Portland, Oregon - History (part 13 of 18)

At the first election under this Constitution, Judge Deady was elected from the Southern District, without opposition, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the State; but being upon the admission of the State in 1S59, also appointed Judge of the United States District Court for the State, he accepted the latter position, and removed to Portland in 1860, where he has ever since resided and sat in the District and Circuit Courts with marked industrj', integrity and ability. In 1861-2 he prepared and reported to the Legislature of 1862 the present Code of Civil Procedure. It was adopted with two small amendments, and, with slight alterations, has constituted the Code of Civil Procedure for the State siuce it went into effect in May, 1863. At the request of the Legislature of 1862 he also prepared and reported to the Legislature of 1864, a Code of Criminal Procedure, including the definition of crimes and their punishments, which was passed at that session without amendment and which, substantially, is still in force. These codes will ever remain worthy monuments to the fame of their author. Wherever the common law has been changed or modified in these codes, it has been done in no iconoclastic spirit. Indeed, the reverence which Judge Deady entertains for its maxims and teachings is everywhere apparent, j-et he has not permitted conservatism or tradition to staj' the hand of improvement, or prevent the adoption of progressive ideas. In an able and instructive lecture entitled "Law and Lawyers," delivered before the Portland Law Association, December 6, 1866, Judge Deady proceeds to demonstrate that "what are supposed by many to be innovations upon the common law, in the modern codes of procedure, so far from being changes, are often only a return to the old way, after an exhaustive trial of experiments to the contrary, " and concludes "that the modern codes of procedure, instead of superceding the common law, are, in a great measure, a return to it, and a re-establishment of its early and elementary principles." He adds:' "True, the artificial distinctions between the forms of action at the common law have been abolished. On this account, much of the curious and fanciful learning of the books which treat of the practice at common law, have become useless. But these distinctions were the mere outgrowlh, or, as the logicians say, separable accidents of the system - the professional fashion of the times, and the system itself is independent of them." In another part of the same lecture he advises his auditors not to remain satisfied with such a knowledge as may be gleaned from the modern codes and practice reports, but to turn their faces to the past and explore the fields of the common law." These and other quotations which we might add clearly show the spirit with which Judge Deady approached, and the objects he sought to fulfill in the preparation of these codes. The leaders of the bar appreciate these codes and speak well of their arrangement and provisions.

From his first coming to Oregon, Judge Deady has been an industrious worker in other departments than those pertaining to judicial and juridical affairs. During this period he has contributed many papers to the local and Californian press, replete with interesting facSls concerning the early history and settlement of his adopted State. In the midst of his severe and constant judicial and juridical labors, Judge Deady has found time to discuss in the public press the current topics affecting his adopted State and his efforts in this direction have done much toward making the needs and resources of the State known abroad, and in diredting emigration to its fruitful shores. He has ever been a devoted friend to education, and has spent much time and labor in the fostering care of institutions calculated for the culture and instrudtion of the community. Chief among these is the Portland Library Association, of Portland, Oregon, an institution now containing about 17,000 volumes of historical, biographical, scientific, religious and miscellaneous works, and supplied with the leading periodicals and magazines of our own countrj' and Europe. Of this association Judge Deady has been the president ever since the year 1868, and its present financial prosperity is largelv due to his unremitting attention and care. The institution ha^ now the handsome sums of J25,000 and f23,000 secureh- invested at interest; the first named amount constituting a book fund, and the latter a building fund. The accumulation of these funds is almost entirely due to the personal solicitation and efforts of Judge Deady. He is also the president of the Board of Regents of the University of Oregon, in which capacity he has contributed much to its elevation and usefulness. At the Annual Commencements of 1878 and 1879, Judge Deady delivered two addresses to the graduating classes of those years, which were by order of the Board of Regents published in pamphlet form.

But whilst the philanthropic and literary labors of Judge Deady justly entitle him to the respect and honor of the wise and good, his fame must rest upon his acumen as a jurist, coupled as it is with unswerving integrity, and great moral courage. To know the right is with him to do it, and no personal considerations of fear or favor will divert him from the conclusion to which his reason, his learning and his conscience conduct him. Besides giving a great number of oral opinions and decisions in the causes before him. Judge Deady has written carefullj- prepared opinions in more than 300 causes since his advent to the Bench, embracing law, equit)', bankruptcy and admiralty causes, man}' of them involving mooted questions as to the proper construction of State and Federal Statues, and of the Constitution. These decisions will be found recorded in the first volume of Oregon Reports, Deady's Reports and Sawyer's Reports from Vol. I to Vol. XII, and the Federal Reports inclusive. He has, indeed, not only paid the debt which it is said ever}- lawyer owes to his profession, but has laid it under many obligations of respect and gratitude for the industry and legal acumen which have rendered much that was crooked straight, and shed light in manv dark plac.es.

In 1881, Judge Dead\' enjoved a brief respite from his arduous labors. .Accompanied by his wife, formerly Miss Lucy .\. Henderson, a lady of culture and refinement, to whom he was married in June, 1852, he paid a visit to the Eastern States. In response to an invitation from the Law School at Washington, he delivered his lecture on "Law and Lawyers, " and " Trial by Jury," which were highly spoken of bv the leading newspapers, and well appreciated by the intelligent audiences before which they were delivered.

In his religious relations. Judge Dead)' is an Episcopalian, both he and his wife being communicants of Trinity Church, in which he is a vestryman of long standing. They occupy a high social position, which is due as much to natural, as acquired qualifications.

Judge Deady is quite six feet, two inches in height, with a form and figure duly proportioned. His eyes are blue and sparkle with good humor and intelligence. His hair, originally a wavy auburn, is now sprinkled with graj-, setting off to advantage his large, well-poised head, and ruddy, clear complexion. The brow is broad and massive, particularly showing what, phreuologically speaking, are denominated the perceptive and reasoning faculties. On the Bench he is urbane and courteous, but observes and requires that decorum which he regards as indispensable to the dignit}' of the Court and the orderly transaction of its business. In practice before him it is necessary to work, neither reputation or eloquence being sufficient to compensate for neglect or carelessness in the preparation or conduct of a case. To the young and inexperienced lawyer, just commencing the struggle of life, he is particularly kind and encouraging, and not a few who have achieved distinction during his time on the Bench, remember with gratitude the kind words which conveved to others his recognition of the genius or ability displayed in their first efforts before him. He possesses in a pre-eminent degree the faculty of judicial analysis, and can seledt from the most complicated mass of fafts, the point or circumstance on which the case must turn; and so clearly is the ground of his decision set forth in the opinion as often to evoke surprise, that any other view than the one expressed could ever have been entertained. A distinguished member of the Portland bar once said : " I have never known any one who, to a greater degree than Judge Deady, sought to honor his station by being inflexibly just, nor one who held the scales with a more impartial hand. If I were to characterize him by allusion to his predominant mental traits, I would say that above most men of my acquaintance, he is distinguished for what we may call mental intrepidity, and his chief ambition in the administration of his office, is to preserve inviolately spotless the ermine he wears." In conversation in the social circle. Judge Deady is correct, lively and entertaining, though in animated debate, he sometimes gives the impression that, like Dr. Johnsou, he argues for victory. As a speaker, his merits are not generally known. His position on the bench has necessarily kept him from public discussion through which his ability in this field would have been universally made known. Those, however, who have met him in assemblages where mind was acting on mind, and wit and eloquence ruled the hour, remember with delight the graceful humor, elegant didlion and forcible expression, which there characterized his impromptu utterances. In the lecture room he is always instruftive, sound and entertaining, often giving dire<flion to, and leading the public mind iu new channels of investigation. Indeed, his lectures on " Law and Law3-ers," " Trial by Jury," and " Towns and Cities," are not onh- excellent monographs on the subjects indicated by the titles, but abound with much original thought and curious learning. He is indeed a man of whom the State may be proud, and of whom it may well be said : "His aims are noble and his methods just." He has been a leader in public thought, an authority in law and legislation, and there are few instances in which a single mind has impressed itself so strongly upon the affairs of a State.

IOWNSDALE, Daniel H., the son of one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky, was bom in Mason county, in that State, April 8, 1803. \s was the custom in those days, he was married young, at the age of 23, to Ruth, youngest daughter of Paul Overfield, Esq., the head of one of the most promiuent families of northeastern Kentucky. In obedience to the adventuresome spirit inherited from his father, who had abandoned the comforts of civilization in his youth to become one of the conquerors of Kentucky, Lownsdale, with his young wife, "moved on" and settled in Gibson county, Indiana, which was then almost on the frontier. Here he had the misfortune to lose his wife, who died in 1830, leaving three children, one boy and two girls. Scon after this, making suitable provision for his children, he went south, remaining for a time in Georgia, engaging in mercantile pursuits. His health failing, he accepted the advice of physicians, and embarked in 184-2 on a voyage to Europe, and remained abroad visiting various countries until 1844. Returning to the United States in that year, he found the country excited over the Oregon question, and without parleying, joined one of those devoted bands that crossed two thousand miles of hostile Indian couutr}-, to settle our title by actual occupation. He arrived at the present site of Portland late in 1845. and appears to have realized the importance of the position, since he located a claim, (now the Amos N. King claim), joining that of Lovejoy and Pettygrove, and soon thereafter formed the desire to gain possession of the river front. The opportunity offered in 1848, when Mr. Lownsdale purchased the site of Portland from F. W. Pettygrove, for what then must have been considered the extravagant price of five thousand dollars. This enterprise, now having enetgj- and foresight to steer it, began that advance which will never cease until some revolutionary invention shall change our methods of transportation, or man shall lose his gregarious disposition. With f jresight that has been proven by events, he staked his fortune on the issue, that Portland was destined to become what she now is, the metropolis of a great commonwealth.

Mr. Lownsdale's policy as to Portland was quite different from that pursued b\- many town proprietors. When there were indications of growth in the embr3-o city, instead of putting up the price of propert}- with a view to his own personal advantage he continued to offer property for sale at very reasonable prices and upon the most liberal terms - there being instances in which the only consideration required, was that the lots should be built upon. The consequence was that Portland soon outstripped all her rivals in population and business. Mr. Lownsdale was verv unsuspicious and confiding in his nature. This was a fault "that leaned to virtue's side," but the result was that he was at times wronged by designing and unscrupulous persons. He was singularly free, however, from feelings of revenge and resentment, and accepted his disappointments with a cheerful resignation to the ups and downs of life.

He never doubted the ultimate ascendency- of Portland, and in this hope he lived and died. Resting in this faith, he looked constantly toward the main point, and to his energy Portland largely owes the victory she gained over numerous rivals, that seemed to have heavier backing and better chances. In the spring of 1849, Mr. Lownsdale, feeling the need of assistance in his enterprise, disposed of a half interest in the Portland claim to Mr. Stephen Coflttn, then a resident of Oregon City; and in December of that year the two disposed of an interest to Col. W. W. Chapman. Being a man of great energy- and nerve, he was not dismayed b\- obstacles, but kept his ends steadily in view, and surmounted them. As a reward for his faith he lived to see Portland's supremacy acknowledged by all, and to see Oregon on the road to that degree of prosperity that he had predicted for her'

In 1850, he was married to Mrs. Nancy Gillihan, widow of \\'m. Gillihan, deceased. By this second marriage he had but two children, one son, M. O. Lownsdale, and one daughter, Mrs. Ruth A. Hoyt, now a resident of Columbia county. Of the children of his first wife, only one, J. P. O. Lownsdale, Esq., of Portland, now survives.

Mr. Lownsdale occupied several public positions, having been U. S. postal agent, for Oregon, during the administration of Fillmore, and representing his county in the legislature. He was always known as a public spirited citizen, ever ready to forward an)- enterprise that promised good to the city or State and always ready to lend a helping hand to those in distress, as many early immigrants who arrived in destitute circumstances can testify. In the Indian wars of 1848 and '55-'56, he bore his part, serving in the latter with the regiment of Col. Cornelius, in the capacity of regimental quartermaster, and performing his very difficult duties to the satisfaction of his superiors. He died May'4th, 1862, and is buried in Lone Fir cemeter)-, near Portland. A neat monument marks his last resting place.

STRONG, \Vii,Li-\M. The name of William Strong is thoroughly associated with the judicature both of Oregon and Washington. His marked characteristics are indelibly impressed upon the system of law of both States, especially that of the latter. To long and distinguished service as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and in the ex-officio character of Judge of the District Courts in both States while they were Territorial Governments, must be added his connection with their legislation and also his brilliant career as a law practitioner, for over a generation, in all the Courts of both States.

He was born at St. Albans, Vermont, on the 15th of July, 1817. His j'outh was spent in the vicinity of Rushville, New York, where he received his preparatoryeducation. At the age of seventeen he entered Yale College, from which he graduated with distinguished honors in the class of 1838. Having selected the law for his profession, he engaged in teaching during the next two years. So ambitious was he, that by industry and close application to study in the intervals from teaching, he had made sufficient progress in his studies to secure a license in 1840 to practice law. Admitted to the bar, he immediately removed to Cleveland, Ohio, and at once entered upon a large and lucrative practice, and took a foremost rank in the profession. On the 15th of October, 1840, he married Lucretia Robinson, whom he sur\'ived about two years.

In 1849, having resolved upon migrating to Oregon, his many friends procured for him, September 17,1 849, the appointment by President Zachary Taylor of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon Territory, to succeed the Hon. Peter H. Burnett, an appointee of President James K. Polk, who had removed to California and had declined the appointment. At about the same date Major John P. Gaines of Kentucky had received the appointment of Governor, and Gen. Edward Hamilton, of Ohio, had been commissioned Secretary of the Territory, Judge Strong arrived in Oregon in August, 1850.

At the time when Judge Strong entered upon the performance of his official duties, Oregon embraced all of the territory west of the Rocky Mountains lying between 42 degrees North latitude (the northern boundary line of California) and the 49th parallel of North latitude (the southern boundan,- of British Columbia). That immense area was divided into three judicial districts, to each of which was assigned one of the Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court, as presiding judge of the Courts in their respective district. The Third Judicial District of Oregon Territory comprised all of Oregon north of the Columbia River, and the county of Clatsop south of that river. There was no organized counties east of Clark County at that time, but that county extended eastward to the Rocky Mountains. The other county north of the river was named Lewis; it extended northward to tlie British boundary. Thus it was that Judge Strong's district included all of what is now Washington, Idaho and Montana north of the -l-6th parallel, and west of the Rockies, besides the count)- of Clatsop in Oregon, of which Astoria is the county seat.

During the winter of 1850-1, Judge Strong with his famih- resided at Vancouver. In early spring of 1851, he took a land claim at Cathlamet, on the north side of the Columbia river, under the "Donation A(ft" of September 27, 1850, which required four years' residence upon the land, and where he did reside until his removal to Portland, Oregon, in 1862. This is not the place in which to chronicle the proceedings in detail of the courts over which Judge Strong presided. His judicial life was commenced in Oregon, when party spirit ran high, when politics to great extent became matters of personal difference, when differences as to political questions were made the occasions to mar and destroy social relations, to alienate and estrange personal friends and neighbors. This strange result arose from local issues, from the intensit}- of persona! feeling growing out of the location or rather the removal of the seat of government. It became necessary for the Supreme Court of the Territon,- to decide where the seat of government was located. It so happened that the dominant party in the territory made the capital removal a party question, and it was perhaps unfortunate that the majority or quorum of the Supreme Court, appointees of a whig national administration viewed the law which they were called upon to administer as inoperative to effect that removal.

During all the years of Judge Strong's first judicial term, that and kindred questions were constantly agitated and embroiling the public mind. Never were judges more severely denounced, more the subjedts of personal and malevolent attack than were Justices Nelson and Strong, the quorum of the Supreme Court who decided that the "Omnibus Bill," as it was called (which had provided for the location of the seat of government, at Salem, and for a commission to super\-ise the eredtion of the capitol buildings thereat; the location of a universit}-, and for a commission to sell the university lands to provide funds for its ereAion; and nominating the site, as also providing for the building of a penitentiarj', as also a commission to build it) was inoperative and void under the organic a&, because it included more than one objedl, and the title of the bill clearh- failed to express its objeift. LTnawed and unmoved the quorum of the Supreme Court met at Oregon City, the place by them decided as the seat of government. They calmly heard the question argued; bravel}- and judiciously, in opinions creditable for ability and for evidence of pains-taking consideration, each filed an opinion announcing the conclusion reached. There is no necessity to call back any humiliating incidents which mark those }-ears of Oregon politics or social life. After well nigh two score of years completed who will attempt to detract from anv honors sought to be accorded to the scholarly and gentlemanl}- Chief Justice Nelson ? Who will stop short in hearty commendation of the ability and integrity which marked the judicial career of his more vigorous and stalwart brother. Strong, in these troublous, stormy days, when juridical administration had become the issue whereby partisan rancor was kindled ? Nor will it be denied that each possessed to an eminent degree those four motives or qualities which the wise Socrates has said must aftuate the Judge: "To hear courteously, to answer wisely, to consider soberly, and to decide impartially."

Judge Strong was still on the Bench when Washington Territory was (March 2, 1853), set off from Oregon. In the whole of that newly created territory, as defined by its organic act, he continued to act as sole Judge until Governor Stevens' proclamation, late in November, divided the Territoiy into three Judicial Districts, and assigned to each one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Washington Territory, appointed b}' President Franklin Pierce. The first Legislature of Washington Territory- was in politics. Democratic; yet William Strong, the late Whig Judge, was by an unanimous vote associated with Chief Justice Edward Lander and Associate Justice Victor Monroe, as a commission to sit during the session of the Legislature, to report laws from day to day. That commission worked laboriously; but it is not derogatory to either of the other members to say that by far the largest portion of the body of law enacted at that first session was reported in the admirable clerical hand of Judge Strong. But little of his work needed revision or re-writing. Judge Lauder gave as much time and valuable service as did Judge Strong, but the clerk of the commission was obliged in laws reported by him, to make copies. That body of law was very generally enacted with little or no alteration, and was infinitely better when first adopted than now, with the innovations of a quarter century's legislation.

After the close of that session Judge Strong retired to his residence in Cathlamet. For the next few years he divided his time between practicing law in the various courts of Oregon and Washington, in which he was employed in almost every suit of importance, and in surve3'ing the public lands, at which he was a thorough adept, and for which he took several government contracts.

In Ma)-, 1855, he received the Whig nomination for Delegate to Congress. He and the Democratic nominee. Col. J. Patton Anderson, made a joint canvass of the Territory, which was ably conducted, nor were the amenities of social life and the relations of gentlemen ever ignored. Washington Territory was thoroughly Democratic. Judge Strong received his full party vote, which was all that he had any right to expect against his gallant and generous competitor. At the breaking out of the Indian hostilities in the fall of 1855, when Governor Mason called for two companies of volunteers in response to requisition of Major Rains, U. S. Army, Commander of the Columbia River and Puget Sound districts, one to rendezvous at Vancouver and report to Major Rains. Judge Strong raised a company and was unanimously elected its captain. That company was known as Company " A " First Regiment Wa-shiugton Territory Volunteers. It was mustered into the United States Service and performed considerable duty in Clark County and vicinity. The company prayed to be sent to the upper country to escort Governor Stevens on his return from the Blackfoot Council, through the hostile Indian country, but so hostile was General Wool, then commanding the Department of the Pacific to Governor Stevens and the two Territories, that against the urgent protest of Captain Strong, he disbanded Company " A " before their term of enlistment had expired.

In April and May, 1856, Governor Stevens caused the arrest of certain persons in Pierce County, Washington Territor\', who being intermarried with Indian women and living in the hostile region were suspected and accused of furnishing the hostile Indians with supplies and information that led to a serious and protracted conflict between the Courts and Territorial military authorities. Judge Strong was retained by the Governor as his law adviser; perhaps it would be proper to say that his duties partook of the nature of Attorney General as also of Judge Advocate General on the Governor's Staff, although no commission was issued to him. That clientage necessitated the most intimate confidential relations with the Governor and identified him with the war policy of the executive.

Shortly subsequent, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the territory. The issue in great measure at the election of 1856, was "Stevens," and "Anti-Stevens." The whig party had ceased to exist, and those who know how strongly Judge Strong was influenced by personal associations and surroundings, his party, a matter of the past, and with him a secondary consideration, the politics of the territory almost entirely based upon personal support of personal policy, will not for a moment be surprised that Judge Strong espoused the cause of his client and cast his political lot with his personal friends. He gave his adhesion to the Democratic party, not to the Republican organization which had just been inaugurated in the territory. At the session of the legislature he championed Gov. Stevens and his war policy. At that session, upon him devolved the dut}- of conforming the various practice acts of the territory, the laws for the enipanneling of juries and providing for terms of court to a recently passed atl of Congress which limited the courts, the expenses of which were borne by the United States, to three, to be held only at three places. In 1858, Hon. O. P. McFadden having been promoted to the office of Chief Justice, Judge Strong was appointed Associate Justice, succeeding Judge McFadden as Judge of the First Judicial Distri<5l. He held this office until succeeded by Hon. James E. Wyche, in 1861. Judge Strong continued to reside and practice law within Washington Territory until December, 1862, at which time he removed to Portland, Oregon. He at once acquired an extensive and profitable general practice, but later on was almost exclusively engaged in the business of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, whose counsel he continued to be until the transfer of their interests to the Henry Villard combination, resulting in the organization of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Compau}- as its successor.

Thereafter he gradually retired from adlive practice; his large business was ably handled by his two very intelligent and competent sons, Fred R. and Thomas Nelson Strong. And the good old man rested from his long and arduous professional labors. From 1883, the profession had been abandoned by him. Yet he was not idle. His busy pen continued to work in treasuring the reminiscences of early years, of the men who had been his co-temporaries, and the events in which he had been so conspicuous an actor.

In April, 1887, the full three score years and ten completed, that stalwart frame, that manly and robust form succumbed to age and bodily infirmity; that vigorous intellect, that acflive brain, that large generous heart yielded to the inexorable. An adlive, busy, useful life was ended.

He was a most untiring worker and few indeed could accomplish so much. His mind was of the most adlive and vigorous character, and he carried to his practice at the bar, or his administration upon the bench, that marked individuality for which he was distinguished. He was alwaj-s positive; no uncertain language or words ot compromise, or demagogic attempts to conciliate the public, marked his enunciations of a conclusion reached. He was one thing or the other, and hence he was at times the objedl of ultra and bitter partisan criticism; but that never swer\-ed him from his own chosen line of duty, neither did such criticisms influence him to personal controversy or justification. He ignored these assaults and was as kind and urbane to those who censured his judicial afts, as though they had spoken of him in terms of laudation.

As Judge, none were readier than he to seize instantly the pivotal points of a case; few indeed possessed greater acumen power of analysis or resources to fortify the conclusion reached. As a speaker he was fluent, earnest, impressive; too practical to be eloquent.

As lawyer, counsellor, legislator or judge he was alike at home in each capacity. His forte, however, was perhaps in felicitous, happy and forcible expression in aptest language of a proposition or conclusion of law. In dictating a decree, making a record of an order or judgment, he needed no form-book, he had no superior in announcing in the fewest appropriate words a conclusion of law or a jvidicial determination. He was a natural clerk. He made practice, moulded procedure and established precedents for his bar to follow. His orders of Court, his decrees in chancery, his drafts of laws are models of expression. How aptly he placed the right word in the right place. As a lawyer he was ingenious and untiring in resource. Thoroughly equipped for every-day practice and every vicissitude, he was learned in the science of his profession and loved it as such, and was thoroughly devoted to the cause of his client, for whom he labored to succeed, while there was any hope to win. As a judge he was patient, urbane, fearless, independent, unselfish, deferential to his brethren of the bench, and considerate to members of the bar.

Those who knew him in the early days, the old settlers of Oregon and Washington, will treasure his memory, will continue to recall his genial kindness, his encouraging and cheerful sympathy.

LADD, W. S. It is seldom throughout the incipient stages of growth, down to a period covering many years in the development of a progressive commonwealth, that to any one man is accorded a foremost place by general consent. New countries, in these latter days of steam and elec^tricity, develop often with rapidity; new issues are met by new leaders, while those who laid the foundation of society rarely retain their hold on affairs for any extended period of time. In this, however, Oregon has been an exception to the rule, and the eareer of William Sargent L,add is a conspicuous example of the exception. Coming to Oregon when the country was young and there was no settled social, political or business order,hehas exerted a continually increasing influence in the various lines of development which have added to the wealth and greatness of the State, .\part from his financial operations, which long ago placed him among the most wealthy men of the West, he has been among the builders of our State who have been most earnest for its social and moral progress. The results of his high integrity and of his efforts to elevate the tone of society and keep pure the moral sentiment of the community, make a double claim upon our respeft and recognition. Fortunate, indeed, has it been for the State that its business leaders, like our subjecfl, have been men whose social, religious and domestic relations have stimulated and honored the highest of her people. The lessons of such lives are the best inheritance of a State or people.

W. S. Ladd was born at Holland, Vermont, Oftober 10, 1826. His father, Nathaniel Gould Ladd, was a physician, of a family that came to America in 1633.

His mother, Abigail Kelley Mead, was a native of New Hampshire, and from her the son received the most prominent traits in his character, industry and power of continued mental effort. Both his parents were Methodists, and his youth was passed under the wholesome instrucftions and training which usually lead to success. In 1830, his parents removed to Meredith Village, New Hampshire, and three years later to a place called Sandbornton Bridge, now known as Tilton. Like other New England boys he went to school, and also learned to work. At the age of fifteen he began to apply himself in earnest to labor. His father then having no farm of his own, permitted him to try his hand at a neighbor's, and afterward bought for him fifteen acres of very rough, rocky and wooded land which the youth brought into cultivation by his own personal labor.

Reaching the age of nineteen he found a somewhat wider scope for his abilities in teaching a public school - an experience few New England boys or girls have not had at some period of their lives. The school he undertook to condudl bore the reputation of being the roughest in that region, and pitched battles between teachers and pupils had been frequent. Young Ladd, however, was successful in subduing his refractory pupils at the first encounter, and not onh- maintained excellent order thereafter, but kept his scholars interested bj- the use of quick methods and practical suggestions.

About the time his term as a teacher ended, the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railway was running its line past Sanbornton Bridge where he was then residing. He sought and obtained a position in the freight house which was established there, continuing in this and other work connected with railroading, until he left for the Pacific Coast. During his school days, and for some time after he had reached manhood, he had continued to feel a deep interest in this part of the country. This interest was intensified by the subsequent discovery of gold in California. Unlike most men, however, the prospects of making a fortune out of mining had little attraction for him. He became impressed with the idea that not the region out of which the gold was dug, but that from which supplies and products were had for the miners, would obtain the greatest permanent wealth. This consideration, together with the information he gained of the country, from a Mr. Carr, who had lately returned to Sanbornton Bridge, after ha^^ng been verj- successful in business operations at Portland and San Francisco, led him to the determination of making Oregon his home. Acting on this resolve, on February 27, 1851, he started in a sailing vessel from New York for the Pacific Coast. Arri\'ing at San Francisco he met an old school friend, Chas. E. Tilton, who was engaged in selling consignments which he was receiving from New York jobbers. Mr. Ladd proposed to him that they go into business and sell goods on their own account. To this Tilton did not agree, and Ladd came on to Oregon, locating at Portland, where at that time everything was new and crude. He at first carried on a small business in selling out a few articles that he had brought with him. At one time his affairs reached so low an ebb that he was glad to save payment of six dollars for road tax b)- digging out and burning up two great stumps which stood opposite the ground now occupied by the Esmond Hotel.

About this time W. D. Gookin, who had known Mr. Ladd's father in New Hamshire, arrived in Portland with a cargo of goods. This stock Mr. Ladd sold out, and cleared by the transaction fl.OOO. This sum he re-invested in articles of ready sale, and from that time was enabled to prosecute his mercantile operations with vigor.

In 1852, lie was conducting an independent business, operating, however, with Mr. Gookiu, who had made some $20,000 by a successful business venture in San Francisco.

"His business habits at this time, " says one who remembers them, "were most exemplary. He was promptly at his place, often being at hand as early as four o'clock in the summer mornings, to help off his customers with their wagon loads in the cool of the day. He economized his strength, avoided saloons, spent his nights in sleep, not in carousals - which have ruined man}- of Portland's brightest men - and made it a point to observe the Sabbath by attendance upon public worship. He was a shrewd trader, meeting loss and profit with equal equanimity. Not easily excited he could view business affairs with coolness, and make the most advantageous moves in the hours of opportunity."

In 1857 Mr. Ladd married Miss Caroline A. Elliott, of New Hampshire, a j-oung woman of excellent mental endowments, with whom he had been acquainted since school days.

In 1852 Ladd & Tilton entered into partnership and continued their mercantile operations together until the spring of 1855, when the former bought out the latter, who thereupon returned to New Hampshire. Three years later Mr. Tilton returned and again became associated with Mr. Ladd, formiug the banking house of Ladd & Tilton, which was opened for business in April, 1859. The bank has grown steadily and through it has been transacted a large part of the monetary business of Oregon. The capital was small at the start, but iu 1861 it was increased to |150,000, and not many years elapsed before the capital was brought up to |1, 000, 000. When the partnership was dissolved in 1880, bills receivable amounted to upwards of $2,500,- 000, and so select and sound had been the conduct of this business, that when the bank made its statement in 1888 there was less than thirteen hundred dollars of this large sum outstanding.

Though the old store first, and his bank afterwards, occupied his close attention and were the means of making his fortune, Mr. Ladd also branched out into a number of other ventures. He has been most active in developing the agricultural .resources of the State, owning three farms of his own and five in partnership with S. G. Reed. These he conducts partly for recreation and amusement. He has been lavish of his means in this particular and has done much in the way of introducing new and improved methods of farming, and in importing and breeding fine live stock. He is also largely interested in flouring mills, controlling at the present time about three-fourths of the entire flouring mill business of the Pacific Northwest. He is identified with what is now the Oregon Iron and Steel Company at Oswego, and has been a leading stockholder of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. Besides these interests he is one of the largest property holders in Portland and vicinity, owning many acres of valuable city land and a large number of business and residence buildings. He built the first brick building in Portland. His interest in school matters and public education has been long and continuous, being among the first to ser\-e as a school director. He has been a friend of churches and public charities and his gifts have been munificent. He endowed the chairs of practical theology in the Presbyterian Theological Seminar)-, in San Francisco in 1886 with |50,000, and gave several scholarships to the Willamette University. Throughout a wide extent of country few churches have been built without aid from him. The Library Association of Portland, one of the most creditable and useful institutions of the city, has always felt his fostering care. For twenty years it has occupied the second floor of his bank building, on the corner of First and Stark streets free of charge. It has been Mr. Ladd's custom from the first to set aside one-tenth of his net iucome for charitable purposes, placing it as a gift apart from other funds. It is said that an appeal for sufferers, if worthy, has never been refused by him nor by any member of his family.

To his wife he ascribes a great portion of his success, saying : "I owe ever3'thing to her. Through all she has been to me most emphatically a helpmate, in the best and highest sense, a noble wife, a saintly mother to our children. Always patient, thoughtful aud courageous, she has cheerfulh- assumed her part of whatever load I have had to carry. We both started together at bed-rock; and from then until now we have taken everj^ step in harmon}-."

Their eldest sou, William M. Ladd, has for several years efSciently aided his father in the management of his largely increased interests. He is an alumnus of Amherst College and since the retirement of Mr. Tilton, he has been a partner in the bank. The second son, Charles Elliott, is at the head of the large flouring business which his father in a large part created and now controls. The eldest daughter is the wife of Henry J. Corbett, son of Henry W. Corbett. The second daughter is the wife of Charles Pratt, of Brooklyn, N. Y., who is largely interested in the Standard Oil Company.

A man of Mr. Ladd's intelligence and enterprise would be naturally sought after by his fellow citizens to fill positions of public trust. He has, however, invariably declined accepting any public office other than those involving usefulness without regard to public honors or emoluments. He has held the position of Mayor of Portland, and his name has repeatedly been mentioned for high public stations, but he has persistenth- refused to enter the arena of political strife. During the war he was a war Democrat, and has since exercised his right of voting his own ticket, although in national matters, he has of late j-ears, sided with the Republicans.

Mr. Ladd's main characteristic has been the indomitable persistence with which his plans have been pursued. The strength of his will has been marked in every phase of his career, but "perhaps nothing shows, " saj-s another, "more fully his unquailing spirit and the preponderance of his will, than his steady and persistent application to business since the infirmity came upon him by which he has been rendered incapable of physical activity. His uninterrupted application to business and development of great plans, is an example of how little the operations of a great mind and spirit depend upon the completeness of these temples of clay in which the soul spends its earthh- life."

Few men who could more fitly assume the name of "Money King," realize more fully than Mr. Ladd, the idea of a man of great wealth and power holding his possessions as a public trust and sincerely striving to return all his dollars to the use of society, and to the advantage of his fellow men. While he is easily master, he is, nevertheless, a friend and favorite with his workmen and employees. He believes in fairness to all who work and that their rights and liberty be respedled, and denounces the iniquity of combinations of capital which would deprive trade or labor of its freedom. It is foT these qualities he stands closer to the hearts of the people than most men of wealth, and suffers as little from envy as any rich man in the nation.

Such is a brief outline of the history of a man whose active and enterprising spirit, sound business sagacity, open-handed liberality and pronounced Christian character, have contributed largely to mould the character of a growing cit}', and lay deep and broad the commercial honor, political virtue, enlightened education and sound principles of our young and growing commonwealth. Mr. Ladd is one of those who realize the duties and responsibilities of wealth, and the large assistance he has always lent to worthy objects of public effort are among the proofs of his benevolence and breadth of character.

WILLIAMS, George H. Judge Williams, alone among the citizens of Oregon, has had the distinction of occupying a place in the highest councils of the nation - in the cabinet of a president. He was also regarded by President Grant as the man most fit and able to hold the position of Chief Justice of the United States. The bitter struggle following his nomination to this supreme position is well remembered for the sectional feeling displayed and the dissent of certain members of the senate which led the Judge to withdraw his name. It is not the intention, however, to recall the personal contests of the past - they have been long forgotten and forgiven - but to remind the reader that it was upon an arena no less great than the nation that Judge Williams has passed the most intense years of his life, and that it was as one of a group of men the first amon^ Americans - a company composing the "Great Round Table" in the most eventful 3'ears of our national history - that he has been accustomed to move. The people of Oregon have reason to feel a justifiable pride in his career, and to appreciate more strongly the ties that unite them to the national life. Not wishing to make comparisons as to the value of the services of the able men who have represented the State of Oregon at Washington, and even while remembering the eloquent Baker and the noble and sagacious Nesmith, still it must in justice be admitted that Judge Williams in no place to which he was called, however exalted, ever fell short of its high requirements, and in the discussiou and solution of some of the gravest questions which ever confronted the national government he has borne himself with distinguished honor. He was a great and positive force in the senate during his term; uniting dispersed and wavering purposes; giving proper form to uncertain tendencies, and was, moreover, able to defend his policy before audiences no less great than the whole people of the United .States.

It is only briefly that we can give the salient features iu the life and work of this pioneer and illustrious son of Oregon. Little more will be attempted than to allude to the more prominent events in which he has been an actor, for these alone will illustrate a character solid, firm, wise and energetic.

He was born in New Lebanon, Columbia County, New York, March 26, 1823, and removed at an early day to Onondago County, receiving his education at the Porapey Academy. He studied law with Hon, Daniel Scott, and at the age of twenty-one was admitted to practice in New York. In the same year, 1844, he removed to Iowa Territory, and commenced the practice of his profession at Fort Madison. In 1847 he was elected Judge of the First Judicial District of that State, at the first election after the formation of the State government, sending five years. In 1852 he was one of the Presidential Electors at large and canvassed the State for Franklin Pierce. In 1853, he was appointed Chief Justice of Oregon Territory and was re-appointed bj- Buchanan in 1857. He terminated his services in this position by resignation, and resumed the practice of law at Portland. He became a member, however, of the convention to form the Constitution for Oregon and was chairman of the judiciary committee. While iu this responsible position he was active in opposing the introduction of slavery into Oregon, and as the Constitution required the popular vote upon that question, he was active iu presenting the question before the people and in urging rejection of slaverj-. His anti-slavery principles and devotion to the Union led him to assist in the formation of the Union party in 1861. He was very earnest in supporting Lincoln's administration and strongly upheld the efforts of the Federal Government in suppressing the rebellion. In 1864 he was elected senator in Congress and was a member of the committee on Finance and Public Lands, and also of the Reconstruction committee.

Among the measures which he introduced into the Senate and which became laws are the following: An adt creating a new land district in Oregon with a land office at La Grande; an amendment to the adt granting lands to the State of Oregon to engage in the construdlion of a military road from Eugene Cit)' to the eastern boundary of the State, granting odd secftions to supply any deficienc}- in the original grant; various acts establishing post roads; a general law to secure the election of United States senators; the "the tenure-of office a(5t," which kept republicans all over the country from being turned out of oftice by .\ndrew Johnson and which became a law by being passed over the President's veto; a resolution against the importation of coolies; an aA to provide a more efficient government of the insurrectionary States, called the "Reconstruction Act," under which all the Southern States were reconstrucfted. The last named aft was vetoed by President Johnson, but was passed over his veto. Among other measures were numerous appropriations for Oregon; an amendment to the adl of 1861, relative to property lost in suppressing Indian hostilities in Oregon; an amendment to the Judiciary act of 1789; an amendment to the a<ft granting lands to aid in the construcflion of a railroad from the Central Pacific in California to Portland, Oregon; an aft fixing eleftions in Idaho and Washington territories on the same day as the eleftion in Oregon; an aft to pay two companies of Oregon volunteers commanded by Captains Walker and Olney; an aft to strengthen the public credit; an amendment to the aft granting lands to aid in the constrnftion of a railroad from the Central Pacific to Portland, by which the grant was prevented from reverting to the Government; an aft granting lands to aid in the constrnftion of a railroad and telegraph line from Portland to Astoria and McMinnville; a resolution to facilitate the building of a light house at Yaquina Ba3% and other light houses on the coast of Oregon; an aft granting certain lands to Blessington Rutledge, a citizen of Lane county; a resolution to increase the pay of marshals in taking the census of 1870; an aft extending the benefits of the Donation Law of 1850 to certain persons; an aft creating a new land distrift iu Washington Territory, with a land office at Walla Walla.

Judge Williams entered the senate at the most e.xciting and important period in the history of the government. A great war had just closed. One-third of the States of the Union were disorganized, to restore them was a great work, hardly less difficult than had been the suppression of the rebellion. From the first Judge Williams took a prominent part in the debates of the senate and wielded a power second to none in that body and far greater than any new member. He soon became a recognized leader among the first men of the nation, many of whom possessed great talent, unbounded ambition, long experience in the senate, world wide fame, with prestige of old, populous and powerful States to sustain them in their efforts to lead and control their associates and to shape legislation. He originated the most important measures of a political and national character which passed Congress during his term of service - the reconstruction law and the tenure-of-office act. While ten States were in a condition of anarchy, and the wisest and most experienced statesman were quarreling among themselves and waging a fierce contest with President Johnson as to how the subjugated States should be restored to their proper places in the Union, Senator Williams brought forsvard his militar}- reconstruction bill, and after long and earnest debate, it passed both houses and became a law notwithstanding the opposition of the President and of the Democratic party. Under this law and its amendments, chaos was converted into order, peace was established and the Union was permanenth- restored on a free and prosperous basis.

While President Johnson was dispossessing of office the loj-al men who had elected him and filling their places with those unfriendly to the reconstruction measures. Senator Williams prepared a bill to regulate the tenure-of-office. This was passed over the President's veto and was invaluable in maintaining the power of the Republican party. The senator did much also during these days to give Oregon a reputation abroad and to build up the State at home. His bills for the welfare of the State were carefully matured, well adapted to the conditions then existing, and in their working have been the means of developing domestic and interstate commerce and opening for the people of the Pacific slope the markets of the world.

In 1871, Judge Williams was appointed one of the joint commissioners to frame a treatj^ for the settlement of the Alabama claims and the northwestern boundarj', and other questions in dispute with Great Britain. In this capacity he bore himself with his usual dignit)^ and his counsels proved of material value. Indeed, his part in predetermining the decision of the northwestern boundary in favor of the United States, is something that has never been generally known; his sagacity and foresight probably giving to the country- the territory in dispute. Being appointed on the commission as a citizen of the Pacific coast, he was expected to keep especial watch of the disposition of the northwest boundary-. The dispute is familiar and need not be recounted here. Great Britain was fully determined, and by diplomatic correspondence committed to maintain that the boundary ran through Rosario Straits; while the United States contended that the center of the canal DeHaro, was the true line. It was a point of especial difficulty, both from the inflexible position of each nation, and from the obscurity of the words of the treaty, by reason of their reference to a "channel" which was imperfectly known, at the time they were written. As the only probable solution of the vexed question, it was proposed in the commission to refer the whole matter to the decision of the Emperor of Germany. Seeing at once that this was a loose and dangerous expedient, without some deter, mining canon to serve as a guide, and that in the interest of harmony, the Emperor might easily yield to a disposition of the question upon other than its legal merits. Judge Williams refused to agree to the Emperor's arbitration, except with the proviso that his decision should be merely an interpretation of the treaty of 1846; that he should not decide de novo, but simpl)- settle the meaning or intention of the agreement already made. So cogently did he present these views that the commission finally acceded, being compelled to recognize that in no other form could it be worthily submitted. This virtually decided the question in the favor of the United States, for the Emperor could allow that the treaty intended nothing else but the main or most used channel, which proved to be the canal DeHaro. By this the United States secured the San Juan and other islands.

In December, 1871, Judge Williams was appointed Attorney General of the United States, and for three years fully sustained the rights and dignit}- of the government. Here again it is not generally known to how large an extent the force and pith of the president's policy with reference to the Southern States, was in the hands of Judge Williams. To govern these States was the difficult point in the whole question of his administration. It was during the time of the Ku Klux outrages and the laws defied by the clans were to be maintained by the Attorney General. President Grant devolved upon him the entire charge of the disturbances and political affairs of the Southern States, so far as concerned the national government; and the Secretary of War was directed to wait upon him as to the movement of troops into the disquieted regions. At the time when rival governments from a number of the Southern States sought the recognition of the President, .\ttorney General William's advice as to the course to pursue, was closely followed, in accordance with which, the Democratic government of Arkansas and the Republican government of Louisana were recognized. The contending parties of Alabama agreed to submit their claims to him, and his plan of settlement was accepted, restoring peace to a distracted people.

In 1872 he made a tour of the South, delivering addresses in Richmond, Savannah, Charleston and othern Southern cities; declaring the purpose of the President to maintain fair elections, and that every voter should be allowed to cast his ballot according to his preferences. The full vote in the election following and the return of Republicans from Virginia, South Carolina, Arkansas and some other Southern States, proved the impression made by his words. Since that time and the change of administrative policy the Republican party has made but little showing in these States.

In 187-1-, Judge Williams' name was presented to the Senate for the place of Chief Justice, left vacant by the death of Salmon P. Chase. It was hard for the old East to admit that the remote West was entitled to such an honor as would be bestowed by the elevation of the Oregon statesman, and after a contention which promised a great controversy and well nigh threatened to disrupt the Republican party, the Judge withdrew his name - much to the regret of President Grant who was willing to stake upon his confirmation the success of his administration.

The result of the presidential election of 1876, when both parties claimed the election, and the public sentiment of the country was about equally divided as to the result, is still fresh in the public mind. The excitement was most intense and the situation was positively perilous, foreboding discension and distraction, and possibly civil war. In this period of perplexity as to the course to pursue to bring about a lawful and peaceful solution of the difficulty. Judge Williams contributed an article to the Washington Star, which clearly outlined the policy afterwards pursued, and embodied all the essential features of the famous electoral commission bill finally adopted by Congress, under the workings of which lawfully and peacefully was settled the great political contest of 1S76. Some time after the bill became a law, several persons claimed the honor of having first suggested the ideas it contained. The matter was agitated to some extent in the public press, and finally the Washiti'^- ton Star in a somewhat leugthy editorial, presented the facts in the case and clearly showed the credit belonged to Ju.Ige Williams.

Since Judge Williams' return to unofficial life he has made his home in Portland, practicing law and giving essential aid to all great public causes. He has been constantly sought for political campaign work, and to grace the festivals of the metropolis of Oregon with his felicitous addresses. Much interest has centered in his recent utterances respecting Historical Christianity, and a lecture prepared and delivered by him upon the Divinity of Christ is regarded as a valuable contribution to this discussion.

Judge Williams has none of the small arts of the popular leader. He is a man of great and simple nature, of very high intellectual powers, of sober and solid judgment, a man who never loses his equipoise, but at all times has his great mental resources at command. In clearness of statement and power of argument, he is unsurpassed. His intellectual sincerity is apparent to all who have heard him speak, and his moral life has always been irreproachable.

HIRSCH, SoivOMON. There is something inspiring in the record of a busy and useful life; something stimulating in the details of a career that is marked by a generous and beneficent purpose; something worth}' of emulation in the success that has been wrought by unselfish means. Such has been the record of the gentleman whose name is the title of this biography, and so thoroughly have the varied lines of his efforts been blended with the agencies which have been conducive to the material progress of the Pacific Northwest during manyyears that no history of this portion of the Union, and especially of the State of Oregon, would be complete which failed to give him honorable mention.

He was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, March 25, 1839. His youth was spent in the old country in attendance at the common schools of that day. At the age of fourteen years he came to America, and soon after his arrival in New York, secured a clerkship in a store iu New Haven, Connecticut. Here he remained but a few months, when he returned to New York, and a short time thereafter accepted a position in an office in Rochester, New Hampshire, where he remained until 1858. He then came to Oregon by the way of the Isthmus of Panama, reaching Portland about the middle of April in 1858. A few weeks later he started in business at Dallas, in Polk Count}^ in partnership with his brother, Edward Hirsch, who had accompanied him to Oregon, and who has since held many high and responsible positions in the State, including two terms as State Treasurer. They remained for two years in Dallas and then removed to Silverton, Marion County. Here they continued together in business until 1861-, when the subject of this sketch disposed of his interest, and went to Salem to assist his elder brothers, one of whom, Mayer Hirsch, was well known by early Oregonians.

with a view of giving himself a broader sphere in which to exercise his mercantile sagacity, Mr. Hirsch came to Portland in the fall of 1S6+, and in partnership with L. Fleischuer and A. Sclilussel, under the well remembered firm name of L. Fleischner & Co., bought out the wholesale general merchandise house of Haas Brothers. They continued the business with great success until 1874-, when the same partners formed a new partnership with Jacob Mayer under the firm name of Fleischner, Ma^-er & Co., and from that time have conducted a wholesale dr}' goods business. Their business rapidh' grew in magnitude, and for many years they have had the largest establishment of its kind on the Pacific Coast, outside of San Francisco. All of the original partners are still connected with the firm, making it one of the oldest in the city. Mr. Hirsch has contributed his full share toward the work of building up the large business of this firm, and the gratifying success attained has been largely due to his careful supervision and excellent business judgment.

Mr. Hirsch has always been an ardent Republican, and during late 3^ears has borne a prominent part in shaping the political affairs of the State. His first active work in the political arena was in 1864, when he secured the selection of his brother, Mayer Hirsch, as a delegate to the Republican National Convention, which nominated for a second term the lamented Lincoln. In 1872 he was elected a member of the Lower House of the Legislature from Multnomah County, and as an acknowledgement of his well known financial ability was appointed a member of the committee on Ways and Means. In the long and exciting Senatorial contest of that year he took a leading part, his course throughout this bitterly waged fight being in accord with party usages, and such as met with the approval of a large body of his constituents. He introduced and secured the passage of a bill providing for the establishment of a public school to be taught in the German language. Under this bill such a school was opened in Portland and has since been maintained. In 1874 he was nominated by the Republicans of Multnomah Count}' for the State Senate, and was the only candidate elected in opposition to the Independent ticket then in the field, notwithstanding the high standing and popularity of his opponent, Jvidge William Strong. So satisfactory to the people was his discharge of the duties of this office during his term, that in 1878 he was again nominated for the same position, and elected by a largely increased majority over the vote he received in 1874. His efforts during his second term were largely in behalf of a bill, which in Oregon would take the place of the National Bankrupt Act, the latter having expired by limitation.

Senator Hirsch's bill provided for a pro-rata division of the property of insolvent debtors among creditors. The bill was strongly opposed, but was finalh- passed. Under the workings of this law the results have been such as to meet with the heartiest approval by the commercial community. So thoroughly was Senator Hirsch identified with this important measure that it is often referred to as the Hirsch Assignment Law. Owing to a popular demand for a change in the statutes of limitations as to real estate. Senator Hirsch introduced a bill during the session of 1878, which became a law, providing that ten instead of tweutj' years of peaceable possession should constitute an incontestable title to property.

In 1880, Senator Hirsch was honored by receiving the unanimous vote of his party associates, both in the caucus and open session, for President of the Senate.

He made an excellent presiding officer, and by his firmness and impartiality won the esteerii of both political sides of the Chamber. While occupyin;^ the position he delivered the address of welcome to President R. B. Hayes, ani other distinguished guests who were tendered a reception in the Senate Chamber during their memorable visit to the Northwest.

Much against his will and protest Mr. Hirscli was nominated for a third term in the. Senate in 1SS2, and although he devoted little time to a personal canvass he was elected b\- nearh- 1,200 majorit}-, the largest majority ever given in the State on the election of a State Senator. This was a magnificent compliment, and showed the appreciation in which his past services were held by the people. D.iring the State political campaign which followed his nomination, Mr. Hirsch's time and energies were almost solely given up to the State campaign, to the total disregard of his personal interest. The Republican Delegation from Multnomah County to the State Convention which met in Portland in April, 1882, unanimously recommended him as a member of the State Central Committee from this county, and he was afterwards unanimously elected as Chairman of that organization. From that time until the election closed he was indefatigable in his exertions for the success of his party. His successful management of the campaign is a matter of history, the defeat of the Democratic party being as disastrous as was the success of the Republican party brilliant. Never was a campaign in this State better managed, its organizations more complete, its work more effective and its result more successful, for which in a large measure credit was freely given to the judicious labors of Senator Hirsch. For the first time since 1870, the full Republican State ticket was elected, while a Republican majority was secured in both branches of the Legislative Assembly.

During the Legislative session of 1885. Mr. Hirsch, at the request of many friends, consented to the use of his name as a candidate for the United States Senate, and in open session on several ballots received within one vote of an election. The balloting was continued for many days but no candidate received the requisite number of votes, and the Legislature was compelled finally to adjourn without a choice being made. A special session was afterwards called, when the present Senator, John H. Jlitchell, was elected.

At the expiration of his third term in the Senate, Mr. Hirsch refused to become a candidate for another term, but he continued to be an active power in politics, preferring, however, to work in the ranks without expectation of reward for his services. During his legislative career he was one of the most active and useful officials in the service of the vState. A man of calm judgment, of marked intelligence, of keen perceptive faculties, abounding in sensible practical ideas and of unsullied integrity, his opinions never failed to receive the careful consideration of his colleagues. The interests of his constituents were carefully and conscientiously protected and his entire record met the heartiest approval of the most intelligent, liberal minded element of the entire community. He was especially adtive in securing appropriations for the State Board of Immigration and in securing several important amendments to the pilot law^s.

In December, 1888, Mr. Hirsch made a journey to Europe. While located at Karlsbad, Germany, he was surjirised to receive the announcement of his appointment as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Turkey, by President Harrison. This was an honor which was most unexpected and entirely unsolicited.

not having been an applicant for any position of a political nature. His appointment was speedily confirmed by the Senate and most favorabl)' endorsed by the leading journals all over the country, while the people of his adopted city and State, regardless of party lines, hailed his selection as an honor worthily bestowed and which his high character and conceded fitness richly merited. Soon after his confirmation, Minister Hirsch proceeded to Constantinople where he was received by the Sultan, after which he was granted a leave of absence to return home and make the necessary arrangements for taking up his residence with his family at the capitol of Turkev, where he is now stationed. Possessed of a large fortune, a man of broad, liberal views, cultured mind, polished manners, and of the most pleasing personal address. Minister Hirsch is by nature and cultivation well calculated to worthihuphold the dignity and honor of the United States in its relations with one of the oldest and most important powers of the Old World. The people of his State who in the past have delighted to honor him, will watch his course with pride, knowing that he will be equal to all the requirements of his new and exalted station.

The career of this gentleman which has been here but briefly outlined, presents many strange contrasts. Tliirt3--five years ago a poor boy, seeking a new home in a foreign land, he arrived in the cit)' of New York, a stranger in a strange land. The years roll by and he makes a right use of his opportunities; gains wealth, is the recipient of the honor, esteem and confidence of his fellow men in the home of his adoption, and to-day, to crown a life in even,- wa^- worthy of emulation we find him selected b)' the chief magistrate of the greatest and strongest government of modem times, as the representative at the court of one of the oldest powers of Europe, of the very countrj' to whose shores, a comparatively few years ago, he came a poor and friendless boy. Such achievements as have followed his career would be possible in no other country but America, where every avenue is open to true merit and where the best types of manhood are created and developed. It is impossible not to admire the courage which no adversity could crush, the patient, persistent devotion to a high and worthy purpose from which no temptation could allure him, such as have been so conspicuous in all the acts, public and private, of Mr. Hirsch. The elevation of such men to positions of power and influence is a tribute to true manhood, and serves as an incentive to stimulate the ambition of every youth %vho is compelled by his own unaided efforts to work out his own destiu}-.

Mr. Hirsch was married in 1870 to Miss Josephine Mayer, daughter of Jacob Mayer, of Portland. She is a ladj^ of culture and refinement and well adapted to grace and adorn the high social sphere she has bsen called upon to fill as the wife of the United States Minister at Constantinople.

SH.\TTUCK. ER.\SMrs D. Judge E. D. Shattuck was born in Bakersfield, Franklin County, Vermont, December 31, 1824. He spjut his boyhood and youth on a farm and was prepared for a collegiate course at Bakersfield Academy. In 1844- he entered Vermont University, pursued the full classical course and graduated in 1848. While in college he was dependent upon his own resources for means to prosecute his studies, and during vacations and some part of term time he taught school in the countr)' or had private classes in the village. Notwithstanding these disadvantages and interruptions he completed the college course in the prescribed time and stood third in his class on final examinations.

On leaving college Mr. Shattuck was employed for a year as teacher of Latin and mathematics in Bakersfield Academy. He then went to Georgia and taught a year in Newnau Seminary, situated about twentj^-five miles from the city of Atlanta. While in Newnan he employed his leisure in reading law in the office of Archibald McKinley, at that time one of the leading lawyers in that part of the State.

In 1851 he returned north and located in Malone, New York, where he applied himself to the study of law in the office of Parmelee & Fitch. In the Spring of 1852 he went to New York City and entered the office of Abner Benedict, where he remained reading law and acquiring the details of practice until October, 1852, when he was admitted to the bar.

Soon after his admission to the bar he decided to come to Oregon, at that time almost an unknown region. He did not purpose to come alone, and returning to Vermont he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah A. Armstrong of Fletcher. January 5, 1853, Mr. Shattuck and wife started for Oregon by the Isthmus of Panama, arriving at Portland on the 15th day of Februar)^ For about four years after his arrival in Oregon Mr. Shattuck was engaged chiefly in teaching, having been appointed professor of ancient languages in the Pacific Universitj' at Forest Grove. In 1855 he was elected count}- superintendent of common schools in Washington County, and in 1856 probate judge for the same county. In 1857 he was elected delegate for Washington County to the constitutional convention, and sat in that body and took part in framing the Constitution of the State.

After the adjournment of the Convention he formed a co-partnership in the practice of law with David Logan and removed to Portland, where he has ever since continuously resided. In 1858 he was elected to represent Multnomah and Washington Counties at the last session of the Oregon Territorial Legislature. In 1861 he was appointed United States District Attoruej', and in 1862 was elected Judge of the Supreme and Circuit Courts for the Fourth Judicial District, holding the latter office uutil November, 1867. In 1874- he was again elected Judge of the Supreme Court and continued in office until the reorganization of the State Judiciary by the Legislative act of 1878. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for Department No. 1, in the Fourth District, a position he still worthily fills. Besides the offices named. Judge Shattuck, at different periods, has ser\'ed as member of the Portland City Council, as a member of the Board of Directors of the Portland school district, a:id was one of the founders and early trustees of the Portland Librarv.

It will be seen that Judge Shattuck has been almost constantly in the public service since his arrival in Oregon, and during all these years his record has been such as to win the confidence and respect of his fellow men. He is a studious reader, a profound thinker, and an earnest and logical talker. He has been a hard worker in his profession. His patient industry, his power of incisive analysis, and his large knowledge of the principles of law are conspicuous in all the fields of learning and pradlice, but appear to best advantage in the sphere of a judge. His mind is jvidicial in tone and temper; in no one could there be better harmony between mental and moral forces than in Judge Shattuck. In all the elements which constitute the worthy citizen, he excels. He is a man of strong convictions, of great sincerity and high sense of duty. He follows his conviAions regardless of personal consequences; is firm, without being dogmatic, but maintains his opinions fearlessly. In modes of thought and life he is eminently pradtical, and abounds in domestic affedtion and is earnestly loyal to principles and friends. Although reared under the teachings of the Christian faith, he is hardly "orthodox" in matters of religion, but has due respedl for the views of others, and the utmost veneration for all agencies which tend to elevate the standard of moralit}- and to make men lead better and purer lives.

In politics Judge Shattuck was originally a whig, but joined the republican party on its first organization in this State, acting with it until 1S72, when he united with the so-called independent movement and worked earnestly against tendencies which he found objectionable in the policy of the regular party leaders. In the presidential eledliou of that year he was a candidate for eledlor on the Greele\'-Deinocratic ticket. Since that time he has acted and voted chiefl}- with the democratic party, although he is classed among the independent voters and has never been considered much of a partisan. He is one of the best known and most highly esteemed citizens of Oregon; in the soundness of his judgment and in his personal and official integrity, all men have full confidence, and no man has done more than he to establish and maintain the high chara(5ler of our judicial tribunals. His reward is the universal esteem of his fellow men.

GLISAN, Rodney, M. D. Rodne}' Glisan, physician of Portland, son of Samuel and Eliza Glisan, was bom at Linganore, Frederick County, Maryland, Januarj' 29, 1827. His ancestors were among the first English settlers of Maryland.

He was graduated in the medical department of the Universitj- of Slaryland, in 1849, and after passing a severe competitive examination before a medical board, was appointed a medical officer of the United States Army, in May, 1850. Having served in this capacit}' for about eleven years on the plains, and in Oregon during her Indian wars, he resigned his commission and settled in Portland, where he has ever since been in the successful practice of his profession. In recognition of his ser\'ices during the Indian hostilities in Oregon from 1855 to 1860 he was, in 1886, elected surgeon of the Grand Encampment of the Indian War Veterans of the North Pacific Co.ast, and still holds this honorary position.

While stationed in Oregon as an army surgeon, Dr. Glisan had an excellent opportunity to ascertain the efficiency of volunteer soldiers and unlike a certain class of regular army officers, he has ever entertained the highest opinion of their soldierly qualities.

Dr. Glisan was a professor in the first medical institution ever formed in Oregon, the Oregon Medical College, which subsequently assumed the name of The Medical Department of the Willamette University, in which he was for a long time a lecturer, and is still an emeritus professor. While an active member of this college, he felt the need of American text books in his department of obstetrics, none having been written for several years, and regretted the general use by American schools of the text books of Great Britain and continental Europe. In his effort to supply this deficiency he published in 1881, and again in 1887, his Text Book of Modern Midwifery. This was well received both in the United States and Great Britain. Its author had the pleasiu-e of seeing a copy of it in the library of one of the most distinguished professors in Paris. He also saw his book in the libraries of several German professors at Vienna. A well known American j^ractitioner has said of it: " that from the concise yet clear style, and the correctness of the teaching, the student of midwifery will find it a profitable work for study, and the busy practitioner a satisfactory work of reference," while the London Medical Times and Gazette said of it: " We have read the book with much pleasure, and regard it as a valuable addition to obstetric literature. Its great merit seems to us to be this: that it is the work of a man who thinks for himself. Dr. Glisau not only shows a habit of independent judgment, but an amount of common sense which makes his opinions worth careful attention." The London Lancet gave the work the following endorsement:

" The first thing that strikes us in the book is independence; hardly an idea is adopted, in a work which must naturally consist largel}' of compilation, without digestion and assimilation, and the result or digested product bears the impress of the author's mind, the main characteristic of which is common sense."

Dr. Glisau is also author of a. Journal of Army Life, and Two Years in Europe, the latter being his last work in book form. It is a book of travel and was very flatteringly received by the press; the Literary World, of Boston, in reviewing it said :

" Dr. Glisau, who is an Oregonian, covers a wider range of topics than Dr. Holmes, and detains his readers for a much longer period. He is sedate and sober, too, in comparison with Dr. Holmes, though his narrative is too instructive to be called commonplace, even when placed alongside the sparkling ' Hundred Days. ' Dr. Glisan, who traveled in a deliberate and rather generously American fashion all over England and the Continent, skips about in his story in a way that would be rather destructive to the order of time-tables and guide-baoks, but is observing and judicious, manly and sensible. He is more plain-spoken as to the signs of the ' social evil ' in London and Paris, than some less strictly professional travelers would care to be in print; in particular, he is emphatic in his opinion of the moral dangers to which young medical students are exposed in Paris, Berlin and Vienna; he preserves his total-abstinence habits throughout his trip, and ridicules the common caution not to drink water; he showed himself a bold man inspecting the crater of Vesuvius, and a plucky one in handling a pickpocket at Amsterdam. * » # £)r_ Glisan received many attentions and saw something of society and inner life, and the pictures which embellish this handsome book are good engravings of photographs. The great centres of European life may be instructively and agreeably visited in his company."

Dr. Glisan has taken an active interest in the efforts put forward to elevate his profession through medical organizations. He was president of the Medical Society of the State of Oregon in 1875-6, and his address in rhyme delivered before the society attracted wide attention. It has since appeared in a volume entitled, "Medical Rhvmes," edited by Hugo Erichsen, M. D. For many years Dr. Glisan has been a member of the American Medical Association. He took an adtive part in the Seventh International Medical Congress held in London, England, 1881, and was also a member of the Ninth International Medical Congress, which convened in Washington, D. C, in 1887. His paper, read by invitation before the latter Congress, elicited favorable comments in all the principal medical journals of America and Europe.

Dr. Gilsan has written many articles on professional subjects for the leading medical journals of the United States, which are of great value as outlining in certain diseases peculiar and independent modes of successful treatment. Perhaps the most prominent of his contributions to this class of literature appeared in the U. S. Army Statistics, (1855 and 1860), and in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, (1865, 1878 and 1880). He has performed many important surgical operations. Among his notable cases were the first amputations of the shoulder and thigh, and the second operation for strangulated inguinal hernia, ever performed on the North Pacific Coast. Although relinquishing this branch of the profession, he is still a bus}' general practitioner.

Dr. Gilsan has been one of the most industrious of men. He is especially noted for the unconquerable persistence with which he pursues whatever he undertakes. He possesses fine business qualifications united to great prudence, and has accumulated a large fortune. In everything pertaining to business or his profession, he is very methodical and always appears cool and collefled. Owing chiefly to his temperate habits, he has always enjoyed good health, and has not for more than half a century refrained from duty, civil or military, for a single day on account of ill health, although exposed by day and by night in all climates, to the inclemency of the weather. He is religious, as the result of the clearest and most deliberate of convictions. He was originally a Methodist in faith, but since his residence in Portland, has been a member of Trinity Episcopal Church, where for over twenty years he has been warden. His views of men and affairs have been broadened by obser^-ation and by mingling with men of many countries. Although he has traveled extensivelj' in Central and British America, in the United States and in Europe, he has seen no couutry that he prefers as a home, to Oregon. His personal character as a man of probity and high sense of honor, has been firmly established. In addition to his attainments as a physician, he is a thinker and writer who has shown a literary capacity of superior order, united to soundness of judgment and grace of expression which give to his writing and public utterances particular value. While he is in every sense a practical man, there is in his nature an element that is genuinely poetic. It is the vein of gold in the quartz of his more rugged virtues. Large property interests and genuine affection for his adopted city and State, have combined to make him an important fattor in their material advancemeut, to which he has largelv contributed.

The domestic life of Dr. Glisan has been one of singular congenialit\' and happiness. He was married in December 3,1863 to Miss Elizabeth Couch, a native of Massachusetts and the youngest daughter of Captain John H. Couch, one of the founders of Portland. Mrs. Glisan is a lady of culture and refinement and devotes much of her time and energies to philanthropic and charitable work.

BELLINGER Charles B. Judge Bellinger was bom in Maquon, Knox County, Illinois, November 21, 1839, and at the age of eight jears came to Oregon with his parents and grand-parents. After receiving the advantages of a common school education, supplemented with some two years at the Willamette Universit}', he began to read law at Salem, in the office of B. F. Bonham, at present United States Consul at Calcutta, and was admitted to the bar at the September term of the Supreme Court, in 1863. He immediately thereafter engaged in the pradlice of law at Salem, in partnership with J. C. Cartvvright, since United States Distridl Attorney and Commissioner of Internal Revenue for Oregon; but now deceased. The firm rapidly acquired a good business, but unable to resist the allurement of politics, Mr. Bellinger gave up the law business to become the editor of a new Democratic paper, The Arena, which had been founded by Gen. John F. Miller, Hon, Joseph S. Smith and other prominent democrats. It was a time when what was known as the "Oregon Style" was in fashion. The paper was like its contemporaries, bitterly partisan and personal in its treatment of subjefts and men under discussion. It was impetuous, unsparing, and as is always the case when controversy is carried on under like conditions, often most unjust in its treatment of those of the opposition.

Mr. Bellinger's health becoming impaired, he retired from editorial work in 1S66, and with another gentleman engaged in mercantile business at Monroe, in Beuton county, until 1869, serving in the mean time, in 1868, a term in the Legislature as a representative from Benton county.

In 1869, at the solicitation of Hon. N. H. Cranor, of Albany, Linn county, he removed to the latter place, under an arrangement by which he was to practice law with that gentleman and at the same time take editorial charge of the State Rights Democrat newspaper.

In the spring of 1870, following Mr. Bellinger's assumption of editorial charge of the Democrat, the Democratic State Convention which met at Albany, adopted what was known as the "equitable adjustment" platform, in which it undertook to straddle the then burning question as to whether the public debt, contracted in putting down the rebellion, should in whole or in part be repudiated. It was a cowardly concession to what was then believed to be a large element in the party in favor of repudiation. Mr. Bellinger, in the Democrat, denounced the straddle, declared that the only construction of the platform which could be permitted must favor the payment in good faith of the debt according to the terms in which it was contracted, and served notice on the candidates and party organs, who were already advocating the "equitable adjustmenf'of the debt, by which the debt might be paid in some part, or no part, as the exigences of the future might require, that they must face about and repudiate repudiation, or the Democrat would repudiate the ticket and lead a revolt that would lose Linn county to the party in the election. This county was the bulwark of the party and was believed to be the stronghold of the repudiation element in the State. The attitude of the Democrat was the sensation of the campaign. The result was that in spite of the gibes and taunts of the republican journals that the democratic party and its candidates were being driven to surrender their convictions at the command of a country newspaper, the democratic campaign was thenceforth shaped upon the course marked out bj- the Democrat. The democratic party succeeded in the election and it was the opinion of the best politicians of the time, that the result was due largely, if not wholly, to the course of the Democrat, an opinion which nothing has since occurred to change.

LTnder Mr. Bellinger's management, the Democrat advanced rapidly in circulation and influence, but, editing a newspaper and practicing law at the same time, beinc incompatible, he sold out his interest in the paper to his partner, the late M. V. Brown, and in the fall of 1870, removed to Portland where he has since continued to reside engaged in the practice of the law.

In 1871, the then prosecuting attorney for the Fourth Judicial District, Ex-Governor Gibbs, having acccepted the appointment of United States Distridt Attorney, Governor Grover, a<?ling upon the assumption that the two oflfices were incompatible and that the acceptance of the second office created a vacancy in the former one, appointed Mr. Bellinger to such vacancy. Governor Gibb., refused to surrender, but continued to hold both offices. An a<5lion of quo warranto was brought on the part of the new appointee to test the right of the latter to the office. A final decision in the Supreme Court in favor of the contestant was reached after the expiration of the terra. The case, though unreported, has become a leading one and was often referred to in the Cronin-W'att elettoral contest of 1876-7, certified copies of the record having been forwarded to Jlr. Tilden's lawyers on their order, for use in that contest.

In 1872j Mr. Bellinger was the nominee on the democratic ticket for prosecuting attorney in the Fourth Distridl, his opponent being Mr. Geo. H. Durham. The two candidates were old school mates and chums and the canvass made by them of the different counties of the distrift was more one of recreation than serious political work. The entire democratic ticket was overwhelmingly defeated in the election Mr. Bellinger with the rest.

In 1873, Mr. Bellinger went to the Modoc war with General John F. Miller, major general of the Oregon militia, in capacity of aid with the rank of colonel, and remained in that service until the appointment of the peace commission suspended military operations. He-was in the battle of the Lava Beds, fought on January 17th, in which the United States troops under General Wheaton, the Oregon volunteers and a company of California volunteers, were defeated b}- Captain Jack, with heavy loss. He was upon General Wheaton's staff during the eugagemeut and received honorable mention in that officer's report of the battle.

In 1874, Mr. Bellinger was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court of the State, and ex officio reporter of its decisions. While holding this position he served as chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, during 1876 and 1877, covering the exciting period of the Tildeu presidential campaign. In the fall of 1878, he resigned the clerkship of the Supreme Court, to accept the Circuit Judgeship for the Fourth Judicial Districft, then comprising the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Washington, Clatsop and Columbia. The docket of cases for trial in Multnomah county, was at the time phenomenal. There were seven murder cases pending and tried during the first term for the latter county held by the new judge, and above sixty indictments for felonies of different kinds were disposed of at the same term. The enormous criminal business of the district is shown by the fact that in the spring of 1880, more than one-half of all the convicts in the peniteutiarv-, numbering a total of above two hundred, had received their sentence from Judge Bellinger. The civil docket during the same time was also an unusually large one.

.\t the general election of 1880 Judge Bellinger was his party's candidate for Circuit Judge but was defeated by Judge Raleigh Stott, owing to the overwhelmingly republican majority of that year and the popularity of his opponent. It was, however, an honorable defeat since he ran between eleven and twelve hundred votes ahead of his ticket and carried by large majorities some of the strongest republican preciucts in his owu county. Upon retiring from the bench he resumed the practice of the law in partnership with Hon. John M. Geariu, and so continued until the fall of 1883, when he became a member of the firm of Dolph, Bellinger, Mallory & Simon.

He was married early in life to Miss Margery S. Johnson, of Linn County. Their children, four sons and three daughters, are all living and with two exceptions are grown.