having removed to that commonwealth from Vermont. In life Mr. Dodge exercised his risht of franchise for the benefit of the Democratic party. Not only in business affairs was he well known, but he was active and earnest in his advocacy of all measures for the public good, and was a worthy and consistent member of the Mafsonic order. He did all in his power to promote sobriety, morality and godliness among men. and his own upright, honorable life formed an example well worthy of emulation.

]\lELvnj.E W. Mix. For a number of years Melville W. Mix has been prominently identified with the business interests of St. Joseph county as president of the Dodge Manufacturing Company, of Mishawaka, and in that time has become recognized as one of its most valued and useful citizens. Mr. Mix was born in Atlanta, Illinois, November 16, 1865, hi.s parents being Walter W. and Mary E. (Dodge) 2Iix. The mother was a native of Mishawaka and a daughter of Harlow Dodge. The father, who was a native of New York, journeyed west in 1859, and at that early day took up his abode in St. Joseph county, being accompanied on the journey hither by his mother and one brother, the former having conducted a millinery store in Mishawaka, the first in the county. In 1863 Walter W. Mix removed to Illinois and resumed his former occupation of a tinner and hardware merchant, having learned his trade in ]\Iishawaka. He is still a resident of Atlanta, Illinois.

In the city of his birth Melville W. Mix received his educational training, graduating in the Atlanta high school in 1881. From the time of his graduation until January, 1885, he was employed in his father's hardware store. In January, 1886, he came to ]\Iishawaka and entered the employ of the Dodge IManufaeturing Company, but in the year preceding this he had had charge of their exhibit at the New Orleans Exhibition. Mr. Mix entered this corporation at the very bottom round of the ladder, but his meritorious, honorable effort enabled him to ascend step by step until in 1890 he was given charge of their Chicago branch, thus continuing for four years, when he returned to South Bend in 1894. this being at the time of the death of the founder and president, Wallace H. Dodge. With the latter 's brother, William W. Dodge, Mr. INIix was then appointed one of the executors of the estate, also vice-president for the year, while in 1895 he was elected president. Thus he has made for himself a place in connection with the activities and honors of life, has successfully surmounted obstacles and has gained recognition for intrinsic worth of character.^

The Dodge ]\Ianufacturing Company was founded more than a quarter of a century ago by Wallace H. Dodge. It was first a little saw mill for the production of hardwood lum- ^c:/', «nd it is interesting to note that never inrough all the years of its existence has the saw mill feature been missing from the company's plant. From time to time the production of such wooden hardware specialties as window screens, door stops, tool handles, saw frames, vice handles, mallets, etc., were inti'oduced as the busine«i extended and grew, while later automatic turning lathes and other more improved tools were added. The industry prospered so well that in 1880 the Dodge ^lanufacturing Company was incorporated by Wallace H. Dodge, William W. Dodge and George Philion. In 1881, however, the little factory was destroyed by fire, and being uninsured proved a heavy blow to the young concern. But they rebuilt at once on a more substantial plan, and from then until now the business has continued to grow in volume and importance. Foundries and machine shops have been added, for the more extensive manufacture of power transmission iron goods. The Dodge Company were the first to recognize the great possibilities of the wood pulley idea, and developed it into practical commercial fame. They also revolutionized the mechanical world by the invention and introduction of the famous Dodge American or Continuous Wind System of rope transmission. Other numerous devices anil appliances which have made the Dodge Company known the world over have from time to time been added, such as the Dodge Iron Split Pulley, the iron center wood rimmed pulley, the safety wood rim fly wheel, the split friction clutch, the Eureka water softeners and purifiers, and many others.

The founder of the company, Wallace H. Dodge, died in 1894, and was succeeded by ]\Ielville W. Mix, who has proved a worthy successor and by his careful and able management the business has more than doubled during the last decade. W. W. Dodge, the younger brother, serv^ed for years as secretary and treasurer, later as treasurer only, and his death opcurred in 1899. George Philion, associated with Wallace H. Dodge as joint inventor of the Independence Wood Split Pulley, continued as superintendent of the company until the time of his death in 1903. The 'present officers are M. W. Mix, president ; W. B. Hosford, vice-president ; and Charles Endlieh, secretaiy and treasurer. The company has had a phenomenal gi'owth, and it is worthy of note that since its inception it has never had an unprofitable year. Demands for the Dodge products are showing a steady increase, and the success of the institution is due entirely to the straialitforward business methods employed by its officer's and to the excellence of its products.

In addition to his connection with this large corporation Mr. Mix is also president of the ]\ri'^hawaka Trust and Saving's Company, which was organized in 1905 to succeed the old bank of Clark & Whitson. He is inter- estetl in the National Veneer Products Company, a new org-anization, but one which has already demonstrated its usefulness and its success, is a stockholder in the Simplex Motor Car Company, and is connected with many others of the leading corporations of St. Joseph county. He is a member of the Mishawaka Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commanclery, past conuiiander of South Bend Commandery No. 13, a member of the Indianapolis Consistory of Scottish Rites and of Murat Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He is also a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, president of the American Supplj^ and Machinery ^Manufacturers' Association, a member of the Academy of Political and Social Science, of Philadelphia, and is a Democrat in his political affiliations. Mr. Mix was a member of the Indiana Commission to St. Louis in 1904, and from 1902 until 1906 was the mayor of ^lishawaka.

The marriage of Mv. ]Mix was celebrated in 1887. when Zella Louise Kenyon, a daughter of Thomas W. Kenyon. of Lincoln, Illinois, became his wife. Their home has bean blessed by the birth of one son, Kenyon, and one daughter, Dorothy L

W. B. HosPORD. The sterling characteristics in the life of W. B. Ilosford have made him a leader in the biLsiness world, and as the vice-president of the Dodge Manufacturing Company his name is wideh' known throughout St. Joseph county. He was born in Oberlin. Ohio, August 9, 1842. His father. Elihu Hosford, was r. native of Vermont but when a young man accompanied his father on his removal to Oberlin. Ohio, where they cleared the land on which the cottage is now located. Remaining there until the early '40s he removed to Owego, New York, which continued as his home until 1860, when he became connected with the well known stove manufacturing company of Fuller, Warren & Company of Troy, New York, with whom he remained for many years. Plis death, however, occurred in Washington, D. C. in 1890. where he was extensively and successfully engaged in the practice of medicine, he having entered upon the study of that science at the close of the war. Mrs. Elihu Hosford bore the maiden name of Eliza.beth Jennings, and was a native of Connecticut.

entering upon the business world he has had a varied experience, but his path has ever been upward and he is now leaving his impress upon the industrial world. During a period of three years he was employed as an engineer on a Mississippi river steamer, while from 1861 to 1867 he was with the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad Company as locomotive engineer, and finally rose to the position of a master mechanic. From 1867 until 1884 he was with the Fuller, Warren & Company manufacturing industry, and in the last named year came to IMishawaka and entered upon his connection with the Dodge IManufacturing Company in the capacity of vice-president, which position he has ever since so ably filled.

In 1866 Mr. Hosford was united in marriage to Emma E. Keener, of Peoria, Illinois, and one son has been born of this union, Hugh H., a prominent resident of South Bend, and one daughter, Eva May, now Mrs. Lampkins. Mr. Hosford is associated with i\lishawaka Lodge No. 130, A. F. & A. M., also with the Gliapter No. 83, R. A. M., Commandery of Mishawaka No. 51, and the Shi'ine and Consistory of Indianapolis. He is also an officer of the Grand Commandery of the state of Indiana.

Charles Endlich. During many years Charles Endlich has been prominently identified with the business interests of Mishawaka, and throughout the entire period of his residence in this city he has been associated with the Dodge Manufacturing Company, in which he now holds the important offices of secretary and treasurer. His birth occurred in Chicago, Illinois, January 5, 1859, l)ut when only two years of age he was taken b,y his parents to Denver. Colorado, and thence to Reading, Pennsylvania, where he was reared to mature years and received his educational training. In 1878 he accompanied his mother to Colorado, and after a residence in that state of four years came to Mishawaka, Indiana, and in 1882, a,s a stockholder, became associated with the Dodge ^Manufacturing Company. His first connection with this corporation was in the capacity of an office clerk, but gradually, step by step, he won his way to the front and to his present high position of secretary and treasurer of the manufactory. His abilitv and versatile talents are well known and acknowledo-ed. gaining him entrance into many of the leading business interests of the

In 1898, in Mishawaka, Mr. Endlich was united in marriage to ^Carolina Vollmer, born in Reading, Pennsylvania, but reared in Philadelphia, and they are well known in the social circles of this city. Mr. Endlich gives his political support to the Democracy, and fraternally is a Knight Templar Mason.

John Comly Birdsell. The BirdseU Manufacturing Company's plant at South Bend represents more than a large area of ground, covered with stories of brick and iron, filled with powerful engines, clanking and whirring machinery, and all the wonderful system and tremendously efficient energy of the modem business plant. Admirable and impressive to be sure, but what the casual visitor sees is only the superficial greatness hiding with its bulk a story of human interest.

The nucleus of it all was once contained in the ingenious mind of a quiet, industrious Quaker farmer, who for something like a rpuirter of a century had pursued his regular vocation on a little farm in Rush township, Monroe county. New York, and with more than the average success of the farmers who were his neighbors and friends. These Jieighbors had much respect and esteem for the fertile mind and energetic ability of the Quaker, and were accustomed to obtain his services in threshing their seeds and grain with the rather primitive machinery then in use. This occupation furnished opportunities for his inventive ability to develop. The difficulty of separating clover seed from the straw and the expensiveness of the operation were apparent to everyone, but to him alone were the insight and careful toil granted by which the process could be facilitated. He began to work on this problem early in the fifties, and by 1855 had invented a machine combining in itself the characteristics of all the separate machines then used for that purpose. Upon this machine he succeeded in obtaining a patent in 1855. and on his New York farm established, with humlile beginliings, the industry which the developments of later years made one of the cornerstones of South Bend's manufacturing greatness.

With the granting of the patent for his clover huller and the manufacture of the first machines, the Quaker farmer, who had up to that time found the difficulties of agriculture only moderate and had pursued the quiet tenor of his way very much as the traditional Quaker is supposed to do, found himself beset by unscrupulous rivalry and competition that taxed his every resource of mind and body and transformed him into a genuine "fighting Quaker." A stern defender of what he believed his rights, he spent years in litigation over his clover huller patents, prosecuting all infringers, and courageously battling for the privileges which alone could insure the success of his manufactures. He spent nearly ten years in perfecting his inventions and in the litigation that this involved.

In 1864 his whole factory on his farm in New York was destroyed by fire. This was a serious loss to the inventor, but South Bend should regard it as a fortunate event, for after the fire he decided to sell his farm and move to this thriving town situated in one of the great states of the central Mississippi valley, where he -foresaw the future market for his invention to lie; and also attracted by the excellent quality and cheapness of the timber used in the construction of his machines. After the establishment of the factoiy in South Bend, as is elsewhere stated, it enjoyed a steady growth, and the founder devoted all his energies to improving still further the clover huller and extending the trade.

With a career so independent, so self-reliant, it seems almost superfluous to speak of antecedents and of the minor facts; and yet, perhaps for the very reason that his life was cast for large undertakings, we want to know some of the more familiar facts that concerned him. Born in Westchester county, New York, March 31, 18] 5, a son of a Westchester county farmer, Benjamin Birdsell, and his wife, Charity Carpenter, John Comly Birdsell inherited his industry and his primary occupation of farming from a Quaker family that had long resided in that section of the Empire State. In 1822 the family moved west to Monroe county. New York, where the wilderness was yet scarcely broken, and there began making a new farm and home. While a boy in this rather primitive country, plohn C. attended district school. The meagerness of the education which this supplied was somewhat amended by two terms in the academy of the neighboring village of West Henrietta. During some of the winters that followed he taught school, but while still a boy began the vocatiou of farming' winch he supposed would continue through lite. When twenty-one he left home and rented a farm near Mendon, in Monroe county, and three years later purchased a place in the adjoining township of Rush. Just about this time he was married, on June 7, 1838, to Miss Harriet Lunt. There were five chddren, and their names and dates of birth are: Joseph Benjamin, December 2, 1843 (see sketch) ; Byron A., March 7, 1817.^ Varnum 0., January 5, 1811 (died December 6, 1875); John C, June 25, 1859; Harriet Elizabeth, died April, 1863. In June, 1879, Mr. Birdsell was married to the wife who still survives, to Mrs. Susan Snelling, of Boston, Massachusetts.

Mr. Birdsell continued as president of the manufacturing company in South Bend until his death, July 13, 1891. The company was incorporated in 1870, with his sons as officers and stockholders. j\Ir. Birdsell manifested a keen public spirit, and his practical interest in his city was shown during t^e three years he devoted to his duties as member of the city water works board of trustees. He was a man of robu.st frame, five feet nine inches in height, weighing about 225 pounds, and all who knew him will never forget the vigor of character that accompanied this physique. His most distinguishing characteristic was his iron determinatit)n and his perseverance in the face of discouragements. Though a member of the Society of Friends, Ihere being no meeting house of this sect in South Bend, he became a regular attendant of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was a Republican nearly all his life, but during his last years his enthusiasm for the cause of temperance led him to supi)ort the Prohibition movement. For many years he had affiliated with the Masonic order. His travels took bim to all parts of the United States, and he talked of men, places and affairs with a familiarity that showed close observation and study. In 1880 he took an extended tour through Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land, spending about fifteen months abroad.

Joseph Ben.jamin Birdsell. South Bend in the '60s was a community of too infantile growth to have developed any careers, or to have indicated any business prominence. In the nature of things its destiny was the slow but sure unfolding of a prairie site, dependent upon a rich agricultural region, and upon its proximity to a clear and beautiful river. The most adventurous and daring could discern no road to rapid fortune, nor any short cut to any immediate personal aggrandisement. The man who sought wealth only, continued his way to the Pacific coast, necessarily those who tarried here to lend their brain and energy and heart to the making of homes and the establishment of legitimate enterprises possessed patience, courage and pioneer instincts. They were the backbone of the city of to-day. A few remain to tell the story of unsettled conditions, but more left hardy sons to continue their work or to maintain the dignity and purpose of their less happily environed lives. To the latter class belongs Joseph Benjamin Birdsell, whose death, September 27th, 1906, interrupted his forty-second year as a manufacturer of South Bend, and around whose name centers much of the stability and public spiritedness of his adopted city. He was born in ^lonroe county, New York, December 2, 1811, and was a son of John Comly Birdsell (who in 1855 invented the famous clover buller which bears his name, and whose biography appears on another page of this work). His mother's maiden name was Harriet Lunt. The family migrated from New York in J 861 and settled in South Bend. A small factory for the manufacture of clover hullers Avas established, most of the work being turn'^d out by hand, all the members of the firm acting as general utility men, doing all phases of the work. Our subject received his education in the common schools of New York state, and after leaving school began work at the age of nineteen years in the office of his father's establishment, continuing thus until 1870, when the Birdsell Manufacturing Company was incorporated, and Mr. J. B. Bii'dsell wa.s made treasurer. In that year the main building of the present plant, five stories in height, was built, being the first large factory building erected in South Bend. Mr. Birdsell now devoted himself to the affairs of the company with untiring energy. It continued to prosper, and in 1887, in response to the desire of its patrons, the manufacture of wagons was begun. Throueh his indefatigable efforts the business of the company was greatly extended, not alone throughout America, but to Europe and many foreign ports, and large additions to the factory were made necessary by the increasing trade. To-day the company is not only one of the largest wagon manufacturers in this country, but enjoj^s the unique distinction of having the largest clover huller factory iu the world. Upon the death of his father in 1894 Mr. Birdsell was chosen president and treasurer of the company, in which capacity he continued until the time of his death. He was a director of the St. Joseph Countj Savings Bank, served as president of the Municipal League of South Bend and as one of the board of directors of the Associated Charities of this city. He was a member of the Commercial Athletic, Club, of the Indiana Club and the Country' Club, and derived much pleasure in an informal way from these institutions. P]arly in the spring of 1906, Mr. Birdsell decided to turn over the active management of this extensive and growing business to his brothers, and retire from the cares involved to enjoy a long merited and Avell earned rest. With his wife and daughter he had journeyed to Los Angeles with the intention of a sea voyage to the Orient, but was taken suddenly ill and returned to his home, and after a sickness covering a period of three months was called to his final rest, on the 27th day of September. 1906. He is survived by his widow, son and two daughters. As a mark of respect and to show the high esteem in which Mr. Birdsell was held, all of the factories of South Bend were closed on the day that his funeral was held. He was for more than forty years a resident of South Bend, where he became known as a leading representative of business interests, an active factor in community affairs and a valued representative of commercial and social interests. It was not these alone that entitled him to special distinction or won for him the great^ love that was extended him by those with whom he was associated. It was his kindliness of heart, his generosity, his deep s\Tnpathy and abiding tenderness. He was all that is meant by the term, a gentleman and a manly man, strong and vigorous in intellect and reliable in judgment. It may be true that he held decided opinions of his own. but he had the courage of his convictions to express them freely, frankly and fearlessly, which, when said truly, is the greatest euloay that can be pronounced upon an American citizen. Strong and manly was his life in all its relations, and most beautiful and tender was it in the home circles. His deepest interests centered there, and no personal sacrifice on his part was considered too great if it would promote the welfare ci' jus wife and children. Having nearly reached the bounds of man's appointed years, at last life's blessings all enjoyed, life's labors done, serenely to his final rest he passed, while the tender memory, of his virtues yet lingers like twilight when the sun has set.

Frank (i. Perkins. The family of which the subject of this memoir is a most honored representative is a pioneer one of St. Joseph county. They have taken a patriotic interest in everything bearing upon the upbuilding and progress of the comnnuiity, and have aided in many enterprises which have greatly benefited the city, county and state. Frank G. Perkins, the vice president of the Perkins Windmill Company, was born in Branch county, Michigan, January 28, 1852, a son of Barber and Jane (Boon) Perkins, both natives of New York. In 1842 the fathei- removed to the west, the mother coming earlier in 1836, and they established their homes in Branch county.

Tbe public schools of his native county furnished P^rank G. Perkins with his preparatory education, and he afterwards became a student in Hillsdale College. Coming thence to JNIisha.waka he learned the machinist's trade with the Perkins Windmill Company, owned and conducted by his uncle. P. C. Perkins, and has remained with this large corporation ever since, being now its vice president. He has thoroughly learned the business in every department, and step by step has mounted the ladder of success until he has reached a place of prominence, a just reward of honorable, eff'ort.

In December, 1875, Mr. Perkins married Cp.rrie Hudson, a daughter of Albert Hudson, one of the founders of the Perkins Windmill Company. Two children have been born to bless their home, - Mrs. Robert Ca.mpbell and :\Irs. Glen Hillier. Mr. Perkins is a capable business man and a worthy scion of the famous old Perkins family.

George M. Fountain. This name is one known throughout St. Joseph county, for within its confines George M. Fountain has passed his entire life, and here also his parents lived for many decades. He was born in South Bend on the 21st of March, 1857, his parents being Solomon H. and Jane Ann (Tuttle) Fountain. The maternal tjrandfather. Richmond Tuttle, was also numbered among the honored pioneers of St. Joseph county, where he was prominently iden- tified with its mauufacturing interests, and in other ways contributed to its advancement and upbuilding. In his lifetime he was the oldest JMason in the state. His daughter, Jane A. Tuttle, was a native of Brockport, New York. Solomon H. Fountain was born in ^laryland, but came to South Bend in 183-i, and with Captain Pierce organized Company D, of the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Indiana Volunteers. He served through the entire struggle or until the 8th of March, 1865, when he was shot at Kingston Roads. North Carolina, and died as the result of the wound. He was a carpenter and builder, and for a time was also in partnership with his father-in-law, Richmond Tuttle, in a saw mill enterprise at Wengers Creek.

George M. Fountain received his educational training in the schools of Mishawaka, and ill 1880 embarked in the journalistic tield in New Carlisle, Indiana. In 189-4 he was elected the clerk of St. Joseph county, in which he served for two terms, and during his term of office won the commendation of all with whom he was concerned. In 1900 he assumed business relations with the Perkins Windmill (Company as its treasurer, and is now ably filling that important position. He is a well known and honored citizen of St. Joseph county, a faithful public official and an excellent business man.

Albert Hudson. In the death of Albeit Hudson St. Joseph county lost one of its most valued citizens. Many years of his life were spent within its borders, and through a long period of that time he was connected with one of the chief industrial interests, of the county, the Perkins Windmill Company. His life was strictly honorable, upright and just, being in accord with the highest principles of human conduct.

Mr. Hudson wa.s born in Middletown, Connecticut, on the 1st of December, 1815, a son of Benjamin Hudson, also a native of that commonwealth and a member of an old New England family. In 1835 Albert Hudson came from Brockport, New York, where he had been living for some time, to the west, and in his journey hither visited Mishawaka. So pleased was he with the prospects of this future city that he returned to Brockport and in the following year came again to Mishawaka and engaged in the shoe business where the depot now stands. He erected the first brick house in the town, on Second street, into which he moved in September, 1844, and he subsequently moved his shoe business to Main and later to Second street. About 1870, in company with P. C. Perkins, he organized the business which has since become universally known as the Perkins AVindmill Company. However, it was first organized as an axe factory, but ultimately the produot was changed to windmills. After a time Mr. Hudson abandoned his pioneer shoe business and threw his entire energy into the new corporation, continuing an active factor in its growth and upbuilding until his busy and useful life was ended in death in 1887. Many years of his life were thus spent in this county of his adoption, and in the work of development he ever bore his part. He was ever honorable in business, loyal in friendship, faithful in citizenship, and he commanded the respect of his fellowmen for his uprightness and splendid abilities.

Four children now survive this honored early pioneer, namely: Carrie, now Mrs. F. G. Perkins; Harriet, Mrs. Russell Hudson, of Mishawaka: Edward A., of Toledo, Ohio; and George, secretary of the Perkins Wind- 1)1 ill Company. Mrs. Hudson survived her husband until 1901, when, at the age oE eighty-four years, she joined him in the home beyond. The loved and honored father and husband passed to his reward in 1887, aged seventy-two years.

Jacob Woolverton. It has often been stated and commented upon that the United States has always presented great opportunities to men of industry, ability, honesty and integrity, and as long as men have the aspirations and the determination to improve llieir conditions of life and earn the success which it is possible to obtain the theme will never be exhausted. One of the prominent business men of this community whose enterprise and sound judgment have not only promoted their individual prosperity but have advanced the public welfare is Jacob Woolverton. As a business man in many lines of endeavor, as a citizen and as a friend we would preserve the record of his career among a people who have learned to admire, respect and honor him.

of Hamilton county, Ohio, wJio came to Warren township of this county in 1831, and was thereafterward prominently identified with its welfare and upbuilding, his name being well known in the buying and selling of farm lands. His life's labors were ended in death in 1852. His son Jacob supplemented the early educational training which he received in the district schools by attendance at the Northern Indiana Normal College and the Eastman's Business College. He was then for a short time thereafter associated with Colonel Norman Eddy, collector of internal revenue for this district, after which he traveled for an oil firm of Cleveland for a short time, while next he was with the Studebaker Brothers as bookkeeper in the counting room. Foreseeing the great po.ssibilities in the real estate business, ]\Ir. Wool vert on in June, 1869, beeg.me associated in partnership with W. L. Kizer in that occupation, and the firm of Kizer & Woolverton has been prominent and successful to a high degree, conducting extensive loans on property in Indiana. and Ohio. However, the efiforts of Mr. Woolverton have not been eonfined to one line of endeavor. He is now president of the St. Joseph County Savings Bank, a stockholder and vice-president of the St. Joseph Loan & Trust Company and vice-president and treas-. urer of the IMalleable Steel Eange Company. He is a stalwart advocate of the principles of the Republican party, active and enthusiastic in its support and well being, and on several occasions has served as treasurer of the Republican Central Committee.

The marriage of ]\Ir. Woolverton was celebrated in October, 1870, when Miss Alice M. Rupel became his wife. He has earned for himself an enviable reputation as a careful man of business, always known for his prompt and honorable methods of dealing, which have won him the- deserved and unbounded confidence of his fellow men.

Edwin R. Dean, M. D. In the medicalprofession advancement is not easily secured. It comes through true merit and cannot be obtained by gift or purchase. One must be well qualified in the profession, for in no other calling is pretense so easily discovered as among those who engage in the alleviation of human suffering. That Dr. Dean has a large patronage is indicative of his skill and ability. He is a native son of the southland, his birth having occurred in Mt. Sterling,

Kentucky, on the 27th of August, 1865, being a son oi Ellis and Emma (Robinson) Dean, . the former of Scotch-Irish and the latter of English descent. The parents were natives of Kentucky, but were of old Virginian families. The father was a farmer by occupation, but was weU known in public life, having held various offices in his county for twenty-seven years. His death occurred on the 2d of October, 1898, when he had reached the sixtyfourth milestone on the journey of life.

Edwin R. Dean received his preparatory education in the Harris Institute at ]\It. Sterling, after which he pursued a collegiate course at Georgetown College, graduating therefrom in 1888 with the degree of B. S. His medical training was received in the Jefferson ]\Iedical College^ of Philadelphia, in which he graduated as a member of the class of 1890, and he immediately began the practice of his chosen profession in Mt. Sterling, where he remained for nine years. In 1899 he came to South Bend and opened an office, and he has remained here ever since engaged in the practice of medicine. His long professional career has been attended with marked success. His promptness, his sympathetic nature and his generosity are well known factors in his makeup, and those who have known him longest esteem him most highly. As an instance of his early maturity he was appointed deputy tax collector of ]\Iontgomery county, Kentucky, at the age of thirteen years, and held the office for eight years under three different officials, having given a bond of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for faithful performance of his duties, and before removing from ]kIontgomery county he also served as president of the ilontgomerj- County Medical Society. He is now a member of the medical staff of Epworth Hospital and the St. Joseph Hospital; is a member of the St. Joseph County and the Indiana State Medical Societies, of the American Association and is examiner for a number of insurance societies.

Dr. Dean married Miss Emma Dunn, a native of South Bend and whose death occurred in 1903. The Dunn family is numbered among the old and honored settlers of St. Joseph county. Three children were born of this union : Esther R., born April 6, 1895; J. Edwin, born September 23, 1897; and R. Ellis, born January 5, 1899. The Doctor was married in 1905 to Miss Bessie Stover, a daughter of J. C. Stover, one of the old and highly respected citizens of South Bend. To them have been born one son, AVilliam S. In his fraternal relations Dr. Dean is a member of the Masonic order, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and other fraternal organizations, while his religions connection is with the Baptist church. He is the proprietor of the Dean Building, a fine office building and the first of its kind in South Bend.

Lucius G. Tong, cashier of the St. Joseph County Saving's Bank, has filled that position since 1882. He was born in Carroll, Fairfield county, Ohio, August 1, 1842, and was sent to college and received a thorough educational training, after which he served as his father's assistant in business. For a number of years following this he was numbered among the prominent educators of northern Indiana, filling the position of professor at Notre Dame University. Although being highly successful in that field of endeavor, he abandoned the educational profession for that of the law, having been admitted to the bar and practiced in South Bend for a number of years, winning for himself a name and place among the leading law practitioners of St. Joseph county. In 1878 ]\Ir. Tong was elected mayor of South Bend on the Republican ticket, but he knew no party ties, his sole aim while filling that exalted position being the welfare and advancement of the city, and at the close of his term was warmly endorsed by the Democratic press for renomination.

In 1882 Mr. Tong was made cashier of the St. Joseph County Bank, one of the oldest and most solid financial institutions of the city, organized on the 8th of December, 1869, with Dr. Lewis Humphreys as its first president. Mr. Tong was selected to succeed T. J. Sexias, the principal organizer of the bank, and he has worthily discharged the duties entrusted to his care. The St. Joseph Loan and Trust Company is an important branch of that institution, and Mr. Tong is serving as its secretary and treasurer. He is one of the most popular and best known business men in the city of South Bend, and his straightforward and honorable dealings in all the relations of life have won for him the confidence and respect of his fellow men. He is also interested in the insurance business, and in all his varied interests has met with the success which he so richly deserves.

James A. Roper. An honored citizen of Mishawaka for many years past, James A. Roper is entitled to a prominent place in the annals of St. Joseph county, the county of his birth. His natal day was the 15th of December, 1846, his parents being John and Cornelia (Youngs) Roper, the former a native of England and the latter of the state of New York. The father, whose birth occurred in Bristol, came to the United States in the early 40 's, taking up his abode in ihe state of New York, but a few years thereafter he came to St. Joseph county, Michigan. In 1847 the family home was established in Mishawaka, but the father was only permitted to enjoy his new place of residence for a short time, as his death occurred in 1852. His M'idow continued to reside in Mishawaka until her death in 1862.