Decorative drawing: a small American settlement seen from a low hill. Not a photograph of this place.

Boston, Massachusetts

46 topographic sheets cover this place, the earliest surveyed in 1893 and the latest in 1989. It stands in Boston City. It lies in ZIP code area 02108. It stands on Pemberton Hill (historical). The Survey maps it on the Boston South quadrangle. 675,647 people lived here at the 2020 count. It stands 141 feet above sea level.

Research this city

This curated hub for Suffolk County, Massachusetts brings together the page's documented record links, visible map or image evidence where published, and routes to related local records.

What is documented here?

Use the page's provenance and linked records to distinguish the source material from the site's navigation and summaries.

How should I cite it?

Open the original record, preserve its repository and identifier, then use the citation tool for this page as a path back to the source.

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Boston within Suffolk County

Population over time

27 figures

Boston grew from 10,567 to 675,647 between 1722 and 2020. These are the recorded population figures Wikidata holds for this place, reached through the Geographic Names Information System number this page is keyed on rather than by name, so they belong to this place and not to another of the same name. Most are census counts, but not all are: an early figure may be a founding or settlement estimate. The change column is computed, and is left blank where more than 20 years separate a figure from the one before it, because a gap that long is not a change between two counts.

Year	People	Change
1722	10,567
1765	15,520
1790	18,320
1800	24,937	+6,617 (+36%)
1810	33,787	+8,850 (+35%)
1820	43,298	+9,511 (+28%)
1830	61,392	+18,094 (+42%)
1840	93,383	+31,991 (+52%)
1850	136,881	+43,498 (+47%)
1860	177,840	+40,959 (+30%)
1870	250,526	+72,686 (+41%)
1880	362,839	+112,313 (+45%)
1890	448,477	+85,638 (+24%)
1900	560,892	+112,415 (+25%)
1910	670,585	+109,693 (+20%)
1920	748,060	+77,475 (+12%)
1930	781,188	+33,128 (+4%)
1940	770,816	-10,372 (-1%)
1950	801,444	+30,628 (+4%)
1960	697,197	-104,247 (-13%)
1970	641,071	-56,126 (-8%)
1980	562,994	-78,077 (-12%)
1990	574,283	+11,289 (+2%)
2000	589,141	+14,858 (+3%)
2010	617,594	+28,453 (+5%)
2011	692,600	+75,006 (+12%)
2020	675,647	-16,953 (-2%)

Then and now

1893 to 1989

The same ground, surveyed 96 years apart. Drag the handle to wipe between them. Both sheets are United States Geological Survey originals; neither has been altered.

Topographic sheet of Boston, surveyed 1989

Topographic sheet of Boston, surveyed 1893

Topographic sheets covering this place

46 sheets

Matched by testing this settlement's coordinate against the published boundary of every sheet in the United States Geological Survey's historical collection. Each opens the scanned sheet at the Survey.

1893 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1893 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1893 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1893 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1903 USGS Boston quadrangle1:62500
1943 USGS Boston quadrangle1:125000
1944 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:24000
1946 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:31680
1946 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:31680
1946 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:31680
1948 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1948 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1954 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:25000
1956 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1956 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1956 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1956 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1956 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1956 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1956 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:24000
1956 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:24000
1956 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:24000
1958 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1958 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1961 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1961 USGS Boston quadrangle1:250000
1970 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:24000
1970 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:25000
1977 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:25000
1985 USGS Boston quadrangle1:100000
1987 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:25000
1987 USGS Boston South quadrangle1:25000
1989 USGS Boston quadrangle1:100000
1989 USGS Boston quadrangle1:100000

What happened here

An account from the chapter on Boston city, in the words of 1894.

1894, Boston City

City Charter

IN giving some notices of manners and social life during this period, I shall speak first of usages which were characteristic of the close of the last century: most of them continued without essential modification until our city charter swept away the old landmarks, and Boston felt the im¬ pulses which mark a new epoch in her history.

Read the rest of this passage

Photographs

8 photographs, 1942

Taken for the Office of War Information and the Farm Security Administration, who photographed the country between 1935 and 1944. Works of United States government photographers, with no known restriction on use. Each opens its catalogue record.

Conversion. Food machinery plant. It was a matter of only a couple of hours to change this block adapter from its former work on the production of cube steak machinery to spout cutting for war subcontracts. Cube Steak Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942. Library of Congress

Conversion. Food machinery plant. This is a specially designed chuck for a newly acquired second-hand turret lathe, which this Eastern cube steak machinery plant recently bought from a nearby shoe factory in order to speed work on new defense subcontracts. Here it holds a three-and-a-quarter-inch hexagonal nut, which has just been threaded by the tap seen in the background. Cube Steak Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942. Library of Congress

Conversion. Food machinery plant. Back to aid in his country's war effort is Phineas Davenport Allen, seventy-eight-year-old mechanic who worked on steering riggings for submarines during World War I. Today he is employed by a New England company, whose normal peacetime product is cube steak machinery. The drill press he operates was a valuable part of the company's peacetime equipment, is even more valuable today in the speeding of work on war subcontracts. Here Allen is drilling bearing caps for cube steak machines. Cube Steak Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942. Library of Congress

Conversion. Food machinery plant. John J. Morris used to cut steel disc covers with this universal milling machine. These disc covers were part of the cube steak machines which are the normal products of the New England plant where he is employed. Today, however, Morris used the same machine retooled for subcontract work--the cutting of large hexagonal nuts for a government arsenal. For cube steak machinery there was only one milling wheel, instead of the two shown above. "Hexing a nut" is a very simple job with a machine designed to shape the nut in a single operation, but such a machine is not available and time is short. Morris, therefore, shifts the round steel stock three times, cutting two sides at a time. Cube Steak Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942. Library of Congress

Conversion. Food machinery plant. This turret lathe was purchased second-hand from a nearby shoe factory to speed production on war subcontracts held by a New England plant which formerly turned out cube steak machinery. Edwin Becker is checking on a retooling job in progress which will eventually fit the new lathe to thread three-and-a-quarter-inch hexagonal nuts. Becker is checking the measurements of the tool hole in the turret with those of the specially-built tap which will do the threading. Cube Steak Machine Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942. Library of Congress

Conversion. Food machinery plant. In the background is a cube steak machine, normal product of a New England plant now doing work on various war subcontracts. In the foreground are twenty-four items typical of those this plant has been doing to turn out for the war effort after certain retooling and conversion work had been done on its machinery. These changes are necessarily simple, for this company is still filling army and navy orders for the cube steak machine. Including among the twenty-four items are aluminum crankcases, steel spouts for anti-tank guns, bronze flanges, nuts and various screw machine parts. Cube Steak Machines Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Hollem, Howard R., photographer, 1942. Library of Congress

Fires nearby

41 since 2015

The federal wildfire occurrence database lists 41 fires within 5 miles of Boston between 2015 and 2020, burning about 30 acres in total. None started naturally. 2 were recorded as arson. Distance is straight-line from the map coordinates, so a fire counted here may appear on a neighbouring settlement's page as well.

Reported cause	Fires
Missing data/not specified/undetermined	14
Debris and open burning	10
Recreation and ceremony	7
Smoking	6
Arson/incendiarism	2
Equipment and vehicle use	1
Misuse of fire by a minor	1

The most recent of them, most recent first, with the day each was reported and the service that recorded it.

Date	Cause	Size	Reported by	Name on the report
4 September 2018	Missing data/not specified/undetermined	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	not named
3 September 2018	Missing data/not specified/undetermined	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	not named
3 September 2018	Missing data/not specified/undetermined	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	not named
23 September 2019	Missing data/not specified/undetermined	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	not named
23 September 2019	Missing data/not specified/undetermined	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	not named
22 September 2019	Missing data/not specified/undetermined	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	not named
2 September 2018	Equipment and vehicle use	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	BROOKLINE
2 September 2017	Recreation and ceremony	under an acre	Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control	QUINCY

Settlements close enough to share some of these fires:

Every fire recorded in Suffolk County

Specimens collected nearby

12 of 18,480 shown

Museums hold 18,480 specimens collected within 10 miles of Boston between 1810 and 1975: 8,445 Plantae, 4,447 Fungi, 3,754 Animalia, 1,277 Chromista, 229 Bacteria, 212 Protozoa, 116 Unrecorded. 12 distinct Species records are shown. Collected by (MARSDEN, H W), ?, A B Seymour and others. Each is a physical object with a catalogue number, and each entry opens the museum's record. This is what was collected and kept, not a survey of what lives here - nothing can be concluded from a species being absent.

Species	Year	Collected by	Where, as recorded
Lysimachia × producta (A.Gray) Fernald	1900	A. P. Chute
Thalictrum L.	1810	Boott, J.W.	Near Boston.
Anemone L.	1815	Boott, J.	Andover Turnpike, 7 miles from Boston.
Betula L.	1815	Boott, J.W.	Near Fresh Pond, Cambridge, 4 miles from Boston.
Chenopodium album L.	1815	not recorded	Gathered at Bunker (properly Breed's) Hill.
Corylus L.	1815	not recorded	Cambridge Port, 2 miles from Boston.
Ericaceae	1815	Boott	Boston, U.S.A.
Acanthis flammea flammea (Linnaeus, 1758)	1900	ZAPPEY, W R	ROSLINDALE
Acer carpinifolium Siebold & Zucc.	1900	A. K. Harrison	Harvard Botanic Garden, Cambridge.
Acer palmatum var. dissectum (Thunb.) Miq.	1900	A. K. Harrison	Harvard Botanic Garden, Cambridge.
Agaricus flavescens (Gillet) Sacc.	1900	G. E. Morris
Agarum turneri Postels & Ruprecht	1900	J. Murdoch	Revere

All 18,480 specimens within 10 miles, at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.

Mines and quarries nearby

10 of 11 shown

The federal mineral resources record lists 11 workings within 5 miles of Boston: 9 plants, 2 past producers. 9 still produce. What was taken out: Iron, Lead, Gypsum-Anhydrite, Sand and Gravel, Construction. Distance is straight-line from the map coordinates, so a quarry counted here may appear on a neighbouring settlement's page as well.

Site	Commodity	Status
(Facility) Vulcan Smelter--Chelsea, Ma.	Copper, Lead	Plant
C. J. Mabardy	Sand and Gravel, Construction	Past Producer
Syncor Prdts Co--Malden, Ma.	Silica	Plant
Us Gypsum Co--Boston	Gypsum-Anhydrite	Past Producer
Whittemore Prdts Inc--Boston	Perlite	Plant
(Facility) Cambridge Smelter Co	Lead	Plant
General Metals & Smelting--Boston	Lead	Plant
Industrial Serv. Centers--Cambridge	Iron	Plant
Somerville Smelting Co.	Lead	Plant
Us Steel Supply Div--Boston	Iron	Plant

Every working recorded in Suffolk County

Storms nearby

60 of 64 shown

The National Weather Service names Boston in 64 storm reports between 1994 and 2024: 37 thunderstorm wind, 9 flash flood, 7 lightning, 7 flood. The reports record 1 death and 9 injuries. Each account below is quoted exactly as the forecast office filed it, from the NOAA Storm Events Database, and each date opens the federal record of that event.

When	Event	Place named	Harm	What the report says
August 2010	Lightning	South Boston	1 killed	A 50 year old man was struck by lightning while walking in an area known as the Sugar Bowl in South Boston. Lightning struck him in the head, passing through his back and exiting his feet. He collapsed in cardiac arrest and was revived and hospitalized for several days before dying from his injuries.
July 2012	Lightning	Boston	2 hurt	A 29 year old male and a 29 year old female were knocked unconscious when lightning struck them at Thomas Park, where the pair were watching the July 4th fireworks. They regained consciousness prior to the arrival of EMTs, but unable to feel their legs and were transported to Brigham and Women's Hospital.
August 2008	Lightning	Boston	2 hurt	Two people were hospitalized after lightning struck their boat. One of them, a woman, was believed to be directly struck by lightning.
June 1997	Lightning	Boston	2 hurt	Boston Harbor...
September 2023	Lightning	Boston	1 hurt	In Boston, a woman was struck by lightning at Malibu Beach in the Dorchester section of Boston and was listed in critical condition.
July 2004	Lightning	South Boston	1 hurt	no account filed
September 1995	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	1 hurt	no account filed
August 2001	Lightning	Boston	$1,500,000	no account filed
June 1998	Flash Flood	Boston	$570,000	Muddy River
July 2010	Flash Flood	Boston	$500,000	In Boston, two cars were stuck in flood waters on Corey Road. Storrow Drive was closed due to flooding at the Mass Avenue and Longmeadow Bridges. Several other roadways in the city experienced significant flooding.
June 2010	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$100,000	Numerous trees and wires and several utility poles were downed throughout Boston, including in Boston Common. Several trees were downed onto cars throughout town, though no injuries resulted. One tree was downed onto a building on Corey Road. The Automated Surface Observing System at Logan International Airport in Boston, MA (KBOS) recorded sustained wind speeds of 47 mph and wind gusts up to 68 mph.
July 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$50,000	Multiple trees and wires were downed throughout Boston, including on Barstow Street, Forrester Street, Washington Street, Houston Road, and Keith Street. Trees were downed onto cars on Forrester and Washington Streets. A portion of a chimney was blown over onto Keith Street.
July 1994	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$50,000	The National Weather Service at Logan International Airport recorded a wind gust to 60 mph as a severe thunderstorm moved across the city of Boston. Scaffolding was blown down at government center and some large trees were blown down in Revere and Winthrop. One damaged a house in Winthrop and a tree limb and electrical wires fell onto an auto. The occupants of the auto were not injured.
June 2012	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$30,000	Trees and wires on Call Street were downed by thunderstorm winds.
July 2005	Flash Flood	Boston	$30,000	no account filed
September 2017	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$25,000	At 546 PM EST, an amateur radio operator reported two trees down on Belden Street in the Upham's Corner section of Boston. Also, two trees were down on Hamlet Street including one down on three cars. A tree was down on Willis Street. A tree was down on wires on Taft Street.
September 2017	Flood	Boston	$25,000	At 607 PM EST Columbia Road near Ceylon Street and Hamilton Street In Boston was flooded and impassable. Four cars were trapped in flood waters.
June 2019	Flood	East Boston	$20,000	At 3:26 PM EST, heavy rain caused the intersection of Lewis and Marginal Streets in East Boston to be flooded and impassable. At 3:36 PM EST a car was trapped in floodwaters at Clark and Stockton Streets in Chelsea. At 3:38 PM EST several cars were trapped in floodwaters on the McClellan Highway, Condor Street and Putnam Street in East Boston.
July 2018	Flash Flood	East Boston	$20,000	At 5:09 PM EST, the access road for Logan Airport at Terminal B Lower Level was flooded. Several cars were stalled in the flood waters.
July 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$20,000	A utility pole at the intersection of Washington and New Washington Streets in Boston was downed by thunderstorm winds.
June 2011	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$20,000	Numerous trees were downed by thunderstorm winds.
July 2005	Flash Flood	Boston	$20,000	no account filed
May 2018	Flood	Boston	$15,000	At 5:05 PM EST several cars on Child Street and Boynton Street were trapped in flood waters as high as the car doors. At 5:10 PM EST a car was trapped in flooding on Columbia Road at Bodwell Street, and Ceylon Street was impassable at Quincy Street due to flooding.
June 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$15,000	Several trees were downed throughout Boston, including one on Parkdale Avenue in Brighton.
June 2010	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$15,000	A tree and a utility pole on North Harvard Street were downed by thunderstorm winds.
May 2022	Thunderstorm Wind	South Boston	$10,000	In South Boston, a large tree was down on top of 3 parked cars on Columbia Road. No injuries were reported. Report relayed by amateur radio.
July 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$10,000	Power lines on Weld and Beech Streets were downed by thunderstorm winds.
July 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$10,000	A tree on Warner Street was downed onto a house by thunderstorm winds.
August 2011	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$10,000	Trees on Park and Dartmouth Streets were downed by thunderstorm winds, blocking those streets.
October 2006	Flood	Boston	$8,000	Significant urban flooding was reported throughout the city of Boston.
July 2002	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$8,000	no account filed
June 2008	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$6,000	A tree was downed by thunderstorm winds onto a car at the intersection of Bakersfield and Stoughton Streets. Another tree was downed onto a car on Columbia Road.
February 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	South Boston	$5,000	Wires on West Fifth Street in South Boston were downed by thunderstorm winds.
July 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$5,000	A tree on Lagrange Street was downed by thunderstorm winds blocking the road.
September 2012	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$5,000	Wires on Charles Street were downed by thunderstorm winds.
August 2011	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$5,000	Large branches and wires on Pond, Hereford, and Tremont Streets.
August 2008	Thunderstorm Wind	East Boston	$5,000	Trees and power lines on Quarter Street Place were downed by thunderstorm winds.
August 2008	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$5,000	Trees and wires in Dorchester, Mattapan, Roxbury, and Boston were downed by thunderstorm winds.
June 2008	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$5,000	Wires on Columbia Road and trees on Saywood Street were downed by thunderstorm winds.
June 2006	Thunderstorm Wind	South Boston	$5,000	no account filed
August 2004	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$5,000	no account filed
May 2020	Thunderstorm Wind	East Boston	$3,000	In East Boston (street unspecified), a light pole was knocked down by thunderstorm winds.
July 2019	Flood	Boston	$2,000	Portions of Columbia Road were closed due to flooding.
July 2018	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$1,000	At 1:15 PM EST, a thunderstorm over Boston brought a tree down on Dorchester Avenue.
August 2017	Thunderstorm Wind	East Boston	$1,000	At 140 PM EST, a tree was uprooted on Harborside Drive in East Boston.
July 2019	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$500	A tree was downed on Adams Street.
June 2010	Thunderstorm Wind	South Boston	$500	Large limbs were downed by thunderstorm winds.
July 2019	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	$300	In Boston, power lines were down from wind on Willis Street.
June 2024	Flash Flood	Boston	-	In Boston, an underpass was flooded at Columbia Rd and Ceylon St.
July 2023	Flash Flood	Boston	-	In Boston, on Columbia Rd at Hamilton St a car was stuck in flooding and the driver needed to be rescued.
June 2021	Thunderstorm Wind	South Boston	-	At 616 PM EDT, a mesonet site at Pleasure Bay recorded a gust to 58 mph.
June 2017	Hail	South Boston	-	At 435 PM EST, dime size hail fell in South Boston.
August 2017	Flood	East Boston	-	At 158 PM EST, the Ted Williams Tunnel near Logan Airport flooded, with two feet of water trapping a car in the flood waters.
February 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	-	An amateur radio operator recorded a 69 mph wind gust on their home weather station in Boston. No damage was reported.
February 2016	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	-	An amateur radio operator recorded a wind gust of 63 mph on their home weather station in Boston. No damage was reported.
June 2013	Flood	Boston	-	Three to four inches of rain fell across the Boston metro area. Sargent Street in Boston was flooded.
August 2011	Hail	Boston	-	Quarter size hail fell in the Back Bay section of Boston.
July 2007	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	-	Tree down on car.
July 2007	Thunderstorm Wind	Boston	-	Multiple trees down.
July 2004	Hail	Boston	-	no account filed

Every storm recorded in Suffolk County

Newspapers printed here

0 digitised pages

8 papers published in this town, digitised by the Library of Congress and free to read: 0 issues, 0 pages. Every page is searchable, so a name or a street can be looked for directly in what the town printed about itself at the time.

Newspaper	Published
The Boston Courant	1890 to 19??
The Boston Advance	1896 to 1907
The New-England Chronicle	1776 to 1776
The Massachusetts Spy	1770 to 1772
The Massachusetts Spy, Or, Thomas's Boston Journal	1772 to 1775
The Boston Gazette, Or, Country Journal	1755 to 1793
The Liberator	1831 to 1865
The Guardian	1901 to 1960

What the paper printed

9,990 words

Front pages of the local paper, read from the Library of Congress scans: 7 issues spread across its run from 1770 to 1776, 9,990 words in total. Each is reproduced on its own page, exactly as the recogniser returned it.

These pages read less well than anything else here, and the number is worth stating: about three words in four come through cleanly, against nine in ten for the building records. An 1896 broadsheet sets eight-point type in seven columns on microfilm, which is the hardest thing in this archive to read by machine. We tested our own recognisers against the Library's and they were not better, so the Library's text is what appears, with the wholly unreadable columns removed. Read it as a guide to what the paper covered, and follow the link to the scan before quoting anything.

Issue	Paper	Length
1776-05-16	The New-England Chronicle	2,192 words
1776-06-13	The New-England Chronicle	1,961 words
1776-08-29	The New-England Chronicle	2,178 words
1770-08-23	The Massachusetts Spy	962 words
1770-10-23	The Massachusetts Spy	948 words
1770-11-12	The Massachusetts Spy	773 words
1770-12-17	The Massachusetts Spy	976 words

Nearest settlements

The eight closest, with where each one stands in the county. Distances are straight-line, computed from the Geographic Names Information System coordinates.

Place	Distance	Sheets
Downtown Crossing	0.3 miles	46
Beacon Hill	0.4 miles	46
Dock Square	0.5 miles	46
North End	0.5 miles	46
Bay Village	0.8 miles	46
Charlestown	1.3 miles	46
Jeffries Point	1.5 miles	46
Back Bay	1.6 miles	46

Elsewhere

Matched on this settlement's Geographic Names Information System number rather than its name, so it cannot be a different place of the same name in another state.

Wikipedia article on Boston	An encyclopaedic summary. Its text is share-alike, so it is linked here rather than copied.
Wikidata item Q100	The structured record the population and elevation above come from. Public domain (CC0).

Provenance

This settlement is recorded in the Geographic Names Information System as feature 617565. The sheet list is computed by point-in-boundary test against the United States Geological Survey's historical topographic inventory. Both are works of the United States government and carry no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105.

Wildfire. Short, Karen C. 2022. Spatial wildfire occurrence data for the United States, 1992-2020 [FPA_FOD_20221014]. 6th Edition. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0009.6 Collected with United States Government funding and usable without additional permissions or fees.

Specimens. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), https://www.gbif.org/. Only records licensed CC0 or CC BY are used. Records licensed CC BY-NC are excluded because this site carries advertising. Images are checked individually and any whose licence is non-commercial, no-derivatives or unreadable is refused.

Mines and quarries. USGS Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS) https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mrds/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105.

Storms. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105. Narratives are quoted verbatim from the National Weather Service report and are not edited or summarised.