Portland, Oregon - History (part 10 of 18)

Park School

In 1878 the city had grown to such proportions that an additional school became necessary. At the annual meeting of the taxpayers, Charles Hodge, Lloyd Brooke and Frank Dekum were appointed a committee to select a site. This committee recommended the purchase of block 223, known as the Harker Block, for the sum of $12,000. The report was adopted and the board of directors were authorized to purchase the land and proceed with the eredtion of a building. It was completed in the tall of 1879, and, including an additional room in the basement for a High School Laboratory, its total cost to date is $31,000. It is a twelve- room, two story wooden building with basement. It was first occupied by the High School and eight classes of the Harrison Street School, which were temporarily accommodated while the new Harrison Street School was being creeled.

In September, 1885, the Park School was opened as a regular grammar and primary school, with C. W. Rob}' as principal. Mr. Roby soon after resigned to accept the position of postmaster of Portland, and was succeeded by Mr. Frank Rigler, who remained until 1889, when T. H. Crawford became principal. Twelve assistant teachers are employed.

Harrison Street School

HARRISON STREET SCHOOL. Stephen Coffin, one of the original proprietors of Portland, donated to the citv the north half of block 134-, between Second and Third streets, to be used for school purposes. In January, 1865, this site was exchanged for the north half of block 160, on Harrison street between Fifth and Sixth streets. On this ground a school house was eredled, in 1866, at a cost of $9,941. In this building, known as the Harrison Street School, school was convened January 22, 1866, with R. K. Warren, principal and Miss M. N. Tower, Miss V. P. Stephens and Miss M. Kelly, assistants. For the first quarter of the school year there were enrolled 286 pupils.

In 1871 an extension to the building was erected at a cost of $4,995. Six years later two more extensions were added at a cost of $5,840. The entire structure was destroyed by fire on Thursday morning May 29, 1879, but was rebuilt the same year at a cost of $21,800. September 6, 1887, the new building was partially destroyed b\- fire. Contracts were soon after let for rebuilding, and in January, 1888, the present structure was completed.

Mr. Warren was succeeded as principal in 1867, by J. P. Garlick, who remained one year and for a short period .thereafter Mr. Warren again held the position. In April, 1869, I. W. Pratt became principal, a post he has ever since most abh' filled.

Atkinson School

The crowded condition of the public schools in 1866 made the erection of another building a necessity, and the board of directors decided to establish a school iu the north part of the city. A block was purchased in Couch's addition on tlie west side of North Tenth street, between C and D streets. Here, in the summer of 1867, a seven room building was erected, costing over $12,000. School was opened in February, 1868 with, G. S. Pershin as principal, and Misses E. J. Way, A. S. Northrup and Carrie L. Polk, as assistants. During the first quarters there were enrolled 216 pupils. In 1877 two wings were added to the building at a cost of $4,121 and in 1888, on the same block, a two-story, four-room building was erected, costing $8,419.

R. K. Warren, one year; E. E. Chapman, one year; Miss Ella C. Sabin, eleven years. Miss Ruth E. Rounds, the present principal, began work here in 1888. She is assisted by fifteen teachers.

High School

This department of the school system of Portland was instituted in 1869. On April 26, of that year, the plan took definite shape and a High school was organized with quarters on the second floor of the North school building, with J. W. Johnson as principal and Miss M. N. Tower (Mrs. F. K. Arnold), as assistant. In December, 1873, this department was transferred to the second story, north wing, of the Central building and in October, 1874, it was removed to the second floor of the new addition. In September, 1879, it was moved to the second floor of the Park school. Here it was conducted until the completion of the present High School building.

This building was begun in 1883 and finished in 1885. It is a brick structure and located on a block bounded by Twelfth, Morrison, Lownsdale and Alder streets. The style is what is known as the Transition or Semi-Norman, which prev^ailed during the reign of Henry II and Richard I. Architecturally it presents a most pleasing appearance, while for the purposes intended it is one of the best arranged buildings on the Pacific coast.

It is 14'0.x200, in dimensions, and the main building is three stories, besides a basement and attic in height, while two towers adorn the front of the building, one 168 and the other 140 feet in height. On the first floor are six class rooms, one recitation room and a library; on the second floor six class rooms, a recitation room, museum, High school library, superintendent's and principal's offices; on the third floor two class rooms, art room, model room, laboratory^ dressing room and assembly hall. The basement story is divided into four play rooms. The principle, upon which light, ventilation and heating are secured, is such as is approved by the best authorities on such matters, and it is believed the building, in these regards, is as nearly perfecft as any school strudlure in the country.

The building was projected under the directorship of John Wilson, Charles Hodge and William Wadhams, in March, 1883. Mr. Hodge dying March 30, 1883, James Steel was elected to fill the unexpired term of one year. William Stokes was employed as architect, under whose direction the entire work was designed and completed. The cost of the block was $30,000 and the building over $130,000.

At the close of the first term of the High school in 1869, Miss Tower resigned and Miss M. M. Morrison filled her place until November, 1869, when Miss M. A. Hodgdon was elected first assistant. Mr. Johnson's acknowledged abilit}' and earnestness, supplemented by Miss Hodgdon' s efficiency and long experience in teaching, laid the foundation for a higher education which had long been demanded by the intelligent people of Portland. In 1872, Alexander Meacham was elected the first teacher of French, and in 1874, Rev. John Rosenberg was elected as special teacher of German.

The first regular examination by a board of examiners for promotion to the High school, was held on the 20th day of September, 1873. Thirteen pupils were examined, eleven of whom were members of the North school - the other two being members of a private school.

In 1876, 137 pupils were enrolled at the High school, and Rev. T. L. Eliot, then county school superintendent, says in his report for the year: "The High school is constantly increasing in members and influence for good in the couim unity. The country is beginning to look at its scholars as prospective teachers - a thorough education and culture are imparted, and full opportunity is here given to young men and women to fit themselves for the business of life."

]\Ir. Johnson was succeeded as principal, in 1886, by A. J. Anderson, who retained the position for one year, when R. K. Warren was chosen. Mr. Warren remained until 1888, when Miss Ella C. Sabin was elected to the dual position of city superintendent and principal of the High school. Miss Sabin has since most ably filled both positions. She has been intimately identified with the cause of popular education in this city and State for over fifteen j-ears and in great measure the present gratifying success of the public schools of Portland, is due to her excellent management.

Aliss Sabin is assisted in the management of the High School by the following corps of teachers: Mr. L,. F. Henderson, principal's assistant; Miss H. F. Spalding, Miss Christina MacConnell, Mrs. Alice C. Gove, Mrs. Margaret Allen, Mr. Calvin U. Gantenbein and Miss Lillian E. Pool.

Couch And Failing Schools

At the annual meeting of the taxpayers, held March 6, 1882, the board of directors were authorized to purchase two blocks for school purposes - one in the northern and the other in the southern part of the city and to erect on each a school building. The board bought block 159, Couch's addition, and block 55, Caruther's addition. On the last named block a two-story, wooden building, of twelve rooms, was completed in October, 1883, at a cost of $38,800, upon which was bestowed the name of the Failing school, in honor of Josiali Failing. The building in the Couch addition, an exact counterpart of the Failing school, was completed in 188i. The latter was named in honor of Capt. John H. Couch, who, with Josiah Failing, was a member of the first board of directors after the re-organization of the district in 1856.

Miss Anna M. Burnham has been principal of the Failing schrol ever since its organization and is assisted by fourteen assistant teachers. Miss Georgia L,. Parker was principal of the Couch school for one year, since which Justus Burnham has held the position. Thirteen assistant teachers are employed.

The Lownsdale Primary is a separate department of the Portland school system, but at present occupies quarters in the High School building. Miss Carrie Packard is principal. Si.x subordinate teachers are employed.

Since September, 1886, a school has been maintained on Portland Heights, known as the Ainsworth School, named in honor of Capt. J. C. Ainsworth, a former director. Miss Marian S. Clarke is principal.

The school buildings possessed by the district are not only well adapted to the purposes for which they were built, but those constructed within the past few years add greatly to the architect- ural appearance of the city. They number, including the High School, six, five of which have twelve rooms each, while the seating capacity of all the public schools is 4,500. Upon these buildings the district has expended over $250,000. The property of the district comprises five and one-half blocks of ground, while the buildings thereon and their contents are valued at $375,000.

There are three departments in the scheme of the public schools - Primary, Grammar and High. Tlie Primary is divided into four grades, each requiring one year to complete. The Grammar department has the same number of grades, requiring four years to complete. The High school course requires three and four years work, according to the course pursued. The English or general course can be completed in three years, while the classical requires four years.

The studies pursued in the Primary and Grammar department are similar to those commonh- taught in such schools. The High school has a liberal course of study, consisting of higher mathematics, the Natural Sciences, Latin, German, Mental Philosophy, Political Economy, Rhetoric, English Literature, General History, Elocution and Constitutional Government.

Ninety-five teachers are employed in the public schools, exclusive of the superintendent. The present annual cost of maintaining this corps of employes is about $80,000.

Of the above, Mr. I. W. Pratt, has been . employed in the public schools for twenty years, while Mr. T. W. Crawford and Miss Ella C. Sabin have been in continuous service for a period of fifteen years, and Miss A. L. Atwood, Miss A. M. Burnham, Miss Jennie Caples, Miss A. L. Dimick, Mrs. A. C. Gove, Mrs. Sarah E. Harker, Mr. L,. F. Henderson, Miss C. MacConnell, Miss M. L. Powell, Miss R. E. Rounds, Miss H. F. Spalding, and Miss Ellen C. Turner, have been employed for more than ten years.

The first Superintendent of the city schools was S. W. King, who was appointed in 1S73. He was succeeded by T. M. Crawford, in 1878, who served until the appointment of Miss Ella C. Sabin, in 1888.

The growth of Portland during the past few years is perhaps as clearly indexed by the growth of the common schools as by any other means. From the time the public school system had attained sufficient importance to be placed under the control of a city superintendent, the number of pupils who have received instruction at the public schools, has increased from year to year. The following table will show the number of pupils enrolled each year since that time :

The gain in the total number of pupils registered since 1874, a period of fifteen years, has been 2,982, which is a total gain of nearly 200 per cent, in considerably less than a score of years. It will also be seen that the number registered in 1889, above that of the previous year, is greater than it has been any year since 1884, showing that the growth of the schools has corresponded to the increase in population, and the material prosperity of the city.

While the material resources of the city have been developed, its commercial interests carefully consulted and its transportation facilities largely increased, the education of its future citizens has not been neglected. During the last ten years more than $1,000,000 have been expended by the taxpayers of the city in the cause of popular education. In 1880 the sum of $43,862.03 was paid out for maintenance of schools; in 1881, $68,589.07; 1882, $118,- 105.56; 1883, $160,097.92; 1884, $150,150.42; 1885, $128,- 551.07; 1886, $129,362.20; 1887, $94,765.07; 1888, $139,- 593.02; 1889, $135,347.51, and for 1890 it is estimated that $154,530.00 will be required. These large sums have been judiciously used and have made possible a system of free schools such as affords pupils an opportunity for a good practical education not surpassed by any city in the land.

Under the laws of Oregon the public schools of Portland are not under municipal control, the city government having nothing whatever to do with the city schools. The school district is a separate corporation, although the territorial limits of the distridl are identical with those of the city. All matters pertaining to the schools are primarily decided, not by the general voters but by the taxpayers, and women as well as men have a vote here. The schools are under the management of a board of five dire<ftors, chosen by the taxpayers, one being elected each year to serve five years. The amount of money to support the schools is raised by such tax on the property of the school distridl as may be voted at the annual meeting of taxpayers held in March.

The district has been most fortunate in the seletlion of its school officers. Since the organization of the free school system, the board of directors has been composed of Portland's most progressive and public spirited citizens who have generously devoted their time and attention to the cause of popular education. A complete list of those who have served the cit)- in this capacity since the organization of the distridl, in 1856, is herewith appended, it being eminently fit that the names of these laborers in behalf of the public weal should be preserved:

Membeks Of The Board

Besides the public schools mentioned in the foregoing, Portland offers many advantages in the way of private and special schools for those who prefer them. Among the first of the private schools which assumed any magnitude was the Portland Academy and Female Institute, which was opened in 1850, by Mr. Buchanan. In 1852, C. S. Kingsley and wife assumed its control and managed it for several years. It was located on Seventh street between Columbia and Jefferson streets. In 1862, Rev. D. E. Blain was principal and Miss S. A. Cornell, preceptress, at which time there were seventy-five pupils in attendance. Two years later, O. S. Frambes became principal; Mrs. S. E. Frambes, preceptress, and J. G. Deardorf and Miss Mar>' McGee, assistant teachers. For some years after it maintained a high rank as an educational institution, but the growth and development of the public school system finally usurped the field and it ceased to exist in 1878.

St. Mary's Acadenn-, the oldest private school in Portland, was founded, in 1859, by the Sisters of the Most Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, from Montreal, Canada, who at the same time established a convent of their order. They opened a day and boarding school in a small wooden building on Fourth street, between Mill and Market streets. The school has had a prosperous career, and a large threestory brick building has recently been completed at a cost of $40,000 to meet the demand of the rapidly growing patronage it enjoys. At present twenty teachers are employed in instructing the 250 pupils successor. Mr. Arnold died in Februar}% 1878, and D. W. Williams was appointed to the vacancy. Mr. Williams was regularly elected the first time in .A.pril, 1878.

Of the thirty-three persons, including the present board, who have served as school directors during these thirt}--three years, the following are dead: Wm. Weatherford, Josiah Failing, Alexander Campbell, John. H. Couch, J. D. Holman, Thos. J. Holmes, A. L. Lovejoy, J. A. Chapman, John G. Glenn and Charles Hodge.

In October, 1862, the school law was amended, making a term of a director three years. In October, 1882, an act was passed constituting cities of 10,000 inhabitants one school district - increasing the number of directors to five and extending the term to five years.

who are receiving their education at this institution. All of the common English branches are taught, besides Latin, German and French. Rev. IMother Mar>' Justina is provincial superior and vSister Mary Patrick is directress of studies.

It would be almost impossible to give even a list of the numerous private schools which, for a time, flourished in Portland. Among the earliest, not before mentioned, were those conducted by Rev. P. Machen, J. McBride and J. H. Stinson. For a time the congregation of Beth Israel maintained a Hebrew school, on the corner of Fifth and Oak streets. It was under the supervision of Rev. Dr. Eckman as principal and Rev. H. Bories and Geo. F. Bovnton, teachers. The directors were: H. F. Bloch, N. Werthermer and S. Blumauer.

Among the most successful of the private schools of Portland is the Bishop Scott Acadenn-, which owes its origin to the Protestant Episcopal church. As far back as the year 1854, a long time ago in this country, a committee was appointed by Bishop Thomas F. Scott, to secure property for a school, to be conducted under the auspices of the Portland Episcopal Church, in the then Territory of Oregon. The site selected was a tract of land near Oswego. Trinity school was finally opened in the spring of 1856, with Mr. Bernard Cornelius as princiijal. It had a precarious existence for a number of years, sometimes being closed for a year at a time, and closed pennanently in 1865. Such names as the Rev. Mr. Fackler, the Rev. John W. Sellwood, and IMr. Hodgkinson are to be found on the records of the school, as having been in charge at various times. After the arrival of Bishop Morris upon his field ot labor, in June, 1869, he took steps to establish a school for boys in the then jurisdiction of Oregon and Washington. He chose Portland as the site of the institution, which he named - in honor of his predecessor - The Bishop Scott Grammar and Divinity School. The very first money ever received b}^ Bishop Morris for this purpose came from some little boys at the Ury School, Penns\lvania. They saved their spending money during Lent, and sent an offering of $50 to the Bishop of Oregon, for a school for boys. One of those little benefactors, now a busv man, recently visited Portland, and manifested a warm interest in the academy which he had aided, as a child. Two double blocks in the pleasantest part of the city were next given for school purposes b)- Captain Flanders and Mrs. Caroline Couch; and the corner stone of the Bishop Scott Grammar School was laid on the 5th of July, 1870, by Bishop Morris, assisted by several of the clergy. The grounds at that time were away out in the woods in the western part of the city, and it required great faith in the development of the country and the town to establish a school at that time and place. With indomitable perseverance, however, it was built and opened for business on September 6, 1870, imder Prof Chas. H. Allen. The chapel of the school was named St. Timothy's. The property at Oswego was sold for about $5,000, and held as the beginning of an endowment for the Bishop Scott Grammar School. The school was successful from the very beginning under the wise management of Prof Allen. It continued with varying success until it was overcome by misfortune in the burning of the building on November 8, 1877. A large amount of church property was destroyed and the school received a severe set back. With his remarkable energy, however, Bishop Morris set to work immediately towards re-building the institution, and the corner stone of the present building was laid June 6, 1878. School was re-opened September 3d, of that year, under the charge of Dr. J. W. Hill as head master, who has been at his post up to the present writing. In 1887, the armory was built and military discipline was introduced; the name of the school changed to Bishop Scott Academy, the whole school re-organized and the institution entered upon a new era of usefulness. During 1888 and 1889, about $15,000 were expended on permanent improvements on the school property, consisting of a wing on the north side, practicall}' more than doubling the capacity of the institution. For a number of years past the school has been on a substantial basis and has met with all the success its friends could wish for. It has grown to be an institution in the broadest sense of the word. The course of study is varied to meet the requirements of any class of students. The history of the school is closely interwoven with that of very many families. Its graduates and former pupils are now to be found all over our Northwest. The influence for good that it has upon the young of the Northwest is beyond calculation. Its present success is very gratifying to all interested in the cause of Christian education.

St. Helen's Hall, a school for girls, was founded by the Rt. Rev. B. Wistar Morris, D. D., the present bishop of Oregon. Immediately upon his election as missionary bishop in 1868, he conceived the plan of establishing a girl's school of a high order, in which religious and secular education should go hand in hand. In this undertaking he sought and obtained the co-operation of the sisters of his wife, the Misses Rodney, of Delaware, all graduates of St Mary's Hall, Burlington, N. J., and teachers of reputation in the east.

Bishop Morris soon bought from Mrs. Scott, the widow of his predecessor, a desirable site for the girl's school near the Plaza. The funds necessary for this purchase were furnished by Mr. John D. Wolfe, of New York, a noble churchman, who did the like for many other church schools in our country.

The school opened September 6th, 1869, in the building then known as St. Stephen's Chapel, standing at the southwest corner of Fourth and Madison streets. There were fifty pupils on the opening day. By November 1, the number had increased to eighty and the principals, finding that they had more than they could do, called Miss Atkinson, now j\Irs. F. j\I. Warren, Jr., to share their duties. Since then, the Misses Rodney have constantly taught in the school and continued to dire6l it, having had a gradually increasing corps of able assistants. Of them, Miss Lydia H. Blackler and Mrs. ]\Iary B. Clopton may be especially mentioned, both having been very efficient in their departments; the one giving thirteen years of service and the other ten. Miss Rachel W. Morris, the very capable and energetic sister of the bishop, had much to do with the planing of the building and the organizing of the domestic department; and Mrs. Morris, the bishop's wife, in the twelve years of her residence in the school, was also a zealous worker in behalf of the school.

The main dwelling, which was to be occupied by the bishop's family and the boarding department of the school, was not finished till November 27, 1869. The funds necessarv for this building and for the various' additions made to it, all came from friends of the church in the East, except the sum of $5,000, which was advanced by some citizens of Portland, to be repaid to them in scholarships.

The school had grown so large by Christmas, that the recitation rooms were too small and too few. The chapel was accordingly moved to an adjoining lot, purchased of Mr. Charles Holman. The building was then enlarged. As the school continued to grow, other additions were made to the dwelling house.

The name "St. Helen's Hall" was given by two of the charter members of the faculty; one wishing to honor the memory of St. Helena, mother of Constantine, the other having in mind that "snowv cone" of Oregon, Mount St. Helens, which seems to keep watch as a sentinel over Portland. In 1880, the new chapel of the school was begun. It stands at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson streets. It is a beautiful building, adorned with windows of stained glass, many of which are memorials of the departed. One of them was erected b}' several young men in memory of Henry Rodney Morris, the eldest son of Bishop Morris, who, when not quite nineteen years old, gave up his life in an attempt to save the lives of two workmen.

The domestic arrangements of this school are those of a home. Very earnest attention is given to the health of the pupils. To this end, calisthenics form a part of the daily exercise, as well as walking.

The course of study is high. It ma>- be either regular or special. It is quite abreast of the demands of the times and the improved conditions of society.

The school has an extensive library- and an herbarium of great value, as well as a fine collection of shells, some from abroad, and many from the rivers and coast of Oregon. The instruction given is after the best methods in all departments, and so it has ever been. The German School of Music has always been the standard, in the musical department; and both this and the art department have more than a local reputation. Good English is cultivated, both in speaking and writing. The pupils are drawn from Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Alaska, California and Honolulu.

In view of the probable extension of the business portion of Portland into the quarter in which the Hall stands, Bishop Morris, several years ago, secured a beautiful block of ground on the western outskirts of the city, near the Park; and there the school will shortly be removed. This change has been hastened by the action of the city council, in selecting the present site of the school as that of the new city hall. A fine new brick building will soon be erected, and there it is expected that St. Helen's Hall will begin its next year. The grounds of the new home will be even more ample than those of the present one, and the magnificent view of river and mountain will be unobstructed.

Doubtless the twenty years of successful management bj' the same rector and principals have much to do with the present standing of the school. That it will continue to be a blessing to the State of Oregon seems to be assured. Probably 2,000 girls have received instruction at this institution, while 62 have graduated. The latter have formed themselves into a society of graduates and from time to time do some deed of kindness to their Alma Alater which strengthens the bonds that already unite them to her.

St. Michael's College was opened August 28, 1871. It was founded by Ver}- Rev. John F. Fierens, Vicar General, with Rev. A. J. Glorieu.x (now Bishop of Idaho), as first principal. In February, 1886, the college was transferred to the care of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, who still continue its management. The object of the college is to give a Christian education to Catholic youths, but those of other denominations are received without any interference whatever with religious opinions. The course of study is divided into four departments, viz: Preparatory-, Intermediate, Commercial and Collegiate, the latter includes Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Surveying and Navigation, Rhetoric, English Composition and Christian Ethics. The present number of students is two hundred.

The Independent German School, corner of Morrison and Ninth streets was established in 1870 by a society composed of some of Portland's most progressive citizens for the purpose of providing a school where both the English and Gennan languages could be faithfully taught without any religious basis. It is supported by voluntary contributions and tuition fees. Frederick Beecher is principal.

The International Academy, corner of Ninth and Stark streets, was started in 1875 by Rev. John Gantenbein, pastor of the First Evangelical Reformed Church, as director, and his daughters as teachers. German and English are taught.

Portland has two medical colleges. The older of these institutions, the Medical College of the Willamette University, was removed from Salem to Portland in 1878. For several years a building on the east side of Fourth street between Morrison and Yamhill, was used for college purposes, but in 1885 a new college building was completed at a cost of $25,000, on the comer of Fourteenth and C streets, capable of accommodating two hundred students. The faculty in 1878 was composed of L. L,. Rowland, M. D., emeritus Professor of physiology and microscopy; A. Sharpies, M. D., Professor of principles and practice of surgery; D. Pay ton, M. D. , Professor of psychology and psychological medicine; W. H. Watkins, M. D., Professor of theory and practice of medicine; R. Glisan, M. D. , Professor of obstetrics; P. Harvey, M. D. Professor of diseases of women and children; O. P. S. Plummer, M. D., Professor of materia medica and therapeutics and Dean of the faculty; S. E. Josephi, M. D., Professor of genito-urinary and surgical anatomy; R. O. Rex. M. D., Professor of organic and inorganic chemistry; Matthew P. Deady, Professor of medical jurisprudence; E. P. Frazer, M. D., Professor of hygiene and dermatology; H. C. Wilson, M. D., Professor of eye, ear and throat; R. H. Alden, M. D., Demonstrator of anatomy. The present faculty is composed of E. P. Frazer, M. D., Professor of diseases of women and children and Dean of the faculty; C. H. Hall, M. D. , Professor of theory and practice of medicine; James Browne, M. D., Professor of physiology and hygiene ; Richmond Kelly, M. D., Professor of obstetrics; W. E. Rineliart,

The Medical Department of the University of Oregon was established in Portland 1887, and at the present time the college is located in the Good Samaritan Hospital, corner of Twenty-first and L streets. The faculty is composed of Hon. Matthew P. Deady, L. L. D., president of the Board of Regents and Professor of medical jurisprudence; S. E. Josephi, M. D. , Dean of the Faculty and Professor of obstetrics and psychological medicine; Curtis C. Strong, M. D., secretary of the faculty and Professor of gynaecology and clinical obstetrics; Holt C. Wilson, M. D., Professor of the principles and practice of surgery- and clinical surgery; Otto S. Binswanger, M. D., Professor of chemistry and toxicology; K. A. J. Mackenzie, M. D. , Professor of theor}- and practice of clinical medicine; A. C. Panton, M. D. Professor of general and descriptive anatomy; J. F. Bell, M. D. , Professor of materia medica and therapeutics and microscopy; M. A. Flinn, M. D. , Professor of physiology; G. M. Wells, M. D., Professor of diseases of children; Henr}' E.Jones, M. D., Professor of gynaecology; W. H. Saylor, M. D., Professor diseases of genito-urinary organs and clinical surgery'; A. J. Giesy, M. D. , Professor of dermatology and hygiene; F. B. Eaton, M. D., Professor of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat; Wm. Jones, M. D., Professor of clinical surgery; Thomas B. Perry, M. D., United States Marine Surgeon, Professor of clinical surgery; Richard Nunn, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy.

Portland has two business colleges, which furnish ample means for instrucftion to those who desire to pursue a commercial life. The older of these institutions, the Portland Business College, was established November, 1866, by Mr. H. M. DeFrance and M. K.

Lauden, as the "National Business College," by whom it was condudled until July, 1872. - Mr. Lauden then disposed of his interest to W. S. James, who continued the school till February, 1874, when he was succeeded by W. Lynn White. DeFrance and White continued together until July, 1880, when De France retired from the school, White becoming sole owner, and changing the name to " White's Business College." The school was conducted by White until the time of his death, which occurred in April, 1881. Mr. A. P. Armstrong bought the school of the administrator of the estate of Mr. White, in July, 1881, changing the name to " Portland Business College," by which it is now known. He condu<5led the school as sole owner until March, 1889, when it was sold to the Portland Business College Association, an incorporated company with the following stockholders: A. P. Armstrong, D. P. Thompson, L. L. McArthur, T. H. Crawford, Wm. Kapus, Philip Wasserman, Walter F. Burrell and D. Solis Cohen. This association is now conducing the school. Its design is to afford young men and women an opportunity to fit themselves for practical life. The following departments are maintained, to- wit: business, shorthand, typewriting, penmanship and English.

The Holmes Business College is a comparatively new venture. It was opened in 1887 by G. Holmes, by whom it has since been condudled. Quarters have been fitted up in the Abington block with all appliances for giving a thorough education in such knowledge as is needed in following a business avocation.

Besides the above there are special schools for special instrudlion in needle work, a kindergarten school, and many opportunities for private instrudlion afforded by special tutors. Portland, it will be seen, has all the necessary adv'antages for instrudlion in the common, and many of the special branches of education, and only needs a first class university to crown the sj'stem to make it one of the strongest of educational cities.

Financial Institutions

Early Banks - Causes Which Stimulated the Growth of Banking Interests - Financial Condition of Portland Banks - Ladd & Tilton - First National Bank - Bank of British Columbia - Oregon and Washington Mortgage Bank - Portland Savings Bank - London and San Francisco Bank - Merchants' National Bank - Oregon National Bank - Portland National Bank - Ainsworth National Bank - Commercial National Bank - Northwest Loan and Trust Companj' - Portland Trust Compaii)- - Northwest Fire and Marine Insurance Company - Pacific Fire Insurance Company.

THE first banking house of Portland was established in 1859 by William S. Ladd and C. E. Tilton, under the firm name of Ladd & Tilton. It was a private enterprise and was undertaken to facilitate the commercial business of the city. For several years thereafter it was the only banking institution in the city and fully met all the demands made upon it. In 1866 the First National Bank and the Bank of British Columbia entered the field. In 1868 these three banks had a working capital, including deposits, of $1,500,000, ample for the mercantile business then conducfted, since the entire exports of Oregon at that time did not exceed $1,250,000. Money lending on mortgages, by corporations, was then unknown, and there was little mortgage money in the hands of individuals. So much was this the case that interest readily commanded twelve per cent, with a brokerage of five per cent, and often a much higher rate was obtained.

In 1869, 1870, 1871 and 1872, the construcflion of that portion of the Northern Pacific railroad which connecfted the Columbia River with Paget Sound, and the extension of the Oregon & California railroad through the Willamette Valley for 200 miles, considerably increased the imports into Oregon, which were principally rails, rolling stock, tin and salt in British ships. These vessels for the first time carried wheat and flour to Europe. Foreign capital was thus attracted to Oregon, and in 1873 the Oregon and Washington Trust Company was formed in Scotland, with a capital of $250,000, exclusively for mortgage loans on farms. In 1875 its capital was increased to $500,000, and in 1878 it had invested over $1,000,000 in the State.

Little progress was made in commercial banking, however, from 1874 to 1877 on account of the stoppage of railroad constru<5lion and the small immigration of this period. The three banks referred to held practically control of the commercial banking of the entire State from 1868 to 1878. So carefully had the moneys of these institutions been invested that the commercial panic, which, in 1875, caused the suspension of the Bank of California, and many similar banking institutions, did not affect Portland at all.

The Oregon and Washington Savings Bank was the fourth bank organized in Portland. It came into existence in 1876. It was followed in 1878 by the Bank of British North America, and in the next two years the Portland Savings Bank, the Metropolitan Savings Bank, and the Willamette Savings Bank entered the field.

From 1879 to 1883 the construction and extension of the Villard system of railroads, which included the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, Northern Pacific, Oregon and California, and Oregonian Railway, under one management, caused a vast increase of population. The commerce of the State took rapid strides and the money spent in the community, from the building of 1,890 miles of railway rapidly enhanced the value of the banking institutions of Portland. Fortunately the gold coin basis on which the banks first did business in Oregon, from 1860, was continued and prevented that depreciation in value of securities which was so common in the western states after the war.

When the foreign export trade of Portland advanced from $1,250,000 in 1868, to $12,936,493 in 1884, and the import trade to $28,203,746, considerable local capital of the city sought for further extensions by the subsequent organization of the Portland National, Ainsworth National, Commercial National and latterly the Oregon National and the Merchants National Banks, with a united paid up capital of $750,000. These five National institutions, with the First National, Ladd & Tilton, Bank of British Columbia, London and San Francisco banks practically do the entire commercial banking business of the State, some of them having many subsidiary institutions all over Oregon and Washington which are tributary and feeders to the Portland banks.

It is safe to say that Portland, at the present time, has as strong banking institutions as any city in the United States of equal population. All are doing a safe business and are conducted on a conservative basis, and the people of Portland take pride in their management and repiitation. As there are no State laws requiring the publication of the deposits or capital of State banks and private bankers or those of foreign banks doing business in Oregon, their present condition and aggregate strength cannot be accurately ascertained. The following is a summary of the condition of the six national banks of Portland taken from the last report of the United States Comptroller of the currency for the year ending in December, 1888: Total paid up capital, $1,250,000; surplus fund, $187,500; undivided profits, $573, 359. 64; individual deposits (excluding government deposits), $3,627,497.79; loans and discounts, $3,717,789.12; invested in United States bonds, $825,000; total liabilities, $7,209,- 734.65; while the lawful money reserve was more than double the amount required by law. These figures reveal the remarkable healthful condition of the national banks of Portland. Indeed, there has never been a failure or suspension of any national bank in Oregon.

British Banks

The average standing deposits in the ten banks named above is equal to $10,000,000, which, with the legitimate banking capital and the capital of the various loan companies of the city would make the present available banking resources of Portland fully $20,000,000, a statement based on a conservative rather than over estimate.

A Clearing House was opened in Portland, July 15, 1889, and from that date we are enabled to give the reports for the first twentyfour weeks of its existence.

Banking statistics such as the above are conceded to furnish the best possible gauge for determining the real condition of a city's commercial standing, and Portland's exhibit in this regard places her, according to population, as a trade center, unsurpassed in the United States.

In mortgage banking the success of the Oregon and Washington Trust Company from 1873 to 1880, when it was consolidated with the Dundee Mortgage Company at a premium of seventy per cent, profit, caused foreign mortgage companies to seek investment on the North Pacific Coast. In 1880 the Pacific Loan Company of Liverpool, and the Dundee Mortgage and Trust Investment Company, of Scotland, entered the field. Subsequently the American Freehold and Land Mortgage Company, of London, and the New England Mortgage Company, of Connecticut, followed by the American Mortgage Company, of Scotland, in 1881 and the Oregon Mortgage Company, in 1883, all of which opened offices at Portland. These companies had a combined capital of over $3,500,- 000 invested in the State of Oregon and Washington Territory, which was the means of developing, to a great extent, the lands of Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington, supplying the new settlers, who arrived from 1879 to 1883, through the building of the Villard system of railroads, with money to improve the vast tracts of land which was then opened up for settlement. Their aggregate strength, however, alarmed the granger portion of the State Legislature and in December, 1882, a special mortgage tax law was passed, declaring that all mortgages should be taxed at their face or par value. The effect of this law has been, in the main, harmful. The companies previously named immediately called in all matured loans and have greatly reduced their investments since the law went into effect. That the development of the resources of the country has been retarded by this legislative attempt to decrease the profits to the mortgagor, is an acknowledged fact. Foreign capital, in a great measure, has sought other fields, while the mortgage demand being much greater than the supply, has caused a higher rate of interest to be maintained than would have been the case if competition for mortgage securities had prevailed.

No change occurred in the firm of Ladd & Tilton, private bankers, from the time they commenced business, in April, 1859, until 1880, when Mr. Tilton withdrew. They commenced business at 73 Front street, and so successfully were they that, in 1861, the capital was increased from $50,000 to $100,000. A few years later the earnings of the bank turned into the business brought its capital up to $1,000,000. When the partnership was dissolved, that is, in 1880, bills receivable amounted to upwards of $2,500,000. As an evidence of the sound and safe business conducted by this concern, it may be stated, that when the bank made its statement, in 1888, there was less than $1,300 of this balance still outstanding. Business was conducted on Front street until 1869, when the present bank building, corner of First and Stark street was completed. The career of W. S. Ladd, who has been at the head of this financial house from the start, is so thoroughly given in other portions of this volume as to make further mention in this connection unnecessary. His close business calculation and powers of financiering have made possible the accumulation of the largest private fortune in the Pacific Northwest. He still personally superintends and manages his extensive interests with all the shrewd, far-seeing business sagacity which marked his younger years. Since the retirement of Mr. Tilton, Mr. Ladd's eldest son, William M. , has been a partner in the bank. He inherits many of his father's traits, a strong will, perseverance and sterling integrity. He was prepared for college at Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated from Amherst College in 1878.

The First National Bank, as its name implies, was the first bank organized on the Pacific Coast under the national banking law, and remained for several years the only one. It was organized early in 1866 and opened its doors for business in May of the same year with a paid up capital of $100,000. L. M. Starr was president and James Steel, cashier. The opening was announced by advertisement in the Oregonian of May 9, stating that the bank was the designated depositary and financial agent of the government, and that exchange would be drawn on San Francisco and New York at favorable terms. For some time the bank occupied the upper floor of the building. No. 73 Front street.

In August, 1869, the greater part of the stock of the concern passed into the hands of Hon. Henry W. Corbett and Hon. Henry Failing, who have since so successfully controlled its destinies and extended its business. Its capital has been increased from $100,000 to $500,000, while its foreign business has been extended until now it has correspondents in ever important city in the world and has become the principal banking house of the city. Since 1869 Henry Failing has been president of the bank and Henry W. Corbett, vice president. The other officers are: G. E- Withington, cashier and H. J. Corbett, assistant cashier. The present building occupied by the bank on the corner of First and Washington streets was erected in 1883 at a cost of $80,000, and is the finest bank building in the city.

The Bank of British Cohimbia is a branch of a London, England, corporation, which was founded in 1860 and has a capital of $2,425, - 000. The Portland banch was established in 1866 with E. Russel as acting manager. It has been very successfully conducted and enjoys a liberal patronage. For several years, George Good, a financier of well recognized ability, has had charge of the business in this city. The bank building, at the junction of A, Front and Vine streets, was erected in 1882 and cost $65,000.

The Oregon and Washington Mortgage Savings Bank was incorporated in 1876, with William Reid as president, and reorganized in 1881. It has done a large amount of biisiness, principally among the farming population of the Willamette Valley, several million dollars having been loaned to this class during the first eleven years of the bank's existence. William Reid has continued as president ever since the organization of the bank. William Lowe is cashier.

The Portland Savings Bank was organized in 1880, and for the first two years of its existence was conducted largely as a matter of experiment. From a small beginning it has grown, however, to be one of the leading banks of the city. The first location of the bank was at the corner of Ash and Front streets, but at the end of the first year the demands of the business requiring larger quarters the bank was removed to the corner of Second and Stark. Here it remained until the completion of the elegant bank building at the corner of Washington and Second, where the bank occupies most attractive quarters. The president of the bank is Frank Dekum, who was also one of the incorporators of the institution. The other officers are W. K. Smith, vice-president, and H. C. Stratton, cashier. The board of directors is composed of D. P. Thompson, W. F. Burrell, Frank Dekum, W. K. Smith, R. M. Wade, George H. Durham, S. A. Durham, C. A. Dolph, Ward S. Stevens, E. J. Jeffrey and Cleveland Rockwell. The bank has a paid up capital of $125,000, with a surplus and undivided profits of $120,000.

The London and San Francisco Bank is a branch of an English corporation, with headquarters in London. It was established in 1882, and represents a paid up capital and reserve of $2,375,000. Under the direction of W. Mackintosh, manager, this institution has had a well deserved success in Portland.

The Merchants' National Bank is successor to the Willamette Savings Bank. The latter institution was incorporated in 1883, with James Steel as president, but, in 1886, it was changed to a commercial bank under the present name of the Merchants' National Bank. Mr. Steel was chosen president, and has continued to retain the position ever since. His connection with the bank has largely contributed to its success. For many years he was cashier of the First National Bank and is not only a financier of acknowledged ability, but is a moving spirit in many important enterprises which have been inaugurated in Portland during recent years. Associated with Mr. Steel in the management of the bank is J. Loewenberg, the vice-president, who is prominently identified with some of the strongest financial organizations in the Northwest. I. A. Macrum is cashier. The board of directors is composed of James Steel, J. Loewenberg, H. L. Hoyt, J. K. Gill, J. F. Watson, W. C. Johnson and I. A. Macrum.

The Oregon National Bank is the out growth of the Metropolitan Savings Bank, which was incorporated in September, 1882, with a capital of $150,000. Hon. Van B. DeLashmutt was the leading spirit in its formation, and was elected president. Under his able financiering the venture proved a success, notwithstanding the depressed condition of the country which immediately followed its inception. On the foundation of the success achieved, the Oregon National Bank was organized in June, 1887, with a capital of $150,000, which later on was increased to $200,000. Mr. DeLashmutt was elected president, a position he has ever since retained. The other ofiicers of the bank are George B. Markle, vice-president, and D. F. Sherman, cashier. The directors are: Richard Williams, George H. Williams, George B. Markle, W. W. Thayer, Van B. DeLashnmtt, D. F. Sherman, J. H. Smith, H. Thielsen and C. H. Dodd. The Oregon National Bank has rapidly gained a large business and holds a place in the foremost rank among the financial concerns of the city. The officers have in contemplation the erection of a new bank btiilding which will be an ornament to the city and furnish adequate accommodations for the growing business of this institution.

The Portland National Bank was incorporated in May, 1884, and has been in successful operation ever since. Wm. Reid is president and Wm. Lowe, cashier. The diredlors are: William Reid, A. Reid,

The Ainsworth National Bank was organized in 1883, with a capital of $100,000. This bank is located in the Ainsworth block, corner Third and Oak streets, a substantial fire proof building. In connexion with the bank is a safe deposit vault for the storage of valuables, which is extensively patronized. The officers of the bank are: L. L,. Hawkins, president; W. K. Smith, vice-president: J. P. Marshall, cashier. The diredlors are L. L,. Hawkins, W. K. Smith, Preston C. Smith, J. P. Marshall and W. S. Charleston.

The Commercial National Bank commenced business January 4, 1886, with a capital of $100,000, which has since been increased to $250,000. D. P. Thompson the president of the bank is largely interested in country banks and has thus been enabled to draw around him an extensive clientage. Frank Dekum is vice-president, and R. L. Durham, cashier. The board of directors is composed of

D. P. Thompson, F^rank Dekuni, R. M. Wade, E. S. Kearney, George H. Williams, R. Jacobs, L,. White, Henry Weinhard, Cleveland Rockwell, J. W. Hill, H. C. Wentman, J. B. David, W. F. Burrell, George H. Durham and R. L,. Durham. This bank occupies a portion of the Portland Savings' Bank building, corner of Second and Washington streets.

Loan And Trust Companies

LOAN AND TRUST COMPANIES. The Northwest Loan and Trust Company, and the Portland Trust Company of Oregon, both do a savings bank business. The former was incorporated February 2, 1887, with a capital of $150,- 000. It receives and pays interest on sums of one dollar and upwards, and also executes trusts of every description; a6ls as assignee, receiver, guardian, executor and administrator or in any other fiduciary capacity. The officers are George B. Markle, president; J. L. Hartman, treasurer, and W. G. Dillingham, secretar>-. The board of directors is composed of George H. Williams, Herbert Bradley, S. B. Willey, H. Thielsen, J. A. Sladen, C. A. Alisky, Thos. F. Osborn, D. F. Sherman, Geo. B. Markle, J. L. Hartman, Chas. F. Beebe and J. Thorburn Ross.

Insurance Companies

During the last few years four local insurance companies have come into existence in Portland, and all of them are prosperous and on a solid financial basis. The oldest of these is the Oregon Fire and Marine Insurance Company which was incorporated in 1881 and has a paid up capital of $220,000. L. White is president; H. W. Corbett, vice-president and Edward Hall, secretary-.

The Northwest Fire and Marine Insurance Company was incorporated in January, 1886, but did not commence business until the fall of 1887. It has a capital of $500,000. The officers are: J. Loewenberg, president; J. McCraken, vice-president; R.P. Earhart, secretary and manager; F. M. Warren, treasurer, and E. Everett, assistant secretary.

The Columbia Fire and Marine Insurance Company was organized in May, 1887, with a cash capital of $500,000. It engages in all the business pertaining to fire and marine insurance. The directory of the company includes: D. P. Thompson, Asabel Bush, Frank Dekum, H. Thielsen, Walter F. Burrell and John A. Child. The officers are: Frank Dekum, president; A. H. Breyman, vice-president, and Peter Outcalt, secretary.

The Pacific Fire Insurance Company of Portland was organized March, 1888, with a capital of $500,000. F. E. Beach is president; Wni. McFall, vice-president; J. A. Strowbridge, treasurer, and W. F. Brownton, secretary.

The Press

Earl)- Efforts to Start a Newspaper - Growth aud Progress of the Oregonian - 77)e Evening Telegram - The Western Star - Democratic Standard - Portland Daily Ne^vs - Pacific Christian Advocate - Daily Evening Tribune - Oregon Herald - Portland Daily Bulletin - Daily Bee - Daily Evening Journal - Evening Post - Northwest News - Oregon Deutsch Zeitung - Staats Zeitung - Fre:ie Press - List of Newspapers which Appeared from 1870 to 1880 - Catholic Sentinel - The New Northwest - Portland Journal of Commerce - North Pacific Rural Spirit - East Portland Papers - The West Shore - Sunday Mercury - Sunday Welcome - Pacific Express - Oregon Times - The Ror/d - Newspaper Mortuarj- Record from 1880 to 1890.

PORTLAND has always had an industrious and vigorous press. The fathers of the city were not slow to perceive that among the things necessary to build up the city and make it known to the world was an active and enterprising press, and very soon after the city was started there was an effort to establish a newspaper here. The project was talked of for a considerable time before means were found of carrj'ing it into execution. It was no easy matter to find a man who would undertake the publication of a newspaper in so young and small a community, and who at the same time possessed the ability and energ}' necessary for such a work. In those days there was not a newspaper in every village, as now. The business was yet to be created. Finally, towards the end of the year 1850, Col. W. W. Chapman, Hon. H. W. Corbett and others resolved that Portland must not wait longer for a newspaper, and that measures must be taken to establish one.

In the autumn of 1850, Messrs. Chapman and Corbett were in San Francisco on a variety of business relating to the new city of Portland. The newspaper was not forgotten. Their desire was to find a man who had the means of establishing a weekly newspaper and experience in conducting the business. Such a man fortunately was found in Thomas J. Dryer, the founder of the Oregonian. Mr. Dryer was a native of Ulster County, New York. He had worked on the country press in his State, and had become known as a vigorous writer. He was not a man of much literary culture, but had high intelligence and great energ)-, and by nature belonged to the west rather than to the east. He had just arrived in California and had brought with him a hand press and a small lot of printing material. Mr. Corbett, in pursuit of a man who would establish a paper in Portland, fell in with Mr. Dryer, and undertook to show him that Portland was just the place for him; just the place where he could make an outfit like his own available. Colonel Chapman joined in the effort, and Mr. Dr\'er was induced to come to Portland to start a newspaper.

There was delay in getting the press and material shipped to Portland, but it finally arrived and was hastily put in order, and the first number of the Oregoniah appeared December 4, 1850. It was a sheet of four .pages, six columns to the page, and was to be published weekly. From that day to this it has never missed a weekly issue. Mr. Dryer was an aggressive and spirited, though not a scholarly or polished writer. The journals of that day gave little attention to reporting the ordinary incidents or affairs of their locality; news-gathering had not yet been developed into a science or business, and petty political discussion, consisting largely of personalities, and often descending to grossness, was the staple of the newspaper's work. Soon after the Oregonian was started at Portland the Statesman was started at Oregon City, and as one was Whig and the other Democrat, controversies soon became hot between them. During a long period their columns were filled with bitter articles against each other, and the personalities of journalism were carried to an extreme seldom witnessed elsewhere. Their remote positions from centre of news, and the fact that few things of importance were transpiring in so small a community, were other causes that led the Oregon journals of that period to devote their space so largely to petty contention and personal vituperation. But the "Oregon style" passed away in course of years, with the conditions that produced it.

The Oregonian, it is needless to say, was not a prosperous paper. Its earnings were small and debts accumulated, but means were found to carry it on from year to year. In 1853, Henry L,. Pittock, who had just arrived in Oregon, across the plains, was engaged to work upon the paper. He was a practical printer, a youth of steady habits and great industry, and upon him gradually fell the duty of publishing the paper. Mr. Dryer gave little attention to details; he wrote editorials when in the humor - usually when he wished to assail or retort on opponents - -and yet the paper was a positive force in Portland and throughout Oregon, chiefly because it suited the humor of a considerable number of the people, and there was nothing else to take its place. Mr. Dryer, through its columns and through his activity in the small politics of the day, kept himself continually before the people; he was several times a member of the territorial legislature, where he was as aggressive as in the columns of his newspaper; and later he was a member of the convention that framed the constitution of the State. Meantime, Mr. Pittock, with the industiy, perseverance and judgment that have since made him so conspicious as a manager in journalism, was attending to the details and "getting out" the paper week after week. In 1860, Mr. Dryer was chosen one of the electors on the lyincoln presidential ticket. The next year he was appointed minister to the Hawaiian Islands, and as he owed Mr. Pittock quite a sum for services, the latter took the paper and soon started it upon that career which has since made it so successful and famous in journalism. Mr. Dryer, after several years of residence abroad, returned to Portland, where he died in 1879.

Upon undertaking to publish the paper on his own account, Mr. Pittock' s first resolve was to start a daily. Two daily papers were already published in Portland - the Times and Advertiser; and each of these appeared to have a better chance for life than the Oregonian. But the patience, industry, application and skill of Mr. Pittock soon decided the contest in his favor. The first number of the Daily Oregonian appeared February 4-, 1861. It was a sheet of four pages, with four columns to the page. As the civil war was just then breaking out great efforts were made to get news, and the energy of the Oregonian put it in the lead of its competitors. It was assisted also by its vigorous espousal of the cause of the Union, and people began to look to it not only for the news but for expression of their sentiments upon the great crisis. Simeon Francis, a veteran news- paper man from Springfield, Illinois, became editor, and held the place about one year, when he withdrew to accept a position in the army. He was succeeded by Amory Holbrook, a very able man but an irregular worker, who held the position two years. During 186-i and part of 1865, various persons did editorial work on the paper, among whom John F. Damon, now of Seattle, and Samuel A. Clarke, of Salem, deserve mention. In May, 1865, Harvey W. Scott was engaged as editor, and has ever since held the position, with the exception of the interval from October, 1872 to April, 1877, during whicli the paper was under the charge of W. Lair Hill.

In 1872, Hon. H. W. Corbett bought an interest in the paper, which he held till 1877, when he sold it to Mr. Scott, who resumed editorial charge. Since that time the paper, under Mr. Pittock as manager and Mr. Scott as editor, has grown with the country, has increased in circulation and has fully established itself at the head of journalism in the Northwest. Of the importance of Portland as a city, of the extent of the business of Portland and of the supereminent position of the city in the Northwest, there is no surer attestation than the pages of the Oregonian,

The Evening- Telegram was started in April, 1877. It was undertaken by an association of printers and was helped by the proprietors of the Oregonian. This arrangement lasted not much more than a year, when the printers who had engaged in it decided to go no further. The proprietors of the Oregonian thereupon took up the paper and have published it ever since.

The Western Star was started at Milwaukie shortly after the Oregonian was started at Portland. Milwaukie was a rival of , Portland for commercial eminence, but it was soon perceived that the race was hopeless and the Western Star was brought down to Portland, where it was published as the Oregon Times. This paper was started by John Orvis Waterman, who remained with it several years. He was succeeded by Carter & Austin, who published the paper till 1861, when it was suspended. In 1854, the Democratic Standard appeared. Under the management of Alonzo Leland, who now lives at Lewiston, Idaho, it wielded some power in local politics. James

O'Meara succeeded Leland in 1858. A year thereafter it suspended publication, but was soon after revived and for a few months continued the struggle for existence, making its last appearance on June 6, 1859.

On April 18, 1859, the first number of a daily newspaper was issued in this cit}-. It bore the title of Portland Daily News, and was published by S. A. English & Co. , with E. D. Shattuck as editor. It soon ceased to exist, and the material upon which it was printed was moved to Eugene City. The advent of the News was quickly followed by the appearance of the Oregon Advertiser, a weekly journal, under the editorial and proprietory control of Alonzo Leland. This paper continued to be published until Ocflober, 1862. Toward the end of its career S. J. McCormick became editor. He was succeeded by George L,. Curr}-, the last editor of the paper, who had been one of Oregon's territorial governors. The Advertiser was uncompromisingly democratic in its utterances and to such an extent did it support the anti-war attitude of its party during the early period of the war of the rebellion that its suspension was not entirely voluntary.

The Pacific Christian Advocate, the oldest religious journal in Oregon and the only paper, exclusive of the Oregonian, which has had an existence since the pioneer days of Portland, has been published since 1855. It was first established at Salem as an independent Methodist weekly with Rev. T. H. Pearne as editor, but in 1859 was removed to Portland. It was published as an independent paper until the session of the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1856, when that body adopted it as a general conference paper, and selected Mr. Pearne as editor for four years. Mr. Pearne continued as editor until 1864, when Rev. H. C. Benson, D. D. , was chosen as his successor. Thelatter was succeeded in 1868 by Rev. Isaac Dillon, D. D , who occupied the editorial chair for eight years. In 1876 Rev. J. H. Acton became editor and served for four years. During all these years the paper was by no means self-supporting and had been a source of considerable expense to the general conference. In view of this fact, at the meeting of the general conference in 1880 it was determined to discontinue the

Advocate, and after paying its liabilities to donate the paper to the Oregon and Columbia River General Conference. This was done, and the conference named turned the paper over to a joint stock company composed of members of the conference of which George W. Staver is president, Rev. Alfred Kummer, secretary and treasurer and Rev. A. J. Hanson, business manager. Rev. H. K. Hines was selected as editor under the new management. He served for eight years and during that time the subscription list largel}' increased and the paper was placed on a good financial basis. In 1888 Rev. W. S. Harrington became editor - a position he still holds. The present circulation of the Advocate is about twenty-four hundred copies.

After the suspension of the Advertiser the next newspaper venture in Portland, in connection with the secular press, was the Daily Evening Tribune, which was first issued in January, 1865. Col. Van Cleve and Ward Latter were its editors. It had a brief career, suspending within a month from date of issue.

The Oregon Herald followed the Tribune, appearing March 17, 1866, with H. M. Abbott and N. L,. Butler as editors and proprietors. It was started as a Democratic organ. In June, 1866, the paper was purchased by a stock company composed of some of the leading Democratic politicians of the State, among the directors being A. E. Wait, W. Weatherford, J. K. Kelly, h. F. Grover, J. S. Smith, N. L,. Butler and Dr. J. C. Hawthorne. Under the new management, . Beriah Brown became editor. Financially the paper was not a success, and in November, 1868, it was sold to W. Weatherford, Sylvester Pennoyer at the same time becoming its editor. A few months later Mr. Pennoyer purchased the paper, continuing as editor and publisher until July 1, 1869, when he disposed of it to T. Patterson & Co. For a time thereafter Eugene Semple was editor. The paper, however, had but a brief existence after its last sale, and was finally forced to suspend, the entire plant being disposed of at auction.

Before the suspension of the Herald, however, two new dailies entered the field, the Portland Evening Bulletin, edited by J. F. Atkinson and the Portland Evening Commercial, edited by M. P. Bull, the former appearing January 6, 1868, and the latter July

11th, of the same year. They pursued an independent course in dealing with political questions, and made a vigorous fight to secure support, but both failed to find the road which leads to success in journalism, and after comparatively brief careers were added to the death roll of Portland newspapers.

The Portland Daily Bulletin was one of the unfortunate enterprises connecfled with Ben Holladay's movements in Oregon. In furtherance of his vast schemes he estimated at its full value the aid of a newspaper which would be absolutely within his control. With this idea in view he purchased the plant wliich had been used in the publication of the San Francisco Times and removed it to Portland. The Bulletin made its appearance in 1870, with James O'Meara as editor. In 1872, H. W. Scott was associated in the editorship, but remained only a few months when T. B. Odeneal took charge. Under Odeneal's editorial management the paper continued until it suspended publication in October, 1875. It was one of the most disasterous ventures in the history of Portland journalism, having cost nearly $200,000, more than its entire income during the brief years of its existence. The plant was sold at auction, and was scattered throughout Oregon, Washington and Idaho and is still doing its duty in connection with country journalism.

Two more dailies made their appearance in 1875, The Daily Bee and the Daily Evening Journal. The Bee was first issued November 2, 1875. It was a diminutive' paper to begin with and was circulated free by its publisher, D. H. Stearns, until December, of the same year, when it was enlarged and run as a Republican journal. During the greater part of its existence it was controlled by Mr. Stearns, but in the meantime it was at different times published by. companies and for about eighteen months was owned by W. S. Chapman. In 1878 Chapman sold it back to Stearns who continued its publication until June, 1880, when he disposed of it to Atkinson & Farrish. The last named proprietors, in August, 1880, changed its name to the Portland Bulletin, and for a year or two thereafter it appeared under this name, finally suspending in the latter part of 1882.

The Daily Evening Journal liad an existence of only a few months, being purchased in Jul}-, 1876, by A. Noltner, who six months previously had commenced the publication of the Weei/v Standard. After the purchase of the Journal^ the Standard was issued as a daily evening paper until September, 1879, when it was changed to a morning publication. Under Mr. Noltner's management the Standard became one of the best known papers the Democrats have ever had in Oregon. For a time it was the official paper of the city and enjoyed a well merited period of prosperity. In June, 1885, Mr. Noltner sold the paper to S. B. Pettingill, who continued it as editor and proprietor, until February', 1886, when it ceased to exist.

The Evening Post, Daily Evening Chronicle and the Northwest News complete the list of Portland dailies which for a time were published, but for various reasons were not successful. The Post made its appearance in March, 1882, with Nat L,. Baker as editor^ but like the Chronicle, which appeared about two years later under E. G. Jones as proprietor, it had an existence of only a few months. The News had a much more extended and interesting history. It appeared in Januar}', 1883, with Nathan Cole as editor. Mr. Cole, who came from St. Louis, conducted the paper about a year and a half when it was sold to Francis M. Thayer and A. N. Hamilton, both of whom had had experience in journalism, the former at Evansville, Indiana, and the latter at Salt L,ake, Utah. Mr. Thayer assumed the editorial and Mr. Hamilton the business management of the paper. After more than two years experience and the expenditure of large sums of money in condudling the paper, and failing to make it a success, the)- sold out to a stock company, composed of a number of the leading republican politicians of the city. Under the new order of things James O'Meara was seledled as editor and J. D. Wilcox became business manager. As a financial venture the paper did not improve iinder the new management. It continued to be a great absorber of capital with no adequate returns for the money invested. This state of affairs continued until the stockholders refused to advance the necessary funds to keep it alive and in consequence it suspended in 06lober, 1888, having cost from the time it

Among; Portland publications, not previously mentioned and other than the daily papers, the Oregon Detitsch Zeitung, a weekly German paper, comes next in chronological order. It was issued in the early part of 1867 by C. A. lyaudenberger, by whom its publication was continued until it suspended in ISSi. It was the first paper printed in the German language in Portland. The Staats Zeitung, another German weekly, was first issued in October, 1877 with Dr. J. Folkman as editor and proprietor. This publication has since been continued and is recognized as the leading German paper in the State. A daily issue was commenced in December, 1887, and has proven a successful venture. Dr. Folkman is still editor and proprietor, but is assisted in the editorial management by F. A. Myer.

Portland has still another German weekly, the Freie Press, which was established in March, 1885, by vonOtterstedt & Sittig. Von Otterstedt has since retired and Bruno Sittig has become sole proprietor.

The decade from 1870 to 1880 witnessed the birth of numerous weeklies, some of which still survive, but most of them are either dead or have been merged in other publications. The following comprises the names under which they originally appeared: Catholic Sentinel, Pacific Rural Press, Columbia Churchman, New Northwest, Sunday Welcome, Commercial Reporter, Monthly Musical Journal, North Pacihc Rural Spirit, Good Templar, Sunday Mercury, West Shore, Temperance Star, Northwest Farmer and Dairyman, Weekly News, Willamette Farmer, The Churchman, Oregon Literary Vidette, East Portland Call, The Vindicator, and Democratic Bra. Of the foregoing, the Catholic Sentinel was started in February, 1870, under the immediate encouragement and authority of Very Rev. J. F. Fierens, Vicar General and then acting Bishop of Oregon. The inception of the enterprise was due to H. L. Herman and J. F. Atkinson, who were the publishers for the first two years of its existence. Mr. Herman continued the publication for a few years after Mr. Atkinson withdrew, and until a joint stock company composed of the archbishops of the diocese, the

Bishops of Vancouver and Nesqually and the Catholic clergy generally, took control of the paper. In 1881 Joseph R. Wiley became editor. He was succeeded by the present editor, M. G. Munly, in February, 1886. The Sentinel is devoted to the dissemination of religious matters pertaining to the Catholic Church and is the only Catholic newspaper in the Pacific Northwest. It is extensively circulated in Oregon, Washington, Montana, Idaho and British Columbia.

The New Northwest, a weekly publication, was began in May, 1871, by Mrs. Abigail Scott Duniway. Its purposes and aims were outlined in its first issue as being " devoted to the enfranchisement of women and full emancipation of speech, press and people from every fetter of law or custom that retards the free mental and physical growth of the highest type of humanity." Under Mrs. Duniway it became a vigorous and well known champion of women suffrage, while it possessed much merit as a literary paper. It was sold in January, 1887, to O. P. Mason, who conducted it as a literary journal until March, 1889, at which time having purchased the Pacihc Farmer, which had been started in 1879, by the Frank brothers, as the Farmer and Dairyman, he discontinued the New Northwest and has since published the Pacihc Farmer, a weekly agricultural journal.

The Commercial Reporter, the predecessor of the Port7a?3c//owr/2a/ of Commerce, was first issued in August, 1872, by J. R. Farrish, and published by him for two years. It afterwards passed into the hands of George H. Himes, J. Perchin and S. Turner, each retaining it for a short time. In July, 1874, J. F. Atkinson became the owner, publishing it alone until January 1, 1880, when J. R. Farrish purchased a half interest in the paper, after which its name was changed to the Commercial Reporter and Journal of Commerce. In 1884, the paper became the property of a stock company, when the present name, Portland Journal of Commerce, was adopted. It is an eight page folio, issued weekly, and exclusively devoted to commercial and shipping interests. A. C. A. Perkes is editor. Soon after the present company became owner of the paper, the Commercial Herald, started in 1883, by D. C. Ireland & Co., was absorbed by purchase.

The Columbia Churchman^ after passing through many vicisitudes, at times being issned weekly, semi-monthh' and monthly, has now became known as the Oregon Churchman, and is issned monthly. It is the organ of the Episcopal Chnrch in Oregon.

The North Pacihc Rural Spirit was fonnded in 1878, by W. W. Baker. He afterwards purchased the Willamette Farmer and has united the two papers under the name of The North Paci£c Rural Spirit and Willamette Farmer. It is an agricultural and stock journal and is issued weekly. Mr. Baker has associated with him in its publication his two sons, Frank C. and J. Van S., under the firm name of W. W. Baker & Sons.

The Oregon Literary Vidette, East Portland Call, The Vindicator, and Democratic Era were all weekly issues, published in East Portland. The first named was published by E. O. Norton, and issued in 1879. It had an existence of a year or two. The others mentioned died in their extreme youth.

The West Shore is one of the most successful of the journalistic ventures which have been started in Portland in recent years. It was founded in August, 1875, by E. Samuel, who has ever since been the sole proprietor. At first it was a small eight page four column monthly paper illustrated with stock cuts purchased in the east and a few local cuts made in San Francisco. The undertaking was liberally supported and proved such a success that in September, 1878, the publication was enlarged to a thirty-two page quarto and lithographic illustrations began to be used. Gradually the purchased cuts were dropped and only new and original ones were used. In Janiiary, 1884, the number of pages was increased to forty-eight, and three years later it was changed to the size of Harper's Magazine and the number of pages increased to sevent}-two. In 1888 it was again enlarged to a quarto size and still maintained at seventy-two pages. September 14, 1889, it was converted into a weekly, in which form it has since been published, its chief illustrations being in colors and tints, and is published jointly from Portland and Spokane Falls, Washington. It is profusely illustrated with finely executed cuts representing the scenery and the architectural improvements in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and British Columbia, while the literary character of the journal is of a high grade. It has secured a large circulation throughout the country and is doing an excellent work in properly representing the resources and advantages of the Pacific Northwest. Mr. Samuel is a publisher of experience and rare business judgment and the success of the West Shore is almost solely due to his efforts.

The Sunday Mercury is the successor of a weekly paper known as the Mercury, started at Salem in 1870 by Wm. Thompson and several other gentlemen. A year later Thompson became sole proprietor, remaining as such for several years, when he sold the paper to Walter S. Moss, who removed it to Portland in 1880, and began its publication as the Sunday Mercury. In 1883 it was purchased by the Mercury Publishing Company by which it is still published. Frank Vaughn is secretary of the company and B. P. Watson, manager.

The Sunday Welcome was first issued Aiigust 14, 1875, with J. F. Atkinson and James O'Meara as publishers. O'Meara subsequently withdrew and Atkinson continued it alone until January 1, 1880, when J. F. Farrish became associated with him. They continued it until the present publishers, Sutherland and Burnett, gained control. It is now issued Saturday evening.

Of the papers not previously mentioned, now pul^lished at Portland, the Weekly Pacific Express, Oregon Times and The World complete the list. The first named is the successor of the Prohibition Star, started at Salem in 1885. In 1888 it was moved to Portland when the present name was adopted. Major J. F. Sears had editorial charge for about a year after the removal to this city and was assisted by H. S. Lyman. After the retirement of Major Sears, Mr. Lyman continued its editorial management until the present editor, G. M. ]\Iiller, took charge of the paper. J. M. C. Miller is business manager. The Express is a general reform advocate; is the champion of the Knights of Labor, Union Labor Party and the recognized organ of the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Prohibition Party.

ment as Colledlor of Customs in 1886, when he sold the paper to J. W. Young. Mr. Young ran it about a year when he disposed of it to McCall & Newell, by whom it is still published.

The Oregon Times is another democratic weekly. It was started in Ma^-, 1886, by Nathan L- Baker, by whom it is still published. It is a seven column eight page paper and circidates principally in Oregon.

The newspaper mortuary record from 1880 to 1890 embraces journals of every possible appearance and character, all of which passed awa)- in early youth. A few reached two j-ears of age but most of them never celebrated a birthday. The newspaper crafts launched between these two dates and floundered before they had voyaged far, are, as accurately as possible, embraced in the following list: Oregon Farmer, an agricultural weekly, published by W. L. Eppinger; Vox Populi, published by Paul M. Brennan; The Portland Sunday Chronicle, by J. F. Atkinson; Rising Sun, a weekly, devoted to spiritualism, by Mrs. L. L. Brown; Pacihc Overseer, a weekly organ of Ancient Order of United Woi'kmen, by C. A. Wheeler; Christian Herald, by Stanley & Wolverton; Polaris, a religious weekly. Rev. J. H. Acton; Farmers' Gazette, by W. E. Evans; Oregon Siftings; Portland Weekly Times, by Cook & Shepard; Avaut Courier, by Frank D. Smith; Kane's Illustrated West, a monthly by T. F. Kane; Northern Pacihc Union; Oregon and Washington Farmer, S. A. Clark, and The Hesperion, by R. A. Miller.

Chapter Xvi A General Description Of The City

Present Apperance of Portland - View from River and Hills - Prominent Buildings - Character of Streets - Albina - Parks - Exposition Building - Chinese Quarters- Hotel Portland - East Portland - Cemeteries - Casualties of Nature - Floods and Fires.

IN order to describe a number of the features of our city, which need not be treated separate!}', but without which our work would be quite incomplete, it is attempted here to pass through the place from north to south, giving a running commentary upon scenes and events as we go, and to throw in gratis whatever hard facfls or statistics may be necessary for elucidation. It will be borne in mind that this is a description of the Portland of to-day, and may therefore serve for future reference, as well as for present information.

A poet of America once pitched upon the Columbia river and its continuous woods as a type of solitude. This imperial stream, although now tracked by steamships and hundreds of boats, nevertheless impresses one as still lonely; the small rude villages, the canneries, the sawmills, situated in the shade of the forests or in the clefts of the hills, as yet exert no influence to transform the charadler of the river. On nearing the mouth of the Willamette one finds this air of solitude still unrelieved. St. Helens, an old-fashioned spot, possesses a certain dreamy attra6tion on its green shores above its bluffy rocks, but is unable to break the spell. The wonderfully beautiful islands and shores of the Willamette at the delta, fail to betray the fa6l that white men have been here for nearly a century. They are marked with but slight traces of man, unless it be for the huts of wood cutters, or the barns of cattle raisers. The wide, open meadow lauds lie tuicultivated. The trees along the shore have been felled but here and there. The steep impending hills to the west rise in successive eminences and ridges, hardly betraying the stroke of an axe. Old, weather beaten houses on the shore, a few mossy orchards, sweeping green meadow lauds, with cows wandering and grazing, make up most of the picture. To be sure one sees occasional se6lions of the railroad line and the telegraph poles strung on invisible wires, but hardly a more pristine scene is to be met with in the world, than on the lower Willamette, and it gives scarcely an intimation of the presence of a city. One would think Ivinnton or St. Johns the end of the way.

From the lower river Portland is scarcely imposing. It has not amplitude of front to give it perspedlive. It could never rival New York, as seen from its lower bay. It has not the amphitheatric presence of San Francisco, or even Tacoma, enabling the observer to take in the whole pi(fture at one glance. Neither has it a magnificent sweep of water to introduce it, like Astoria, or the sense of infinity from contiguity to the sea. The hills, still ragged with a forest broken but not cleared, tower on the horizon, and form the emphatic portion of the prospedl. On the east side, as one looks against the face of the rolling plain, giant stubs of dead trees belonging to the once imperial forest, rise irregularly from out of a ground work of picturesque brush and wild young fir trees that have sprung up with the vigor of ancient times, but ignorant that they have fallen upon an age no longer benignant to their existence.

The general ensemble of the city as it slowly discloses itself from behind the bold shoulders of King's Heights, is still that of nature untamed, and seems almost to forbid the idea that a city of 50,000 inhabitants lies between the river and hills. Nature is here present upon such a preponderating scale that it may be well doubted whether the general idea of art, and the craft of man as the ruling sentiment will dominate for half a centurj' yet. Even piling up buildings of many stories in height, and towers, and lining the rivers with masts, seems to be but as the sinking of a river into the ocean - art into nature - leaving the long circle of hills to smile or darken as the sky is bright or dim. On a fine day the Heights are gay with greenery or the colored foliage of deciduous trees; and in the summer flush to pink, or pale to amber on their exposed fronts. But more habitually they affect heavier tints, assuming a dark blue or a sombre purple. A soft veil of haze, curtain like, frequently rests over the city, and lies in tenuous invisible folds on the prominences, gathering to more preceptible depths in the clifts and ravines. The rich verdure, the stately trees that will always grow, and the tinted atmosphere, will ever give Portland a peculiar tone and coloring of her own - not ruddy or blazing like some tropical or Rocky Mountain city, but rich, warm and entrancing.

Wreaths of smoke from a multitude of stacks, here and there jets of white steam from almost every building on the water front; masts of ships, biistling steamers and the iron bridge, looking in the distance like the work of genii, at length arouse one from the powerful spell of nature, and assure him that he has reached the place. Two great buildings at Albina demand first attention, and show upon what a great scale the city is now working. These are the Portland Flour Mills and the Pacific Coast Elevator. The flour mills occupy two immense buildings of seven stories in height, and turn out a product that not only feeds our own people, but goes the world over. Trains of cars run immediately to their walls. They are the property of W. S. Ladd & Co.

The Elevator is a new enterprise, and a building has been erected this summer at a cost of about $1,000,000. It was established by a capitalist of Minneapolis, F. H. Peavey, who is the principal owner. Mr. E. C Michner is the resident partner and general manager. Mr. D. P. Brush is superintendent. All of these gentlemen are thoroughly acquainted with the methods of handling wheat by elevator, and their enterprise undoubtedly marks a new era in the method of shipping cereals. The elevator is an enormous structure, built upon deep water of the river on a foundation of piling, which, however, is being filled in with earth at a cost of $20,000. It is 375 feet in length over all by 70 feet in width, with a height of 150 feet to the peak. It has a capacity of 1,000,000 bushels, being fully up to the eastern elevators in all dimensions. By its eight shippers, or sixteen elevators, eight cars may be unloaded at once, in about fifteen minutes time; and two ships may be likewise loaded. It is furnished with eight separators and cleaners, with a capacity of 3,000 bushels each per hour. There are also sixteen scales of a capacity of 60,000 pounds each. It is in every respect furnished with the latest appliances, such as steam shovels, and is adapted to handling in bulk or in sacks. The entire building is lit by 178

Albina itself strikes one with the general weight and importance of its operations. It lies - so far as the business portion is concerned - iipon a low tract of land about the level of high water, but twentyfive feet above the low stage. It is most admirably adapted to railroad work, and is the terminal of the O. R. & N. line. Here is seen upon the plat a labyrinth of tracks, long trains of cars, the immense brick round-house with twenty- two stalls; the car shops of brick, the largest more than 400 feet in length, and 60 feet to the peak, with arched doors and roofs furnished with windows for admission of light. A brick chimney of 156 feet in height, an engine ot 500 horse power, and two other shops of large dimensions, aiford means of repair and of manufacture.

Almost the whole river front of Albina is occupied by wharf buildings as much as 200 feet deep, with arching roofs as much as fifty feet above the water. They rest on piling set systematically and of selected smooth, uniform logs. The business part of the town, aside from its great works, is of rather mean appearance, of cheap temporary structures, small sized and of inferior architecture. The residence portion is built well back on the face of the bluflF or on the plain beyond, and has attractive school houses and churches and many pretty cottages. On the river bank is the saw mill of John Parker & Co., with a capacity of about 30,000 feet per day.

On the lower part of the city opposite, on the west side of the river, one notices the bone yard of the O. R. & N. Co., where old skeletons of mighty ships - or shallow river crafts - lie white and dry on the embankment. Scant trees, usually shaking in the river breezes, of such deciduous growth as balm or oak, lend grace to an eerie looking shore. There are various river crafts tied up or moored along, or hauled up on the sand, some of which are occupied by families whose cook stove smokes ever curl and blow, and whose red and white garments washed and hung out to dry, ever flap in the breezes. Weidler's great saw mill, a mammoth, whose dust and shavings gild the shore for many a rod, whose corpulent logs float idly in the boom, awaiting the time of their dissolution, and whose tall chimney smokes silently, and whose engines still pufF white steam, also draws a long gaze. It is next up the river from the ' ' bone yard' ' or place where steamboats out of service are moored and as an establishment, ranks as one of the old standbys. Other lumbering establishments, wharves, warehouses, ships, and such amphibious buildings, huddle farther up. All this lower city front for many a mile is raw and wholly utilitarian, not a shingle or pile ever having been set for beauty or symmetry. Nevertheless, there is an immense attraction about it, like the grim, unassuming comeliness of rocks; and if kept a little cleaner so as not to offend the senses by a variety of ill odors, would lure one to long vigils and reveries in its environs. Behind the river bank lie the lagoons, green with slack water and aquatic plants, earthy smelling, and crossed and recrossed by trestle roadways and railway tracks. A great work has been done in filling the upper end of Couch lake, making the ground look for a long distance as if it had been the battle ground of the Titans - indeed of the modern coal-smutted dump-car hands of Titanic energies.