St. Joseph County, Indiana - The City of South Bend, 1907 (part 4 of 11)

Under the heading of "hotels" the following houses are mentioned in the city directories, but were perhaps more in the nature of boarding houses than hotels: Emmet House, corner of Franklin and South streets, F. Sullivan. 1869-70-71-72. 1871-72, Kunstman House, 125 South Michigan street, Andrew Kunstman, and, later, Conrad Oltsch; and LTnion House, corner of Michigan and Center streets, Franz Bauer, Jr., later Arnold & Vahlert, and now John C. Wagner. 1873-74, Lafayette House, 77 Michigan street (old numbering) , George Knoblock & Son. 1876, South Bend House, 76 Michigan street, Frank Ambos. 1889, Hotel Royal, ^117 West Washington street, Mrs. M. Vanderhoof. 1892, Hotel Washington, 538 South Scott street, M. Pfaffenbach.

The Second St. Joseph Hotel is the quaint looking three-story brick, with four dormer windows now known as 115-117 Colfax avenue, and partly occupied by Schuler & Klingel, the wholesale fruit, feed, and produce dealers. It was built and owned by the late David Greenwalt, being planned expressly for a hotel. Mr. Greenwalt was from Lebanon, Pa., and had the peculiar Pennsylvania ideas of architecture. The brick building on Water street directly north of this hotel presents another example of Mr. Greenwalt 's architectural taste, as did the J. F. Studebaker residence, before remodeled, just east of Sunnyside.

The hotel was opened September 10, 1868, by Chauncey Nichols, formerly of the Bond House, of Niles, as proprietor, and L. H. Packard as clerk.' The next year Barber and Slocum took the place, and this management was succeeded by E. L. Abbott, in 1871 ; by Jerry H. Knight -and Henry Galloway, in 1872 ; by Henry Galloway, in 1873-4-5 ; and by John G. Greenawalt, in 1876, at the close of whose lease the St. Joseph Hotel, with its large imposing sign, ceased to exist. The name St. Joseph was twice applied to a hotel in this city; at first to a hotel on the site of the present Oliver and afterwards to this hotel on the north side of Market street, or La Salle avenue, as the street is now called.

After the second St. Joseph Hotel ceased to exist, as above stated, the building stood untenanted till about 1880, when Marvin Campbell became the lessee, with an extensive stock of hardware. With Marvin's characteristic hustle the k)cality became a brisk and stirring' center. Mr. Campbell sold his business in 1886 to Munroe & Creviston. To them succeeded Munroe & Keltner; and after them came Schiller & Klingel.

The first hotel on the site of the present Oliver was The Old St. Joseph. The name did not continue without interruption, and in one of the intervals the name of St. Joseph was taken by the second St. Joseph, on Market street, or La Salle avenue. In 1852, the late President Whitten. father of civil engineer William M. Whitten, purchased of the late Evan C. Chalfant, of Clay township, 54 feet of the west end of lots 240 and 239, this being part of the site of The Oliver block. He also purchased the next lot north and the one now occupied by Louis Nickel, Jr., & Co. There was a one-story frame on Washington next to the alley. ^Ir. Whitten put another story on this for his family residence and alongside of it he erected a two-story wagon shop. Just east of this building he had a blacksmith shop. William Conrad, later, became interested with Mr. Whitten in both ownership of the property and the business, the firm name being Whitten & Conrad. The former was a Dlacksmith and the latter a wagonsmith.

Mr. Conrad, later, became a resident of Warsaw, where he still resides. He is a staunch Democrat ; is always seen at Democratic district gatherings and has served as a member of the state central committee.

In about 1857, Mr. Whitten removed his shop to the rear end of the lot just across the alley east of the present postoffice, and converted his two buildings on Washington street into one, and added at the rear a one-story part, 30x40 feet, thus forming what became the first St. Joseph Hotel. About the first of December, 1859, John A. Derbin leased this property and went to keeping tavern, calling the place The Derbin Hotel. County Assessor Thomas J. Slick clerked there about three months, commencing in December, that year. Mr. Derbin was an uncle of Yoppie Hogue, of the Hogue studio, Jefferson street.

About June 1, 1861, Mr. Derbin was succeeded by M. M. Shultz, who changed the name to National Hotel. Mr. Shultz (fatherin-law of J. Edward Skilhnan, of the Singer works), continued here until 1862, when Mr. Whitten and his son-in-law, Harvey C. Borden, took possession and rented the west half of the St. Joseph Hotel of Elisha Egbert and Marv J. Higinbotham, connecting this with the frame by an arched way. The west room of the St. Joseph Hotel was used for the office. The name National Hotel was continued under the new arrangement. In February, 1865, about two months before the great fire. Lot Day, Jr., purchased Mr. Borden's interest. There were some deferred payments. The loss was total, with no insurance. There was not the scratch of a pen to witness the indebtedness, yet it was paid to the last cent, without a whimper or quibble. The Days, it may be added, were long a prominent family in and about South Bend.- Captain Lot Day, the elder, settled here in 1832, carried on the tanning business in several places, one of his tanyards being on Michigan street, just north of Navarre. Was also a brick manufacturer, and was the contractor in the erection of the first brick jail. He served as county commissioner, twice as sheriff, and once as state senator.

At a celebration of the Fourth of July, 1844, young Lot Day, then about 21, was acting as cannoneer. The cast-iron piece was placed on the bluff, about where the standpipe now lifts its lofty column. A charge prematurely exploded, driving the ramrod, with its rough swab end, through Lot's hands, tearing off' the right hand entirely and the thumb oft' the other hand, besides terribly lacerating the remaining four fingers, but these were saved. Lot walked from the scene of the accident to the old Eagle Hotel (southeast corner Washington and Latayette), then occupied by his sister Mary Ann, wife of William Norton. Here, a Dr. Brown and Dr. Merritt amputated the arm and dressed the other wounds, the former operating and doing a bungling job. This, I believe was prior to the use or knowledge of angesthetics in the practice of surgery. David Stover, ex-Mayor Miller and Thomas E. Beyerly witnessed the operation. Much sympathy was aroused for the unfortunate young man, and liberal contributions were made by the citizens for his schooling, under the tutorship of Prof. C. M. Wright, who was long the leading educator in this section.

In 1846, the two Lots, father and son, were candidates on the Democratic ticket, the one for the state senate and the other for sheriff. The county was decidedly Whig, and each had a strong competitor, but both were elected. Lot, Jr., succeeded himself as sheriff by a largely increased majority, and at the close of his .second term as such was elected county recorder. Later, he wavS a mem- 'ber of the first board of directors of the state prison North. Of splendid figure, pleasing address, and a genial, generous nature, Lot Day, Jr., was beloved by everj-body that knew him, even by the schoolboy and the frowsy urchin playing "knuckles" on the sidewalk. The elder Lot was among the early overland emigrants to California, where he died. The younger Lot went there, too, later; kept the National Hotel, at Sacramento, for awhile, and died in that state, some ten or more years

After the destruction of the first St. Joseph Hotel by the fire of 1865, a continuous block, consisting of three-stoiy business buildings and Good's Opera House, was erected by the several owners of the ground on the site of the hotel. On December 24, 1878, the block so erected was again destroyed in what is known as the St. Joseph hotel fire, one of the most disastrous that the city has ever known. The firemen worked vainly to extinguish the flames, while the temperature was five degrees below zero. Six buildings were destroyed with their contents, involving a loss of sixty thousand dollars, while several firemen had their hands and feet frozen.

One of the indirect results of this terrible fire was the building and naming of the First Oliver House. In the spring of 1879, the owners of the St. Joseph block decided to rebuild the entire frontage in a uniform style of architecture, the lower floors to be occupied as stores, while the upper stories should be converted into a hotel and the restored Good 's Opera House.

Out of compliment to Mr. James Oliver, the new hostelry was christened the Oliver House, which was formally opened on the evening of July 14. 1879, with Jerry H. and Godfrey E. Knight, proprietors. The Knight Bros, ran the place for nearly ten years, and were followed, successively, by Jones & Cox, J. S. Mc- Farland. father-in-law of Melville E. Stone, founder of the Chicago Daily News, W. B. Titus, Phelps & Parsons, Parsons, Parsons & Faulknor, Faulknor & McElrath. Rice & Faulknor, and S. H. Rice. Under the latter 's management the house was finally closed with a supper on the evening of April 30, 1898, after a period of nearly nineteen years. Few tears followed its going, for it betokened the begmning of the gorgeous up-to-date and splendidly equipped new hotel, The Oliver.

and furnished by the public spirit and munificence of ]\Ir. James Oliver, was dedicated by a public reception at which there was a great outpouring of the people from the city and from the surrounding cities, towns and country, on the evening of December 20, 1898. On the following day the hotel was fonnally opened for business.

"The Oliver of today needs no writing up. It speaks for itself, as the pride of South Bend, as unexcelled in the state or in the West, as the latest and highest ideal of hotel appointments, as an enduring monument to its public spirited and free-handed founder, James Oliver."

The Oliver hotel is one of the most magnificent structures occupied for hotel purposes in the west.® It has a frontage on Washington street of one hundred and sixty-five feet, and on ]\Iain street of one hundred and thirty-five feet. It is six stories in height, and of the most tasteful, and imposing design of architecture jn the renaissance style. The lower story is of light colored stone, and the upper stories of cream colored brick, with enriched ten'a cotta architraves, and with an elaborate and artistic frieze and cornice of terra cotta. The Washington street entrance is marked by a handsome Doric portico, with massive stone pedestals : and the Main street entrance is protected by an elaborately designed porte cochere of wrought iron.

The interior decorations and furnishings of the Oliver are superbly artistic and most beautiful in every detail, from the expansive and imposing rotunda, with its grand fresco ornamentations, to the sleeping apartments upon the upper floors. The parlors, dining rooms, guest chambers, halls and corridors are all finished in most beautiful designs and with the highest regard for artistic harmony and richness.

The paintings in the rotunda are works of art, and represent, in life size figures, the seasons, fine arts, poetry, architecture, sculpture, painting, the elements, water, fire, earth, and air. and music, song, the drama and the dance. The parlors, the Louis XVI and the Oriental rooms are marvels of beauty and finish, and are most luxuriously furnished* and the main dining room, with its flowera. This description is chiefly from "South Bend and the Men who have Made it," pp. 52, 53.

decked eeiling and tapestry panels upon the walls, is a dream of beauty. The spacious banquet room is most elaborately decorated, the panels in the walls are finished in crimson silk, with a background of deep cream, colored with gold, while the ceiling represents a large tinted panel, embellished with forty-five life-size allegorical cherubs, emblematic of the arts and seasons.

In every respect the new Oliver Hotel is one of the most magnificent and imposing edifices, and, in every detail and finish and furniture, is artistically beautiful and enduringly attractive.

In the rotunda is a massive gold loving cup, presented to Mr. Oliver by his friends, commemorative of the erection of the hotel. It is of superb design, with has relief medallions of Mr, and Mrs. Oliver, and miniature reproductions of the pioneer factory and the modern works of the Olivei- Chilled Plow Company. Aside from its intrinsic and artistic value, this loving cup is prized by its honored recipient rather as an evidence of the high esteem in w^hich he is held by his friends and associates in this city which has been the scene of his labors and triumphs, from the day he came to Mishawaka, a poor boy, in the fourteenth year of his age, until he has entered upon his eighty-fifth year, blest with untold wealth and full of honors by reason of the great public benefits to which he has applied so generous a share of this wealth.

See. 15. - Schools. - By Article Nine of the Constitution of 1816, it was made the duty of the legislature "to provide by law for a general system of education, ascending in a regular gradation from township schools to a state university, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and equally open to all." In the same article particular provision was made for the creation of funds for the support of county seminaries, as intermediate between the towhship schools and the state university. The system was excellent in theory, but proved to be impracticable, as the funds to support such an elaborate system of education could not be provided.

Accordingly, in the constitution of 1851 the legislature was required only "to provide by law for a general and uniform system of common schools, wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all."« Not only is there no provision for a state university or a county seminary, or other high school, but there is express provision for the sale of county seminaries and requiring that the proceeds of such sale, and also ' * the moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries," should become a part of the common school fund. The theory of the framers of the constitution of 1851 was very plainly, that ample provision should be made for a free common school education; but that any one who wished to give his child a high school, or a university education, should do it at his own expense.

Under the old constitution, as we have seen,'^ a county seminary for St. Joseph county was established, and was located in South Bend, on the north side of West Washington street, at the intersection of William, on the site of the present high school. After the constitution of 1851 went into effect, the county seminary and grounds were purchased by the South Bend school trustees and have ever since been used for a high school. Whether high schools are at all authorized under our present constitution, has been questioned. But, while no express provision for such schools is found in the constitution, and while the requirement that the old county seminaries should be sold and the proceeds turned into the common school fund, seems like an implied provision .against the support of such schools by the state, yet there are some general provisions found in Article Eight, Section One, which make it the duty of the legislature, not only to provide for ' ' a general and uniform system of common schools," but also "to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement." However this may be, high schools have been established and placed under, control of city school trustees throughout the state.

directly from the county seminary. Indeed, it was but a continuation of the old seminary under a new name and under direction of new officials. It was on July 16, 1853, as we have seen," that the transfer of the seminary property was made from the county officials to the board of town trustees. The purchase was on time, and the payments w^ere not all made until after South Bend had become a city and the school functions of the board of town trustees had passed into the hands of the board of school trustees of the city of South Bend. On August 31, 1866, the deed of transfer was formally made, and soon afterwards there was a reorganization of the old school. The name of seminary passed away and that of high school took its place.

An accomplished teacher in the high school has written an interesting historical sketch of the South Bend schools, particularly the high school, from about the date of the deed of transfer of the seminary, which sketch is here inserted with her permission

"The first step toward the organization of the South Bend High School was the appointment of Mr. Daniel Eyer as superintendent of the public schools in 1867. The board of education at that time consisted of Messrs. John Klingel, J. A. Henricks and E. S. Reynolds, and it was due mainly to Mr. Klingel 's efforts that our schools were graded and a high school was established. The schools of the city occupied five buildings : the old Madison school, a brick structure of four rooms ; a frame building of two rooms on the site of the present Jeff'erson building; the Lowell school in the east part of the city, and the seminary on Washington street. Seventeen teachers were employed, and as the schools were entirely ungraded, classes ranging from primary readers to English literature, from notation to geometry, were found in the same room, conducted by one teacher.

bringing order out of chaos ; and soon the various schools were pursuing a uniform course of study leading up to the High school. The classification of the pupils who composed the High school was not an easy task, and so numerous were the inequalities in the preparation of pupils, that it was not until 1870 that a continuous four years' course of study was followed.

"On account of the central location of the old seminary, it was selected as the home of the incipient school, and Mr. Eyer was installed as principal with one assistant. The seminary was a prominent building at that time, and as evidence of the importance of its erection we quote from the St. Joseph Valley Register of September 26, 1845: 'This building, on the north side of Washington street, west of town, is rapidly approaching completion. It is of brick, two stories high, and is to be surmounted by a cupola.

" 'The seminary stands near the center of an acre and a half lot, which belongs to it and which is to be inclosed and improved. There will be two rooms in the building, one below and the other above. The one in the second story is to be the full size of the building, undivided at present by any partition, and the two rooms will comfortably contain all the pupils of the institution for many years to come.'

"The prediction in regard to the capacity of the two rooms, as well as the location, ' west of town,' is especially interesting now, in view of our 10 overcrowded rooms and our location in the heart of the city.

"Unfortunately the records of the meetings of the board of education for the period from 1868 to 1873 have been lost, but we are able to give the important changes through the kindness of Mr. John Klingel, whose efficient services were given to our schools for many years. At the close of the first year of the existence of our High school, Mr. A. C. Ross was appointed principal, and Mr. Eyer, who was reappointed superintendent, conducted several classes, in addition to his work of su- pervision. Professor Ross was succeeded in 1870, by Prof. Benjamin Wilcox, who enjoyed a wide reputation as an instructor. He completed the grading of the pupils and under his guidance the course of study was definitely prescribed, the school increased in numbers and interest, literary societies were established and a new High school building was felt to be a necessity. The time had come when the old seminary no longer comfortably contained all the pupils of the institution.

"Prof. Wilcox, Mr. John Klingel and Dr. J. A. Henricks were the moving spirits in the project of a new building, which assumed definite shape upon paper in the plans of Architect 'Rose, of Chicag-o. In April, 1872, the seminary was torn down, the High school occupying temporary quarters in the old Madison building. In September, 1873, the school met in the new building, a part of which was occupied by the Washington school.

"In April, 1874, the first diplomas were issued to a graduating class in assembly hall. The following year the school met with a severe loss in the death of Prof. Wilcox, whose sterling worth and upright character have left their impress upon all with whom he came in contact. His successors have been James DuShane, Charles H. Bartlett, Eugene F. Lohr, Stuart MacKibbin, Mary L. Hinsdale, John ]\I. Culver and Dumont Lotz. Under these instructors the school has grown in numbers, strength and equipment until it stands second to none in our state for thorough instruction and practical work.

"In 1875-76 an additional month was given to instruction. The one course of study was expanded to three courses, Latin, German and English. The average attendance has increased from 50 to 280; the number of teachers from two to 11.

"The library, which consisted mainly of books of reference, numbered 148 volumes in 1887 ; at present we have 2,000 volumes and 21 periodicals. For a number of years the proceeds of commencement lectures and junior exhibitions were devoted to the pur-

"The library occupies a room upon the second floor and is in charge of the assistant librarian. Miss Maude Ott, from 8 to 12 a. m. and 2 to 4 p. m. Pupils have the privilege of withdrawing books for use at their homes. A complete card catalogue has been made under the supervision of the librarian. Miss Thekla Sack.

"In 1886 a wing of four rooms was added to the building, a physical science room fitted up and the chemical laboratory enlarged and equipped with modern apparatus. In 1898 additional recitation rooms were formed by dividing two large rooms into four smaller rooms.

"Through the influence of Superintendent Moon the yard has become a beautiful park, with broad stone walks, a well kept lawn and high overarching trees, adding greatly to the attractiveness of the building.

' ' There are two societies connected with the school, the Euglossian and Cleosophic literary societies, founded by Prof. Wilcox in 1870. These societies have been valuable aids in the cultivation of literary taste and forensic ability, and for a number of years engaged in an annual contest during commencement week.

' ' The school year is divided into two semesters and the annual events are the junior exhibition, the reception tendered the juniors by the seniors, the faculty reception for the seniors, the baccalaureate sermon, class day and commencement. ' '

Following the principalship of Mr. Dumont Lotz came that of Charles H. Bartlett, who held the position of principal of the High school for three and one-half years. After Mr. Bartlett came C. 0. Davis, who is now a member of the faculty of the University of Michigan. The present principal, Mr. Isaac E. Neft', succeeded Mr. Davis in September, 1905. The number of teachers now in the high school is twenty-two, and the number of pupils, five hundred and seventy-three. A feature of this school that should be noted is the attention given to manual training. The graduates of the South Bend High school are admitted without examination as students of the colleges and universities of the country.

In 1867, as appears from the foregoing sketch, the city schools were ungraded and were all conducted in a few old buildings. Since that time, as the years have gone on, a complete gradation of studies and classification of pupils, from the kindergarten to the high school, have taken place. During the same period, all the old buildings have been taken down, and fine brick and stone structures been erected in their place, with the best present day appliances in every department. New buildings, of the same superior character, have been located at difi:'erent points in the city, as increased population made it necessary.

Besides the high school, erected on the site of the old county seminary, the grounds in the rear of that building, and fronting on Colfax avenue, have been purchased and a beautiful building there erected for a grammar school, to be intermediate between the ward schools and the high school. This building is at present used also for the high school classes, the intention being, as soon as funds are available, to rebuild and improve the high school building on Washington street.

In addition to the high school and the grammar school, the city has the following ward, or primary schools, in which the first seven grades are taught : The Jefferson school; the Madison school: the Lafayette school; the Laurel school; the Coquillard school ; the Elder school ; the Franklin school ; the Colfax school ; the Linden school ; the Oliver school ; the Perley school ; the Bowman school ; the Weidler school ; the j\Iuessel school; and the Henry Studebaker school. The schools have been named either from the streets on or near which they are situated or from citizens distinguished in the history of the city.

Under authority of an act of the general assembl.y, approved March 7, 1881,* the board of school trustees have established an excellent free Public Library, and have housed the same in one of the finest architectural public buildings of the city which is located at the southeast corner of Main and Wayne streets. Steps had been taken as early as 1872 for the establishment of a public library. In that year, principally through the efforts of Dr. Louis Humphreys, William G. George and John Klingel, a library was established in a rear room of a store on the east side of

Public Library, South Bend

Michigan street, a little north of Washington street. In a short time, to secure more room, the library was removed to the second story of number one hundred and twenty-three West Washington street, where it flourished greatly until the building was burned. After the passage of the law authorizing the school board to establish a free library in connection with the public schools, and before the proceeds of the tax levies for the purpose were collected. Mr. James Oliver advanced the amount necessary to open the library and purchase the first books. Donations were made by Clement Studebaker, Leighton Pine ami others, and in 1888, the library was opened on the third floor of the Oliver opera house block. In 1895 the school board purchased the lot at the corner of Main and Wayne streets ; and the fine library building was completed that year and early the next, and on May 1, 1896, was formally opened to the scholars of the schools and to the public. The cost was about forty thousand dollars. Miss Virginia Tutt is the present accomplished librarian; and under her excellent management and that of her predecessor, Miss Evelyn C. Humphreys, the library has become an excellent school of instruction, not only for the children of the schools, but for the people at large.

By an act approved March 6, 1865, the legislature revised and codified the laws in relation to the common schools, and provided, amongst other things, for the election in each county of a scliool examiner, who should have general supervision over the schools of the county.*

By an act in force March 8, 1873, the office of county superintendent was created, to take the place of that of school examiner.^ The county superintendent was given larger powers than those which had been given to the school examiner, and the office was in many respects made more efficient.

The school examiners for St. Joseph county were : William T. Van Doren, appointed June 7, 1861 ; Alvin S. Dunbar, appointed November 2, 1861; Charles A. Evans, appointed June 10, 1861; Jacob Merrifield, appointed January 30, 1866 ; and Elisha Sumption, appointed June 2, 1868.

In 1873, during Mr. Sumption's last term as examiner, the law was passed which abolished the office of examiner and created that of county superintendent, and he served a short time as superintendent, being the first to fill that office. The succeeding county superintendents have been : Andrew J. Foster, appointed July 1, 1873 ; David A. Ewing, apa. Acts, 1865, p. 1; see Sec. 33.

Boards Of Education High School Principals

Many of our Private Schools, including parochial schools, the Assiunption school and St. Joseph's academy, are noticed in the preceding sections of this subdivision. A private school of the utmost value to the commercial and manufacturing interests of the city is the South Bend Business College, in which young men and women are fitted for useful employment as bookkeepers, stenographers and typewriters. This is a firet-class school of

One of the most noted educational institutions conducted under private auspices in northern Indiana was the Northern Indiana College, founded in 1861 and located at the west end of Washington street, in South Bend. It was an incorporated college, for the education of young ladies and gentlemen. The first board of trustees consisted of Schuyler Colfax. William Miller, John H. Harper, John Brownfield. Asbury Clark, George F. Layton, Francis E. Tutt, John W. Chess and Elisha Egbert. The college buildings, beautifully located at the head of Washington street, a mile west of and in full view of the court house, was of brick, fifty by ninety feet and four stories high, including basement. The front was ornamented by a central tower, rising one hundred feet high, from which there was an entrance to every floor of the college. It was a substaaitial and elegant building and well adapted to the purposes for which it was intended. The college was dedicated on January 10, 1867, and duly opened for the reception of students. Tliis institution which opened with so much promise was continued for but a few vears. It suffered and ultimately perished from the same blight that has affected many another institution launched with high hopes under private auspices. - a lack of funds. The erection of the building and the furnishing "of the college exhausted the means of its projectoi-s, and as soon as it became evident that the institution was not self-sustaining the enterprise was discontinued. The old college building is now a part of the South Bend Chilled Plow Works.

Sec. 16. - Societies and Clubs.^As appears from reminiscences heretofore set out in this work,« the people of St. Joseph county have always manifested an interest in their local history. As early as 1867, if not earlier, steps were taken to form a Historical Society, for the promotion of the early history of the county. On October 26, 1867, the following prominent citizens met for that purpose : Horatio Chapin, Woolman J. Holloway, George F. Laytou, Thomas S. Stanfield, Lathrop M. Taylor, Phillip B. Boone, Charles ]\Iorgan, John Bro^\^lfield, Louis Humphreys, Almond Bugbee, Joseph G. Bartlett, William L. Barrett, John T. Lindsey, John Reynolds, :\rark Whinery, Elisha Egbert, Charles M. Tutt, Benjamin Wall. Ethan S. Reynolds, Jacob Hardman, Benjamin F. Price, Jacob N. INIassey, Ricketson Burroughs, Elliott Tutt, ]\Iatthias Stover, John A. Henricks, Daniel Greene, Daniel Dayton, Daniel A. Veasey, Charles W. Martin, Schuyler Colfax, Francis R. Tutt and William ]\Iiller. This list represents the very highest type of citizenship of the city in the year 1867. On November 2, 1867, the organization was completed, and very interesting meetings continued to be held from time to time, at which valuable papers, reminiscent in their character, were read by pioneer members. Judge Thomas S. Stanfield, Dr. Louis Humphreys and others. But one member of this pioneer historical society of 1867 is now living, Mr. Daniel Greene, whose valuable reminiscences were given in a former chapter. So complete a change have forty years brought about.

On January 22. 1895. a meeting was called to revive interest in historical work. The purpose of the new organization was not only the preparation and reading of historical essays and reminiscences, but also the collection and safe keeping of such data, relics, papers and other matters as would be of interest in the history of this section of the state. To broaden the scope of the work, it was determined to name the society the Northern Indiana Historical Society, and to extend its work to all matters relating to the history of the valleys of the St. Joseph and Kankakee, in so far at least as such matters might throw light upon the history of St. Joseph county and vicinity. On February 4, 1896, the society was formally incorporated, with the following membership :

Lucius Hubbard, Richard H. Lyon, Otto M. Knoblock, George A. Baker, Willis A. Bugbee, Chauncey N. Fassett, Charles H. Bartlett, Ann Thrush Fassett, William B. Starr, i\Iary Ewing Studebaker, Stuart MacKibbin, Martha 0. Hubbard, Bessie A. Baker, George B. Beitner, Thaddeus S. Taylor, Sarah C. Taylor, James Du Shane, Howard S. Stanfield, Flora L. Stanfield, George Ford, William B. Stover. Many valuable papers have been read before this society since i^s organization, and many old books, papers, portraits and relies have been collected. The relics are carefully marked and are preserved in neat, strong, glass covered cases.

For several years after the organization of the Northern Indiana Historical Society there was a growing desire on the part of the people of the city and county to have a public exhibition of the fine old treasures in the possession of the society and of its members and their friends. This exhibition was finallv held on the week besinning Februarv 5. 1900, in what was then known as "the old curry-comb building." on the west side of Lafayette street, between Washington and Jefferson, the site at present occupied as an automobile garage. The moving spirits in preparing this most interesting exhibit were George A. Baker, secretary, Otto 'SI. Knoblock, treasurer, and George B. Beitner. all enthusiastic and active members of the Northern Indiana Historical Society. After the first evening's opening the following graphic and appreciative description of the exhibit Avas written by the lamented Charles Albert ]\IcDonald, then associate editor of the South Bend Times, and himself an earnest member of the society :

"The most optimistic expectations of the most sanguine admirer of the curious, the beautiful, the antique and the wonderful were far exceeded in the grand collection secured by the leading spirits in the Northern Indiana Historical Society, to grace the first historical display ever given under the society's auspices.

guarded, occupies nearly two entire floors of the spacious building formerly occupied by the South Bend Curry Comb factory, and was firet opened to the public at 5 P. M. ]\Ionday, the display to be continued on through this week.

'"There on the walls and benches, in cases and frames, on shelves and counters stretched, spread and appealed to the lover of curios a show that would do credit to a city many times the size of South Bend.

-'The mound builder, the cliff dweller, the Inca and the American Indian, vied with the Moor, the Japanese, the Chinese, the South Sea Islanders, the Hawaiians and the Hindoos in contribution to the vast array.

"Antique specimens of the bookmaker's art ; clotlLS and vestments of the middle ages ; bureaus, boxes, chests, trunks, cradles, jewelry, candlesticks, lanterns, lamps, rich china, pewter dishes, andirons, choicest crockeries, spinning wheels, flax hatches, old clocks, hand forged tools and chains, daguerreotypes, miniatures, portraits, Navajo blankets, ancient parchments, autograph letters, old invitations, army relics of all kinds and of many wars, steel engravings, old paintings, rich old embroideries, idols, temple gongs, old coins, fractional paper currency (shinplasters), postage stamp collections, antique firearms, hand spun fabrics, very old maps, valuable models, old deeds and a vast variety of other objects give one not only hours but days of enjoyable and instructive diversion in viewing and admiring.

"The magnificent Indian relic collections possessed bv George A. Baker, Charles H. Bartlett, Baz Rupel, Charles M. Schuell, William B. Stover, Dr. H. T. Montgomery, J. D. Henderson, George 0. Ware, Miss Sadie L. Kirby. David R. Leeper and others, are richly in evidence and while not shown in entirety, are given in full variety. It is safe to say that South Bend could get up one of the best Indian relic displays to be seen outside of two or three collections nationally known.

"The Historical Society's splendid display . from the ruins of old Fort St. Joseph's, a few miles north of the city, were here shown completely mounted, the work of George A. Baker, and a very artistic job he made of it. The society also shows pictures of the first court house, the old seminary and numerous old portraits.

office, a case with something like eighteen pigeon holes and a large space at the bottom. It was used by Colonel L. M. Taylor when South Bend was called Southold, being so named June 6, 1829, and its name being changed to South Bend October 18, 1830. Mr. Taylor was postmaster here from 1829 to 1838.

"Then there were Colonel Taylor's old boolcs as first Indian trader here and dating back to 1827. The accounts with the Indians present many peculiar names and when compared with the white men in another book, the noble red man is found to be a far better debt payer. These books were carefully kept and are indeed a valuable and interesting feature.

"Another thing in the locally antique that comes in for attention is the old bell used on the now deserted Catholic church at Bertrand. Mich., when it called the red men to worship. This bell was loaned by Notre Dame.

"The various Studebaker families vie with one another in costly, varied and interesting exhibits which fill case after case and shelf over shelf, their part of the great collection being exceedingly conspicuous and abounding with art and historical treasures of great value! They were exceedingly generous in making up the collection and the immediate families' efforts are ablv seconded by Hon. and :\Irs. F. S. Fish and Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Carlisle. The latter have a particularly fine and varied lot of steel engravings illustrating the life of Washington, while in the Fish collection a must elaborate pewter dish display is supplemented by a vast array of curios from the far East.

"The Olivers have some very interesting features in the display. Mr. William Oliver shows a stove made many years ago at Mishawaka, from bog iron.

"^Vip O'Briens, among the many interesting articles contributed for the occasion, .show some exquisite specimens of old china, they being related to the celebrated Wedgewood.s_. whose name is dear to every china collector's heart.

"Something particularly fine wa.s a massive brass fender, two huge pairs of andirons and a pair of tongs from the great Valcour Aime mansion near New Orleans, these splendid and massive specimens of fireplace furnishings dating back in the early part of the eighteenth century as a feature in the princely mansion of probably the wealthiest planter in the South. This exhibit is owned by ^1. B. Staley, A. H. Stephenson and C. N. Fassett, and is conspicuously in evidence.

"The Candlastick Club show an arra^ of candlesticks and snuffers that is dazzling in appearance and of great variety in design. AV ith this display is much from the fine collection of Mr. and j\Irs. Otto ]\I. Knoblock along with over sixty tea pots that form Mrs. George B. Beitner's elaborate and interestingshowing at the exhibit.

"Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Ferstl showed a line of jewels, portraits, ancient articles of attire, etc., that attracted every eye. They show the Ferstl coat of arms, the document conferring knighthood upon the family several hundred years ago, and also a bureau over 300 years old that came from a monastery and required the work of two monks nine years to complete. It is a rare specimen of the wood worker's art. A helmet worn by Mr. Ferstl and having a bullet hole through it .shows that he had been under tire, that being the relic of a battle in the Fatherland.

"J. Q. C. Van den Bosch has a very interesting exhibit in the antiques; Mr. and Mrs. J. C Elliott show a great and elegant variety of valuable china and other table ware, some being valuable souvenir products; Mrs. Carrie E. Meyer displays among other things some very fine embroideries of the long ago; Miss Vin Fai-mer shows a wide assortment of curios in which some hand carved boxes are very noticeable. Charles M. Schuell not only displayed Indian relics in great variety, but also a vast array of coins, some ancient clocks, as well as other curiosities.

"A feature that attracted much attention was the relics of the '306' campaign for Grant in 1880 as displayed by Hon. Clem Studebaker. one of that 306. " He also showed Pan American congress souvenirs, autograph letters, etc. Another feature in the Studeba.ker display was two WTOUght iron chains, shaped in all" their sturdy strength by the father of the Stuclebakers sixty years ago. The bread box used by the Studebaker family wa.s also shown with their royal loan to the exhibition.

"George B. Beitner injected some humor and no small degree of interest by his display of discarded footwear from all sizes and conditions of men. The toe holes appealed eloquently for attention, and various holes, rents and araps yawned knowingly.

articles to the display were Hon. Schuyler Colfax, in connection with his father's active participation in govermental affairs; Auten Post, G. A. E.; Willis A. Bugbee, Mrs. J. E. Williams, R. G. Edwards, Mrs. J. D. Henderson, Mr. and Mrs. Howard S. Stanfield, Horace Reynolds, Mr. and Mrs. Marshall P. Chapin, Mr. Almond Bugbee, Mr. and Mrs. George A. Baker, R. H. Lyon, Dr. G. P. Morey, C. N. Fassett, Mr. and Mrs. Edward McDonald, C. B. Stephenson, Dr. J. M. Partridge, Mrs. Bartlett, Dr. W. D. Chaffee^ the Bullas, Will E. Geltz, Thad Taylor and a ^lo^t of other public-spirited people who seconded the almost herculean efforts of Mes.srs. George B. Beitner, George A. Baker, and Otto M. Knoblock in getting together so wonderful an aggregation of the unique and interesting. The various articles are systematically tagged and fully described and will repay anyone to take several evenings to completely examine and adequately admire."

Through the courtesy of the school board, the collections of the society were for several years placed in the upper rooms of the public library, and the stated meetings were held there also. In 1906 the board of county commissioners appropriated the first floor of the old court house for the housing of the society and its valuable collections. To prepare the rooms for this purpose and to provide heat and light for the building, the county council, acting under the provisions of a statute enacted for the support and car-^ of historical societies, approved March 11, 1901, provided the means necessary. « The society, as a consequence of this generous treatment, has most convenient and welllighted historical quarters. The present officers are: President. Timothy E. Howard; vice-president, Mary Stull Studebaker: secretary, George A. Baker: ti-easurer. Otto ^I. Knoblock.

The Medical Society of Xorflicru Indiana wqs organized in May. 1839. At the first meeting, held in the American hotel, the officers elected were: President, Dr. Asa Egbert: vice-president. Dr. George Rex; recording secretary, Dr. Daniel Dayton: cora. Acts 1901, p. 542.

On July 10, 1874, the St. Joseph Valley Medical Society was organized. It was at first composed of physicians residing in St. Joseph, Elkhart and Laporte counties, Indiana, and in Cass and Berrien counties, Michigan. Since that time the locality of membership has been somewhat extended. Dr. Louis Humphreys was the first president and

The St. Joseph County Bar Association has been a society of great influence in the affairs of the county, and of much benefit and pleasure to its members. Among the distinguished earlj' members of the bar were : Elisha Egbert, Jonathan A. Liston, Thomas D. Baird. John Dougherty Defrees. Joseph L. Jernegan, Edwin B. Crocker, Reuben L. Farnsworth and Norman Eddy. Among the noted names of a later date were : Thomas S. Stanfield, James Davis, Alvin S. Dunbar, George W. ^Matthews, Francis R. Tutt, Timothy G. Turner. William G. George, Joseph Henderson, John F. Kirby, Orlando S. Witherill, Harris E. Hurlbut, George Pfleger, John R. Foster, George H. Alwa.rd. John Hagerty, John Dixon, Edwin G. McCollum, James H. Ellsworth, William A. Dailey and Lucius F. Copeland.

On October 8, 1873, at a meeting held in the court room, the first St. Joseph Bar association was formed. It was a joint stock company, the shares being twenty-five dollars each, with annual dues, afterwards fixed at t(^n dollars. The purpose was to purchase a law library and to hold business and social meetings. The first officers were : President, Andrew Anderson ; secretary and treasurer, Lucius Hubbard. At the third annual meeting Thomas S. Stanfield was elected president. On February 22, 1875, the association had its first annual banquet, which was a notable one. It was at the Dwight House, now the Sheridan. Major William H. Calkins, the eloquent Laporte congressman, spoke to the toast of Washington. The witty and intellectual Charles H. Reeves,, of Plymouth, answered to The Legal Profession. The Hon. Lucius G. Long, afterwards mayor of the city, read a most humorous poem, in which all the lawyers at the bar were happily taken off. Alvin S. Dunbar, Timothy G. Turner and Lucius Hubbard followed with appropriate addresses. Two years after - on February 22, 1877, the bar banqueted again

The Commercial-Athletic Cluh was organized in 1895, when the South Bend Athletic association was formed for the encouragement of athletic games. The institution afterwards took up the commercial interests of the city, although the athletic feature was still encouraged, and in June, 1896, the name wa.s changed to the Commercial-Athletic Club. The fine club house on Colfax avenue, between Main and Lafayette streets, M^as dedicated October 1, 1896. Since that date the commodious and well furnished club rooms have been the gathering place of the business interests of the city of South Bend. The leading business men of the city there discuss the questions that, from time to time, atfect the public welfare, and there have been inaugurated and advanced to successful issue many of the most important enterprises that distinguish the Queen City of the St. Joseph valley.

of feeling in the people, old and young, educated and uneducated, is the South Bend Humane Society. This benevolent organization was formed August 20, 1896, with the following representative membership: Theodore Blake, .Mrs. S. C. Humphreys, Myron Campbell, Caleb A. Kimball, D. B. J. Schafer, H. P. Blair, L. C. Whitcomb, Jacob D. Henderson, Alfred Klingel, Carl J. Anderson, Patel Kinfer, S. T. Gibson, John Finch, James C. Eberhart, J. P. Hill, M. M. Meyer, John B. Stoll, W. F. Carey, John A. Chockelt, Dr. S. L. Kilmer, C. B. Greene, William A. Rutherford, Charles B. Hibberd, Frederick D. Ellsworth, George Wyman, Corwin B. Van Pelt, Christopher Fassnacht, Henry C. Wheeler, Kemper and Schafer, Miller & Loutz, John C. Knoblock, Joseph E. Williams, L. P. Hardy, Alexander M. Honer, Frank M. Baker, Louis Nickel, Jr., Francis E. Lambert, Jonathan, P. Creed, Benjamin F. Dunn, Henry Heller, Demas D. Bates, Frank Mayr, John Yant, Stephenson Manufacturing company, John G. Slick, Irving A. Sibley, Clement Studebaker, George W. Loughman, Frederick W. Mueller, C. B. Reichelt, Kanouse & Phillips, Samuel Spiro, J. Sosnowski, S. D. Rider, Elmer Crockett.

There has been, perhaps, no humanitarian movement in South Bend that has been more productive of good influence than this. The visit of the humane officer is always attended with the best results. The faithful beasts of burden are no longer cruelly beaten, and no longer stand in the cold without blankets. Cruelty to women and children has been checked. Birds and squirrels are less and less disturbed in the shade trees and on the parks. Dumb animals are no longer turned out into the commons and roadways to suffer and die. Public watering troughs are erected throughout the city. All this results in a kindlier spirit of people towards one another as well as towards the inferior creatures that God has entrusted to human care. There is no organization more creditable to the people of South Bend than their Humane Society. In the Slimmer of 1907, the benevolent spirit of Mrs. Jennette Reynolds was so attracted to the good work of the society that she endowed it with a gift of five thousand dollars, the income of which is to be used forever for its humane work During the same year the city took upon itself the care of the watering troughs erected upon the principal streets entering from the surrounding country. The gift of Mrs. Reynolds and the liberal action of the city government have lifted a great burden from the society, and it is now better prepared than ever to continue its benevolent work. The present officers are : President, Thomas C. Barnes; vice-prasident, Charles G. Folsom; treasurer, Myron Campbell; secretary, Henry A. Pershing; humane officer, Abraham Moore.

Of kindred character to the Humane society is the Associated Charities. The object of this organization is to systematize and regulate the giving of aid to the weak ones of society. It is not so much an almsgiving association as it is one to oversee, guide and advise those who are engaged in works of benevolence and in the care of the helpless and the delinquent. Prisons, poor houses, hospitals, orphan a.sylums and all agencies, whether public or private, that are engaged in the care of delinquents are equally the objects of the associated charities, who work under the general direction of the State Board of Charities.

The present officers of the society are : President, Hon. Frederick S. Fish; vicepresident. Rev. W. F. Hovis; secretary. Otto ]\I. Knoblock; treasurer, Mrs. F. H. Dunnahoo. The general secretary is Miss Carrie Rein, and her assistant, Miss Ella E. Hall.

From what has been said in section fifteen of this subdivision concerning the history of public libraries in South Bend, it is apparent that a literary taste has always characterized the people of the city. This conclusion is abundantly borne out by many other circumstances of our history. Education has been fostered from the beginning; public lecture courses have been maintained; the drama has l)een well patronized ; as shown by the prasent theatre facilities, including the Oliver opera house and the Auditorium, two of the finest playhouses in the country ; but, more than all, the people have taken kindly to literary and scientific societies, - those pleasant weekly or monthly conferences where congenial spirits discuss questions affecting the promotion of culture, refinement and general knowledge. Some of the principal of these societies will be noticed.

On October 4, 1871, the South Bend Library and Reading Room Association was formed, with the following membership : William G. George, Lucius Hubbard, W. J. Skillman, Alvin S. Dunbar, L. 0. Turner, Timothy G. Turner, Andrew Anderson, Thomas S. Stanfield, Louis Humphreys, Jasper E. Lewis, William Mack, Mrs. Mahala E. Dunbar, B. M. Hance, Mrs. Sarah A. Bartlett, William H. Beach, E. D. Hartman, Joel M. Partridge, Virgil G. Huey, M. Mulcahy and Sarah A. Matthews.

While it may be true that many such societies flourished but for a time, and then ceased to exist or gave place to others; yet it is clear that the meetings of such a company as the foregoing, even if continuing for but a few years, were productive of the utniost good to the members themselves and to their immediate friends. One such meeting would produce an elevating and lasting influence for the higher and better life, even if but a single paper were prepared and read and then discussed by the members.

Ellsworth, Emma F. Chapin, Lucretia M. Creed, Hattie E. Lantz, Ada M. Studebaker, Catherine E. Esmay, Emma D. Lantz, Anna H. Listenberger, Harriet C. Studebaker, L. H. Pfleger. This club was exceedingly popular and useful, and for many years promoted in a high degree the literary and artistic culture of its members and of the community at large.

The principal woman's literary association existing at present and for many years past is the Progress Club, organized in May, 1895. The first officers were : President, Catherine C. Esmay; first vice-president, Maiy Stull Studebaker; second vice-president, Laura Putnam Chaffee; third vice-president, Mary L. Hine; recording secretary, Sarah Louise Kirby ; corresponding secretary, Mary Kaufmann Wiggins; treasurer, Mary Porter Le Van. The remaining directors were : Olive Tarbell Birdsell, Elizabeth Kizer. Cora B. Nicar, Sarah Harris. Alberta Buckner Jones, Carrie Johnson, Elizabeth Greene Kettring and Nellie N. Livingston. The subjects engaging the attention of the club include history, literature, current events, art, philanthropy and civics, domestic science and music. It is one of the largest and most influential organizations of its class in the state ; and is affiliated with the State Federation of Women's Clubs, of which Alice M. Mummert, of Groshen, is president. The present officers are : President, Esse Bissell Dakin ; first vice-president, Stella H. Drummond; second vice-president, Sophie M. Halske; third vicepresident, Mary D. Dunnahoo ; recording secretary, Florence M. Chandler; assistant recording secretary, Ella Leam; corresponding secretary, Sabra Ann Fralick; treasurer, Adeline G. Smith; directors, Stella H. Drummond, Elizabeth Greene Kettring, Katherine Campbell, Laura B. Shidler, Esse Bissell Dakin, Nadine Folsom, Thekla Sack, Annie S. Miller, Gertrude P. Emerson.

other like needs developed in the life of the community. Amongst those of recent origin are: The Impromptu Club; Carrie Moore, president; Maude Freeman, vice-president; Edith Pershing, secretary; Eva Strayer, treasurer. The Mothers' Club; Kate E. Bulla, president; Mabel Reamer, secretary. The Thursday Club: Martha E. Ward, jjresident ; Bessie Burns, vice-president ; Emma Fink, secrtary; Mrs. Dillon, treasurer. The Wednesday Club : Clara Dunham, president; Mary Chapin, secretary and treasurer. The membership of The Round .Table is limited to sixty gentlemen, residents of the city; while the management of the affairs of the club is entrusted to a board of five governors. The meetings are held on the first Wednesday evening of each month, from October to June. At each meeting a simple table d'hote dinner is served. After this Attic repast, a member reads a paper on some literary, historical, scientific, social or other subject of general interest. A free discussion of the paper is then in order.

The club was organized during the winter of 1906-7, chiefly through the efforts of Wilbert AVard. The first meeting was held in ]\Iarch, 1907. The Round Table is a delight to its members and a seat at its festive board is esteemed a most valued privilege. There is neither constitution nor by-law, but the following rules are observed:

"No member may bring- an invited guest except a non-resident, and then only on conferring with one of the Board, and securing a card from the Secretary.

Since the organization the board of governors have been': Wilbert Ward (Chairman), Timothy E. Howard, Fred Woodward, John A. Hibberd, W. K. Lamport, William' Happ (Secretary and Treasurer).

The Douglas Debating Club meets every Friday afternoon in the court house. The president is Donald A. Kahn and the secretary J. Elmer Peak. The character of the exercises of the club have won the praise of the public.

The Worth Literary Club meets at the Madison school building every jNIonday evening, from September to June. The club has attained the highest order of excellence, and merits the name which it bears. William G. Elliot is president; Iden S. Romig, first vicepresident; Ulysses G. Manning, second vicepresident; Daniel Pyle, secretary and treasurer.

The fraternal orders of South Bend are exceedingly numerous. The following Odd Fellows organizations meet in Odd Fellows hall, corner of Main and Washington streets, the oldest fraternal building in the city: South Bena Lodge No. 29, I. 0. 0. F. ; the South Bend Encampment No. 9, I. 0. 0. F.; Canton South Bend No. 9, I. 0. 0. F. ; Schuyler Rebekah Lodge No. 29, I. 0. 0. F. The Rebekah Lodge, for women, owes its origin to Schuyler Colfax, who was almost as distinguished as an Odd Fellow as he was as a statesman; in both of which relations his memory is held very dear in his beloved city of South Bend. Other lodges of Odd Fellows are : Robert Blum Lodge No. 278, I. 0. 0. F.: Helena Rebekah Lodge No. 72, I. 0. 0. F. ; and Grand United Order of the I. 0. O. F.

The Masonic Lodges are : Germania Lodge No. 301, F. & A. M. ; South Bend Chapter No. 29, R. A. M. ; South Bend Commandery No. 13, K. T.; South Bend Lodge No. 294, F. & A. M. ; St. Joseph Lodge No. 45, F. & A. ^I. ; Order of Eastern Star, Chapter No. 2. All of the foregoing meet in the beautiful ]Masonic Temple, recently erected at the northwest corner of Michigan street and La Salle avenue, one of the most elegant and imposing examples of the architecture of South Bend. The remaining Masonic Lodges are : Anderson Conunandery No. 4, U. R. of M. ; Odessa Chapter No. 28, 0. E. S. ; St. Peter's Lodge No. 31. A. F. & A. M.

The Knights of Pythias are represented by Crusade Lodge No. 14; 0. B. Lancaster, captain; Roscoe Cullar, record keeper. Uniform Rank K. of P., South Bend Co. No. 12 ; Cadmus Crabill, chancellor commander; A. W.' Hildebrand, keeper of records and seals. Moonlight Temple, Rathbone Sisters, No. 255 ; Bessie Snoke, most excellent high chief; Louise Davies, most excellent past chief; Lizzie Taggart, financial secretary.

The Order of Elks is represented by South Bend Lodge No. 235, B. P. 0. E. They have built a fine Elks' Temple on West Colfax avenue, opposite the Commercial-Athletic building. The temple is one of the architectural ornaments of the city. The lodge meets every Monday evening. James B. Me- Cance is exalted ruler; David A. Westburg, secretary ;_ Edward J. Fogarty, treasurer; Edw^ard T. Staley, Edward F. Gaffney and John C. Barrett, trustees.

The Tribe of Ben Hur is represented by South Bend Court No. 41, which meets the first and third Wednesday evening-s of each month; and by Beech Tree Court No. 211, which meets on the evenings of the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month. The officers of the South Bend Court are EdAvard E. Carr, chief, and Lillian Stockwell, scribe ; and of Beech Tree Court, Arthur Miller, chief, and Orpha Elliott, scribe.

da}" evening; Michael F. Calnon. past worthy president; Charles Keller, present worthy president : Charles ]\Iiller, worthy vice-president; Fred H. Lutzen, secretary; J. Lott Losey, worthy treasurer; W. A. Wahl, L. F. Connell, Joseph Home, trustees; Dr. Charles H. Taylor, aerial physician.

The Catholic Order of Foresters, St. Edvvard Court No. 1424, meets on the first and third Tuesday evenings of each month. The Rev. John F. De Groote, S. Director; Charles H. Taverneer, D. H. C. R. ; H. M. Fritzen, chief ranger; John J. Gehring, V. C. R. ; Amos C. Oberley, recording secretary; Charles A. Schubert, F. S. ; Frank J. Zeiger. treasurer ; Louis H. Coquillard, Sr.. conductor; William Kelly, Jr., conductor ; Dr. Daniel W. Mc- Namara, medical examiner; Frank Gooley, Peter Scheibelhut, Jacob A. Fisher, trustees; John C. Buczkowski, inside sentinel: Peter Schuler, outside sentinel.

The Independent Order of Foresters, Court St. Joseph No. 1576, meets on the first and third ]\Iondays of each month. The officers are : Chief ranger, James McGregor ; recording secretary. Dr. A. P. F. Gammack ; deputy, Sidney Thornton.

The Ancient Order of Hibernians, Division No. 1, of St. Joseph county, founded in January, 1885, meets on the first and third Sunday afternoons of each month. The officers are : John J. Hayes, county president ; James Nelson, division president; James Casey, recording secretary; Edward Johnson, financial secretary; Dr. Robert F. Lucas, treasurer.

The St. Joseph County Federation of Catholic Societies meets on the last Sunday of each month: John J. Schindler. Mishawaka, president; John C. Hiss. South Bend, secretary.

The Catholic Knights of America are represented by St. Paul's Branch No. 408, C. K. of A., founded in September, 1885. by the Rev. Michael Ph. Fallize, which meets on the first Sunday and the third Friday evening of each month ; John C. Hiss, commander ;

Kathryn Hiss, recording secretarj' ; Maude Crepeau, financial secretary ; Charles Brechenser. treasurer. St. Boniface Branch No. 701. C. K. of A., meets on the third Sunday of each month ; Michael Mathis, president ; Jacob Jahn, secretary. St. Mary's Commandery, U. R. of C. K. of A., meets on the first ]\Ionday of each month ; Eugene Hausler, president; Michael Haas, secretary.

The Knights of Columbus, South Bend Council No. 553, meet on the first and third Wednesday evening's of each month. The present officers are : Grand Knight, John B. Weber; treasurer, Arthur Wolfe; recording secretary, Robert F. Lucas ; financial secretary, Frank J. Schumacher.

Knights and Ladies of Columbia, supreme officers : Supreme counsellor, Ormond Kennedy; supreme scribe, John Roth; supreme cashier. Elmer Crockett; supreme medical director. Cornelius H. Myers; supreme attorney, Daniel Rich. Executive board : John Roth, Ormond Kennedy, Elmer Crockett, CorneliiLs H. Myers, Daniel Rich. Supreme deputies : Anna M. Wright. John D. Roberts. Loyal AVorkers, K. and L. of C, meet on the first and third Mondays of each month; William J. Wright, secretary and treasurer. Knights and Ladies of Columbia, Interurban Association, meets once a month. South Bend Council No. 1, K. and L. of C, meets second and fourth Wednesdays of each month: Jacob E. Henry, counselor; William B. Wright, scribe. Winona Council No. 39, K. and L. of C, meets on the first and third Thursdays of each month; Stephens Smith, counselor; William J. Wright, scribe.

The Knights of the Maccabees is represented by the following societies: Pixley Division No. 2, U. R. K. 0. T. M., meets on the second and fourth jMondays of each month. The officers are: Benjamin F. Berger, colonel of the second regiment ; Harry F. Alitchell. brigadier general ; D. W. Keefer, adjutant; Calvin Black, sergeant major; C. B. Matthews, captain ; Edward L. Stickler, fii-st lieutenant; Jesse B. Hawkins, second

South Bend Tent No. 1, K. 0. T. M., meets on the first and third Monday of each month. The officers are: Levi Nave, commander; Samuel R. Thomas, secretary; Edward L. Strickler, treasurer. South Bend Hive No. L. 0. T. M., meets every fourth Friday of each month. The officers are : Anna Secor. lady commander: Alice ^Mountain, lady record keeper. Schiller Tent No. 20, K. 0. T. M., meets every second and fourth Friday of ea/ch month. The officers are: Ernest C. Heinrichs, commander; George K. Rohr, record keeper. Schiller Hive No. 84, L. 0. T. M., meets every first and third Friday of each month. ]\riss Seifert is the record keeper.

The Knights of the ]\Iodern Maccabees are represented by two societies: St. Joe Valley Tent No. 1108, which meets on the second and fourth Friday of each month ; F. M. Caldwell, commander: C. S. Handley, record keeper; Daniel Pyle, finance keeper; and St. Joe Valley Hive No. 9O0, which meets every first and third Tuesday of each month; Libbie Bloom, Commander ; Lulu Penwell, record keeper; Dora S. Raybuck, finance keeper.

The Order of Owls was recently established at South Bend and is chiefly the work of John W. Talbot. The officers of the Supreme Nest are: John W. Talbot, supreme president; Burrell Cramer, supreme past president ; George D. Beroth, supreme secretary ; J. Lott Losey, vsupreme treasurer: John J. Johnson, supreme invocator; John D. Burke, supreme warden; Joseph E. Talbot, supreme counsel. The Supreme Trustees are : Dudley M. Shively, South Bend; Frederick Cook, Niles, Michigan; Lemuel Darrow, Laporte, Indiana; T. J. Hewson, Chicago, Illinois; William Visscher, Chicago. Illinois. The Supreme Organizers are Bert Overlj- and J. M. Culler. The Home Nest meets every Tuesday evening, the officers being : John W. Talbot, president ; George D. Beroth, secretary; J. Lott Losey, treasurer. Ladies' Nest No. 1 meets every Friday evening ; the officers are : Carrie F.

Clark, president; Carrie B. Long, secretary; Sarah Colby, treasurer. This order has during the short time of its organization experienced a phenomenal growth, having flourishing nests from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It evidently supplies a need in fraternal club life.

Among other fraternal orders now flourishing in the city are: The Order of Patricians; the Protected Home Circle; the Red Men. Leota Council No. 44, Degree of Pocahontas, and Montauk Tribe No. 426 ; the Royal Arcanum, South Bend Council No. 347 ; Sons of Herman ; the Turn Verein ; the Polish Turners; the Sokel Polski, M. R. ; Royal Neighbors of America; Modern Woodmen of the World; the Woodmen of the World, Fidelity Camp No. 28, Linden Camp No. 42, Harmony Camp No. 78 : Woodmen Circle, Live Oak Grove No. 1, Olive Grove No. 12, Linden Grove No. 29; and the National Union.

The neighborhood, .social, musical and church clubs and societies are almost without number. Some of the principal of these are: The Choral Club, and numerous other musical associations, orchestras, bands and drum corps; the Country Club of the St. Joseph Valley ; the Concord Club ; the Indiana Club ; the La Salle Club ; the Per Se Club ; the Sunnyside Golf Club; the Bismarck Club; the Press Club; six Building and Loan Associations; seven Military Organizations, including Grand Army Posts, Women's Relief Corps, Company F, Sons of Veterans and Spanish War Veterans.

The history of our newspapers is coeval with that of South Bend itself. The editors, in the main, have been intelligent and broad minded, and have acted on the assumption that their readers were also people of refinement and intelligence. Appeals to passion and prejudice have been the exception. The appeal has rather been to reason, morals,

It is a compliment to the intellectual and moral character of the first inhabitants of the St. Joseph valley that our fii-st newspaper was not only first in South Bend and St. Joseph coimty, but firet in northern Indiana and in the whole region of the extreme northwest. In 1831 there was no newspaper published north of Indianapolis or west of Detroit but that published at South Bend. Even Chicago was without a newspaper. It was here, in St. Joseph county, that the intelligent editor sought out the intelligent reader.

Sec. 1. - -The Pioneer. - It was on Wednesday, November 16, 1831, that John Dougherty Defrees and his brother Joseph H. Defrees published the fii*st number of the Northwestern Pioneer and St. Joseph's Intelligencer. The prospectus of the paper was as follows :

"Among the many causes which have contributed to the happiness of the human family, the influence of the press must be acknowledged. It is the grand means of disseminating useful information of all kinds, literary, religious, political and scientific. It is the chief engine of knowledge, one of the strong pillars of our liberty, one of the safeguards of the republic. Destroy the Press, and to what are we reduced? Take away its liberty, and you sap the foundation of one of the happiest features of our government. To the influence of the Press, is attributed the progress of the liberal principles, which now pervade all ranks among many nations of Europe. It gave impulse to the glorious achievements of our forefathers, and to the revolution of July. 1830, in France. The 'Spirit of Liberty' is abroad - its banner nas been unfurled, and spread its blessings to the world. Its course may for a time be impeded, it may for a moment be trampled upon by

"Information is conveyed through the medium of newspapers, much cheaper than by any other means. This being the case, and recollecting that 'knowledge is power,' we cannot see how any family, where there is one that can read, can do without a newspaper.

"The principles which shall govern us in conducting this paper, shall be purely NATIONAL. We unfurl the Standard of 'LIBERTY and UNION' - 'INTERNATIONAL IMPROVEMENT, and the PROTECTION of DOMESTIC INDUSTRY'; and everything having a tendencj^ to infuse a love and adoration for our inestimable federal compact, and the 'American System,' into the minds of the people, shall be published.

"All important state papers, and the proceedings of our National and State Legislatures, during their respective sessions, will be laid, with all possible dispatch, before our readers.

"TALES of 'feeling and fancv' shall occasionally find a place in our paper. Nor will the spirit of chastened humor be 'frowned austerely' from our pages.

"The people who have emigrated to the St. Joseph country, are enterprising and intelligent : and we confidently look to them for a liberal patronage.

"CONDITIONS: The 'PIONEER' is printed on a large super-royal sheet, with entire new materials, and contains as much {if not more) matter as any paper in the state, at $2, paid within three months after receiving the first number, $2.50 within the year, or $3.00 at the expiration.

"'Agents for the Pioneer. The t'ollowiug gentlemen are requested to act as agents for us, in procuring subscribers, &c. : E. Penwell, Esq., Pleasant Plain; Mr. Brisel, Goshen; Charles Egbert, Terre Coupee; Aaron Staunton, Door Prairie; M. C. Whitman, Xa Grange; Mr. Stilson, Niles; Robert Clark, Esq., ^Vhite Pigeon; Major Edwards, Beardsley's Prairie; Samuel Hanna, Esq., Fort Wayne; T. J. Larsh, Esq., Richmond; James Defrees, Piqiia, Ohio; Mr. Brittain, Newhernjporf,^ M. T.; Mr. Harris, Christiana Mills; George Kesling, P. M., Leha)ion, 0.; William Stevens, Eaton, Ohio."

Not considering its politics, which were Whig, it is doubtful whether any newspaper starting in a new country today could put out a more comprehensive, manly and patriotic prospectus than that issued for the Northwestern Pioneer by its enterprising editors and publishers.

The Pioneer was at tirst published "on Water street. South Bend, opposite A. Coquillard's store;" that is, on the southeast corner or what is now La Salle avenue and Michigan street. This was one of the centers of the original town. Alexis Coquillard's trading post was on the northeast corner of the same streets; while the original ferry and steamboat landing were at what was then the foot of Water street, where the beautiful concrete bridge now spans the river.

lished his second trading post.* The change in the name of the paper is best shown in the new prospectus published also in the issue of May 23, 1832, as follows:

' ' Six Months ago we commenced the publication of a weekly news'paper in the St. Joseph country, entitled the ' North- Western Pioneer.' Various considerations have induced us to change its title to that of the St. Joseph Beacon. One of the principal reasons of this change is a wish to associate the' name of the country in which the paper is published with its title.

"In establishing a newspaper in so new a country as this, we knew that we had many difficulties to encounter - many deprivations which are not known in the old and densely populated parts of the 'West' with which to contend. One main difficulty when we commenced, was the want of mails. People were not willing to subscribe without being certain of receiving their papers regularly. This difficulty has been greatly remedied since the first number was issued. There is now a mail twice a week to Ft. Wayne, twice a week to Detroit, via Niles, and once a week to Chicago, besides several others will yet be established; - thus giving the people thi-oughout the whole St. Joseph country an opportunity of regularly receiving the paper. This, then, can be no longer urged against subscribing for so valuable an acquisition to every family as a weekly new.spaper. That more valuable and essential information is disseminated through this medium than any other way, cannot be denied. Who that is desirous of acquiring a just knowledge of the times in which he lives - of the prosperity or the adversity of the nation of which he is a member - or is anxious to place within the reach of a rising family the means of rendering them useful and intelligent members of society, would refuse to take a newspaper? It has been our aim - and shall continue to be our highest ambition - to render this paper useful and interesting to all, of whatsoever political faith they may be: - but never to become a vehicle for retailing- the party slang of the day.

"The inhabitants of the St. Joseph country should support a paper somewhere within its limits. The interests of the whole country are so closely connected that it can make no difference whether it is published in Indiana or Michigan."

The sentiments expressed in the prospectus of the Beacon, as also in that of the Pioneer, do credit to the head and heart of the writer, or writers ; and the people of the ' ' St. Joseph country" will always have good cause to honor the memory of the editors and publishers of their first newspaper.

It is easy to detect in the prospectus of the Beacon a note of disappointment. The country, - even the whole St. Joseph country, including also all northern Indiana and southwestern Michigan, - was evidently not yet ready to support a newspaper of the high standard adopted by the Defrees brothers. Joseph H. Defrees sold his interest to his brother in 1833, and removed to Goshen. In 1834, John D. Defrees removed the paper to White Pigeon, Michigan, where he disposed of it to a ]\Ir. Gilbert. This town was also in the "St. Joseph country," and according to the prospectus of the Beacon it was immaterial whether the paper was published in the state of Indiana or in Michigan territory, provided only it was published in the St. Joseph country.

It is pleasant to add, that although the Defrees brothers failed in permanently establishing a newspaper in the St. Joseph country, yet each of them attained to success in after life. Joseph H. Defrees, through the kindly help of Col. Lathrop M. Taylor, became a distinguished merchant in Goshen. He also represented his constituencj" in both branches of the state legislature and in congress. John D. Defrees returned to South Bend, studied law. obtained a lucrative practice, was elected to the state senate, became editor of the Indianapolis Journal and w^as appointed public printer by president Lincoln.

Sec. 2. - The Register. - South Bend did not remain long without a newspaper. The Free Press was established by William Millikan in 1836. The paper was fairly successful for a time ; but after nine years was discontinued. In September, 1845, the plant and fixtures were purchased by Albert W. West and Schuyler Colfax. On September 12, 1845, the first copy of the St. Joseph Valley Register was issued by Albert W^. West and Schuyler Colfax as publishers. Schuyler Colfax was the editor. Thus came into existence the famous Register, for so many years a welcome visitor to hundreds of families in St. Joseph county. It was at first a weekly, sixcolumn folio, 22x32 in size. In politics, the paper was whig. On the subject of slavery, the editor took "the middle ground between the two dangerous extremes." "We shall be opposed," said he, "both to Calhounism and Birneyism, viewing them as ultraisms." "To the first we shall be hostile because it holds that outrageous doctrine that slavery is a national blessing." "To the other we shall be opposed because its course, we think, tends to rivet the chains of the slave more firmly, to prevent a calm and argumentative discussion of the whole question through the south." "Without regard, therefore, to these two extremes, we shall be fixedly opposed to enlarging the borders of slavery even one inch, either so far as soil or power and weight in the national councils are concerned, and shall hail with happiness the day when the southern states, after calm examination, shall in a constitutional and legal manner adopt a feasible plan of emancipation, either gradual or immediate." Such was the statesmanlike position fallen by Schuyler Colfax on his first stepping before the footlights on that stage where he was destined to play so important a part in the history of his country. Well would it have been for that countrv, north and south, if these moderate views of the future vice-president of the United States had been adopted, rather than appeal to the dreadful arbitrament of war. After seven months, Mr. Colfax became sole proprietor of the Register.

The paper prospered under the business management and editorial supervision of Schuyler Colfax, and with the beginning of the third year it was enlarged to a sevencolumn folio. Early in the year 1848, as we have seen, the first telegraph line was built from New York to Chicago.'^ The enterprising editor of the Register of course made instant use of this new means of receiving information from the outside world. The following, from the issue of December 27, 1849. while in a half humorous vein, is now of historical interest, both as to what had then been done, and, even more, as to w^hat was to be done through the marvelous discoveries of Samuel Finley Breese Morse:

Dispatches appeared in the Register of that date which were sent from New York at four o'clock in the afternoon, and, by reason of the difference in local time between New York and South Bend, were received at South Bend at three o'clock and thirty-five minutes, - apparently twenty-five minutes before they were sent. The editor had this to say of the strange feat: "If Morse ever gets a line across the ocean, by way of Iceland, we shall expect him to furnish European news up to Thursday night every week for our Thursday morning's paper." Morse did not get a line across the ocean; but Cyrus West Field did, - to Ireland, however, and not by way of Iceland. Mr. Colfax's humorous prediction, like that of Puck, that he would "put a girdle round about the earth in forty minutes," has been more than fulfilled, and Thursday evening's European news is now published every Thursday morning; and this Mr. Colfax and the Register both lived to see.

' ' Last Saturday, ' ' says the editor, ' ' the atmosphere being dry, cool andl pure, and everything else propitious, the proper communications were made, and the operator at Buffalo wrote through beautifully to Milwaukee, eight hundred miles, without re-writing at Detroit. We received our report of that afternoon direct from Buffalo. This is the first time that this has been done, and we believe eight hundred miles is as far as writing has ever been sent by any of the operators on any of the lines of the world." It would seem that the world was still dazed with the marvels of the electric telegraph; and yet, like the vivid anticipations of the Queen of Sheba, the half of its glories were not then made known.

In 1851, Mr. Colfax received his first nomination for congress, but was defeated. During the campaign James Davis, a talented lawyer and writer of the day, occupied the editorial chair. In July, 1853, a Northrup power press, capable of printing a thousand copies of the paper per hour, was placed in the Register office. This was a great advance. In 1854, Mr. Colfax was again nominated for congress, and was this time elected. Alfred Wheeler then became editor; and in April, 1857, the partnership of Colfax and Wheeler was formed, under which firm the paper was continued until Mr. Wheeler became sole owner. Mr. Hall afterwards became a partner of Mr. Wheeler.

In November, 1865, Archibald Beal, who for eight years had been the proprietor of the Mishawaka Enterprise, purchased the Register, in partnership with C. E. Fuller. Two years afterwards Alfred B. Miller and Elmer Crockett, who had heen engaged on the paper, purchased the interest of Mr. Fuller, and the firm became Beal, Miller and Company. In January, 1872, Mr. Beal purchased the interests of Mr. Miller and Mr. Crockett ; and 1873 Daniel S. Marsh became associate editor. In February, 1874, D. J. Benner purchased a half interest in the Register, and became one of the editors, Mr. Marsh remaining but a short time longer in that capacity. In

Angust, 1875. the Register Company was f oi-med. witli !Mr. Beal as president ; Edward W. Henricks- secretary ; Noah F. Van Winkle, treasurer; Orlando H. Palmer, George H. Alward and Alexander N. Thomas, the remaining incorporators. On October 13, 1878, a new corporation was formed, the Register Printing Company, with Daniel S. Marsh, president: Channeey N. Fassett. secretary; Herbert S. Fassett. treasiu*er; Eugene M. Herr and Frank A. ]\Iarsh, the remaining incorporators. On September 18. 1875, a daily edition of the Register was established. A Sundav edition was also issued for a time. In 1887. after a notable career of over forty years, the famous journal was discontinued, the plant and fixtures being sold to the Tribune Printing Company. The Register was weakened by the withdrawal of ]\Ir. ]\Iiller, Mr. Crockett and othere. in 1872, and the subsequent establishment by these young men of the South Bend Tribune.

Sec. 3. - The Tbibuxe. - On March 9. 1872, the first copy of the South Bend Weekly Tribune was issued by the Tribune'Printing Company. The incoi'porators of the company were Alfred Bryant ]\Iiller. Ehner Crockett. James H. Banning and Elias W. Hoover. These gentlemen had all been connected with the Register, and had withdrawn by reason of some dissatisfaction with the management of that paper. They were young men. experienced already in newspaper business and fully determined to issue a progressive, up-to-date journal, such as they believed the people of South Bend and St. Joseph county demanded. On May 28. 1873. the first issue of the Daily Tribune appeared; and since that date the Tribune, daily and weekly, has been one of the strong and iafluential papers of the state. Alfred B. ]\Iiller, the first editor, was a man of marked personality and great force of character; and he made the Tribune a power not only ia politics, but in the molding of public opinion on all social and other subjects in which the people were interested. His style as a writer was incisive, persuasive and popular, with humorous and poetical veins that made the Tribune one of the most readable papers. Accordingly, although the Tribune was Republican, almost partisan, in politics, yet its news and editorial columns were sought by people of all shades of political opinion. At the same time ]\Ir. Crockett, who has been the business manager from the beginning, has so conducted the fiscal affairs that the plant has yearly increased in wealth and has besides made its owners wealthy. One of the fine characters connected with the Tribune in an editorial capacity for many years, Richard H. Lyon, has already been many times mentioned in these pages. He was a writer of the most elegant taste, and did very much to give to the paper its high literary character. ]\Ir. ]Miller died in the fall of 1892. and ^Ix. Lyon early in the year 1907. The editorial charge of the paper since their death has faUen into worthy hands, and the original high .stand of the Tribune has been maintained. ]SIr. Frederick A. ]Miller. only son of Alfred B. ]\Iiller. is now the editor-inchief, and William K. Lamport is associate editor. The veteran Elmer Crockett, the only one left of the original founders, is still the business manager. Charles E. Crockett, son of Elmer, is secretary of the company.

The original site of the Tribune plant was No. 127 West Washington street. Afterwards the company purchased the lot at No. 128 North Main street, with grounds in the rear for its extensive presses and machinery, for a complete printing and bindery establishment. There the company has bmlt up one of the best equipped newspaper and job printing establishments in the state. Typesetting machines have been introduced, and the most modern presses have been installed, including a perfecting stereotype press, electrotyping machines and everything else demanded by the most modern printing office in the country.

Sec. 4 - The Times. - In the year 1853. Ariel Euclid Drapier and his son WiUiam H. Drapier began the publication in South Bend of the St. Joseph County Forum. This was the first attempt to establish a Democratic newspaper in St. Joseph county. The majority of the people in the early history of the county were Whigs; and after the founding of the Republican party that party took the place of the Whigs, and under the brilliant leadership of Mr. Colfax maintained its supremacy in county politics. The task of the Drapiers, father and son, in building up a Democratic paper was therefore one of difficulty. Ariel Euclid Drapier was a man of great force of character, and he and his talented son did succeed in making the Forum a powerful newspaper. They were both expert shorthand writers, and their talent in this respect was for many years made use of in the legislature, where they prepared and published the celebrated Brevier Reports, now so valuable from a historical point of view, as preserving the debates. and proceedings of the sessions of the general assembly. This work was carried on by William H. Drapier for many years after the death of his father. During the absence of the father and son in attendance upon the legislature, Charles E. Drapier, a younger son, was in charge of the Forum. A semi-weekly edition of the Forum was published for a few months in 1858, but did not prove a success. For some vigorous language used by the paper in relation to the conduct of the war, it was for a short time suspended during the year 1863, by order of General Milo B. Hascall. The Forum was afterwards sold to Edward Malloy, who, having been a gallant soldier in the Union army, determined to change the name of the paper to the National Union. This name was subsequently changed to the South Bend Weekly Union. In December, 1874, Charles L. Murray, a veteran newspaper man, and formerly a member of the state senate from the Goshen district, purchased the Union and placed it in charge of his son, the brilliant Charles T. Murray. Charles T. Murray changed the name to the Herald, and formed the Herald Printing and Publishing Company, which assumed control of the paper and started a lively morning daily. On May 22, 1876, Charles L. Murray re-purchased the plant, came to South Bend and assumed charge of the Herald which he conducted in a very able manner, making it one of the most influential Democratic papers in the state. From 1881 to 1883, Henry A. Peed was owner and editor of the paper. He gave to it the name of the South Bend Times, which it has since retained. On September 26, 1881, Mr. Peed formed the South Bend Times Company, the stockholders being Henry A. Peed, Robert L. Peed and Jacob D. Henderson. On March 2, 1882, the paper needing additional capital, the property was taken over by a new company, the Times Printing Company. The stockholders were Joseph Henderson, Sorden Lister, Henry A. Peed, Alfred Klingel, Robert L. Peed, Jacob D. Henderson, Timothy E. Howard and Harrison G. Beemer. In the spring of 1883, the controlling stock in this corporation was transferred to the Hon. John B. Stoll, the brilliant editor of the Ligonier Banner, which Mr. Stoll had made "the ablest Democratic paper in Indiana, ' ' as William S. Holman declared to the writer, years afterwards. Of the succeeding history of the Times, it is perhaps sufficient to say that the Democrats of the city and county soon became satisfied that they had in that paper one of the very best in the country and in its editor-in-chief, one of the ablest and wisest editorial writers in the United States. Closely associated with Mr. Stoll, from 1883 until his lamented death, December 15, 1906, was Charles Albert Mc- Donald. But better than mere party service, however desirable that may be, the Times and its accomplished editors had and still have a constituency far beyond all partisan lines. The paper has been in the best sense independent in politics and in all other matters affecting the public welfare. The independence of the pre&s is one of the chief safeguards of the liberties of the people ; and this truth the people themselves are quick to recognize. It does not follow that the independent paper does not sometimes make mistakes, grievous mistakes occasionally, does not at times do violence to the feelings and convictions of its readers and particularly its party supporters ; this, however, is far better in the end than to take a cowardly part in the discussion of public questions. Party principles, as in the case of all other principles, must of course control in large degree the sentiments of a party newspaper ; any other course would be dishonest with its readers. But within the lines there is ample room for a free and manly course, as was exemplified in the career of Peter Stirling. In this best sense the Times has been an independent party paper; and the people, without respect to party, have appreciated the strong, manly course pursued by the Times and have accorded to it a most generous support. There is indeed no town in the state, perhaps in the whole country, that has two better newspapers than the South Bend Times and the South Bend Tribune. Of course they quarrel with one another occasionally, but the people make allowances for this and appreciate the fact that they are favored with two first class, manly, independent newspapers, devoted, first of all, to the welfare of the Queen City of the St. Joseph valley.

Sec. 5. - The Sunday News. - Besides the Sunday Register, already noted, a Sunday paper was issued for a time by Timothy G. Turner, in connection with his Annuals, which he began in 1869. His first publication was the Gazetteer of the St. Joseph Valley, in 1867. He likewise began in 1871 the publication of a city directory. The annual and the directory were continued until 1881, after which William L. Farr, who had been a canvasser for Mr. Turner's publications, continued the directory, but the Turner's Annuals and Sunday paper were discontinued.

On April 24, 1887. Chauncey N. Fassett, who had been editor of the Register, issued the first copy of his Sunday News, and has continued since that time to issue the paper every Sunday morning. It has admirably filled its well recognized place among the established journals of the city, being, as its name indicates, and in harmony with the versatile talent of its genial editor, a newsy, local Sunday morning paper, one that would be sorely missed by every citizen who looks there for the news that is reported after the issue of the Saturday Tribune and Times. The New^s has occasionally some difficulty in steering its course between the breakers of the Times and the Tribune, avoiding a republication of the news given by either of the two dailies, and taking its own independent course in the discussion of topics pertaining to the city's interests and in giving the news in its own line. It is enough to say that the course pursued by the Sunday News has been a successful one.

Sec. 6. - Other Nev^spapers. - The Goniec Polski, or Polish Messenger, is published in the interests and for the entertainment and information of the very large and intelligent Polish population of South Bend and vicinity. It is a semi-weekly, six-column folio, and is independent in politics. The editor and proprietor is Mr. George W. J. Kalczynski, born and educated in the United States and a master of the English language and literature as well as of the Polish. He is one of the most accomplished and enterprising of the younger leaders of the city of South Bend.

The Indiana Courier was established in 1873, and published in the German language in the interests of the German people of South Bend and vicinity. Soon after its establishment the Courier was purchased by Gustav Fickentscher, who changed the name to the South Bend Courier. Later Mr. Fickentscher associated with himself in the management of the Courier Mr. Andrew Troeger. The Courier was always a liberal, democratic journal.

The Industrial Era was established in the fall of 1879 by Ralph E. Hoyt. It was an advocate of the principles of the national Greenback party. It was published for only a few months and was succeeded by the South Bend Era. The first copy of the latter paper was issued on March 27, 1880, by Benjamin Franklin Shively, who was sole editor, and proprietor. Those who had the pleasure of reading this bright, crispy, carefully edited paper, remember its pages with a great deal of satisfaction as the first public work of the brilliant gentleman whose fine oratory was afterwards for years heard in the halls of congress and before the people not only of Indiana, but throughout the whole country. Mr. Shively, a native of St. Joseph county, is without question one of the first orators, as he is one of the wisest statesmen of Indiana. The Martin Van Buren Free Soil movement

On January 26, 1892, the Post Printing Company was incorporated by John W. O'Bannon, William H. Burke and Gay L. Tafts, for the purpose of engaging in the publication of a newspaper. The office of the Post was located at No. 232 North Main street, and the paper was an exceedingly neat and well edited one. But there did not seem to be any place for it, and it survived but a few months. The' editor deserves to be remembered. He was Mr. Herbert Hunt, and was unusually talented and ambitious. He was afterwards one of the most valued reporters on the Indianapolis Sun, and eventually removed to the state of Washington, where he became editor of a newspaper on the coast.