Umatilla County, Oregon - Chapter 40: Umatilla County, Oregon, 1882 (part 3 of 5)

We will give a partial detail of the trip of those two lads across the continent, for the purpose of showing the hardships and extremities of suffering which some, yes many of the men, who, following the star of empire westward, were forced to endure in reaching the Pacific Coast in those early years. They started on foot from their Iowa - (we were about to write "home," but they had none) with five dollars between them, for crossing the plains to either California or Oregon. They cared little to which of those regions they wandered, for it was the country where the sun set that they were seeking. Upon their arrival at a town on the Mississippi river, James obtained a situation as teamster for an emigrant, who proposed to furnish him food for his work until they reached St. Joseph, Missouri. In addition, the brother was permitted to put his little bundle of clothing in the wagon; and what was left of the five dollars went for crackers for that brother to eat along the road. At St. Joseph both brothers obtained positions as teamsters with a train that was bound for Oregon. They were to receive their food on the route as pay for their work, but, they were to continue service one month after reaching the Coast, to pay for the privilege of driving team the six months that it took to reach that place. There was a great deal of sickness that season among the emigrants, and the new graves along the overland road became thicker as the Cascade range was approached. Young James was taken with the mountain fever after crossing the Platte river, and a month parsed during which he narrowly escaped adding one to the numerous unknown graves scattered along the route. The party with whom these lads were employed, were professional men, coming with their families, and they arrived late in the season at Fort Boise short of provisions. Short, because they had delayed along the way, and had disposed of provisions that had been provided in the start. The owners of the trains became frightened, fearing starvation on the way, and proposed to the teamsters to leave them, go on ahead, and look out for themselves, eight of them consenting to this, the two lads being of the number. They left Fort Boise on foot with three days rations, to reach civilization on the Coast, and the nearest certain point to obtain food, was the Dalles, over 300 milles away. Chance opportunities for procuring something to eat was their only reliance for getting through, and unless obtained on the way, death from starvation was a certainty. It was a forlorn hope, moving, that October in 1852, with short intervals for rest, night and day while along the old emigrant road, struggling in the face of famine, in a wilderness, weary, footsore, heart sick and desolate; their only hope of rescue lay in the accumulated store of vitality in their systems, nourished by the least possible amount of B food that would prevent its utter exhaustion. Days passed, nights came and went, while their store of food was used up, and, as they came down the west slope of the Blue mountains, nearly famished, to Meacham's creek, they came upon an emigrant camped near the water. He was another that misfortune and sorrow had claimed as their own. Along the road between him and the States his family were scattered, one here, another there, buried by the wayside. His poor worn out cattle could go n° further, and his rations were exhausted. This famine- wrecked emigrant, aided by the forlorn hope, killed one of those "leankine" that had traveled over the plains, and they feasted upon the dried up sinews of that poor ox, as the gods might have feasted upon ambrosia. Again the journey was resumed, and the eight moved on. One-half of the distance lay still beyond them, while the chance for passing over it grew less and less. Why follow them step by step? Can not one imagine what it must have been for 'hose two boys, who struggled on through the days with hunger gnawing at their vitals, with weariness laying hold of their bodies with a strength that made every fiber ache with pain? At length, in the night, Alkali flat was reached, east of the John Day river, and they all started to cross it. Finally one lay down exhausted, and the balance moved on and left him, then another and another yielding, dropped out of the ranks of the forlorn hope, until but the two young Cornwells, of them all, were left. These two, hand in hand, aiding each other, staggered and struggled on until Jasper spring was reached . After quenching their thirst, the two lay down to sleep on the ground, without a blanket to protect them from the night chill of October. In the morning they pushed forward to the river, where an Indian was met, who had a fish that would weigh about one pound. For this, James gave the native his shirt, and thought himself fortunate to have one with which to buy a farther lease of life. They remained during the balance of the day at the John Day ford, after crossing it ; but night ound them struggling, half dead, along the road that led over hills swept by a cold fierce wind that chilled them to the heart. Like that terrible night on the alkali plains, they held each other by the hands, and struggled on till the flickering lamp of hope went out. The feeling came over them at last, that life was scarce worth purchasing with such a struggle. The elder advised that both lie down and yield the contest, and had they clone so, a few short hours would have been enough to enable those penetrating winds to end it. There seemed no use in further resistance, for possibly, yes probably, there was no one to help them within fifty miles; still they pushed forward, staggering before the blast and reeling along, first to one side of the road, and then the other, like persons drunk. Suddenly James, in casting a hopeless longing look ahead, thought he caught the glimmer of a light, but his brother could see nothing, and they concluded that it was a delusion of the bewildered brain. Still it was a transient stimulus that caused them to hold out a little longer. They finally gave up ; there seemed no use in attempting to go further, and they stopped there in the road. The wind wailed around them, the darkness shut them out from the world, despair enveloped them like a great wave, and the two lads believed they had found the grave where their hopes in the world ended, when suddenly that light flashed again, clear and distinct, and then disappeared. Both saw it this time; it was certainly no delusion, and hope was again revived, for human beings were near at hand. They managed to reach the locality of the light, and found an emigrant, with the surviving members of his family, encamped in a nook sheltered somewhat from the wind. They were stopping for the night in a little tent, and had been for a number of days living on gruel made from corn meal, of which they had so little that none could be spared the two starving boys. The mother of the little family gave them a bed quilt to sleep in, and they lay down on some boxes in the wagon, and passed the remaining hours before day, gnawed by the pangs of hunger, and chilled to the marrow with cold. During the latter part of the night, James became partially delirious from the long continued sufferings, but the warmth of the coming morning, with its bright sun, brought back the wandering mind to realities. Through that day they pushed on, then came another cheerless night, but with the morning an Indian came to camp with a rotten fish that he had found on the bank of the Columbia, and James gave him a knife for it, when the two lads made a breakfast of this last resort from starvation. At the crossing of the DeChutes river, the boys gave an old pistol for being ferried across, and to their great joy and surprise, were overtaken at this place by the six comrades supposed to be lying dead on the alkali flat, where they had given out. Among the whole party there was not sufficient means to payfor ferrying the new comers ; and the boatman finding such to be the case, demanded a shirt, and, as none were willing to go naked for the sake of paying his demand, he threatened to turn the Indians loose and have them all massacred, but the threat failed to increase the number of Shylock's shirts. The Dalles were at length reached, where the party, again numbering eight, set out in search for something to eat. They found that want of money was likely to leave them still starving, when it was decided that James Cornwell should go to the commissioners, stationed there by the people of Oregon for the purpose of relieving destitute emigrants, and beg provisions for all of them. He went to the cabin where the coveted food was stored, and learned that a scant supply only was on hand . He was told that because of this, it was impossible for them to deal out rations except to orphans and widows who had lost their parents or husbands on the way overland. This was a discouraging state of things, but hunger made young Cornwell desperate, and, looking the man in the face, he said, "If there is an orphan between the two oceans it's me;" and the commissioner taking a long look at his gaunt, youthful, emaciated, shadowy appearance, replied, "I guess that's so." This lucky hit procured him two pounds of flour, that, being made into bread by a kind emigrant woman, was divided among the eight.

The limits of this book will not admit the farther detail of the sufferings of these parties during the remainder of their journey to the valley of the Willamette. Suffice it to say, they all reached it alive, after narrowly escaping death from overeating their first meal where food could be obtained without limit. The foregoing are some of the incidents that wove themselves into the advent of two boy pioneers to this Coast. Among the great mass that constitute the advance guard of civilization west of the Rockies, there are hundreds - yes, thousands - of similar experiences, varying only in the kind of danger or misfortune that hovered along their trail. With one, it was sickness, and another, poverty, while a third met starvation or the Indian onslaught ; and a record of them in full would make in volume another Alexandrian Library. Does not a pioneer deserve all the benefits that fortune has dealt out to him; and, in many cases, much that the fickle goddess has withheld?

During the winter after arriving in the country, the Cornwells turned hunters, and the following summer James M. worked a farm on shares, finding himself in the fall as destitute of coin as when he first arrived in Oregon. That fall he took up a ranch in the timber about 9 miles south west of Portland, in Washington Co., where he lived until 1861. The brother,

Francis W., found his health broken from the hardships they endured, and, after wandering around for a while, settled near his brother, and died in February, 1858, of consumption. In 1855, March 16, James M. married Miss Mary Tucker, who died without children, April 25, 1857. He was again married October 20, 1859, this time to Miss Mary A. Stott, his present wife. In the spring of 1861 he sold the Oregon farm, and spent the summer in the Oro Fino mines and Walla Walla valley. Having taken up a ranch near Dry creek, six miles north of Walla Walla, he went to Oregon and returned with teams in company with his father-in-law, to occupy the new location. That winter, the one long to be remembered by those who experienced it, proved a financial shipwreck to him. His teams were all starved to death, and spring found Mr. Cornwell with nothing but nerve and health to begin life with again.

In the spring of 1862, he brought his family, and they worked a farm on shares that year. The original location not being satisfactory, it was sold and purchase was made by him of a portion of the T. P. Denny ranch on Dry creek. This, in time, was sold, and Mr. Cornwell purchased in 1868, the Kimball property of 120 acres, where he now lives, nine miles north east of Walla Walla City, on upper Dry creek, adjoining W. S. Gilliam's place. Since that time the 120 acre farm has grown byacquisition to 1,200 acres of tillable land, all inclosed, to which add 160 acres of timber, making a total acreage of 1,360. Of this amount, about 1,000 acres are under cultivation, and none of it under mortgage. A view of the building, improvements and home of Mr. Cornwell can be seen by reference to a view of the same which accompanies this work. As to the soil, it is similar to the many which constitute the more favored foot-hill farms of the country. In politics Mr. C. is a Republican, and at present is the Joint Representative in the Territorial Legislature from Walla Walla and Whitman counties. He is not ultra in politics, but is disposed to independence of discipline, preferring men to party. He takes a livelv interest in the elections, joining issue with ring movements in what he deems the interest of the mass.

In conclusion, we would say that his biography will have been read to little purpose by the one who fails to discover in it the evidence of a strong character, will and ability, that seldom fail in winning races in the end. Such men become leaders without seeking that position, and shape the well being of communities, often without being aware of such fact.

JAMES S. DAVIS was born on the sixteenth day of November, 1815, in the county of Sussex, town of Hastings, England, now known as St. Leonard, where William the Conqueror landed on English soil. His father was William Davis, his mother, Frances Smith Davis. Later in life after coming to America, he added the letter S. to his name, on account of having trouble with his mail, and afterwards went by the name of James S. Davis, until still later in life he received the expressive cognomen of Cash Up, and is now extensively known throughout the north west as Cash Up Davis. Up to the age of fifteen he attended the common schools of his native country. His uncle, a captain of a. British East India company of the Royal Army, took a fancy to young Davis and appointed him his valet, and he entered the postillion, or training school to fit himself for the charge of a pair of Shetland ponies given to Lady Erskine by the Sultan of Turkey. Here young Davis remained nearly a year ; then traveled with Captain John Guynn over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales ; but at the end of a year and a half, the captain died in the city of Brighton, in the county of Sussex. Mr. Davis continued his travels alone in the south of England, and visited France which occupied another year of his time. We next find him in the employ of Mcintosh & Bowland, who were building the Dover tunnel under Shakspeare Cliff. Mr. Davis had charge of 60 men on that work, as soon as he found himself appointed foreman. On the 8th of August, 1840, he took passage on the Quebec for New York, on his way from London to Seneca Falls, Ohio. From choice and preference, and not by accident of birth, or without wish or will, this adopted son of Royal birth had selected America for his future home. He lived to see the one dark spot on her flag blotted out - her institution of slavery. He arrived in New York October 1, 1840, and proceeded, via Albany and Buffalo to Cipio, Seneca Co. , Ohio. There he found his uncle Weller living in luxurious style, though in a house built without a nail. Here Mr. Davis engaged in farming and other business. On the 4th of September, 1844, he married Mary Ann Shoemaker of Columbus, Ohio, who was a native of Bradford Co., Pennsylvania. Two years later, in 1846, Mr. and Mrs. Davis emigrated to Wisconsin where they lived twenty-two years and raised a family of eleven children : William A. , born April 20, 1847; Laura C, June 20, 1848; Frances L., Feburary 25, 1850 ; Ferdinand A., June 4, 1 852; Henry E., July 30, 1853; James P., September 23, 1855; John, October 15, 1857; Clarence C, November 27, 1859; Mary Ann, February 14, 1862; Amy C, June 16, 1864; Charles J. , January 3, 1867.

From Wisconsin they moved to Bremer Co., Towa in 1868, where they lived about three years, then emigrated to the Pacific coast in 1871, and lived a year and a half in Yamhill Co., Oregon. In 1872 they moved to Whitman Co., W. T. In 1877, Mr. Davis purchased Steptoe Station of the Northern Pacific R. R. Co., and has improved a section of land, besides erecting a number of buildings, a view of which, with the farm can be seen on another page of this work. Mr, Davis' children are all living and prosperous, having settled near Steptoe Butte, in Whitman Co. Mr. Davis is a member of the I. O. O. F., a republican in politics, a Spiritualist in religion, and has wide and positive views on all subjects agitating the business, political and social world

DR. J. H. DAY, a resident of Walla Walla and owner of Day's block corner of Main and Third streets, and of the drug store on Main between First and Second streets, is one of those who came to this valley without means and has accumulated a fortune. He was sixty-six years of age on the 20th of April, 1882, has retired from practice in his profession, and enjoys the result of his life's labors, which have given him fortune, friends, and the esteem of those who know him. What more can a reasonable man ask for, unless it be a sip from the fount of endless youth? And this reminds the writer that he seems to cherish no lingering regrets because of his failure to enter the matrimonial estate. In "Old Virginia," in that state that Americans had come to remember as the mother of Presidents, there is a beautiful little valley among her mountains if Tazewell county that is called Burk's Garden, called so because of its discovery in the colonial times by a man named Burk, who had escaped death by hiding there from pursuit by the Indians. In this garden among the mountains, the Dr. first looked out upon the world, and it was the home and birth place as well, of his six brothers and two sisters.

His parents were not wealthy and his early years were spent in no "flowery beds of ease. " At about twenty-one years of age, he entered the Emery and Henry College of Virginia, where his expenses were paid by working for his board and teaching school. In about two years he left that school and went to the lead mine country in Grant Co., Wisconsin. In the spring of 1844, he became a school teacher in Mississippi, from where he visited Louisville, Kentucky, and attended medical lectures in 1845. The next year he opened a drug store and commenced the practice of his profession in Prairie du Chien, Crawford Co., Wisconsin, where fortune smiled upon his efforts. In 1849 he visited Long Prairie, the Winnebago Indian reservation, in the government employ as a physician, and graduated that winter as a physician in the "University of Pennsylvania." His next move was to St. Paul, Minnesota, where, in 1850, the drug business and the practice of his profession occupied his time; and he remained there for four years. The practice of medicine and selling of drugs in St. Paul gave him plenty to do without a corresponding return in coin - unpaid " bills receivable" predominated, and he decided that there was a shorter and easier road to wealth. He accordingly went, in 1854, to Leavenworth, Kansas, and purchased one-third of the town site, and through the raise in town property found himself suddenly worth $80,000. He was offered this amount for his possessions in Leavenworth, but refused to sell and borrowed $10,000, giving his city property as security. In 1861, the interest on that loan, aided by depreciation on real estate, caused by the War, had left him with $75 cash and no possessions. The mountains were his next destiny, and he became an assayer of minerals in Colorado Territory, and later, at Virginia City, Nevada. At length, he arrived in the Walla Walla valley, in 1862, shadowed by a debt of $500 for money borrowed from his friends. He visited Idaho City that year but returned to Walla Walla, in 1863, and, renting a shanty on the site of his present elegant store, started once more in the drug business and practice of his profession. The years that lie between that time and now, witnessed the events in his life that have resulted in the present evidences of his success, but we cannot give those events for want of space. Suffice it to say, that the experience of his earlier life, energy of character and a will to do, were guided by intelligence and shaped to the fullest capacity for benefit, the things that came in his way. It would seem, however, an incomplete sketch, if closed without reference to a few of the occurrences that have been among the many in those years of his Walla Walla life. Among them, that of the operations of the firm of "Baker & Day, Assayers, Walla Walla," was an important factor, in which Baker was the capitalist, and Day the scientific member of the firm. They melted down gold dust and sent it in bars to the U. S. Mint, charging 37 j^ cts. per $100 for all melted and assayed. The Doctor's income from this source was $600 the first year. Later, the Doctor joined A. H. Reynolds, and the two started a bank, but eventually discontinued the business. In 1869 Dr. Day discontinued his professional practice, and in 1874, visited the Old World for his health. After a tour of Austria, France, England, and other countries, he returned to Walla Walla, satisfied with the land of his birth, and content to end his days in the valley of "Many Waters."

DR. W. W. DAY, - The following notice appears in Cleave's Biographical Cyclopedia of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons: "Day, William Walker, M. D., of Dayton, Columbia Co., W. T., was born on the 27th day of August, 1816, at Triangle, Broome Co., N. Y., where al^o he received his education until the age of 21 years. At that time he emigrated to Indiana, and spent three years in the study of medicine with Dr. T. P. Albertson, with whom he then entered into copartnership, which continued six years. He afterward attended a course of lectures at the Western Reserve Medical College, in Cleveland, Ohio, and graduated in 1847 from that institution, holding a membership in the Cleveland Medical Lyceum, organized in January, 1846, and in the Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences. After receiving his degree he returned to Yorktown, Ind., for one year, when owing to the loss of his health, from the so called milksickness, incident to that region, he returned to his native village, where in the following year he was married. In the summer of 1850, he made a voyage to San Francisco, afterward locating at Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras county, first engaging there for a short time in mining, and then in practice, until September, 1853, when he set out on his return home by steamer from San Francisco. On the voyage, they were obliged to put into Acapulco for coal, and on leaving this port, the cholera broke out among the steerage passengers with such virulence as to result in from five to eight deaths per day, when in answer to the call of the captain, he with Dr. Randolph, of South Carolina, and a homeopathic physician of New York, devoted themselves to the care of the sick, taking each an equal number of patients in charge. During the course of their services both he and Dr. Randolph were so astonished at the successful use of homeopathic remedies, that they resolved to become proficient in their administration, and on reaching the Atlantic states, he located at once in Osceola, Tioga Co., Pennsylvania, to put into practice his newly discovered, and to him, marvelous means of cure. Engaged thus for four years in Osceola, with very flattering success, and desiring a larger field of usefulness, he removed to Eau Claire, Wisconsin, to introduce the homeopathic system, and there spent fourteen years of highly successful practice, first successfully overcoming the bitterest opposition from physicians of the old school, and the mistrust of the community influenced by them, and then so rapidly rising to popularity as to require for a long time an assistant. Here he held for several years an appointment from the Governor of the state as examining surgeon for the Army. Also filled the office of Coroner at Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and afterward at Dayton, Oregon. And the appointment of city physician for Eau Claire.

"In 1871, worn out with his long continued and extremely arduous duties, he sought the climate of the Pacific coast, and after traveling through many of the western states, settled permanently in Dayton, W. T., where he has regained his health, and enjoyes the distinction of being the only homeopathic practitioner in the Territory, and in all respects one well worthy to represent so noble and so beneficent a science."

JAMES M. DEWAR, is a native of Scotland, having been born on the 12th of February, 1824, in the county Perth near the ancient castle of Doune, mentioned in Scott's "Lady of the Lake. " His parents were farmers on the northern slope of the Grampian Hills, from, where a mile and a half beneath, wound the beautiful river Teith, fed by the pure waters of Lakes Catherine and Vennacher, where Fitz James, the Scottish king, first met his Lady of the Lake. Cradled among the scenes of Scottish legend, and the place, where the great High-land poet wove his dreams into verse, it would be strange if no spark of the peculiar surroundings were worked into the nature of this lad of the British Isles. A strong desire with the boy to look beyond the scenes of his native hills, grew with the years, and forced the man from the home roof, in 1853, to cross the ocean to America. For six years he traveled through the northern portion of the United States, until, in 1858, he found himself on the Pacific Coast. He met, at Champoeg on the Willamette river, a relative, Archibald McKinlay, known to all the pioneers of the Northwest as the fearless leader of trapping expeditions of the Hudson's Bay Co. McKinlay advised his young relative to seek the Walla Walla Valley as a point that, in the near future, would present more advantages to prosperity than any other locality within his knowledge; and there was no place in the Northwest that had not been visited by the old mountaineer. " But, " said he, ' ' you must for a time run the risk of losing your scalp. " Mr. Dewar remarked that the hairless upper story of his cranium would present little inducement for an Indian, and he would risk the loss. Accordingly, the fourth of January, 1859, saw him in the valley that has since been his home. He found a log cabin on the Cottonwood creek, in a grove of small timber by that stream, to which he took a fancy, and he purchased it with the land claim from the owner for $50. That place has since been his home; the log cabin has, like the primitive surroundings, passed away, and in its place now appear the evidences of a more advanced civilization, of a prosperity that had been foreshadowed. A view of the place as it now is, accompanies this work. The farm consists of 320 acres, to which have been added 174 acres in the immediate vicinity. All of it is under cultivation and is inclosed, the oldest orchard in the country, except one, being upon his farm. In the first years of his occupancy he did not anticipate making it his future home. Is was only with a view of making money by grazing upon the grasses of the open country large droves of cattle, horses, etc., for the coast market.

This was his first business, but with the influx of population and the continued residence, he came to like it ; and, as the lands became inclosed into farms, he sold off his surplus stock and commenced the tillage of the soil. January 27, 1864, ha was married to Margaret McRae in Walla Walla, W. T. They have three children living, named, Alexander, aged 17 ; James, aged 13; and Elida, aged 19 months. Three of their children have died, namely ; John, Elizabeth, and David, the two last of diptheria, both on the same day. In 1878 he was elected, by the Republican party to the Territorial Legislature, and served in that body during the session of 1879. In politics he has always been a Republican, but never an active politician. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and one of the men that it is fortunate for any country to have as a citizen.

ABRAHAM C. DICKINSON, a farmer living four and a half miles south west of Waitsburg, is a native of Bartholomew county, Indiana, where he was born May 15, 1830. His father, whose name was Harvey Dickinson, was born in Oneida county, New York, in 1799, and emigrated to Indiana when a young man, where he married Miss Mary Finley, the mother of the subject of this sketch. Abraham C. remained at home with his parents in Bartholomew county until married, February 2, 1854, to Miss Abbie C. Carter, a native of that county, where she was born, October 27, 1834. In 1856 he removed to Missouri with his family, and was accompanied by his father, the mother having died in November, 1847. Their residence was in Linn county, while living in Missouri, where they had a pleasant home, and were surrounded by the comforts of a moderate fortune. But the war that shook the foundations of our government swept what they had away in its vortex, and in 1863, he s tarted for the West, with one yoke of oxen hitched to a small wagon, containing his family of wife and little ones. Crossing the plains with an ox team, the Walla Walla country was reached, and he settled on the land claim where he now lives. In the years that followed, by industry and the exercise of financial ability, gradually that original homestead claim has been added to, until now Mr. Dickinson possesses 1000 acres of land, 680 of it bein j with that home in Spring valley. All of the Spring valley ranch is inclosed, and all cultivated; the home improvements may be seen and best appreciated by reference to sketch of same accompanying this work. Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson, commencing in Washington Territory with poverty, and six children, one of whom was born on the plains, have raised a large family, gathered the foundation of a competence in the near future, and in doing so have developed a capability and judgment in management that both warrants and deserves success.

The names and dates of birth of their children are as follows: - Mary M., September 22, 1855; Emma C, November 16, 1856 ; Bessie F., November 15, 1858, Ella L., March 19, i860; John C. F., January 14, 1862, died March 2, 1866; Cora B., July 25, 1863; Lydia F., November 17, 1865; Albert S., January 18, 1868; Annie L., August 30, 1870; Clara B., October 18, 1873, died July 28, 1881; Lavenia, August 23, 1876. Of these Mary M. is the wife of E . D. Mills, who lives in Spring valley, and a ske tch of their home accompanies this work. Bessie F. is the wife of Henry Cram, lives in Whitman county, and they own what is known as the Eureka ferry on Snake river. Ella L. is the wife of Charles O. Cram, who is a farmer and stockraiser in Whitman county, W. T. Cora B. is the wife of Frank T. Keiser of Spring valley, who owns a farm in that favored region where all seem to prosper who are so fortunate as to reside there.

JOSEPH DONALDSON was born in Davis county, Indiana, August 24, 1824. Two years later his father died and his mother removed to Fleming county, Kentucky, where she died when Joseph was but six years of age. At the age of sixteen he went to Lancaster, Ohio, and learned the blacksmith trade in his brother's shop. In 1844 his brother opened a shop in Marion county, Missouri, and Joseph worked for him there for a time, afterwards going into partnership with another man in the same business in Monroe county, Missouri. He crossed the plains to California in 1849, and mined on Murderer's bar, American river. In the winter he made shingles in the Redwoods below San Francisco. He mined again the next year, and having become in poor health, returned home in the fall of 1 850, going by the Isthmus and New Orleans. Upon his return he again went into business with his old partner, and afterwards with his partner's brother, doing a large business in blacksmithing, wagonmaking, etc. Later he bought a farm in Monroe county, and worked it until 1872, when he sold out and came to Washington Territory. He purchased a place on the Patit, ten miles above Dayton, which he improved, developed, and added to by other purchases, residing there until the spring of 1 88 1, when he sold it to Albert Ayers, and bought his present farm, two miles north of the old one and near the homes of four of his children. A view of the place is given on another page. During his residence in Missouri Mr. Donaldson made two trips to the Rocky mountains, one to Pike's Peak, during the excitement about that famous locality, and one to Montana, during the war. In the latter trip the Blackfeet made a descent upon the train when near the Black Hills, shot one man and captured some of their stock.

SAMUEL H. ERWIN is a native of Ohio, where he was born April 1, 1827. In 1834 his parents moved from there to Louisa county, Iowa, where the subject of this sketch spent the years of his minority. In 1852, April 22, he was married to Miss Harriet A. Bolen, with whom he crossed the plains to Linn county, Oregon, in 1853. In 1859 he visited Washington Territory and selected the farm on which he now lives. The next spring, with his wife and a few personal effects, he moved to this new country, and became one of the first five residents of Middle Touchet river. A view of his farm and home accompanies this work, which is the best means of gaining a knowledge of its surface appearance and present improvements. It is situated sixteen miles north of Walla Walla, on the north bank of the Touchet river, and contains 55° acres of land, 400 of which are inclosed and 225 under cultivation. There are about thirty acres of timber, that he has grown from seed or plants, including six acres of black locust and three of soft maple. Some of these locusts have grown to a diameter of two feet and fence posts of this wood, set ten years ago, on being taken up in 1882 were found to be sound enough to warrant resetting. The first orchard set on the Touchet was planted by Mr. Erwin, in i860. Mrs. Harriet A. Erwin died Oct. 31, 1863, of consumption, while stopping in Oregon. January, 1866, Mr. Erwin was again married, this time to Miss Mary J. McCaw, of Linn county, Oregon. His family is not numerous, having no children, but one sister whose home is in Iowa, and a mother, still living, who finds a home with her son, from whose hearth-stone she looks back upon eighty-two years of life's varied and shifting scenes. Of Mr. Erwin as a judicious business man and a farmer, the results of his operations speak in a flattering and unquestionable way. Of his position and the impression that his dealings and associations with men have left upon those who have known him, the best evidence is their expression of approval in twice electing him as their County Commissioner, a positon that he is now filling with credit to himself and advantage to Walla Walla county.

MILTON EVANS was born in Pike county, Ohio, November 9, 1833. He was one of a family of eleven children, and spent the years of his minority at the parental home. In i860 his father, George W. Evans, removed from Ohio to Fremont county, Iowa, with his family, where they staid one year and then crossed the plains to Washington Territory. They left low intending for California, but changed their point of destination on the way because of favorable reports in regard to Washington Territory. We speak of the family in this connection, because the subject of this sketch was one of twelve, including his father, mother, seven brothers, and two sisters, all of whom came with him to this country. The first year after reaching this section, they rented a farm on Mill creek, and then located the ones on that stream and Dry creek now owned by the different members of that family. In 1 861, after reaching Walla Walla, Milton Evans, thinking to find the Golden Fleece, entered upon the miner's uncertain trail, and, being one of a party of eight, prospected the Burnt river country. Among the eight were some old mountain men, who soon discovered that the little party was being shadowed by Indians. The arts of Indian warfare were resorted to, and finally they escaped from the enemy's toils, and reached Walla Walla by forced marches. Mr. Evans, less fortunate than his companions, lost his horse that fell dead on the trail as they were making their retreat from the Burnt river country. Not satisfied with this experience, he visited the Florence mines in 1862, and this last was the one thing needed to banish his gilded dream, and cause him to appreciate the advantages of anything in preference to the life of a miner. From 1862 until 1867, he followed teaming from Wallula to various points in the interior, and from 1867 until 1873, stock raising and grazing occupied his attention. Having become possessed of a farm, it became an urgent necessity for him to obtain a wife to help in the management of his real possessions. This resulted in a matrimonial alliance, and Mr. Evans was married to Miss Alice M. Drake, of Uxbridge, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on the 27th of June, 1871. Since 1873, he has made a specialty of raising horses, having disposed of his cattle. His home farm lies on Dry creek six and one half miles north east of from Walla Walla, and contains 400 acres all inclosed and cultivated (see sketch of it in this book). He, also, ownes two hundred acres north from and within three-fourths of a mile of Walla Walla, to which add 640 acres of railroad land and 40 acres of timber in the mountains, which gives 1280 acres of land owned by him. Mr. Evans is one of the substantial men of the county, and has made his money since he came here. He believes in schools, and is one of those who spends time and money freely in that direction.

A. J. FAVOR was born October 23, 1842, in Dover, Maine, and at the age of nineteen left the parental home to join the grand army then fighting to suppress the Great Rebellion. He remained in the service one and a half years, when he was discharged on account of general debility. Hoping to regain his health as well as fortune, Mr. Favor moved to Nevada, where he grew well and strong. At the expiration of about three years, he resolved to press farther west, and accordingly came to Lewiston, Idaho Territory, where his brother, Daniel Favor, then lived. This was in the year 1866, when Lewiston was an inland metropolis. Here our subject engaged for a number of years in driving stage between Lewiston and Pendleton and intermediate points, being at that time, and at present, most widely known as "Vine" Favor. On September 21, 1873, Mr. Favor " took unto himself an helpmate " in the person of Miss Lena Camp, daughter of Benj. and May Camp of Waitsburg, W. T. Soon after their marriage, the newly wedded couple settled on their farm in the present limits of Pataha City, the illustration of which is given in this work. Mr. Favor is the original proprietor of Pataha City, and has made many liberal donations of lots and water rights to parties desiring to help build and develop the town. This gentleman, through his good judgment and enterprise, has accumulated an extensive property both of live stock and valuable real estate. Mr. and Mrs. Favor have no children.

WILLIAM F. FERGUSON is a native of Bradford Co., Penn., near the Susquehanna river, and was born May 26, 1822. His grandfather came from England during the Revolutionary War in this country. His grandmother, when a child, witnessed the massacre of Wyoming, but escaped because of her extreme youth. His father was a soldier in the American army in the war of 181 2. The mother of Mr. Ferguson was a direct descendant from the Pilgrim band that landed at Plymouth Rock, and her name was Mary At wood. In about 1836, with his parents he removed to Coles Co., Illinois, and was married November 3, 1849, to Miss Sarah J. Shores. In 1853, he crossed the plains to Oregon, and wintered a few miles from Albany. From there he removed to the Umpqua valley, and then to Walla Walla, in 1871. He came with about 100 head of stock, and bought land high up in the foot hills where he lived for about three years, when he purchased the farm where he now resides, (see view of it in this work.) There are 1 120 acres of land belonging to Mr. Ferguson, 320 of which constitute the homestead. It would be useless to describe the farm; for productiveness, it is like the hundreds of others, and is situated seven miles east of Walla Walla City. Mrs. Ferguson was born in Kentucky, the 28th of September, 1822, from where, with her parents, she removed to Coles Co., Illinois. Here she became the wife of Elmer Shores, February 18, 1842; and on the 29th of June, 1845, her second child, Sarah E., was born, the first having died in infancy. Mr. Shores died September 25, 1847, while in Pennsylvania on a visit to his mother. After the removal of Mr. Ferguson to Oregon, his wife's daughter, Miss Shores, became the wife of Y. H. Brown, May I, 1868. In 1869, Mr. Brown was drowned in the Umpqua river, and the widow married C.H. Barnett of Walla Walla Co.,W. T. May 25, 1873; and they now live near Russell creek in the county mentioned. The children of Mr. Ferguson are as follows: Lydia E., born April 1, 1 85 1, now living in Red Bluff, California, the wife of John W. Brown; Myron A., born August 15, 1853 ; who married Miss S. Ostrander, March II, 1876, and now lives in Union Flat, Whitman Co., W. T. ; Mary A., born August 9, 1855; Stephen H., born October 31, 1857 ; Daniel G., born December 15, 1859 ; William A., born June 6, 1862 ; Arvilla J., born September 25, 1863; Walter S., born June 15, 1866.

ANDREW J. FIX is a native of Ohio, and was born near Columbus in Franklin Co. of that State, July 18, 1840 His father's name was David, and he moved when Andrew was but five years old, with his family to Clark Co., Illinois. In 1855, the father died, and young Andrew, then fifteen years of age, undertook the battle of life for himself. In 1857, accompanied by an elder brother, he crossed the plains to California, in what was known as the Shields train. When making this trip, while near the head waters of Humboldt river, he witnessed one of those tragic scenes that make a dark page in the history of Nevada. A small party of emigrants were encamped some eight miles in advance of them on the Humboldt, who were attacked by the White Knife band of the Shoshone Indians. All were killed but four, two men, a women and a child. The two men escaped by taking to flight, and one of them seized a child, carried it until exhausted and then threw it into some sage brush, left it there, and thus saved its life. A woman was shot with an arrow through the body, scalped and left for dead, but survived and later became a resident of California. The balance of the party were all killed and the stock and valuables were taken by the assailants who withdrew into a canon within four miles and awaited developments. The alarm soon reached the Shields train, which pushed forward to the scene of the bloody tragedy. The Indians were pursued and a battle took place, but, having the advantage among the rocks, they escaped with the loss of one warrior and the stock they had captured. The dead were buried, and the survivors taken by the train to California ; the incident is remembered by the pioneers as the Hola way Massacre. Mr. Fix arrived in Sacramento October 16, with a cash capital on hand of fifty cents. The next few months were spent in Yolo and Napa counties in that state, working for wages; and the ensuing February of 1858, found him in Oregon. He purchased some land near Hillsborough in that state, where he resumed farming, until 1862, when he tried his fortune in the Florence mines. The year previous his brother had gone to the Walla Walla country with four yoke of oxen and wagons to team with; but that severe winter left him with eight ox hides in the spring, no team, and a debt of $260 hanging over him and the subject of his sketch, who was his partner. In the spring of 1863, the two brothers again engaged in teaming from Walla Walla to the interior; the machinery for the pioneer steamer called "49," above Colville, being among the freight hauled by him, in those days. The loss of $1,100 in wintering with his teams near Lewiston, in 1865, caused him to turn his attention to farming on the Touchet the next spring. In 1867 he purchased the ranch where he now lives, that contains 200 acres, all inclosed and cultivated. He has 40 acres of timber land besides this. The farm is situated three miles east of the Dixie school house in Walla Walla Co., between Dry creek and the Copei. Among the improvements at his home are included one and onehalf acres of bearing orchard, among which are apples, peaches, 'pears, plums, and berries of various kinds. As to productiveness of his property, Mr. Fix states that, since he has been farming, the yield of grain has averaged over 30 bushels to the acre on his land ; and that an exceptional product was, in one year, of 11 acres that yielded 67 bushels to the acre. Mrs. Nancy M. Fix is the daughter of Joseph Saunders, who is now a resident of Walla Walla Co., and she was married to the

JAMES W. FOSTER is a native of Argyle, Penobscot county, Maine, and was born on the twenty-second of May, 1829. The death of his mother, before he was old enough to remember her, left him to the care of his grand parents, and the father emigiated to Oregcn, in about 1840, leaving him with them. His youth and early manhood were passed among the pine clad hills of his native state, where few advantages were afforded other than surrounded most of the pioneer lumbermen and husbandmen of the Northern New England States. Philip Foster, the father, who had cast his lot with the destinies of the Pacific Coast, was anxious to see his child of earlier years, and wrote to him to come to Oregon. These letters, from his only living parent of whom he knew little, created an intense desire to visit ihis far away country, and answering to those promptings he sailed for the Pacific Coastin 1852. Arriving in the the Willamette, he took up a farm and spent the ensuing seven years in Oregon; where he was married, January 28,1867, t0 Miss Louisa M. Rockhill. In 1855, he enlisted under Cap. William Strong, and participated in the Indian war that swept the regions east of the Cascade Range. In the fall of 1856 he came to Walla Walla Valley, stopped for a few days, and ihen went back to Oregon. In 1859, he came again and took up the ranch now owned by him, and represented in this work. For eight years he tried the cool comforts of a bachelor's life and then, going to Oregon, married as before stated. Since becoming a resident of the Walla Walla Valley, besides farming.his attention has been directed mainly to the raising of horses mostly of ihe Belfountain stock, until recently, when he has diverted in the direction of fruit culture. He has at present twenty acres of orchard and vineyard combined, and contemplates in the near future an expansion in this branch of industry. In this connection, we would mention that in the fall of 1859 he went to the Willamette Valley,and procuring some fruit trees, packed them over the Cascade Range on a mule, and thus obtained his first start in this line. Of his farm, there can nothing be said that will convey a better idea of its merit than the simple fact of his having, when he selected it, the whole country to pick from; for this region was then, practically, an unoccupied country. It is all under cultivation and all fenced.

CANTREL R. FRAZIER is a native of Barren county, Kentucky, where he was born near Glasgow, February 25, 1832. His parents were native Virginians, and farmers by occupation. The father of Cantrel, whose name was Benjamin, moved with his family to Sullivan county, Missouri, in 1847, In 1853, the subject of this sketch, having arrived at his majority, crossed the plains to California, where he remained until 1855, when he recrossed the country in returning to his home in Missouri. In 1857, February 25, he was married, in Milan, Sullivan county, Missouri, to Miss SythaJ. Shubert, a daughter of Henry Shubert, of Kentucky. In the fall of i860, Cantrel, with his young wife, moved to Richardson county, Nebraska, where they remained until 1863, when they returned to Missouri again. The war was at that time in its fiercest throes, and after remaining for a while within its scathing influence, they concluded to turn their steps, once more to the west. Accordingly, with his family, the winter of 1863 found him in Colorado, from where in i864,he continued his journey to the west, until arriving in the Walla Walla Valley, where he settled upon the ranch now occupied by him as a homestead.

A view of that place accompanies this work, and the representation is of a home that a yeoman may be proud of, who arrived here eighteen years ago at the head of a little family, the owner of a yoke of steers and a wagon, and less than twenty dollais in money, to start life anew with. The original homestead of 160 acres has grown by acquisition to 600, to which 16- acres might be added that are claimed under the timber culture act. There are 400 acres of it inclosed, 160 acres under cultivation, and 10 acres in orchard, and it is all situated on Dry Creek 12 miles east of Walla Walla City.

The children of Mr. and Mrs. Frazier are as follows: Elenia F., born June 12, 1859: Benjamin B., April 12, 1864; Louisa J., May, 1866; John Wm., July 24, 1869; Armedia A., March 30, 1873; Doria A., January 20, 1876; Marshal M., De. cember 28, 1871, died November 16, 1872. Miss Elenia F., was married January I, 1873, to Patrick Ayde, and lives within a mile of the Frazier homestead. Mr. Frazier in politics is a democrat, but gives little attention to such matters. Both he and Mrs. Frazier are members of the Christian church, having joined that denomination in 1872.

JOHN FUDGE. Adam and Catherine Fudge, parents of the subject of this sketch, were born in Virginia, the former in 1800 and the latter 1805. Their son John was born in Washington county, in that state, January 22, 1832. Before coming to Oregon, in 1847, he lived in Illinois ten years, and it was in the district schools of that state that he secured such an education as an occasional attendance at those institutions afforded. Upon his arrival in Oregon, he settled in Polk county, where he engaged chiefly in faiming until 1862. Then he came to Walla Walla, and for two years was engaged in packing between that point and the Idaho mines. February 7, 1864, he was married in Polk county, Oregon, to Miss Cordelia C. Smith, born in Cedar county, Missouri, September 2,1844. ln 1865 he bought the farm on which he now lives, lying on both sides of the Touchet, near the mouth of Whisky creek. His residence and half of the farm are in Columbia county, while the other half is in Walla Walla county. He ownes 560 acres of land, of which 125 are meadow, 200 grain and 235 pasture and timber A view of his home is given on another page. Until 1872 Mr. Fudge farmed and raised cattle and horses. He then embarked in the sheep business, which he has continued until the past summer. At that that time he sold his band, some 5,000 head,to his brother Adam and his son James H. He has now five fine brood mares, eight milch cows, a number of thoroughbred Berkshire hogs, and has recently purchased two Jersey cows and a fine Jersey bull. He proposes to' devote his attention to the raising of fine stock, and with his energy, ability and fine location is bound to succeed. Mr. and Mrs. Fudge have been members of the M. E. church for the past eight years. Recognizing the uncertainty of human affairs Mr. Fudge carries a policy for $10,000, in favor of his wife, in the Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. of Cal., on the tontine plan. His family consists of four children: James H., born April 5, 1865; Ernest E., October 23, 1870, Marilla E., July 2, I874; Louie W., February 8, 1880. Although Mr. Fudge is not a politician or office seeker, he is at present a member of the board of county commissioners, of Columbia county, the people having selected him as a man whose carefulness and sterling integrity rendered him peculiarly fitted to aid in administering the affairs of the county. His postofficeis Huntsville, a portion of which town is laid out on land donated by him three years ago.

RICHARD GINN is one of the pioneer and successful farmers of that rich land in the vicinity of Weston, Umatilla county, Oregon. Christopher and Betty Ginn were born in Fife, Scotland, about the year 1768. They reared there a family of five children, viz: Betty, now Mrs. Thomas Spencer, of McKane county, Penn. ; John, residing in Durham, Lower Canada; Richard, the subject of this sketch; Archie, superintendent of a large lumber business in Philadelphia; Alexander, who died while serving in the English army in Hong Kong. Richard was born January 4, 1820, and in his boyhood attended the common schools of his native land. At an early age he began working at common labor, receiving a sixpence, and occasionally a shilling for a day's work. To better his condition, he emigrated to Canada in 1845, taking his mother with him, his father having died two years before. He was employed for a year at eight dollars per month, when he purchased 100 acres of land at six dollars per acre, from Frazer, the celebrated mountaineer of the Hudson's Bay Co., after whom Frazer river was named The farm was three acres wide and a mile and one-half long. Mr. Ginn lived on that farm fourteen years, sold it and purchased one of 200 acres in another township. He was deceived in the character of the soil, and only remained there two years. February 4, 1851, he had married Miss Caroline Algier, who died on the second anniversary of their wedding. March 19, 1856, he married Miss Catherine Kinnear, born near his native town, November 6, 1835, and daughter of Moses and Sarah Kinnear. With his wife and two children Mr. Ginn emigrated to Minnesota in October, i860. They lived there ten years, but were dissatisfied with the cold winters and bad markets for crops, and came to Oregon, arriving in Umatilla county November 23, 1870. Nineteen dollars in greenbacks, two ponies, an old wagon and his land rights as an American citizen were his capital to begin life here. He settled upon a claim with his wife and six children, and improved it the best he could. Little by little he advanced in means, until now he ownes five quarter sections of land, a good orchard, and a fine residence, a view of which is presented on another page. A large and productive farm, a thriving town near by, a railroad within a few miles, good schools and churches, are now the lot of one who has struggled hard for his possessions during a life of sixty-two years. The lady who has been his companion and assistant for a quarter of a century still lives to enjoy with their children the fruit of their labors. Their children are- Robert J., born, December 15, 1857; Eliza J., June 18, 1859; Ellen M. , February 4, 1861; Annie S., December 16, 1862; Caroline R., March 23, 1865; John A., May 23, 1868; Walter T., July 18, 1871; Maggie J., November 6, 1873; George C, November 27, 1875; Minnie A., March 2, 1878.

WILLIAM GRAHAM was born in Holmes county, Ohio, August 7, 1818, where he lived until the time of his marriage, at the age of twenty-one, April 22, 1841. He married Harriet Duncan, born October 17, 1819, in Chambersburg, Franklin county, Penn. Four years after their marriage they moved to Missouri, and there resided until 1852. That year they crossed the plains to Oregon, and lived in the Willamette valley until 1859, when they moved to Eastern Oregon. They made their home on the Des Chutes river till 1874, when they came to Dayton, W. T., and purchased their beautiful home on the Patit, a short distance above the town. A view of this place as it stands amid a fine grove of trees, forms one of our illustrations. They have had eleven children, all but one of whom have lived to grow up around them and cheer their old age. A bright girl, the youngest child, died when nearly twelve years of age. Mr. Graham is one of the substantial and and most respected citizens of Columbia county, enjoying the confidence and esteem of the many who know him best. Hospitable and generous, a visit to his place is always one of pleasure to either friend or stranger.

JOSEPH L. GWINN, who now lives on a farm seven miles southeast of Walla Walla City, was born in Clinton Co., Kentucky, January 11, 1824. His father's name was Joseph; he was of Irish origin, and was born March 18, 1797. The mother of Joseph L., whose maiden name was Rebecca Owens, was of Welch origin and was born December 4, 1797. His father went to New Orleans to*follow his trade as a carpenter, when the subject of this sketch was but four years old, and probably became one of the many victims of the assassin, or some sudden or fatal disease, as he was never heard from afterwards. The mother, following her children in their changes of home, finally died at her son's place in Walla Walla, in 1866. Mrs. Rebecca Gwinn, as the years rolled by and no tidings came from her absent husband, settled on a farm given to her by her father with her family, and Joseph L. with his younger brother, became the working members of the little household firm. This could not last'always, a termination being put to it in 1844, when Mr. Gwinn was married to Miss Martha Triplett of Clinton Co., Kentucky, on the 27th of December of that year. Mrs. Martha Gwinn was born December 27, 1828. The next year the newly married couple moved to near Unionville, in Putnam Co., Missouri, where they lived until 1864, when they came to Walla Walla Co., W. T., and settled on the farm that now constitutes their home. Mr. Gwinn was forced to live in the caul dron of seething contention engendered by the War, or sacrifice his farm in Missouri ; and it was due to those turmoils that he finally concluded to take what he could get for his property there, and move to the West. Consequently he arrived in this valley with but limited funds, that were expended in purchasing his home of 120 acres, where he now resides. To this he has C added from time to time, until now he has, in various localities, 400 acres of land, 200 of which are inclosed and cultivated, where helives. He has a fine orchard of some five acres, but, if the reader would know more of it, look at the sketch in this work, or visit the locality at the base of the Blue mountains, from where a grand view of the Walla Walla valley is obtained.

H. B. A. HALES resides in Umatilla county, Oregon, five miles from Centerville and eight from Weston. His parents, Hugh and Elizabeth (Matthews) Hales, were born in Virginia about the year 1800, and moved from there to Gallia county, Ohio, and then to Henry county, Iowa. They reared a family of four sons and four daughters, the fourth son being the subject of this sketch. H. B. A. Hales was born in Henry county, Iowa, April 30, 1842. He lived on the home farm and attended the public school fitting himself for college. The Rebellion broke out before he entered upon a collegiate career, and he enlisted on the fifth of October, 1861, in Co. K., 4th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry. He served as a sergeant four years and was in twenty-two engagements, having two horses shot under him but escaping without a wound himself. He was mustered out at 'Atlanta and returned to Iowa, where he engaged in farming unil 1875. He then emigrated to this coast and located the land he now farms in Umatilla county, Oregon. He now owns 1000 acres of that splendid land along the base of the Blue mountains, and has the entire tract under cultivation. In 1881 he raised over 12,000 bushels of wheat, besides oats and barley. A view of this place is given among the illustrations of this volume. He uses two headers, a thresher, and two six-horse gang plows, summer-fallowing half of his land each year. On the sixth of November, 1880, Mr. Hales married Miss Laura V. Rigby, of Golclendale, W. T., daughter of Rev. G. W. Rigby, of the M. E. church, who came to W. T. from Logan county, Iowa. She is the oldest of a family of two boys and two girls. Hr. Hales has been a member of the M. E. church since twelve years of age. He is a republican in politics and cast his first vote for Lincoln in 1864.

JOSEPH W. HARBERT was born in Montgomery county, Indiana, seventeen miles from Crawfordsville, September 25, 1835. His parents are Richard J. and Mary A. (Zumwalt) Harbert, and they are still living at Mt. Vernon, Iowa. The family moved to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1844, and two years later to Linn county. Joseph lived at home until 1859, when he crossed the plains to Walla Walla valley. He worked for Charles Russell two years, and in 1862 purchased a settler's claim where he now resides. He entered it and has since made cash entries of government land. He owns about 1100 acres, chiefly grain land, and a fine orchard. The present year he raised thirty bushels of wheat to the acre on 600 acres of land, though the season was unfavorable. Before devoting himself to his farm, he teamed for some time to the Idaho mines, a very profitable business in the early days. Mr. Harbert was married in Lewiston, Idaho, July 13, 1866, to Miss Emma Evans, a native of Ohio, and daughter of George W., and Julia Evans. The children born to them were: Henry F., December 4. 1867; Ida H, January 12, 1870; Alvin L., September 12, 1871; Floy Mary, August 7, 1873; Homer L., April 24, 1875; Emma Liberty, July 4, 1877. Mrs. Harbert died January 5, 1878. Mr. Harbert had four sisters: Martha, A., now Mrs. D. J. Simmons, of Blairstown, Iowa; Letitia, now Mrs. R. W. Blake, of Lizton, Ind. ; Mary A., now Mrs. William Camp, living with her brother; Hulda, now Mrs. G. A. Rundell, of Mt. Vernon, Iowa. Mrs. Camp's daughter, Mary Rowena, born June 30, 1866, is living with them. Her son, Willie Walter, born January 23, 1864, was accidentally killed by a horse on the farm in June, 1882. He was a bright boy of great promise.

E. L. HEMINGWAY, the son of Ezra and Philera Hemingway, was born on the banks of Lake Champlain, in Washington Co., N. Y., in the year 1843. At the age of fourteen he went to Dodge Co., Wisconsin, and soon after to Dalles, Oregon, where he built a toll road and engaged in merchandising for ten years. He then engaged in the stock business for seven years on John Day river. He has recently established Hemingway's Landing on Snake river, in Garfield Co., where he has a large warehouse and store, and has embarked largely in the fruit business. In 1866 he married Rose Doyle, and has a family of three sons, Franklin, Thomas and Bertram. In i860 Mr. Hemingway visited the Carriboo mines. In 1878 he had a narrow escape from the Indians at Cayuse Station, during the war with the Bannocks, when that place was burned and several people were killed near by.

JOHN R. HOOD was born June 27, 1833, at Inverness, the captial of the Highlands, in Scotland. His birth place, where his youth was spent and education received, is a historic city, around which cluster events of the past, familiar where the English language is spoken. It was five miles from Inverness that Cumberland defeated, at Culloden, Prince Charles, the Pretender, in 1746, and scattered the clans of Scotland. It was to this ancient city that the unfortunate Mary Queen of beauty and of Scotland fled for safety. Cradled among the scenes where Scotland's proudest chivalry had carved with spear and lance their bravest deeds upon the tablets of fame, it gave to the lad an instinct that grew with age, to go out into the world and seek fortune and adventure in foreign lands. Following that ruling passion, he left his home at seventeen years of age, and after stopping as an academic professor at Glasgow a year and a half, he sailed for the East Indies. Two years later he was Second Officer of an East India merchant ship, and rising to the position of First Officer, continued for eleven years to follow the high seas. The adventures of such a life would fill a volume, and we omit them, regretting the necessity of so doing. In i860 he retired from sea life, and settled at Vancouver, British Columbia, where he was married to Miss Catharine Moar on the 20th of September of that year. Mrs. Hood is a native of Sandwick in the Orkney Isles, Scotland. In April, 1861, he moved to Walla Walla valley, where he now resides, one of the substantial men of the country. He has a farm of 320 acres, all inclosed and under cultivation, the general appearance of which, may be seen in a view of it accompanying this work. He has two children, boys, named John A., aged 20, March 10, 1882; Charles E., aged 14, June 16, 1882.

ORLEY HULL was born in Freetown, Cortland County, New York, June 18, 1821, where he lived with his parents, who moved to Huron County, Ohio, in 1832. At sixteen years of age he left home, and started the battle of life, going to Indiana with a brother. For the ensuing eight years he passed through and worked in, first, Illinois, then Missouri, and then Iowa in the city of that name. For two years he remained in Iowa City, and then went into the country and bought a farm claim. In 1842, September II, he was married to Miss Mary Clark, whose parents lived in Johnson Co., nine miles from Iowa City. In 1850, they crossed the plains with a team to Oregon, wintering at the Dalles. In February of 1851, with his family he passed down the Columbia river in an open boat, and located for a time in the Willamette valley, and then moved to Yreka, California, where he spent two years mining. This proved an unsuccessful venture, and he returned to the Umpqua Valley and settled 12 miles west of Roseburg, on Ten-mile prairie. This was in 1853, and for the next five years that place became his home. While in this locality he participated in the Rogue River War, of 1856. He moved to the Coquille river, in Coose Co., intending to make stock grazing his business and this point his future home. "But the best laid plans o' mice and men, gang aft aglee, " says Bobby Burns, and Mr. Hull found that in his own case this line had become a prophesy ; for in December, 1 86 1, there came a flood from the mountains, through the Coquille river, that carried away his house and buildings, leaving him afloat in a ferry boat. He thought that, as this was not quite equal to the drowning of the world, in Noah's time, he might find dry land in some other part of it, and accordingly abandoned this locality and moved to Walla Walla, in August 1862. In January of 1863, he purchased 120 acres of the place where he now lives, of E. Davidson, for $2,500.00 Mr. Hull came to the Walla Walla valley with 260 head of stock, $500, and a reputation for honest dealing with his fellows as a capital to start with. For three years stock was the branch of industry that occupied his attention ; but, as the years passed and the country became settled up, he concluded to make a home of it, and turned his attention to agriculture. From year to year he has added to that original 120 acres, until he now has 960 all told, 400 of which constitute the home farm, (see view in this book.) Horses and hogs are the principal stock now raised by him; of which he has at the present time 21 head of the former, and over 100 of the Magee Poland China species of hogs, that from personal inspection, we found to be very fine.

The home farm is situated seven miles east of Walla Walla City, and at the base of the Blue mountains, Russell creek running through his door yard. The land is like the other foot hill farms ; it is all inclosed and under cultivation. He has 41 stand of bees, something rare in Washington Territory ; an orchard of various kinds of fruit trees, including a number of varieties of excellent apples. Taken all together, it is a home worthy the effort to make it such, combining merit in production, with beauty in location, from where the Blue mountains loom up in the south east, and the beautiful Walla Walla valley lies like a dream of Canaan, stretching away towards the Columbia below and to the west.

Mr. and Mrs. Hull have three children : Viola, wife of T. J. Anders, who lives in Walla Walla City ; Hila, wife of Smith Swezea, who lives in Garfield Co., W. T. ; and Eva, who lives with her parents. In conclusion we would say of these two, Mr. and Mrs. Hull, that the fortune, which, in the autumn of life, surrounds them, has been gathered by worthy hands and properly rewards the life labors of two pioneers of this country. It is not unfrequent, that those who struggle less and are favored according to their efforts, are envious of those who succeed ; but we can only say, success is generally the result, as in this case, of intelligent and honorable endeavor to succeed. In the wandering to seek a favored spot for a life home, there have woven into their history some strange adventures and hair-breadth escapes, where want of food and the Indian scalping knife have lurked close upon their trail, but to detail these would require more space than is admissible in this work.

HENRY INGALLS, who lives in Spring Valley, five and a half miles south-west of Waitsburg, was born in Ohio, March 2, 1826. The early history of his father's family is given in connection with the biographies of T. P. Ingalls and his sister, Roxie Keiser, in this book; and the events of his early life will be passed without farther mention, than to note the fact that it was, like that of many other youths of our land, made up of the incidental occurrences common to the farmer's lad. On the first of January, 1849, he was married to Sarah J. Brents, of Pike county, Illinois, who was the sister of the present Delegate in Congress from Washington Territory. That year the newly married couple crossed the plains to Oregon, and settled on a farm in Clackamas county, where Mrs. Ingalls died, leaving three children, named Roxie, now deceased, William A., and Willis H. Mr. Ingalls was again married, this time to Mrs. Sarah Roop, of Clackamas county, Oregon, who died, leaving one child, named George, by a former marriage.

The present wife of Mr. Ingalls, whose maiden name was Margaret E. Kramer, was married to him January 2, 1865. She was the widow at that time of Calvin L. Murphy, and the mother of five children, named Florence E., Fannie, Horace J., Eva J., and Arthur C, of whom all are now living, except Fannie and Eva. In 1869, Mr. Ingalls left Oregon, and became a resident of Walla Walla county, and of Spring valley where he now lives. His land property consists of one 400 acre farm, one 200 acre farm, and 40 acres of timber in the Blue mountains. Nearly all of his two ranches is under cultivation and both are enclosed. A view of the 'home on the 400 acre farm accompanies this work, and it would be useless to attempt a description of that which the reader can so easily see. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Ingalls are Otis D., and Ira L.

THEODORE P. INGALLS, the subject of this brief sketch, is the son of Israel and Mary Ingalls, both of whom were natives of Penobscot county, Maine, the father's date of birth being December 25, 1790, and the mother's November 9, 1795. The first home of Theodore's parents after their marriage was in their native county, from where they emigrated to

Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1816, where they remained until 1831, when they again moved, this time to near Greenville, Bond county, Illinois. In this last mentioned home, Theodore P. Ingalls was born September 13, 1835, a few weeks after his father had been summoned to the mysterious unknown, by that scourge, the cholera, that swept the state that year. In 1837, Mrs. Ingalls moved with her family to Pittsfield, in Pike county, of the same state, and the family supported itself with the mother, by renting and working farms upon shares. Two sisters, Mrs. Roxie Keiser and Mrs. Elizabeth Butler, and three brothers, named Joseph W., Arthur and Henry Ingalls, had left home and become residents of Oregon in 1849, and, in 1852, Mrs. Ingalls concluded to cross the plains with her remaining children. It was that year when the emigrant was pursued with famine and pestilence, and a sorry journey it proved to be to this family. Out of fourteen wagons, of which Mrs. Ingalls' was one, twentyone persons died, and the sod of the plains became their last resting place. One of her own children, Lyman B., was among the number, and all of them were more or less affected. After reaching Oregon, Mrs. Ingalls settled in Clackamas county, where she lived a number of years, when she broke up keeping house, and ended her days at the home of one of her children. Theodore then started life for himself, working for wages, and, in 1856, joined the volunteer Oregon force, and served through the campaign of that summer in west Washington Territory. In the years that follows until 1867, he visited the mines of Yreka, California; Salmon river, Boise, and Granite creek, in what then was eastern Oregon, without meeting with any marked success. In 1867, February 27, he was married to Miss Katy Smith, uf Clackamas county, Oregon. Mrs. Katy Ingalls is a native of Ohio, where she was born March 15, 1842. In 1871, Mr. Ingalls moved to Walla Walla county, in this territory, upon the farm where he now lives, in Spring valley, six miles south of Waitsburg. His property consists of 320 acres, all of which is fenced, and 240 of it being cultivated. For improvements see sketch in this book. The only child of Mr. and Mrs. Ingalls is one by adoption named Minnie, born July 20, 1876.

ANDREW J. JAMES is the son of Berry and Epiety James, and was born near Lexington, Mo., March 4, 1834. In 1852 he crossed the plains and settled in Linn county, Oregon, the journey having occupied six months. Having been reared to a farming life, Mr. James took up a land claim and lived upon it seventeen years, tilling the soil and providing for the wants of his growing family. He then came to Washington, and on the eighteenth of July, 1869, arrived af Whetstone valley, Columbia (then Walla Walla) county, where he has since resided. He purchased his farm of H. H. Bailey, who had settled upon it two years before. He ownes 600 acres of meadow, grain and pasture land of an excellent quality, and raises hay, grain, horses, hogs and cattle. His residence and farm improvements are shown on another page of this volume. On the eighteenth of November, 1855, he married Sarah Curl, a daughter of John and Sarah Curl, born in Carrol county, Missouri, in 1840. They have eight children: Marion, Sephronia L. (Mrs. George Stafford), Newton, Henry, Clara V., Isabelle, Ida, and Rosa. Mr. James has never entered the field of politics, but is living the quiet life of a farmer, and engaged in building up the substantial resources of the country.

GEORGE W. AND ARTHUR A. JAMES : William and Grizzelle James were natives of Pennsylvania, and moved to Ohio in the early days. They had a family of ten children - Miriam, Hulda, Ellen, George W., Harrison, Preston, Julius, William, and two who died in infancy. George W. was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, April I, 1836. In 1845 tne family moved to Jackson county, Iowa, where, being the eldest boy, he received a liberal education. He resided at home until i860, when he was attracted to the mines of Nevada and California. In 1863 he returned to his old home, and volunteered in the Sixth Iowa Cavalry, serving until the close of the war. He again crossed the continent in 1866, and has since made his home on this coast. In 1878 he came to Washington Territory and has since resided in Columbia, now Garfield, county. December 27, 1856, he married Rosina Sharp, in Dubuque, Iowa. They have been blessed with seven children: Arthur A"., born April 7, 1858; Grizzelle, March 4, i860; Emma N., April 25, 1862; George, February 6, 1865; Lewis, March 31, 1867; Willie E. February 13, 1872; Ella Maud, September 9, 1875. The first two and the third were born in Iowa, the others in Nevada. The oldest, Arthur A., is in partnership with his father in a fine ranch of 840 acres, on Deadman Prairie, about 16 miles north of Pomeroy, and near Snake river. They are engaged in farming and raising stock. Their whole farm is arable land, and this season they have 250 acres of grain, averaging thirty-five bushels of wheat to the acre. Their residence and farm improvement, form one of our illustrations. G. W. James is a member of Harmony Lodge, No. 16, I. O. O. F. of Pomeroy.

AMBROSE JOHNSON. - James Johnson was born in East Tennessee and moved to Monroe Co., Illinois, where he married Martha Allen, and reared a family of two sons and six daughters. One of the former, subject of this sketch, was born in Greene county, Illinois, near Carrolton, December 26, 1824. The family moved to Macoupin county in the same states and there Ambrose attended school and grew to manhood. In 1847 the family moved to Iowa, and March 27, 1851, Ambrose married Martha Simpson, daughter of James and Peggy Simpson. He then settled down on a farm in Keokuk county, Iowa. Having lost his first three children, two boys and a girl, he abandoned that country in 1862, and crossed the plains and mountains, arriving in Walla Walla valley September 15, 1862. The next month he settled on the land he now occupies, four and one-half miles from Dayton. It was three years before he realized the agricultural value of this region, and began in earnest to make a home here. On the eleventh of October, 1868, his wife died, leaving five children, two boys (twins) and three girls. He was again married, October 27, 1872, to Tabitha Johnson, who has borne him three daughters and one son. Mr. Johnson's place is ornamented with a fine growth of large and stately poplars, which with other shade trees give it the appearance of coolness and comfort very pleasant to see. A view of his place is given on another page, but on account of their location, does not show all of the many improvements standing on the farm. Mr. Johnson was brought up in the Christian, or Camp- belike faith, but, in 1876 he became convinced of the truth of the doctrines proclaimed by the Seventh Day Adventist denomination, and has since been a member of that church. He has been elder of the church in Dayton since its foundation.

MRS. ROXCIA KEISER, the widow of William M. Keiser, was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, May 22, 1828. Her parents lived on a farm, her father's name being Israel Ingalls. While a mere infant, her parents moved near to Greenville, Bond Co., Illinois, and from there to Pittsfield in Pike Co. of the same state in about 1837. During the cholera season of 1835, Mr. Ingalls died of that scourge and his family, of nine children and the widow, were left to make their own way in the world. They rented farms and worked them for a number of years, but continued to reside in the vicinity of Pittsfield. On the 4th of April, 1849, Miss Roxcia was married to Wm. M. Keiser of Pittsfield, Illinois, by James D., father of Hon. Thos. H. Brents, now representing Washington Territory in the U. S. Congress. Immediately, the newly married couple started for Oregon, across the plains, three of the bride's brothers and one sister being of the party. Mr. Keiser after visiting several places, finally purchased a lot and moved his family to the primitive fir forest on the banks of the Willamette, now known to the world as Portland the metropolis of Oregon. There were not to exceed a dozen families there at that time, and he helped to build the first mill at that place. In the fall of 1851, Mr. Keiser changed his residence to Clackamas Co. in that territory, where he took up a donation claim of 640 acres. In 1872, he came to Walla Walla Co., after selling his Oregon property, and purchasing, settled on the farm now occupied by his widow, the subject of his sketch. In 1877, June 2I> Mr. Keiser died at his residence in Spring Valley, twelve miles north east of Walla Walla, on the road to Waitsburg.

He left six living children whose names and dates of birth are as follows : Jerome L., July 12, 1850; Millard H., May 19, 1854; Frank T., September 3, 1856 ; R. Grace, June 2, 1867, died June 28, 1881 ; Elmer E. and Nellie E., April 24, 1870. The twins died of diphtheria in 1878, Elmer E., on the twenty-eighth of August, and the little sister following him out into the dark unkown within a week. This leaves the widow and three eldest children, all of whom, except Frank T. , occupy the home left them by the deceased. The farm consists of 440 acres all inclosed and 350 of which are under cultivation. There is an orchard with apples, peaches, pears and various berries, more than enough for home use. Spring branch runs through the land; the district school house of that name is on this farm; and the post office address of the family is Waitsburg, W. T.

JOHN F. KIRBY was born in Jennings county, Indiana, September 1, 1840. His parents were David and Frankie (Brown) Kirby. In 1851 he started overland with his uncle, stopping for the winter in Missouri and arriving in Oregon in 1852. They settled in Washington county, where he lived until 1856, when he went to work on a farm for wages. July 14, 1859, he was married in Yamhill county to Mary H. Teel, a native of Illinois. She is a daughter of Joseph and Mary S. (Alexander), Teel and came to Oregon in 1853. In March, i860, he took a land claim five miles south-east of Walla Walla, and lived there until 1877. He then sold out and bought his present ranch on the Touchet, five miles below Dayton. It contains 564 acres of deeded land and 480 acres of railroad land. He is engaged chiefly in grain farming and raising horses. Mr. Kirby is one of those energetic farmers who have been eminently successful in their struggles with the trials of pioneer life. A view of his comfortable home is presented on another page. He has a family of three daughters: Anna, born February 22, 1863; Eva, March 12, 1865; Abby, March 14, 1867.

WILLIAM KIRKMAN is a native of Lancashire, England, where he was born December 7, 183 1. Such scenes as centered about his early life upon the estate of the great Sir Robert Peel, surrounded by unusual influences singularly fitted to center thought and germinate impulses to action, have fallen to the fortunate lot of few lads in the British Isles. This moulding power for higher aims in life, was not scholastic, nor was it the association of cultured companions, for little of the influence from either was among the advantages of his youth. It was the power exerted by an impress upon the imagination in the example furnished by the success of three brothers that, with the passing years, moulded his character, created an object with higher aims in life than was presented in his native village. Who has not been charmed with the acts, character, and objects of the Cheeryble brothers as pictured by Dickens, in "Nicholas Nickleby", where he gives to them the grand embodyment of generous philanthropy, emanating from a combination of all the better qualities in humanity? Those were fictitious names but the great writer took for his model three brothers named William, Daniel and John Grant, who had first come upon the Peel estate from Scotland, so poor that they ate the bread of charity. Through industry, economy, indomitable energy, and generosity directed in a comprehensive and judicious way, those brothers became possessed of vast wealth, built large factories, and purchased Sir Robert Peel's estate. The father of Wm. Kirkman was foreman in the factory owned and operated by these brothers, and the lives of those men were, in his youth, an omnipresent suggestion and reminder that success or failure in life was due largely to the result of one's own acts; that in their own hands men held their destiny. Such thoughts and reflections in the youth moulded the man. They created an incentive and a will to win, and with it a desire for a more favorable locality in which to achieve success than was presented in his native land. He consequently came to Boston, Mass., in 1853, as the agent of an English firm to sell in America Marseilles goods, none of which were manufactured in this country at that time. This failing to occupy his whole time, he entered the employ of a machine manufacturing establishment, but, in 1854, came to the Pacific Coast, and the latter part of that year found him mining at Columbia in Tuolumne county in California. Three years later with a moderate fortune, he sailed for Australia, and, in 1858, visited the Sandwich Islands, from where he joined the army of gold seekers moving to Frazer river in British Columbia. For four years he remained under the British flag, meeting with varied fortunes and some singular and thrilling adventures. In i860 high water carried away a bridge belonging to him, that left him financially at the foot of the ladder to start life again, shadowed by a heavy indebtedness. In 1862 he returned to San Francisco, and the following year purchased cattle on the Umpqua river for the Boise market. He remained in Idaho until 1865, engaged in the stock business with a meat market established at Pioneer City, and then he sold out of the business. In 1866, he took an eighty mule pack train of goods from Walla Walla to Montana, where he disposed of all, and became interested in a milk ranch, where he prosecuted the dairy business for six months, and then returned to San Francisco, California. While in that city, he was married to Miss Isabelle Potts on the fourth day of February, 1867. From 1867 until 1870, he was engaged in the cattle business, when he sold out and again returned to San Francisco. In 1871, he came with his family to Walla Walla City, where he now resides, and entered into partnership with John Dooly for the purpose of general traffic in live stock and such business as incidentally accompanies it. This firm is now the most successful one in this territory in its line of business, and reckons its herds of cattle and sheep by the thousands. In the early part of 1881, they lost, on the plains of Whitman county alone, 5,000 head of cattle that were caught in the snow and starved, without the loss working any financial embarrassment to the firm. Mr. Kirkman, besides his stock and market business, is quite extensively engaged in farming and owns some valuable city property - see sketch of his residence in this work.

In conclusion we would say that, though Mr. K. was born on the soil of England, his instincts and impulses are essentially American, of whose institutions he is an enthusiastic admirer. It is a country, as he aptly puts it, "where those who will may win." As a business man, he has the confidence of all who know him; as a citizen, the respect which his character and actions in life have entitled him: and his wealth is the result of judicious labor prompted by his early surroundings, and not the reward of chance or birth.