Umatilla County, Oregon - Chapter 40: Umatilla County, Oregon, 1882 (part 2 of 5)

Meanwhile, events were happening along the Columbia. Mr. Kunzie had advised Governors Chad wick and Ferry and military authorities to guard the Columbia, as he was of opinion that the hostiles designed crossing to the Yakima country. Governor Ferry hastened to Walla Walla on the seventh and raised a company of forty volunteers under Capt. W. C. Painter, who proceeded to Wallula and embarked the next morning on the steamer Spokane, under command of Major Kress. Captain Wilkinson had the Northwest, with twelve soldiers and and twenty volunteers. These boats, armed with howitzers and Gatling guns, patroled the river. This was the day that Howard drove them back into the mountains, thus heading them off if they had any designs of crossing the river. There were several hundred Indians who had never lived on the reservation, and were considered non-treaty Indians. They belonged chiefly to the Umatilla and Walla Walla tribes lived in the vicinity of Wallula and Umatilla, and were known as Columbia river Indians. When Major Cornoyer gathered in the scattered bands many of these refused to go, and were looked upon as sympathizing with the hostiles and were supposed to have joined them. On the morning of the day Howard had his fight on Butter and Birch creeks, a number of these attempted to cross the river with a quantity of stock. They were intercepted at three points by the Spokane, and being fired into several Indians and a few horses were wounded or killed. All canoes from Celilo to Wallula were destroyed. Captain Wilkinson, on the Northwest, fired into a small party in the act of crossing a few miles above Umatilla. Two braves and a squaw were killed, and the others upset their canoes and got under them for j>rotection, they swam ashore and escaped. A squaw with two babies was compelled to leave one of them on the bank. When intelligence of these acts reached the reservation, those Columbias who had gone there with the agent became very restless and wanted to leave. The Cayuse chiefs told them they should not go, and a fight was barely avoided in consequence, but it resulted in their remain -

Up to this time fears had been entertained that the Umatillas, and possibly Cay uses, would join the outbreak and it was supposed that a few of the former had already done so. There is considerable doubt whether the Cayuses and Walla Wallas entertained such an idea, but as to the Umatillas and Columbias the doubt is not so strong. Had circumstances been more favorable, many would probably have linked their fortunes with the war movement. The death of Hon. C. L. Jewell was ascribed to Colu inbias by many. He had a large band of sheep in Camas Prairie, and went there with Mr. Morrisey to look after them. They encountered a number of Indians but succeeded in eluding them and reaching the herders' cabin in safety. Leaving Mr. Morrisey there, he returned to Pendleton to secure arms for his men who had decided to remain and defend themselves. On the morning of the fifth he left Pendleton with several needle guns, contrary to the advice of many friends. He was1 expected at the hut that night, but did not come. On the eighth Mr. Morrisey started out to see if he could be found. Near Nelson's he met Captain Frank Maddock with a company of volunteers from Heppner, who informed him that two men had been killed there. A search revealed the bodies of Mr. Nelson and N. Scully. Mr. Morrisey then went around Nelson's house, when he saw a piece of shake sticking up in the road, upon which was written the information that Jewell was lying wounded in the brush. Morrisey called out " Charley," when he received a faint response, and the injured man was found with a severe wound in the left side and his left arm broken. When Mr. Jewell had approached Nelson's place on the night of the fifth, he had been fired upon and fell from his horse, but while the Indians were killing those at the house he had crawled into the bushes. In the morning he worked his way out to the road, wrote his notice on the shake, and crawled back again. For three days he lay there without food and unable to help himself, when he was found by Mr. Morrisey. He was conveyed to Pendleton and carefully nursed, but died the next Friday.

After the battle of the eighth General Howard kept his scouts busy watching movements of the defeated Indians. He became satisfied they were working towards the mouth of Grand Ronde, with the intention of crossing Snake river near that point, and decided to pass around the mountains and head them off. He dispatched the cavalry under Bernard by way of Walla Walla and Lewiston, while he and his staff with 125 men took steamer at Wallula, as the speediest means of reaching the mouth of Grand Ronde. Colonel Miles was left in the mountains with 150 infantry and one company of cavalry, to follow the trail of the hostiles as rapidly as possible. This left Umatilla county and the reservation comparatively defenseless. He was remonstrated with in vain by Major Cornoyer, Governor Chadwick and others, who felt convinced that it was not yet the intention of the enemy to leave the vicinity of the reservation. They were satisfied that Eg an still hoj^ed to induce Cayuses to join him, and the departure of troops would be equivalent to an invitation to him to come down and occupy the reservation. The infantry in the mountains, with their instructions to follow the trail, would be no protection whatever. Hostiles were known to be in the mountains near by, for Major Cornoyer kept Cay use scouts constantly watching their movements, who reported them near at hand. Their scouts could be seen on the mountains back of the agency when the troops left; but Howard was convinced of the correctness of his judgement and refused to change his plans. If he had left a sufficient force of cavalry on this side to guard the reservation and drive the Indians back, then his plan of heading them off on the other side would have' been a good one. On the afternoon of the twelfth, the day Howard and the cavalry left, hostiles came out of the mountains in force and camped on Cottonwood creek, eight miles above the agency. A messenger was dispatched to intercept the Northwest and inform Howard of the situation. Just below the mouth of Snake river he overtook the boat and delivered his letter from Governor Chadwick. Howard said that in his opinion the action of the hostiles was only a ruse to draw him back, and continued up the river. Another courier to General Frank Wheaton at Walla Walla, produced a better result. That officer took upon himself the responsibility of sending a messenger after Bernard's cavalry, then some miles beyond that place, with orders to return immediately to Walla Walla, where Colonel Forsythe assumed command.

Meanwhile all was confusion at Pendleton and the agency. The Citizens were suspicious of the reservation Indians, fearing they intended to unite with the hostiles ; consequently volunteers would not go to the agency to defend it. Forty families of Columbias slipped out and went to the enemy's camp, and a few young Umatillas started off without permission, probably with a similar intention. Two of these saw George Coggan, Fred Foster and Al. Bunker coming down from Cayuse station on a course that took them in dangerous proximity to the hostiles. They rode towards the men with intention of warning them [so they said afterwards,] and the same time a third Indian rode up from another direction. The men had seen some deserted wagons a few miles back, where Olney J. P. McCoy, Charles McLaughlin, Thomas Smith and James Myers had been killed. They had also passed the band of Columbias on their way to the hostile camp. When they saw Indians dashing towards them from different directions they supposed them to be the ones they had passed, and concluding that their time had come, began firing at them. The Umatillas suddenly changed their pacific intentions, and commenced shooting. Coggan was killed and Bunker wounded. Foster, who had every reason to suppose that he was assailed by at least a score of savages, took the wounded man upon his horse and carried him two miles, when Bunker could go no further. Foster was then compelled to leave him and hasten to Pendleton, where his arrival created a panic. Besides killing the teamsters, the Indians burned Cayuse Station that day.

Through all the danger and trouble Major Corn oyer had stayed on the reservation ; the only employe remaining with him was John McBean, the interpreter. To have deserted the Indians then would have been to invite them to join the war party. When Egan pitched his camp on Cottonwood, Cayuse chiefs told Cornoyer that they knew the agency would be attacked at daylight the next morning, and those who did not join the assailants would be killed. They said if he would stay with them they would fight until they were all dead. They wanted him to go to Pendleton and get a few volunteers, as their young braves would fight better if they had white men with them. After picking out a place to make a stand in, near the agency, and building breastworks of logs and rails, Cornoyer mounted his horse and started for Pendleton. Near the town he encountered a j)arty of thirteen on their way to rescue Bunker. He remonstrated with them, but they refused to turn back. He then agreed to go also, assuring them there would be a fight in a few minutes. Near Winapsnoot's house they were attacked by hostiles, and the engagement lasted for two hours as they slowly retreated to Pendleton. No one was injured on either side so far as is known. Bunker was rescued the next day while Miles was fighting near the agency.

movements and had determined to take the responsibility of marching to the agency for its protection. Major Cornoyer well knew that if left to themselves the infantry would not arrive that night. He immediately started to meet them accompanied by Harry Peters and John Bradburn. It was then ten o'clock. At midnight they met Miles and the infantry, but the company of cavalry had been separated in the darkness and lost. Miles refused to move until the cavalry was found, two hours more were consumed in hunting up the missing troopers, who were found encamped and completely bewildered. When the commands were united, Cornoyer led them over the hills arriving just at daybreak, to the great delight of the friendly Indians, who thought the agent had either deserted them or been killed. To the exertions of Major Cornoyer and those accompanying him that night is due the fact that Colonel Miles arrived in time to defend the agency, and avert the evils that would have followed its capture, including the murder of many people and a possible union of reservation Indians with the hostiles.

The trooj)s upon reaching their destination proceeded at once to eat breakfast, but before they were through the Snakes, Bannocks and Pah Utes, some 400 strong, were seen riding down from their camp. A line was quickly formed across the flat and up the hill on the right, and before the soldiers were all in position the advancing Indians began to fire upon them. The reservation Indians were kept in the rear behind their fortifications. The troops hastily scooped holes in the ground, piling up dirt in front for protection. Lying behind these they returned the hostile fire so warmly as to keep them at a respectful distance. Nearly all day a battle was maintained in this manner. The reservation Indians have been severely blamed for not aiding Miles in this fight, and it has been used as an argument to prove that they were in sympathy with the enemy. The facts are that the Cayuses desired to take part, but were not permitted to do so by Colonel Miles, who said that he had men enough to defend the agency and the Indians, and did not want them to do any fighting, for fear they would become confused with the hostiles and cause trouble. Finally Miles decided to charge, his assailants, although he had but one company of cavalry and would not be enabled to pursue them. Again the Cayuses requested permission to join in the fight, and were allowed to do so on condition that they would keep with the soldiers and not get in advance of them. The command to charge was given, and the soldiers sprang from their rifle-pits, rushed upon the enemy vying with their Cayuse allies in the onslaught. The hostiles fleeing to the mountains returned no more, and that night found them eighteen miles from the agency, after having finished the destruction of Cayuse station by burning the barn, and the soldiers returned and went into camp. There were no casualties on the side of the troops and volunteers. The cavalry under Colonel Forsythe arriving the next day were not in time to participate in the fight. They had been sent off on a wild goose chase towards Wallula, because a frightened man had gone to Walla Walla and reported the hostiles in Van Syckle canon.

word to Major Cornoyer to have forty soldiers stationed at the appointed place, to capture or kill Egan when he appeared. Colonel Miles held the same opinion of Umapine1 s loyalty that the citizens did, and refused to send soldiers on such an errand ? The Cayuses expressed their disappointment to the agent, and complained of these suspicions. He told them that the best way to convince the whites of their loyalty was to go out themselves and capture Egan. Chief Homely acted on this advice, and quietly selecting forty young men, repaired to the rendezvous. Egan and Umapine appeared at the apj)ointed time, followed by a number of warriors. The great Pah Ute chief was seized and bound and placed in charge of Ya-tin-ya-wit, son-in-law of Howlish Wampoo, head chief of the Cayuses. A fight ensued with the hostiles who had followed their leader who were reniforced from the camp as soon as sounds of battle reached it. Egan was a very troublesome prisoner, and in a struggle to escape was shot by his guard and killed. News of Egan's death and the battle in progress soon reached the reservation, and warriors rushed out to aid their friends, who were slowly retreating. The reinforcements enabled them to drive back the enemy, who retreated further into the mountains. The victor then returned to camp with nine scalps and eighteen women and children as prisoners. A triumphal procession of all Indians on the reservation was formed, and passed in review before the troops, who were drawn up in a line by General Wheaton, that officer having arrived from Walla Wall and taken command. As Ya-tin-ya-ivit, bearing the scalp of Egan on a pole, arrived in front of the commanding officer, he stopped, and pointing to his bloody trophy, said, "Egan, Egan; we give you." "No! No! keep it, you brave man," exclaimed the disgusted officer. The Columbias who had gone to the hostiles stole back to the reservation. Umapine was believed by whites to have joined the hostiles, and to have betrayed Egan as a means of getting back again and being forgiven ; but Major Cornoyer, who stayed upon the reservation when the people all supposed the Indians to be unfriendly and kept himself fully posted on their movements, believes that Umapine's only object in going to the hostile camp was to be revenged upon Egan for the death of his father.

Defeat on the reservation, death of their leader, return of the cavalry, and knowledge that the Columbia river could not be crossed, so disheartened the hostiles that they began to break up and return to their own country. Chief Homely, with eighty picked warriors of the Cayuses and Walla Wallas, joined the troops in pursuit and kept them constantly on the move. Homely reached their front on the seventeenth on Camas creek, and when the retreating bands came along charged into their midst and killed thirty of them without losing a man. He also captured twenty-seven women and children and a number of horses. By this time Howard had reached the Grand Ronde and cut off retreat in that direction, thus accomplishing as a secondary movement what he had designed for a primary one. From this time the seat of war was removed from Umatilla county, and it is unnecessary to follow the details of campaigns against the scattered bands until they were all subdued.

The services of volunteers in this war did much to hold the hostiles in check at various points, and prevent a wholesale desertion of the country, by affording protection to the scattered settlers. They dispersed and drove away the small raiding parties, while the troops were devoting their attention to the main band. By constantly scouting they gave the people a sense of security that led them to return to their homes and save what had escaped destruction by the Bannock's. These volunteers came from every town and hamlet within a hundred miles of the route pursued by the hostiles, many of them being hastily organized as militia, while others served simply as citizen volunteers. There were several bands professing to be volunteers, who were in reality horse-thieves and followed the trail of the raiders to pick up valuable stock and otherwise plunder the deserted ranches. One company in particular was notified by General Howard that if he caught them near his camp they would all swing from a tree. This company was from Idaho and charged with having Indian disguises to aid them in their raids upon the panic-stricken settlers. With these exceptions, the volunteers did splendid work in pacifying the country.

Only one company came from west of the Cascades, and it deserves special mention. When the Bannocks came down the south fork of John Day river, during the last days of June, they had two skirmishes with citizens of Canyon City and vicinity, in which one man was killed and four were wounded. Refuges crowded into that jAace the one side and Prineville on the other. An urgent appeal for help from the latter town was instantly responded to by Brig. Gen. M. V. Brown. During the spring- Paul d'Heirry had organized the scattered companies of the AVillamette valley into the 1st Regiment O. S. M., and had received a commission as Colonel. He was sent out by General Brown with Co. E of Albany, to the relief of the settlers in the region calling for aid. The command consisted of Col. Paul d'Heirry, Maj. J. R. Herren, Quartermaster Lieut. Price, Capt. N. B. Humphrey, 1st Lieut. Mart Angel (superseded in the field by Charles Hewett), 2d Lieut. George Chamberlain-, and about fifty men, with one hundred stands of arms.

The command reached Prineville in four days, marching across the mountains, their feet blistered and lame. Horses were procured there and they pushed on to Murderer's creek, where they captured 150 horses from a band of twenty hostiles and restored them to their owners. Dispatching Lieut. Chamberlain in pursuit of these Indians with a small detatchment,Colonel d' Heirry pushed on to Canyon City, which place he found completely deserted. The town could not be defended because of surrounding bluffs giving a commanding position to an attacking party. The people had all taken refuge in mining tunnels in the hill side above town, leaving fifty guns and 6,000 rounds of ammunition stored in a large brewery to be taken by any one bold enough to enter the town. After E company arrived, the citizens came down from their refuge, when a company was organized and sent to Lieut. Chamberlain, who had been following the fugitives for fourteen days. After they joined that officer, their horses were stampeded one night by the enemy, and they were forced to return to Canyon City on foot.

The next move of Colonel d'Heirry was to go north to the relief of the little town of Susanville, besieged by a small band of hostiles. The Indians fled and were pursued until they scattered and made their escape. Desiring to get nearer the center of hostilities, he avoided the couriers of Governer Chadwick, whom he knew would bring orders for him to remain in the John Day country, and he crossed over to Grand Ronde and from there to Pilot Rock. This action so displeased the Governor, that he called Colonel d'Heirry to Umatilla, and ordered him to return home with his command by the way of Canyon City and Prineville. This was the- only company participating in the war which was organized at the time hostilities commenced.

Col. d'Heirry is now city editor of the Walla Walla Union and was formerly one of the publishers of the Weston Leader. He. is now Ass't. Adj. Gen. with the rank of Colonel, on the staff of Brig. Gen. P. B. Johnson, Adj. Gen. of National Guard of Washington. About 800 guns and 15,000 rounds of ammunition belonging to Washington, were kindly loaned by Governor Ferry to Governor Chadwick. They have not yet been returned nor paid for by the State of Oregon.

The killed and wounded among the citizens of Umatilla county during the war were: Killed - In and near Camas prairie on the fourth of July, John Vay, Earnest Campbell, John Campbell, John Criss, - =-- Castillo; at Nelson's, July 5, Charles L.

The effect of the war upon Umatilla county was very bad. Farmers left their homes at a moment's notice and were gone nearly three weeks. Stock broke into their fields and damaged the crops. Many of them had their houses and barns burned and their stock disabled or driven away. Large bands of sheep and cattle were dispersed in the mountains, where great numbers perished. Settlers who owned nothing but a little stock and a cabin had the one killed or driven off and the other burned. Citizens of Portland subscribed $1800, which were distributed in small amounts among the destitute to enable them to live until they could get to work again. Many stock thieves took advantage of the confused condition of affairs to gather up scattered horses and cattle and run them off. One of these attempted to disable the telegraph operator at Umatilla on the night of July 25, but assaulted the wrong man, severely cutting his head with a slung-shot.

In no instance did the hostiles exhibit bravery, never once making a decided stand before the troops, even when largely outnumbering them. They displayed most savage cruelty in the brutal and horrible mutilation of murdered men. Even dumb animals were barbarously tortured. Cattle in large numbers were wantonly killed or maimed. The legs of sheep were cut off at the first joint, and the poor animals were found days afterwards walking about on lacerated stumps. Others were cut across the back and the hide drawn up to the ears. They cut strips of hide from horses the whole length of the body and left them alive.

As usual in Indian outbreaks, there was a panic among the people. Indians regardless of their tribal relations were held at a discount. They were liable to be shot wherever seen, especially if so situated that they could not shoot back. Is was exceedingly dangerous for an Indian from the reservation to go to Pendleton, as there was always an element of the " home guards " there who wanted to kill him. Even an old, decrepit man, who was well known by all, was looked upon with hostile eye by these warriors. On the twenty-fifth a Columbia Indian named Bill, went to Umatilla and was at once placed under guard in the school house. About midnight he was killed by shots fired through the window. The suspicious and hostile attitude assumed toward reservation Indians rendered them uneasy, and tended to produce an unfriendliness on their part and might have driven them under favorable circumstances to unite with the enemy. Accusations and suspicions against them, founded upon fear and baseless rumor, were telegraphed all over the country, when the fact is, that - with the exception of the four young men who killed Coggan - every act done by them was against the hostiles and in aid of the troops. There were many young men who were restless, especially among tne Umatillas, but they were kept well under control by their chiefs.

On the eighteenth of July Governor Chadwick addressed a letter to Sheriff Sperry, instructing him to arrest all Indians guilty of murder or robbery, to be tried by civil authorities. This was a matter of great difficulty becauscof a lack of witnesses. By appointment a great council was held on the reservation August 26, at which General Howard, Governor Chadwick and others were present. The chiefs were made to understand that the only way to clear themselves and their tribes of blame, was to surrender all that had been guilty of wrongful acts, and hostages were taken to insure their doing so. Some of the Columbia river Indians were arrested, but were afterwards released for want of evidence. At last by the persistent investigation of Major Cornoyer, the murderers of George Coggan were discovered. Four young Umatillas were arrested. One of them gave evidence at the trial in November, and was discharged. White Owl, Quit-a-tunips, and Aps were convicted and sentenced to be hanged. The first two were executed in the jail yard at Pendleton, January 10, 1879, a company of cavalry and one of militia being present as a guard. A week latter Aps was hanged at the same place.

Index Of Contents

California - first intimation of, 6 ; discovof, 6 ; named, 7 ; colony established in, 7, 11, 13, 19; abandonment of, 11 ; conquest of Lower, 13 ; possession of Lower, 13; Franciscans abandon Lower, 16 ; expedition to, 17; possession, 19 ; first battle in, 21 ; irrigation in, 23 ; first overland journey to, 24 ; population of, 27, 29 ; discovery of gold in, 56, 137; Hudson's Bay Company gain control of, 57 ; revolution in, 67 ; immigration to, 84; declared U. S. territory, no.

declaration of wishes, 128; demand Spalding, 130; property captured, 204; sell their country, 159; treaty with, 159, 211; threaten Whitman, 1 14; violence to Mrs. Whitman, 87.

Index

Discovery of - Pacific ocean, 5, 35; California, 6; Cape Mendocino, 7; Oregon, 7, 92; San Francisco bay, 8; Juan de Fuca strait, 9; San Diego bay, 10; Monterey bay, 10; Nootka Sound, 27; San Joaquin valley, 24; Mount Edgecomb, 32; Sandwich Islands, 33; Columbia river, 34, 35; Willamette river, 40; Salt Lake, 55; Lake Ashley, 55; Humboldt river, 56; Mono lake, 56; gold in California, 56, x37; g°ld on Queen Charlotte's Island, 152; coal on Puget Sound, 153; gold in Clarke's river, 158; Oro Fino, or Idaho mines 225, 226; productiveness of Walla Walla uplands, 233, 282, 390; gold on Swock creek, 249.

Expedi ion - under Drake, 7, 8; to California, 17; under Heceta, 32; under Cook, 32; under Martinez, 33; under Gray, 34; under Lewis anrl Clarke, 36; under Thorn, 44; under Thompson, 47; under Hunt, 47; under Stewart, ;o; under Robert Stewart, 50, under McKenzie, 50; under Clarke, 50; by U. S. Government, 54; under Ashley, 55; urr'er J. S. Smith, 55; under McKay, 56; under Pilcher, 58; under Walker, 58; under Bonneville, 58, 59; under Wyeth, 60; under Young, 72.

Fiist - colony, 7; European to land on coast of California, 8; permanent settlement of Lower California, 13, 61; battle with Indians, 14; vessel built on coast, 16; vintage, 16; Governo of California, 18, 20; colony in Upper California, 19; battle in Upper California, 21 ; irrigation in California, 23; overland journey to California 24; visit to the San Jo? quin, 24; int:mation of Columbia river, 32; jou-r^y across the Continent, 35; visit of whites to Nez Perces, 38; occupancy by English, 43; attempt at occupancy by Americans 43; white settlement in Washington Territory, 47; Indian hanged in Wasn- ington Ter., 51; missionaries to Oregon, 62; mission established in Oregon. 62; wagon to cross the Continent, 69; priests in Oregon, 75; printing pr^ss in Oregon, 77; attempt at organization of a form of government in Oregon, 80; petition to Congress from Oregon, 80; judge in Oregon, - 80: Legisla'uie of Oregon, 81; vessel built in Oregon, 84; immigration to California, 84; Indian agent to Oregon, 85; Oregon officials, 94; convent in Oregon, 102; election in Oregon, 102; territorial officers of Oregon, 139; officers of Washington Territory, 154; officers of Walla Walla county, 157; eeting of Walla Walla county coir - missioners, 222; election in Walla Walla county, 222; tax levy in Walia Walla county, 222; court house of Walla Walla county, 222; jail of Walla Walla Walla county, 223; cabin built in Oro Fino, 225; line of stages from Walla Walla to Boise, 232; overland mail to Walla Walla, 233; exportation of flour, 240; exportation of wheat, 240; railroad at Cascades, 259; boat on Upper Columbia, 260; boat on Snake river, 260; merchants in Walla Walla city, 297; farmers in Walla Walla county, 297; building in Walla Walla city, 298; lots sold in Walla Walla city, 299; fire in Walla Walla city, 302; victim of Nez Perce war,

Judicial - First District, 378; bar at Walla Walla, 379; bar at Cheney, 382; bar at Spokane Falls, 383; bar at Colfax, 383; bar at Dayton, 384.

Masons - 316; Walla Walla, 332; Blue Mountain Lodge, 333; Walla Walla Chapter, R. A. M., 333; Columbia Lodge of Perfection, A. and A. S. R., 334: Columbia Chapter Rose Croix, 334; Washington Commandery, K. T., 334; Waitsburg Lodge, 349; Columbia Lodge, 412; Evening Star Lodge, 424; Hiram Lodge, 442; Farmington Lodge, 444.

Monterey bay - discovered, 10; named, 10; supply station to be established at, II; cross planted at, 20; mission established at, 23; battle at, 24; seized, no.

Possession taken - of Lower California, 13, 35; of Upper California, 19, 33, 35; in latitude 580, 32; at Nootka Sound, 33, 35; of Northwest Coast,

San Francisco bay - 7; early discovery evidenced by a chart, 8, 20; re-discovered, 20; named, 20; entered by the San Carlos, 25; mission established, 26.

Whitman massacre - 76, 113, 136; cause as given by Cayuse messenger, 1 15; persons present, 116; messenger sent to Vancouver, 127; list of captives, 130; captives ransomed, 130; list of killed, 131 ; captives reach Oregon City, 131; chiefs hanged and their declaration, 134, 135.

Newspaper offices - Washingtonian, between 300 and 301; Watchman, between 308 and 309; Statesman, between 308 and 309; Union, between 348 and 349; Washington Independent, facing 422.

Tukannon river; Steptoe butte, Kamaiakin mountain, and north end of Blue mountains; three sketches made from one point of observation, showing a general surface view of the country facing 418.

Walla Walla - valley, city and garrison, 8; court house, facing 297; west corner Second and Main streets, between 300 and 301 ; east corner Third and Main streets, between 308 and 309; south corner Third and Main streets, between 308 and 309; schools, facing 322; churches, facing 327 and 330; north corner Second and Main streets, between 348 and 349.

Biographical Supplement Alphabetically Arranged

FRED F. ADAMS, the proprietor of the wholesale and retail establishment, on the corner of Main and Third streets Walla Walla City, was born in Lexington, Richland Co., Ohio, October 5, 1842. His father, John F., was a merchant, but retired from business before this son was old enough to enter the establishment. At fifteen years of age, Fred F. left home and commenced life for himself as a clerk in a general merchandising establishment, in Mount Gilead, Morrow Co., of his native state.

When the War broke out, he enlisted as a soldier in company B of the 43rd Ohio Infantry, and served in that company, from the fall of 1 86 1 till the fall of 1864, participating in many of the most notable battles of the Rebellion. He saw the serried ranks of Price and Van Dorn, hurled back from before Corinth ; the Confederate columns at Iuka, shattered by the Federal charge, and passed, unscathed, through the fierce storm of shot and shell that saluted Sherman's advance in the Atlanta Campaign.

After leaving the army, he started across the continent in 1865, and reached Walla Walla by way of Fort Benton and the Mullan road, arriving in September of that year. His cash capital to start business, on arriving in the West, was $18. The brother of Fred F. , named W. P. Adams, was at that time, a partner of the Brown Bros., a wealthy and popular house, doing a wholesale business in Walla Walla. A copartnership was at once formed between the Adams brothers and Fred F. returned to Helena, Montana, and spent the ensuing two and a half years in that place, Reynolds City and Fort Lemhi on the Salmon river in Idaho. In July, 1868, the Brown Bros, sold their mercantile interests to the Adams Bros., who continued their joint business until July, 1880, when Fred F. became sole proprietor by purchase, and his brother, retiring, moved to Oakland, California.

A sketch of the corner building, where business is carried on by Mr. Adams, accompanies this work ; but, though representing truthfully the external appearance, it, after all, gives but a meager exhibit of the establishment, as seen by one, who enters the door. His business reaches beyond the department of retail into that of wholesaling, and an $80,000 stock is about the average amount carried by him. His goods include those pertaining to various branches of merchandise, such as clothing, groceries, hardware, dry goods, etc. ; and would be properly termed a general merchandise establishment. It is not the province of this work, to say that Mr. Adams sells his merchandise at lower figures, and gives a better article than other merchants of Walla Walla ; the customer can be his own judge of that. But the conclusion is a natural and inevitable one, that the development from $18 to a business that requires an $80,000 stock of goods constantly on hand to supply patrons must have been obtained by giving satisfaction to customers, both in price and quality of goods. While time passed and the country was developing, Mr. Adams did not forget that the soil of this region was, in itself, a mine of wealth, and he has purchased portions of it from time to time, until 2040 acres have been acquired ; of this 600 acres join the celebrated Blalock ranch and are enclosed. The remaining 1440 acres are in Eureka Flats and all his land is under cultivation.

As a citizen, he is respected by all ; as a business man his integrity is unimpeached. As a suave, courteous and generous gentleman, with whom to do business or meet socially, he has no superior in the city and few equals any where.

Mrs. Mary V. Adams, born March 2, 1854, is the daughter of the old Oregon pioneer, D. J. Schnebly, and was married to Mr. Adams in Walla Walla City, June 29, 1870. The following are the names and dates of birth of their children: F. May Adams, May 6, 1872; Arthur M. Adams, December 12, 1873; Died February 1, 1875; Philip H. Adams, February 12, 1876; M. Edua Adams, January 24, 1878 ; Herbert H. Adams, January 20, 1880. A

J. F. ADAMS, a leading sheep and horse raiser of Umatilla county, lives in the edge of the Blue mountains nearthe Umatilla reservation. His parents were Joseph and Areete Adams, of Franklin county, Maine. He was born in the town of Jay, Maine, July 20, 1835, and has seven brothers and sisters, Charles B., Henry C, Joseph W., Helen M., Mercy H., Adda B., and Bertha. His boyhood days were spent in the quiet of New England farm life, attending the public school at intervals, and dividing two of the later years between attendance at an academy and working on the farm. In 1858 he resolved to make a bold stroke to better his condition. He therefore, came to this coast by the Panama rout, and made his way to Umpqua valley, Oregon, where he began life as a school teacher. He taught four years, investing his earnings in live stock, thus laying the foundation of his fortune. He then devoted himself to the stock business. In 1865 he came to Umatilla county and located his present home, containing 250 acres, which forms one of the illustrations of this work. J. F. Adams, Robert Thompson and Jacob Frazier were the pioneers in that section of the county. Mr. Adams confined his attention to sheep until 1870, when he began raising horses also. His bands of sheep contain from 6,000 to 10,000, and his horses graze on the hills in large numbers. In 1868 he married Miss Susan F. Fry, a lady from Indianapolis, Ind. Their children are: John R., born January 15, 1880; George H., July 27, 1881. Having lived so long on the frontier, Mr. Adams has had many adventures and experiences incident to such a life, including a narrow escape from the hostile Bannocks, when they came upon the reservation in 1878 and murdered several people. He possesses in a marked degree the qualities of energy and activity required to conduct his business successfully, and is reconed among the most enterprising citizens of Umatilla County.

DR. DORSEY S. BAKER. - The history of communities and of nations is made up mainly of the acts of men who contribute towards directing to a result the efforts of the people by whom they are surrounded. This is equally true whether the actor be a Grant marshaling the legions of a grand army, a Vanderbilt, dictating to a nation's commerce, or the obscure farmer whose harvest is gathered to feed those dependent upon him. The acts of each that have an influence upon any portion of the human family are historic events and are important in proportion to the result. Every community has its leading men whose operations exert an influence upon others. Their plans include the capital and the labor of many to execute, and if that labor is benefited or that capital augmented, the ones who planned are public benefactors, great in proportion to the results achieved. Even though it be claimed that the object of such operations was to benefit the designors only, still, if in its detail or results benefits accrue to the public, those who designed and executed are public benefactors nevertheless.

There are persons of this class living between the Rocky and Cascade mountains, who have done much for the country where they live, but among them all there is not one who is the peer of Dr. D. S. Baker in these respects. Fertile in invention, comprehensive in judgment, with a tenacity of purpose inherited from his Puritan ancestors, he could not have fallen short of becoming a leader in whatever sphere circumstances may have placed him. Away back in 1635, his ancestors were driven from their native land by persecution, because they resisted the doctrinal dictations by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and chose the wilds of America in preference to a surrender of conscience. A little farther down the line, we find another of his ancestors, General Ethan Allen, demanding the surrender of the English fort of Ticonderoga in the name of "the Great Jehovah and the Cont'nental Congress." Such being the result of a glimpse into the past, leads one to expect that the descendants of such men should achieve success in life, and only their failure to do so would excite surprise because the opposite is expected. The early training of the Doctor peculiarly fitted him for operations in the field that in later years became the scene of his numerous achievements. Born in Wabash county, Illinois, October 18, 1823, he lived in that country at a time when scholastic education was one of the most difficult things for a youth to obtain; but his mother being a woman of rare attainments, added to a fund of comprehensive and practical sense, he gained his knowledge of books from her. To thai mother's early teachings, moulding of life's aims and character, the Doctor owes much of the favorable results crowning the efforts of his after life. His father was extensively engaged in operating mills and in general merchandising, and at nineteen years of age, the Doctor was entrusted with the conducting of a large proportion of the business, at one time taking nine boat loads of produce to New Orleans to convert it into money or goods suitable for their frontier stores. While conducting this business in its complicated forms of traffic, he learned the many branches of trade, and its various phases that, as before stated, fitted him for the work of after years.

In 1845, he graduated in the medical department of the Jefferson College in Philadelphia, and in 1847, started from home to operate for himself. His outfit consisted of one dozen medical books, a medicine case, horse and buggy. He went to near Des Moines in Iowa, and commenced to practice his profession. In 1848, he determined to seek the shores of the Great Ocean to the west to try his fortune, and setting out with his horse and bitggy crossed the plains to Oregon that year, arriving at Portland (then a mere hamlet) on the nineteenth of September, where he commenced the practice of his profession on this Coast.

The discovery of gold, the previous June by 'Marshall at Coloma in California, had nearly depopulated Portland, the male portion of its inhabitants having gone to the scene of the discovery. There were but fourteen men in this embryo-metropolis on Christmas 1848, the Doctor being one of that number, and they decided to have a frolic. In all frontier localities, whisky is considered an important factor among the essentials necessary in preparing for a festive occasion, and it was found necessary, at this time, to visit Oregon City to get six quarts of it, to enable the fourteen Portlanders to express their appreciation of the fact that Christ was born on that day.

With the early spring, the Doctor started for the gold fields, and January of 1850, saw him back again in Portland with $1,800 worth of general merchandise, as the result of his California mining venture. A partnership was then formed between him and L. B. Hastings. Together they ran a hotel and a store, and the Doctor practiced his profession. They purchased one-ninth of the town site of Portland, but the transaction was never made a matter of record, and they abandoned their rights with a loss, having always considered themselves fortunate in getting out of that title muddle that has sunk fortunes in litigation since. In the early spring of 1851, the Doctor again left Portland, this time, with three ox teams loaded with miners' supplies, bound for Yreka, California. At the rate of five miles per day, he finally reached the summit of the Calapooia mountains, but, in going down on the other side, made much faster time some of the way. On one occasion the wagon tipped over endways onto the cattle, and all rolled in a mixed condition to a more level country. Afier sorting the oxen and wagon from the bacon and other valuables that had been distributed among the rocks, bushes, grass, sand, etc., he continued his journey to Yreka, and built, immediately after his arrival, the first house erected in that place. In May of the same year, he returned to the Umpqua valley, and met with an adventure on the way. While camped on Rogue river opposite to where Jacksonville now stands, news was received of the Indian outbreak, and the massacre of Captain Stewart and his command. The next night his riding mule strayed off, and he went in search of it in the morning, and while doing so, the train moved on. After finding his animal, he gained the road, and dropping his reins upon the mule's neck, took out a novel to read, but was interrupted in his literary pursuit by one of the loose animals of the train that come back along the road on the run. He headed it off, turned it in the right direction, and on they went. Directly, he came to a creek, and just as he was riding out on the opposite side, an Indian, dressed in a uniform stripped from a dead soldier, sprung from the bushes into the road in front of him, with a musket in his hand. The Doctor was not armed, buthe still carried the novel rolled up in his hand, 'and without an instant's hesitation, he look aim with it, and spurred his mule at the red-skin, shouting at the same time, " Klat-a-wa, God damn you, klat-a-wa! " This was too much even for a savage. Not that he was shocked at the Doctor's evident disregard for the third commandment, nor that he was afraid of a mule ; but to be brought in range of a yellow-covered novel, loaded with light literature, at the imminent peril of having its contents shot into him, was enough to stampede a whole tribe, and in an instant he had taken to the brush. Dr. Baker, without waiting for further development, put spurs to his mule, and dashed away at full speed to overtake the train, which he reached without further adventure.

For the succeeding seven years, he resided at Oakland in the Umpqua valley, devoting his time to the varied pursuits of farming, stock-raising, milling, and merchandising. In 1858, he again returned to Portland, engaged in the hardware business, and in i860, started a store in Walla Walla under the management of William Stevens, In May, 1861, the Doctor took personal charge of his Washington Territory business, and in 1862, his brother-in-law, J. F. Boyer, coming from California, took the laboring oar as a partner in the mercantile branch of the Doctor's Walla Walla establishment.

The presence of Mr. Boyer in the mercantile branch of his business enabled the Doctor to give more attention to outside operations, and in 1862, he associated himself with Capt. A. P. Ankeny, H. W. Corbett, William Gates, and Captain Baughman, for the purpose of running a line of boats between the mouth of the De Chutes river, and Lewiston, in opposition to the Oregon Steam Navigation Company. They built the steamer Spray, which made fourteen trips in 1862, but in the meantime, a third transportation company, known as the "Peoples Transportation Line," had entered into the carrying trade, and having other boats to run abyve the Cascades, put a steamer, named the E. D. Baker, on the lower Columbia. In the spring of 1863, the Spray owners sold their boat to the O. S. N. Co., which left two competing lines on the river; but no sooner were Dr. Baker and his associates out of the way than the two remaining lines compromised their rivalry by agreeing to quit competition, the People's line to have all the freight on the Willamette, and the O. S. N. Co. to be left alone on the Columbia. This left the upper country at the mercy of one freight and passenger line, the very state of things which had caused the building of the steamer Spray, and no sooner was this fact known, than Dr. Baker again associated himself with gentlemen for the purpose of removing the main obstruction to competition on the Columbia river. There are two rapids in that stream between Portland and Lewiston, through which steamers cannot pass. At these points, all freights must be unloaded and transported a number of miles by land. To make a successful opposition, required a connected line that included at least three steamers and two land transportation trains, making a complicated business that called for considerable capital.

It was the purpose of Dr. Baker and his associates to build railways at the two points on the Columbia, where transportation was necessary by land, that should carry freight for all alike, thus removing much of the freight complication, making it easier than heretofore for parties with limited capital to compete for the carrying trade upon that great artery from the interior. They commenced at the Cascades, had completed their road, and, in a few weeks, it would have been in active operation, when news was received that Congress had given to the O. S. N. Co. the exclusive right of way over the ground they had used in laying the track, which was the only practical route. This was a death blow to their enterprise, and under advice of their attorney, the road was sold at a heavy losss, in the spring of 1864, to their opponents. This defeat of Dr. Baker and his associates was one of vast moment to the coming tens of thousands who were to live between the Rocky ond Cascade mountains for it meant monopoly as a fixture for, at least, one generation to which the country was to pay untold millions, and it was to ward off such a financial drain upon the people's industries, that they had invested their money, and Congress had made it a calamity to them.

In 1865, the mines began to fail, and farmers, in localities nearer to them than Walla Walla, furnished what was wanted in the mountain market. Freights were so high that no produce could be shipped towards the sea, and the great valley and country west of the Blue mountains was without a market. The great necessity of the country was to develope a means by which cereals that could be grown in her soil might be placed upon navigable waters, at an expense that would leave the farmer something for his labor. A railroad to the Columbia from Walla Walla was that means; but how could it be obtained? For years, the people agitated that project, until, eventually, the Doctor took hold of it, furnished the means, built the road in spite of a strange, formidable opposition, and inaugurated an era of prosperity in the country, that has benefited thousands of people, enriched hundreds, himself among the number. For the history of that transaction, and what followed, we refer the reader to the chapter in this work upon Railroads and Transportation.

Dr. Baker is now an old man with locks white as the snows that fell upon his native hills, and standing near the silent river, he looks back upon a life actively spent in the prosecution of enterprises that have all inured to the benefit of others more than to himself. The time will come in the near future, when the people of the country, where he now lives, listening to the solemn notes of the slow-tongued bells, will, with one voice, join in sorrowful regrets at the loss of him whom they will then acknowledge to have been their truest and ablest champion.

JOHN F. BOYER, of the firm of Baker and Boyer, bankers in Walla Walla City, W. T., is one of the men whose success in life and business has been mainly achieved in the country where he now lives by the exercise of economy, industry and business integrity, guided with intelligent financial ability. He is now a capitalist; twenty years ago, he was a poor man and what he has, came gradually through those years as the result of correct business calculations, and not by chance or a favorable turn of fortune's wheel. He was born in Rock Castle Co., Kentucky, March 28, 1824, and while an infant, his parents moved to the Ohio river, and some twelve years later to Jefferson Co., Indiana. At twenty years of age, he left his Indiana home; and became a clerk for a mercantile firm in Van Buren, Arkansas. This was in 1844, and in 1849 he crossed the plains to California, where he first engaged in mining, but changed to the mercantile line and started a store in Sonora of that state. In 1852, leaving his business in charge of a partner, he returned to Arkansas, but soon learned that a fire had swept away most of his California property, and he determined to remain in the States.

In 1853, August 29, he was married in Mount Carmel, Illinois, to Miss Sarah E., a sister of his present partner, Dr. D. S. Baker, and the following are the names and dates of birth of Mr. and Mrs. Boyer's children: Charles S., June 1, 1854, Franklin D., August 20, 1856; Eugene H., February 6, 1859; Arthur A., April 21, 1861 ; Annie I., December 31, 1863: John E., December 29, 1866; and S. Imogen, March 28, 1869.

In 1859, Mr. Boyer with his family again crossed the plains to California, where he established himself as a merchant at Sonora and remained their until 1862, when he accepted an offer of co-partnership with Dr. D. S. Baker in the mercantile branch of his Walla Walla business. At the time Mr. Boyer first took charge of the store in the latter place, and for years after, the miners were in the habit of depositing their gold dust with the firm for safe keeping. They would come with little and big sacks of it with the owner's name attached, leave their mountain accumulation for days, and sometimes months, without a scratch of a pen or witness in the world, except Mr. Boyer, to prove that they had ever left anything on deposit. No receipts were given or asked for, and although this practice was continued for years, and the deposits often reached from $30,- 000 to $40,000 at a time, no trouble, misunderstanding or loss ever occurred. In 1870, the firm decided to close out their mercantile business and settle with their customers, many of whom had long standing bills unpaid. In carrying this design into effect, large amounts of money were collected that it became necessary to make use of, and they commenced loaning it, on long or short time, upon approved security, and this new branch of business soon assumed large proportions. The idea was thus suggested to the partners of starting a bank, which was carried into effect, and now the banking firm of Baker & Boyer is one of the most reliable monied institutions on the Pacific Coast. Not because of the extensive funds invested, that only reaches $150,000, to which should be added nearly $150,000 surplus, but because the bank risks no money upon uncertain outside speculations, such as forced a suspension of the Bank of California with its millions of capital.

In conclusion we would say that Mr. and Mrs. Boyer (and the same is equally true of Dr. D. S. Baker) have raised a family of children in a manner that reflects credit upon them as persons possessing practical sense. Each and every one of those children has been educated to look upon life, not as the idle drones upon the honey stored for them by the working bees in the hive, but as a period blocked out of time, in which they are to accomplish something by their own acts that will not be discreditable to themselves and the name they bear. To Dr. Baker, to J. F. Boyer, and men of their kind, Eastern Washington Territory ows its present prosperity and future prospects.

DR. N. G. BLALOCK. - In all animate life, there are grades of intelligence so plainly marked that the difference is evident at a glance. Between men this gradation is so distinguishable and universal that attention has only to be called to the fact, to secure its unquestioned recognition. Among the Australian bushmen, or in the court circle of Kings, the genius of a few men lead, while the many follow. These are but truisms, facts old as the human family, still, it is not out of place to call attention to them, and the additional truth that it is not unfrequent for many, who follow some distance in the rear, to forget, when the smoke of battle has passed, that they were not in the van. Nature designs some men for active service, and for such to fall short of becoming an important element, in the progressive operations of whatever sphere circumstances places them, would be something they could not do. It would be impossible for comprehensive minds to dwell upon that which failed to possess the charm of intricacy or magnitude, something beyond the ordinary ; and those possessing such faculties move off in the advance, plan and execute, where others hesitate, and fail to act. Every community has within it characters of this kind, more or less marked, who are termed the leading men or minds. East of the Cascades there are two of this class, who stand so far in the van of progress, that their names have but to be mentioned, to elicit a universal approval of the assertion from all, except their personal enemies, or the envious whose opinions are of little value. We refer, first, to Dr. D. S. Baker, second to Dr. N. G. Blalock both residents of Walla Walla City. For evidence of the truthfulness of this assertion, we refer the reader in Dr. Baker's case, to his biography and the history of railroads and transportation in this book. Of Dr. Blalock, the reader has but to learn what his operations in the country have been, to cheerfully accord him the mead of approval. He has not derived as much personal benefit from the result of his labors, as the people of the country have, and his business efforts are all of a nature calculated to inure to the public advantage more than to his private advancement.

Dr. Blalock was born in Western North Carolina, February 17, 1836, was educated in the common schools of his native state, spent one year at college in Tennessee, and then entered the Jefferson Medical College, in 1859, from whers he graduated in 1861. He was a married man when he first entered the Jefferson Medical College, and started upon his course in that institution with less than money enough to pay his way. His wife, formerly Mrs. Pantha A. Durham of High

Appendix

Shoals, North Carolina, whom he had married, Auguat I, 1858, was a lady of rare qualities and attainments, one who was a helpmate in the hour of his trials. Together they labored, together they economized, together they studied, and with equal hopes and pleasures, they saw the day come when he could start from the student's cloister out into the world, and strive for success. After their fare had been paid on the cars that were to take them to the new scene of labor in Illinois, the Doctoe had not money enough left to buy meals on the road, and thus he started in his profession as a Doctor. It is only men with nerve and courage and brain and will who win in life's struggle. The Doctor practiced in the line of his profession until 1862, in Mt. Zion, Macon Co., Illinois, when he became Regimental Surgeon of the 115th Illinois Infantry Volunteers, but was forced to abandon the service in 1863, because of ill health. In 1864, May 18, his wife died, leaving two children of whom only one, Yancy C. is now living.

December 10, 1865, Miss Marie E. Greenfield was married to the Doctor in Mt. Zion, Illinois, and in May 1872, he left that state with teams for Walla Walla valley, where he arrived in October, without a dollar of money at his command. He at once started his teams to hauling freight, and entered upon his professional practice, and devoted every surplus dollar he could get to the purchasing and improvement of cheap lands along the Blue mountain base, until he has converted over 5,000 acres from its primitive sod into cultivated farms.

In 1 88 1, he harvested 90,000 bushels of wheat and barley, one thousand acres of his land producing the unprecedented yield of fifty bushels of .wheat to the acre, and all this upon land deemed worthless for such purposes uutil tested by him. A sketch of that farm accompanies this work. In 1874 he commenced the construction of a flume, purposed to convey wood and lumber from the mountains into the Walla Walla valley at rates that would enable farmers to improve their land, and in 1880, twenty-eight miles of it had been completed at a cost of $56,000. During the latter year, $160,000 were disbursed by him, in the construction of this flume, building of mills, getting out timber, operating the flume, etc. , nearly all of which was paid for labor, and he lost $75,000 in the operation; but the whole country was materially benefitted, and cheap transportation from the mountains has been established as a fixture. This loss caused a temporary suspension of operations, that has since been resumed by the "Blalock Wheat Growing Company" of which the Doctor is President. This company was organized for the purpose that its name indicates to operate a 20,000 acre farm between the John Day and Columbia rivers in Wasco Co., Oregon. The Doctor's efforts in the John Day country are demonstrating what his operations did at the base of the Blue mountains, that thousands of land acres, heretofore considered comparatively worthless, are agricultural mines of wealth.

We have only mentioned, in this brief way, the more important transactions of this man in the country, that readers might know that we have not improperly denominated him, as one of those whom nature created to lead among his fellows, to operate in the advance, break down barriers to progress, open new fields of thought, explore and guide the timid to hitherto unknown regions for enterprise, to point out new avenues to wealth, and become a public benefactor by so doing.

He still continues the practice of his profession, and was appointed surgeon for the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company in February, 1882.

WM. T. BARNES is oneof those who crossed the plains in 1852, the year that tried the souls of men upon the emigrant road. Cholera and famine walked side by side along the trail, and claimed their victims from the plains to the ocean. Those numerous graves, scattered for a thousand miles from the Dalles to the eastward, could they speak, would tell tales of anguish and despair that would moisten the eye and rend the feelings of any but a heart of stone. Thousands of cattle died; hundreds of emigrants perished; and few now live, who traveled the route that year, but carry in their memory scenes and events painful to recollect and sadder than tears. The arrival, in Oregon, did not end their trials, for nearly all were poor and provisions were scarce. That winter potatoes were sold for $8 per bushel, while poor flour was eagerly taken at $25 a hundred. Families subsisted on what they could get, and the frost-bitten, outside leaves of a cabbage were a vegetable morsel not to be despised; bran, no longer fed to the fortunate cow, was kept to subsist the human kind. To such privations aud through such a gauntlet, the subject of this brief sketch reached Oregon in 1852, after burying one of his children at the Dalles, on the way.

Mr. Barnes is a native of Fayette, Howard Co., Mo., where he was born December 14, 1829, and, before his sixth birthday had arrived, he was left an orphan. The years of his boyhood that followed have no silver lining to the cloud. His father was considered wealthy at his death and the children, five of them, all girls but one, were deemed heirs to a reasonable compe tency. The Court appointed a guardian for the little boy and the guardian farmed him out, when eight years old, to one of his sons, who treated the child as though he was a plantation negro. Let those, who have kind parents, thank God that it is not their fortune to be thrust from the protecting love of a fond mother, out, when a child, into the world lo the unloved association and treatment of a plantation slave. Six years wore their tedious, dismal length away, and then the boy that could remember little in his past to be thankful for, fled from his master to find a home among strangers. He was but fourteen years of age, at the time, when misfortune thus forced the necessity of commencing the struggle of life's experiment. At sixteen, the laws of Missouri permitted a minor to choose his own guardian, which young Barnes did, and then he returned to the scene of his earlier life. He found that there was nothing left of the property that had been left him, as those who had taken it in charge, had squandered all and taken the benefit of the bankrupt law. This left him with no resource for success in the future, except his own ability to wrest it from the hand of fortune, and the result has demonstrated his possession of such faculties. In 1847, he went as a government teamster to Mexico and returned in a year. In 1849, September 12, he married Sarah A. Blain of St. Joseph, Missouri, and, in 1850, made a six month trip to Santa Fe, New Mexico. He then, from his accumulated funds, purchased land and became a farmer in Holt Co., Missouri, where he remained until coming to Oregon in 1852. Upon his arrival in the Willamette, he took up a farm and remained a resident of Washington Co., Oregon, until 1864; when he came to Walla Walla County and settled on Dry creek, twelve miles east of Walla Walla City, upon the farm that is now his home - see view of the same in this work.

He was the first man to try the productiveness of the hill lands in the country, the experiment being made by him in 1865. He plowed and sowed forty acres, to commence with, and the people were reminded, by his folly, of the remarks, of, some ante-diluvian fossil, in regard to a fool and his money parting company. The result, at harvest, showed a yield of 40 bushels of wheat to the acre, and the people baptized their former opinion of his experiment and gave it a new name.

In politics, Mr. Barnes is a Democrat and both he and Mrs. Barnes are members of the Christian church. Their joint labors have given them a home containing 680 acres of land, 400 acres of which are inclosed and 300 under cultivation. The surroundings and rough experience that shadowed the early years of Mr. Barnes were such as would have naturally driven a weak character or a vicious one directly to moral ruin. That such was not the result is evidence conclusive of moral and intellectual strength in the boy, developed in the man. That such is the estimate of his character, given by those who know him, Is evidenced from the fact that twice they have elected him as County Commissioner, and in 1876, to the Territorial Legislature.

CHESTER N. BABCOCK was born in Oneida Co. , New York, August 2, 1836. His parents lived on a farm and his ather, whose name was Richard Babcock, moved from New York to Rock Co., Wisconsin, in 1843. At twenty-one years of age, the subject of this sketch, entered, as Station Agent, the employ of the Hannibal & Saint Joseph R. R., in Missouri where he remained for two years. In 1859, he left Missouri intending to try his fortune in the Pike's peak country, searching for gold, but meeting numerous miners with discouraging reports, on their way back to the States, he turned from his original destination, and crossed the mountains to Walla Walla. Arriving without means, work was his only resource for success, and his first money was made in burning coal for the government. That winter gold was discovered in the Clearwater country, and the next spring saw Mr. Babcock on his way to the Oro Fino mines. Two years later, he returned to the valley and settled on the farm of 160 acres where he now lives, that has since been increased to 360, all of which is inclosed and under cultivation. It is a fine ranch, as will be seen by referring to view accompanying this work. It lies two and a half miles by road south-east of Walla Walla, and Russell creek runs through it. For ten years, after abandoning the uncertain life of a miner, he lived on his farm as a bachelor, until the 29th of December, 1872, when, finding that it was not good for man to be alone, he espoused the widow of John W. C. Caldwell, of Walla Walla. Mrs. Ruth A. Caldwell was, at the time of marriage to Mr. Babcock, the mother of four children, all of whom now live with them, and their mames are Frank A., Charles D., Alfred and Albert O. Caldwell. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Babcock were born and named as follows: Chester, September 29, 1877, and Ora, February 22, 1879.

Mrs. Babcock is one of those whose experience in crossing the plains is such, as but few women in the world have witnessed, and less have signalized themselves in. The train that her family was with left the main emigrant road for Oregon, at the Malheur river, and were attacked by Indians. For three days and through the nights, the entire party was kept upon the defensive, beating off the foe. The women were put in wagons, protected with bedding from the enemies' bullets, and many of the men could with difficulty be kept from seeking a similar protection. When this woman came out from her retreat, refused to go back, and coolly took her place among the defenders of the beseiged party; run bullets, while those from the Indians were whistling around her, it shamed the most cowardly into an appearance of courage. The train was saved, fell back to Snake river, where it was reinforeed by another party of emigrants, among whom was her present husband.

Mr. and Mrs. Babcock are among the number who are now enjoying, in this valley, the fruits of their life industry, having surrounded themselves with the accumulation and rewards of their years of toil, the respect and esteem of those who know them.

O. P. BARKER is a farmer on Dry creek, where he lives about thirteen miles east of Walla Walla. He was born Janu ary 1 1, 1845, ln Lenawee County, near Morenci, in Michigan, where he lived during his minority. After becoming of age, heleft his father's home and removed to Wabaunsee, Kansas, from there to Wichita in the same state, and finally to Pueblo, in Colorado. During these years of rambling, his attention was divided between farming, freighting, and the livery business. In 1876, he arrived in Walla Walla by way of Laramie.

MRS. SARENA BARKER, his wife, was born in Fayette County, Kentucky, February 19,1819. She became the wife of James Angell, ini837, and in 1862, of Andrew Pitts. Crossing the plains with her husband, they settled on Powder river, in 1864, and leaving that section, became residents of Walla Walla County, in 1865, but removed to Willamette the next year. In 1867, Mr. Pitts came back with his family to Walla Walla, and settled on the farm where Mrs. Barker now lives, and he died there on the 6th of November, 1877.

In 1878, September 23, the widow married Mr. O. P. Barker, the subject of this sketch. Their farm consists of 180 acres, and 440 additional have been obtained by them since marriage, and most of it is inclosed and under cultivation. A view of their home accompanies this work that will give a much better idea of its surroundings, than could be conveyed by language. The railroad station of Dixie is but three miles from it, which places them in easy reach of a market for what the farm produces.

ALEXANDER BALDWIN was born in Montgomery Township, Gibson county, Ind., January 28, 1827, and is the son of John and Margery (Trigg) Baldwin. He lived on the farm until he married Martha Music, on the second of March, 185 1. He then rented a farm for four years. Moving thence to Washington county, Illinois, he farmed there nine years. He started across the plains, and after a journey of nearly seven months, arrived in Yamhill County, Oregon, in the last days of October, 1865. In the fall of 1866, with a family of a wife and five small children, and with but a wagon, two horses and a colt for capital, he came to this region and settled on Hogeye creek, six miles from Dayton. With this small beginning he has pushed himself forward to the position of one of the substantial men of Columbia county. He ownes 400 acres of land, meadow, grass and pasture, including forty acres of timber. A veiw on another page shows his ranch and improvements. Of a family of nine children born to him there are five living. The children were John Fleming deceased, Elinora, Julia Ann, Olive Al mira, Ephriam deceased, Garrett, James William, and two who died in infancy.

GEO. T. BERRY is a native of Morgan County, Indiana, where he was born, near the city of Indianapolis, July 17, 1844. His parents were farmers, and he remained with them at the old homestead, until 1853, when they all crossed the plains to near Olympia in W. T. The family remained at the Sound until February 1864, when they came to Walla Walla Co., Washington Territory, and settled near the Whitman mission, where the mother is still living, and where the father, Thomas F., died in 1866. The subject of this sketch started in business for himself in 1869 as a farmer, he having that year taken up a preemption claim of 160 acres. Since that time, he has added to it, until he now ownes 2700 acres of land, 1000 of which are fenced and under cultivation. He also owns a steam saw mill at the head of Pine creek in Umatilla Co., Oregon. In 1879 he settled on that portion of his land property where he now resides, of which a view may be seen in this book. There is an extensive orchard on the place, more than enough of assorted fruits to supply home use.

In 1867, November 23, Mr. Berry was married to Miss Louisa J. Derrick, of Walla Walla, and they now have five children with ages and names as follows: Flora E., February 10, 1869; Martha E., May 30. 1870; Phillip L., November 5, 1871; Lauren G., June 5, 1875; ar>d Marion C, November 26, 1878.

OSWALD BRECHTEL, the proprietor of the Walla Walla Bakery, came to the city of that name,first,in August 1861. He was born in Baden on the Rhine, August 5, 1833; and emigrated to the United States in 1852. The baker trade was learned by him in Indiana, from where he came to this territory with the purpose of availing himself of such advantages as might be gained here in the prosecution of his line of industry. Upon his first arrival in Walla Walla, he entered into employ of the firm ofPefferle and Kurry, bakers, who had been operating in the place,since 1859. In l862,he rented their establishment and started business for himself, with nothing but energy, experience, business integrity, and ability as capital to help him on to success. The same year he purchased the establishment, and, until 1863, made crackers by hand, when he purchased a machine for that purpose. In 1869, he erected a brick building on Main street, that, since, has been added to in the rear, until it is now 31 feet by 120, and two stories high with a basement. It cost him $20,000, although it would not take that sum to build another like it, at the present time. (A front view of it accompanies this work). He makes a specialty of the manufacture of crackers, and, in place of the old mode - by hand, he now has a machine with capacity to woik up fifty barrels of flour per day although the oven will only bake ten. The whole is operated by steam power. A boiler, number 3^, and an engine of twenty horse power, operated in the basement, are used for this purpose, to which are attached a force pump and 150 feet of hose to use in case of a fire. This force pump sends water through pipes, for use of his dwelling, two and a half blocks away. With the present facilities for business, he worked up 1400 bbls. of flour for the market, in 188 1, that was sold in Washington Territory, Idaho Territory, and Oregon.

Mr. Brechtel was married, January 25, 1865, to Miss Catherine McCoy, who died, December 12, 1877, leaving four children, three of them girls and one boy. In politics, he is a Republican.in business, a success, and as a citizen, he is one, who has contributed in producing the present advanced condition of improvements and prosperity in Eastern Washington Territory.

J. F. BREWER,a view of whose ranch accompanies this work,is one of those, who, coming to the valley of "many waters" without capital, has gained a reasonable competence through his own industry. He came to this section from Oregon, in 1871, as a school teacher, and up to 1878, has devoted one half his time to that occupation. In 1876, he purchased 160 acre of land that since have been added to, until his home farm contains 560 acres, all of which is fenced and under cultivation. This fine property lies south-east of Walla Walla, five miles by road, and is situated between Russell and Cottonwood creeks.

Mr. Brewer is a native of Scotland County, Missouri, where he was born, November 9, 1842. His father's name is David Brewer, and his parents lived upon a farm in that state until 1853, when they crossed the plains and settled in Marion County, Oregon, from where they moved in 1871 to their present home in Wasco County|in that state.

In October, 1867, the subject of this sketch was married to Miss Elizabeth Hause, of|Marion County, Oregon, who died, March 17, 1869. He was married to his present wife, Miss Adora Stanton, of the same place, March 31, 1872.

WILLIAM H, BRUNTON,a farmer living on Dry creek, thirteen miles north-east of Walla Walla, was born in Schuyer County, Illinois, January 27, 1841. The father of William is a native of Ohio, where he was born, July 4, 1812, and moved to Harrison County, Missouri, with his family, when the subject of this sketch was sixteen years of age. Upon William's arrival at his majority, he left the home roof, and started life for himself in Iowa, and in 1862, crossed the plains to Washof Mr. and Mrs. Cochran were born and are named as follows: Isadore, December II, 1861 ; Robert L., June 2, 1863; Adelbert, June 20, 1865; Minnie, March 16, 1867; Ernest, June 16, 1872; George, December 2, 1873; Samuel, October 21, ington Territory, arriving in Walla Walla, on the 6th of October that year. The train that he crossed the plains with passed down the Umatilla river for Oregon, and he, in company with a companion, left it, and upon reaching this valley; they had but twenty-five cents between them, and having been fasting, were ravenously hungry. They found some old axes, ground them up, and chopped wood for board and a slight margin in cash, until the outlook became brighter. The next spring, Mr. Brunton visited the Idaho mines, and between 1863 and 1869, followed teaming ^from Walla Walla to the various mountain towns. While teaming, he located, in 1866, the place where he now lives, which has been added to, until it contains, at present, 320 acres, all enclosed and under cultivation. A view of this place may be seen by referring to it in this book.

W. J. CANTONWINE,who lives on a farm twelve miles north-east of Walla Walla, and two miles north of Dixie.has been a resident of Washington Territory since 1863. He is a native of Benton county, Iowa, where he was born, May 30, 1853, and lived with his parents on a farm until ten years of age, when he came with them to Walla Walla county in this Territory. The next year his father moved to Albany, Oregon, but returned to this county in less than a year, where they now reside. George Cantonwine, the father ot W. J., was born in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, May 18, 1821, moved to Iowa in 1839, and in 1844 married Miss Mary M. Lewis, in Benton county of that state. Their children were Hannibal L. W. S., who still lives with them; Sylvania E., the wife of W. B. King, who resides on the Tukannon in Columbia county; the subject of this sketch; and Amanda M. The last named was the wife of John B. Scott, and on the twenty-ninth of September, 1867, they were both murdered by Ind'ans, who committed the act in retaliation for the death of one of their own race whom they wrongfully supposed Mr. Scott had slain. This sad affair occurred on Burnt river in Oregon, a few miles from the home of the deceased. They were returning in a wagon from a visit, accompanied by two of their children, when fired upon. Mr. Scott sank down into the wagon with a mortal wound, and the brave woman, seizing the lines, drove out of danger with her children, as her life blood flowed from the many wounds that soon caused her death.

February 10, 1875, tne subject of this sketch was married to Miss Clara E. Cram, of Walla Walla county. Mrs. Cantonwine is a native of Polk county, Oregon, and her parents now reside in Penawawa, Whitman county, in this territory. The names and dates of birth of Mr. and Mrs. Cantonwine's children are as follows: Ernest J., November 12, 1876; Fred L., August 14, 1878; Bertie F., December 16, 1880. The homestead of this couple consists of 640 acres of land, all of which is inclosed, and 500 acres of it under cultivation. It is but two miles and a half from t heir place to the railroad station of Dixie that furnishes both school and mail facilities. From a sketch accompanying-this book a better idea can be obtained of the appearance of the homestead, than from any written description that could be made.

NATHAN T. CATON of Walla Walla, who gained his prominence at the Bar, through a persistent exercise oftallents peculiarly adapting him to that profession, is counted among the most successful and prominent attorneys in Washington Territory. He is a man of nervous temperament, positive ideas, and an active mind, but though possessed of strong feelings, and by some may be considered capable of prejudice, yet the writer has seen him so far control such feelings, as to do his enemies the justice to write and speak in complimentary terms of them. It may be strongly asserted that he is true to his instincts of friendship, that his friends know where to find him, and so do his enemies. Born in St. Louis, January 6, 1832, he, at sixteen years of age, entered the mercantile business as a salesman and book-keeper, and a year later crossed the plains to California. In 1850, he reached Oregon, and resided in Marion county, where he taught school for years, prosecuting the study of law at the same time. In 1856, he became, a'nd remained for four years, Postmaster at Salem, after which the people elected him County Clerk. While serving in this last capacity, he was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of that state, .at its December term of 1861. In 1866, he went to Idaho (leaving his family in Oregon) and for a year edited the Owyhee Bulletin of Silver City. While in that Territory the Democrats placed his name upon their ticket for the position of County Judge, and he withdrew it, refusing to run. Later he was elected to the Legislature of Idaho, but being ineligible, did not serve. In September, 1867, he moved with his family to Walla Walla, since when he has practiced his professsion and continued his residence in this city. In 1869 he was elected from this county to the Territorial Legislature of Washington, was re-elected in 1873, and became Speaker of the House. One term he served as District Attorney, was the Democratic candidate, in 1878, for Territorial Delegate at Washington, and was defeated by his Republican opponent, T. H. Brents, and lastly, while absent in San Francisco, Cal., was elected, in 1882, a member of the Council in Walla Walla City.

In 1853, April 14, he was married to Miss Martha A. Herren, of Marion county, Oregon, and the dates of birth and names of their children are as follows: Edwin, July 22, i854;^George W., March 28, 1856; Martha L., September 11, 1857; Bertha C, September 25, 1864, died November 15, 1878.

JAMES W. COCHRAN, was born in Boone Co., Missouri, April 3, 1831. His father, John G., was a native of Madison Co., Kentucky, where he was born in November, 1799. He was a farmer by occupation, and^ James W. was raised to this profession. In 1852, on the twenty-sixth of October, he married Minerva J. Gooding, who died January 20, 1858, leaving two children named Delina J., born December 21, 1855, and John W., born January 6, 1858. He was married to his present wife December 27, i860. She was a widow lady, with a child named Ida, her name being Cynthia A. Moss. The children

Appendix. - 9

1879. Of these three are dead, Minnie, Ernest and Robert. In 1864, Mr. Cochran left his Missouri home and came to Walla Walla with his family, where he remained for a year and then moved to Oregon. In 1867, he came back to this country, and settled on Dry creek on a homestead location, three miles up that stream from where he now lives. In 1879, he moved to the farm owned by him, upon which is located the depot at the terminus of the railroad now being built along Dry creek by Dr. Baker. It is ten miles a little north from East of Walla Walla, and is about one mile down the stream from the Dixie school house. At present, Mr. Cochran is the Dixie Post Master, and the office is kept at his house. His farm contains 350 acres and at the old residence three miles farther up he has 340 more, making 690 acres of land in all owned by him. It is all fenced and utilized by tillage and grazing. On the two ranches he has about 500 fruit trees. In 1879 he gathered from 450 acres of land in wheat, barley and oats, 14,600 bushels of grain, and this was the largest product per acre ever cropped on his land. When Mr. Cochran came back to Walla Walla in 1867, his possessions consisted of a span of horses, a wooden axle wagon, a family of six, and five dollars in money. The cash went for supplies and he started for the country without a cent. He took up the land as before mentioned, erected a little house, and then went to work making rawhide bottom chairs. Baker and Boyer took them from him and sold to the farmers of the country, and in this way he maintained his family for four years, when he began to gain headway and improve his land. Between that time and the present (1882,) he has steadily gained success until, through farming and operations in real estate, he has acquired his present property.

E. N. COL WELL, was born in Wethersfield, Wyoming county, N. Y., April 11, 1833. His father, Henry R. Colwell, was born in Trenton, Oneida County, N. Y. ,in 1788, and served in the war of 1812. He died in 1846, leaving a widow and four sons. The mother of these boys was Miss Emeline Wolcott, born in Trenton, N. Y., in 1808. She is now living in California. E. N. Colwell was the eldest of the four boys. He lived in New York until eleven years of age, when he emigrated to Wisconsin in the fall of 1844. In 1854 he went to Minnesota where, the same year, he married Miss Sarah A. Ells. She was born of English parents, in Oswego county, N. Y., September 25, 1836. In the fall of 1857 Mr. Colwell removed to Kansas, and after a year spent in that distracted territory, he moved to Iowa. There he lived till the spring of 1866, when he crossed the plains with an ox team and reached Walla Walla in October. He purchased a farm and has since been one of the successful farmers whose labors have developed this fertile region. He resides about three miles south of Walla Walla on a beautiful farm which is shown in one of our illustrations. Mr. and Mrs. Colwell have six children as follows: John Elmer, born in Filmore, Minn., August 18, 1855; George O., born in Mower county, Minn., April 16, 1857; Arthur A., born in Mitchell, Iowa, May 2, 1859 ; U. S. Grant, born in Mitchell, Iowa, May 13, 1863 ; Minnie May, born in Walla Walla, W. T., June 22, 1872; Homer, born in Walla Walla, W. T., October 15, 1879.

JAMES M. CORNWELL is a native of Orleans, Orange county, Indiana, where he was born August 7, 1834. His parents lived on a farm and the youthful advantages, educational and otherwise, were those common to the farmer's sons in our country. Mr. Payton Cornwell, a Kentuckian by birth, the father of James M., removed from Indiana with his family in about 1839, to Edgar county, Illinois. The mother of James M. died, in Illinois, when he was but nine years old, and the home circle was broken up. The children, eight boys, found homes among strangers, and from that time forward, the recollections of the two now living are of a transient dwelling place, separate from each other, and of an early necessity to look to their own resources for that which other children, more fortunate, instinctively seek through the affection of a mother. In 1852, the subject of this sketch, then seventeen years of age, and an elder brother, named Francis M., nineteen years old, worked their passage across the plains to Oregon.