Billerica Town (part 13 of 17)

Norway Spruce have practically proved a failure. Tliis failure may be accounted for through several fires which have swept the plantation from time to time, though I am more inclined to attribute the failures primarily to conditions imder which they are growing rather than to fire.

We cannot but admire this work which was done forty or more years ago, and as we consider that the trees have had no care or protection whatever, it is remarkable that even a tree is left to tell the story of the experiment. This plantation started so long ago has served as a guide to the trees best adapted to our sandy beach, and has pointed a way to the adornment of the beacli along our beautiful Lake Michigan.

Of more recent years several similax plantings, though on a smaller scale, have been started at various points on the beach of Lake Michigan, one of which is that at Briar Hall. In 1899 the first 25 Eed Pines, 2 to 3 feet high, were planted -on the beach in pure sand and gravel and did so remarkably well the first year that it was decided to plant other Pines as well. The following year White, Scotch, Austrian Pines, etc., were planted with equal success; we did not stop there but planted Norway, Douglas, Ooncolor, White, Black, Balsam and Colorado Blue Spruces with successful results and at but little expense. But here, too, the Pines have outgrown the Spruces, although the latter have done exceedingly well considering the situation. At this time I shall pass over the merits of Spruces and confine myself strictly to Pines.

The Wliite Pine (Pinus Strobus) is undoubtedly the most beautiful North American Pine, the foliage is much lighter in color, more delicate in texture and the tufting of the leaves more airy and pleasing than tliat of other species. It is beautiful in every stage of its growth from a seedling to a stately tree 150 feet high. It thrives best in a sandy or gravelly soil, yet with good drainage it does fairly well in our clay soil. Our ravine bluflEs and beaches are the ideal situations for this noble tree. When planted in strong, well-drained soil its -gro\^i^h is thick and compact, but when

A worthy companion of the White Pine is the Bed or Norway Pine (Pinus resinosa) . This noble tree seems to be almost extinct; no large forests are known but it is found in smaller groups in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota and Canada. No doubt tins tree owes its name of lied Pine to the clear bright color of the bark of its tnmk, but its specific name is rather misleading. The tree is not nearly so rich in resin as many other pines. Although always picturesque, it is in its youth that the Red Pine is most beautiful, as when the tree grows old it loses its lower branches. This tree will not thrive in our cold clay soil but is at home on the sand beach or gravelly bank. The color of the foliage is a soft green; its long supple needles grow in clusters along the brandies as well as in thick, soft tufts at their extremities, giving the tree a most pleasing aspect; and for natural plantation where the picturesque is desired it is most valuable.

The Austrian Pine (Pinus Laricio var. austriaca) is another of those valuable trees worthy of consideration where bold massive plantings are desired. Not nearly as graceful as the WTiite or Red Pine, yet its beauty lies in the dark green, almost black, foliage. It maintains its lower branches until quite old. Although its liabit is rather formal and stiff it can be used to good advantage for grouping with other more graceful evergreens^

A number of well preserved Austrian Pines are to be found in some of the older places in Lake Forest, indicating that the tree is well adapted to our soil and climate. If given ample space it growsi into a beautiful specimen tree. It does well in almost any soil from a heavy clay to a light sandy gravel, but does best in sandy loam. Under favorable conditions its annual growth is from one to two feet. On account of its ability to resist drought and drying winds it is valuable for windbreaks on our western prairies. As shelter for the more tender varieties of evergreens and those that are easily damaged by strong winds, common to our prairies, this tree should be planted in preference to any other pine. For winter

The Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an old and well known tree. Apparently the early settlers of Lake Forest took Icindiy to this tree as there are a great many throughout the vicinity and numerous large specimensi can be found along the entire North Shore. Its foliage is a pleasing silvery green, a color maintained throughout the year. The tree is rugged in structure, perfectly hardy, stands more abuse than any other pine and thrives in more diversified soils than other spexjies.

Its habitat is Central Euroi>e where it grows well and serves the purpose of our native Wliite Pine. Here it is used principally as an ornamental tree, but I cannot recommend it very strongly, except perhaps on the beach where it must be grouped as it is more easily damaged by winds than any other evergreen. In the spring of 1895 some 2,000 large Scotch Pines were planted at Briar Hall, but few renuiin today, with the exception of some tliat were planted in the pure beac*h sand. But even these are sorr}' looking objects and are ready for the woodman's axe. I have seen some very pretty effects with Scotch Pines wliere massed very closely, and this seems to be about the only way it will give any degree of satisfaction. Its rapid growth sometimes justifies its use as a screen for unsightly building?, or even as a windbreaJc, but as an ornamental evergreen it is not desirable.

The Woods Of The North Shore

When the prairie of northeni Illinois approaclies l^ake Micliigan it changes its character, slowly at first througli the Des Plaines valley, but as it reaches the Skokie it ends abruptly, and the strip between Chicago and Waukegan is a region apart by itself, as we look upon it from train windows.

mighty changes in the earth's surfacebuilded the foundations for the natural beauty of this region today. This beauty makes a spot that seems specially created for human habitations.

From the train going north from- Chicago some glimpses can be gotten of this varied scenery: the sandy beaches north of the city with their characteristic low shrubs and gray-green grasses and herbs ; then over gradually rising ground through such magnificent Elms which have been saved in Kenilworth in the town plan; to the Oaks, Maples, Basswoods and Birches of the Lake Forest region; - and on to the saudy beach that has been built by the lake at Waukegan.

A forest at the edge of a vast prairie, and a broad blue lake where the sun rises, what fairer scene than this can we wish for our homes? A magnificient forest growth welcomed tlie first Indian and gladdened the eyes of the early white settlers. After a century* and a half of man's occupation much of this primeval beauty still remains though greatly modified by the hand of man. What the fate of this natural forest will be depends upon our attitude toward these trees today, but their beauty and service merit from us a quick appreciation and our efforts at their protection and conservation. Wliat a barren land would the North Shore region become without them ! And yet their ranks are already sadly trimmed, and what is taking the place of those that fall?

At this time we shall not note the varied sendees of this tree growth to the communities, nor the part that it will play in tlie future physical development of the towns, but let us consider the woods as a part of the landscape, as we traverse this region by trains, auto, or on foot, and in its daily relation to home owners who live in sight of these trees.

The tree line against the sky is light and o])en, there are no heavy masses of dark foliage, for native Pines and Firs are scarcely to be seen.

The foliage of the foroj^t is mostly deciduous, being particularly Oaks and Maples, with groups of Canoe Birches on the north slopes of the ravines. Ash, Cottonwood and Basswood in the moister spoti*, and Hickory and Butternut on the-

The trees of ravine slopes and banks are usually close-ranked; the trunks reach straight upward and the branches are few. The shade from them is deep and cool and a wonderful covering of flowering herbs flourislies beneath them. All the flowers of the northern woods, aa well as the shade-lovers from the prairie, dwell happily together. The undergrowth is not dense - there are few briers or thorny bushes, and we may wander almost at will under towering forest trees, and look away across the lake through treeframed vistas that nature cut for us by means of the ravines.

Along the edge of the w^oods bordering the fields stand masses of several of the wild Cherries, Plums, Apples and Tlioms, which have an interest from their flowers and fruits in their season and feed the native birds. The wood margins give us a great variety in leafage.

And again, as the forest approaches the plains of the Skokie it stands out in long promontories of foliage with grassy swales between, while isolated islands in level plains of prairie flowers give a varied skyline to the most peaceful landscape that the eye could wish. Most of these outlying bits of forest are of Oaks or other spreading trees whose limbs have taken on the diaracter of the level lines of the prairie. Their shapes speak intimately to us of the peace and shelter of the region.

It is the ravine and bluff banks that are especially distinctive, for almost every one has some floral characteristic peculiarly its own, varying from White Cedars or Arbor Vitea on clay banks covered with Asters and Goldenrod interspersed with Maples and Basswoods to sandy slopes studded thickly with Ctaoe Birches with a ground cover of Shooting Star ; or Oaks and Maples with White Pines and an undergrowth of Ground Juniper; while the trailing Savin Juniper flourislies on the sandy slopes at Waukegan. The bluff bank has a tree covering all its own; stunted trees and shrubs that have long been buffeted by the winds of Michigan cling to the sloping banks. What a rugged life is theirs!

Another type of tree beauty is given us by the trees planted along the streets ajid on public and private grounds. These show our home-loving instincts as well as our love of Nature. Elm and Maple are perhaps the most seen at present and many streets of this region have a dignity and beauty of their own from the tree growth that the foresight of the early settlers has given us. Our part it is to care for wliat Nature and our forbears have becjueathed us, and as new houses are builded in this home region, to keep the shelter of the trees still with us.

The five different floral regions of the North Shore are: the sand beaches near Chicago ; the bluffs and the ravines along the lake front; the meadows of the Skokie; and the sand flats of Waukegan. Each has a plant life of its own, each maizes its own appeal to our senses; but in each spot one of the main features is the tree growth, and trees are the most important natural feature of the landscape directly under the control of man.

Woody Pl.Vnts Are Thus Made

As this magazine is prepared to stimulate A KEENER APPRECIATION OF TPIE LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION BEAUTY of the North Shore above Chicago; TO AID IN CONSERVING AND INCREASING THIS BEAUTY BY CO-OPERATIVE EFFORT ; to record tests of old and new plants, made to determine their special values for the creation and enriclmient of landscapes, woodlands, lawns and gardens: IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PROPERTY OWNERS CO-OPERATE IN EXTENDING AND NAMING THEIR ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS UNTIL ALL RELIABLY HAKDY WOODY PL.VNTS ARE THUS MADE AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC ENJOYMENT AND INSTRUCTION, and that they ALSO CONSIDER THE VIEWS OF THE PUBLIC PROM THE HIGHWAYS and public reservations in the design of their places.

Forest, Lake Bluff, North Chicago And Waukegan

INCLUDING PARTS OP CHICAGO, AND THE TOWNS OF EVANSTON, WILMETTE, KENILWORTH, WINNETKA, LAKESIDE, GLENCOE, RAVINIA, HIGHLAND PARK, HIGHWOOD, FORT SHERIDAN, LAKE FOREST, LAKE BLUFF, NORTH CHICAGO AND WAUKEGAN

THE nioBt Important part of your landscape plantlne Ib that the specimen trees which really form the "climax" of your whole planting, shall be as perfect ae you can pOBHlbly secure. We Invite your consideration of Hill's Speclmea Kvergreens, each of which la grown with aa much care as though It were the only one In our nuraerles.

We grow our specimens from seed and transplant them frequently. This is one of the great secrets of succeBaful evergreen culture; It is al^olutely essential to the formation ot a mass of thrifty roots and a well-built, shapely top. But there are other important things to consider also.

Evergreens at exceptional quality cannot lie grown in Just any soil that you happen to select. We located here because we found this Bei;tion especially well adapted to evergreen culture. Then there must be special knowledge and skill In growing them - we have supplied that in our over 50 years' experience. We Grow Ike Kind of EvergreeBi YOU Went end We iDTite iDipection nf Onr Stock

Gardeners laying out plantings calling tor eBpecially fine specimens, or owners desiring to increase the attractiveness of their grounds by the addition of notably handsome trees, are invited to correspond with us. We always have hundreds of attractive specimens coming on - well developed individuals which can be reserved until planting time or until needed by owner.

We invite prospective buyers to call in person to inspect our stock. This is the most satisfactory way, although we are always glad to supply catalog and all particulars by mall, when it is impossible to come. Evergreen Book" sent " I request. Write for it.

May, 1915

Statement of ownership, management, circulation, etc., of Billerlca. published manthly at Billerlca. Mass.. required by the Act of August ^. 1912 Editors, A. W. Stearns, BiUerica, Mass., ind Stephen F. Hamblin, 1101 Fremont Bldg Boston, Mass. Publishers, Warren H. Manning, 1101 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass., and A. W. Stearna. Blllerica, Mass. Owner Warren H. Man-

Mr. PI O. Orpet,, who writes upon recently introduced plants for the North Shore, stands among the leaders in his skill as a gardener and in his knowledge of the character and cultural requirements of plants. He has frequently contributed to our horticultural literature. His

In the April issue were a map of the iNorth Shore region, and another of its unique ravine section, and diagrams and statements regarding the climatic conditions of Chicago. The conditions are said io be largely responsible for the energy of the people. They certainly are responsible for most of the successes and failures of the growing organisms that give food to people and beauty to gardens and landscapes.

The map in this issue shows tliickly settled and open country areas. It is rather an impressive illustration of the large proportion of the North Shore district that is available for future development and for a more intensive cultivation than it now receives. It is evidence of the need of a comprehensive plan upon which there should be indicated the land, that for obvious reasons, should be set aside for reservations, for roads, for habitation, and for cultivation. There should be a more complete knowledge of that part of the open lands that ought to be returning a field crop each year, or that should be in forest to give a crop after a longer period of years.

Manufacturers are not only constantly studying methods to secure greater returns from their main product, but also a profit instead of an expense and a waste from their by-products. Land owners aided by public authorities should give the same kind of study to the lands. In the territory of the map are approximately 300,000 acres, of which about oneseventh is thickly settled. If a compreliensive study should lead to an additional return of $10.00 per acre, it would repre- .«ent a total of $2,500,000.

When you know that very ordinary land near our cities that is assessed at $1,000 per acre, will, under the highest type of market gardening, yield $1,000 per acre in the best years, you will realize the economic values that are represented by land that is being worked under the direction of the right man.

W. C. Eoan

When we think of the lily our mind wanders to the open fields and grassy plains, but our wooded ravine banks in times gone by were dotted with lilies, for there were the homes of the wild Orange Wood Lily (Lilium philadelphicum), blooming in July and August. In England it is sometimes called the whorledleaved American Lily. I have found it on the upper edges of the ravine in rather open situations, that is^ where some sun reaches it through open topped trees. I am growing it now in similar positions, and in light soil, which it prefers.

We have but two other native lilies, denizens of the swajnps and prairies, the Turk's-caji Lily (L. superbum) of the moister parts, and the Swamp Lily (L. canadense). The former grows three to six feet tall, and does fairly well for a few years in among a group of Peonies, blooming later than its companions. Both may be used in the border or in wild planting, but must have a fair amount of 8un. The Siberian Coral Lily (L. tenuifolium), the Xankeen Lily (L. testaceum) and most of the forms of the Red June Lily (L. elegans) last about three years.

I never could do anything satisfactory with the Japanese Lilies (L. speciosum) and have abandoned them. I have tried about all the species up to date except Wilson's New Chinese introductions, some of which, especially Henry's Yellow Japanese Lily (L. Henryi), seem to do well, but the list of stayers is exceedingly limited. Even tlie old-fashioned Tiger Lily (L. tigrinum) that grows like a weed in New Jersey, soon peters out in our soil. There are, however, two species that are hardy and reliable and increase with me. One is Hanson's Spotted Lily (L. maculatum), introduced from Japan in 1865, producing from four to ten flowers to a stalk, the flowers a rich orange, petals thick and "waxy." The other reliable one is of doubtful nomenclature, and while catalogued by some as L. umbellatum, it is considered bv modern botanists as a

"Notes on Lilies" considers it a garden form of L. bulbiferum (bulb bearing), saying, ''The seedling form classed as umbellatum does not as a rule carry bulbils in the axils, but should their flower heads be cut off early in the season, bulbils are often formed at the scar and in the axils of the stem terminal leaves." Others class it as a form of L. dahuricum. It certainly outlasts any of the L. elegans I have tried, and in its form and growth is much more robust. It grows about eighteen inches to two feet tall, its reddish-orange flowers blooming in clusters. I imagine it would succeed and naturalize itself in meadows or open woods.

The Japanese Gold - banded Lily (Lilium auratum) is so attractive in its stately form and handsome sweet-scented flowers that I always want a few blooming in the border in their season. They are, however, so uncertain in their behavior that I do not depend upon them, but obtain a few every other year, and dot them here and there in the perennial border. I generally get good results the first year, and fair the second, but by the third year they have gone back to Japan. I had one, several years ago, that I illustrated in "Gardening," stating in the article that accompanied it that there were thirty-five flowers five to seven inches in diameter on the stalk; when the petals dropped I counted forty-two. Surely one can afford to make many failures in order to enjoy a cluster like that.

Before the coming of the white man, the Lake County Minnehahas reveled in the beauties of the terrestial orchids that bloomed at their feet, and called them Moccasin Flowers. As our fair sex did not patronize this style of footgear, they called them Lady's Slippers. Our yellow form, Cypripedium pubeseens, is sometimes called "Noah's Ark," and a Mexican species is known as the "Pelican Flower." Twenty-five years ago the handsomest of our native species, the pink C. spectabile, could be found quite plentifully if hunted for, while the Yellow Lady's Slipper was quite common, being found in open spaces in the woods. Both are now quite rare and we have to depend upon plant collectors?^ who ob- tain them in the swamps of Wisconsin and Michigan. They may be used in our planting with fair success if one is lucky in choosing a situation congenial to their wants.

Even after doing the best we know how to suit them^ the element of luck still remains. They are children of the wilds and do not like man's adoption.

C. spectabile is the most fickle in its requirements as is shown in the fact that in its habits it occupies situations widely different in elevation, soil texture, and moisture conditions. In Wisconsin and Michigan it is found in the bogs and swampe, and years ago it was quite plentiful in the swamps south of Chicago, but here it ignores our wet ravine bottoms and Skokie swamps and select^* slightly sloping "shelves" on our ravine banks, generally some fifteen to twenty feet below the tops. In this connection it might be well to note the singular fact that our ravines contain plants characteristic of prairie soil, dry and moist woods, swamps and sandy areas. Plants collected here or brought in from the Wisconsin swamps are more likely to succeed if planted in open shade and on sloping ground. Of course, our ravine banks come near to their requirements. I recall a group at Mr. Harry Selfridge's at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, of a hundred or more plants. The larger part occupied a sloping bank and when I saw them the second season after planting they looked happy and contented, while the balance that liad been placed on level ground at the foot of the embankment were about gone. I had a small group north of a building at the end of a bed that was raised two feet on account of the natural slope of tlie ground that did splendidly for several years. The building was removed, the plants placed in a level bed, and I wa^s soon called upon to mourn their loss. The yellow form is more easily grown, but you need not provide an old age pension for either kind.

Cypripedium candidimi, the small white L#ady's Slipper, and C. parviflorum, have been found as far north as Winnetka in swamps, and C. acaule in sandy soil on the banks of the Calumet Eiver, or on raised beds in semi-shade, preferring a little leaf mould. In planting any of the shade loving species, they should not be placed immediately over the root system of large shrubs, which will absorb the food and moisture needed by the smaller plants.

The Shooting-Star or American Cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). is to the manor born, and easily domesticated if given full sun. In the shade it does not seem to last long. It is essentially a prairie child, but it is often used in England as a rock plant. Ldke many spring bloomers, it loses its foliage after flowering, thus excluding it from the border unless some provision is made to cover the bare ground made vacant. It may, however, be planted in meadows where the grass is not cut early. When I was a boy, some sixty odd years ago, I gathered them on the vacant prairies near Center Ave., Chicago. 1 grow it in the border between my groupings of the Carpathian Ebrebell (Campanula carpatica) which are planted some eighteen inches apart. These are late risers, and the Dodecatheons have a full chance to display their charms before the Campanulas claim their own. The Campanulas then send out their prostrate stems and hide the decaying foliage of their bed-fellows. This method of planting gives me a double period of bloom in one locality.

Cone-Bearing Trees Of Lake Forest

Only roadside plants in the North Shore region or such as can be seen from public roads without encroaching upon private grounds, w^ill be designated in these notes. The side of the road is indicated by the compass abbreviations, N., S., E., W.

Other lists of noteworthy plants will be printed in later issues to indicate the location of plants accessible to the public. You are asked to co-operate in compiling notes for ?uch lists.

Arbor Vitae or White Cedar of the Xorth ( Thuya occiden talis) (L. F.). Mayflower Rd. E., second ravine above Ferry trail; Mayflower Rd. E., Mrf^. Chat field Taylor; Slayflower Rd. E., Byron L. Smith Public Path ; Lake Ave. E., second ravine N. of Mrs. Byron L. Smith.

Pyramidal

Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) (L. F.). Green Bay Rd. E., on lot across from steam railroad station ; Maplewood Rd. E., Mrs. Bvron L. Smith's X. entrance gate; Mayflower Rd. E., Bvron L. Smith Public Path on blufT.

White Pine (Pinus Strobus) (L. F.), Mayflower Rd. W., Ravine N. of Ferry Hail; Mayflower Rd. W., Mr. E. A. Hamill's entrance; Mayflower Rd. E., Mr. H. H. Martin's entrance; Mayflower Rd. W., Mrs. Chatfield Taylor's lawn; Lake A\e. in the ravine; McKinley Rd. E., lot across from steam railroad grounds.

Woody Plants Of Promising Or Doubtful Value

Our North Shore planting list has been much too restricted, partly because there was a traditional tenderness ascribed to the greater portion of shrubs that are really available. Hardiness is a term very difficult to explain. We know that plants of tropical origin are tender, and cannot easily be changed, if changed at all, in their nature. We cannot definitely define the line between tender and hardy plants, and we know that the same species from one locality may be tender, and from another hardy. The Douglas Fir and the Concolor Spruce types of the Pacific coast are not hardy in the eastern states, while the types from Colorado are among the best and hardiest evergreens. The Black Walnut and Flowering Dogwood from the south are tender, while trees from northern localities are quite hardy. We cannot assume that all plants from a region of tender plants are tender. Zauschneria califomica from California, for example, is quite hardy in the east.

It is thus obvious that nature through a long process of acclimatization has produced hardy types of tender plants. How far man within his time limit can produce hardy forms from tender plants is yet to be determined.

The study of acclimating plants is one of the most fascinating in gardening, for the measure of success will be found largely a question of the proper location for the individuals. It is a principle that such as are prone to grow strong and kill back in winter should be planted where they will have some adversity and not be tempted to grow unduly. This can be governed by planting in soil not made specially rich at the start, or by planting where the supply of moisture is limited as on the sunny slope of ravines where evaporation is rapid, and the rainfall not held by the soil as on level ground.

created so well bv anv artifice, for the planting of doubtful subjects. There are rich moist pockets of soil and humus on the shady slopes, wliere ferns and shade loving plants thrive. The sunny slopes are available for such as love the sun. The heavv snowfall is retained here and prevents frost from penetrating deep to the roots, and there is the great advantage of shelter from the cold winter blasts, already broken up by the heavy forest growth above. ,

There is every reason to believe that we may plant such subjects as the Flowering Dog^'ood, already well established in two locations in Ijake Forest, without any special care or preparation, and have an effect in early summer such as we see in the southern and eastern states, even to the l)orders of Xew Hampshire. The Japanese pn)totype, Cornus Kousa, has also proved hardy the past two winters in the ravine. In the vicinity of Philadelphia the value of the Flowering Dogwood is highly appreciated, being used in numbers at times so that it is the feature of the landscape, in spring with myriads of white br acted flowers, and glorious with autumn tinted foliage and scarlet berries in October. Some Dogwoods are impatient of removal ; even our native alternate-leaved species (Cornus altemifolius) is peculiar in this respect, and intending planters of tlio Cornus florida should take special care to get well rooted plants and success then depends on proper planting.

There are AFagnolias in Lake Forest that have been planted for years, and are quite large trees now, but of the smaller ^^hrubby kinds we know of no examples, though there seems to be no reason why they should not be planted with success. The eastern Magnolia or Sweet Bay Tree (Magnolia glauca) is of undoubted hardiness here, and as a large growing shrub is almost evergreen though it must be planted in moist situations, it being a native of swampy locations, and drought would be fatal. The flowers are pure white, exquisitely fragrant, and come With the new growth in June on quite small shrubs and there is no special risk in planting if the smaller size specimens are taken in preference to the larger ones. This Magnolia is grown largely in northi

<;rn Ohio with success, but in its wild state near civilization it is seldom a shapely tree because the searchers for blossoms each year break off large branches.

Very many have asked as to the feasibility of growing the Rhododendron, Laurel, and kindred plants of the Heath Family. The impression seems to have been that it was a question of hardiness, but our climate is not nearly as severe as that of the New England States where we find most of these plants growing wild, or cultivated with every success.

It would seem fitting at this time to state the result of an experiment made at ^^Walden^' a number of years ago, and explain that it is wholly a question of the chemical contents of the water that leaches out of the soil. An analysis of the mineral contents of the water taken from* the spring in the large ravine at ^'Walden" is given here as furnished by well-known analysts :

Prom the above it will readily be understood that if suitable soil were brought with the plants even in carload lots, the seepage of water into the holes dug for the plants would speedily poison the soil introduced and the plants would languish. The only remaining Rhododendrons at ^'Walden" are at the extreme upper edge of the bluff where the roots are dependent on tlie rainfall and not affected by the chemical elements, any one of which is injurious to the fine hair-like roots of all the Heath family. This is the reason why Blueberries, Huckleberries, Oranberries, and the Trailing Arbutus so plentiful in northern Michigan, even more so than in New England where it is known as the "Mayflower/' soon die when transplanted to our conditions.

we could grow Bhododendrons and kindred plants. Assuming this is possible, is it worth while, when there are hundreds of subjects that belong or are suitable to our conditions and will take care of themselves when once established ?

Very many and bitter experiences plants ers have had with the planting of Privet for hedge purposes in our vicinity and elsewhere. This is due to the rush after the newer introduced kinds, and to the neglect of the original "Common Privet'* (Ligustrum vulgare) of Europe. To such an extent is this true, that we cannot buy it in nurseries today, but have to propagate our own supply, as can readily be done from cuttings or more slowly from seed.

The so-called California Privet, a native of Japan, is often winterkilled even in Newport, R. I. The Ibota, Amurense and Hegal Privets so often used are also unreliable, even well established plants being* killed to the ground at times. There is also an added vexation in that the names are badly mixed in nurseries, and one never knows which to get or expect, as all are of one common origin, seedlings giving all of the types known under the above names.

The Common Privet makes a beautiful specimen shrub, is very hardy even on the clay bluffs under very trying conditions facing the lake, is handsome in flower, most beautiful in fruit all winter, and its dark green foliage rarely falls before the new year. It is the best and only reliable species for liedges, but it needs to be nourished and in drought watered to prevent gaps from appearing.

An authority recently stated that the two best things that ever came out of Japan are the Thunberg's Barberry and Pachysandra terminalis. The Barberry is perfectly well known and valued, and the Pachysandra is rapidly coming to be. As an evergreen, low growing, ground cover, we have nothing like it, and cannot conceive of anything better. It is a member of the Spurge family, and there is another, Pachysandra procumbens, that is a native of the southern AUeghanies, but is not evergreen in northern sections, though hardy. The Evergreen Mountain Spurge is low growing with inconspicu-

0U8 flowers in early summer, is easily increased by division or cutting, bears transplanting well at any season except when in active growth, and in many gardens is used in place of grass as an edging to borders, lending itself kindly, especially in formal borders such as are of Italian design. We, however, value it most because it does best under the shade of other trees, even evergreens, and will also grow in full sunshine on clay bluffs as a border to paths. It is remarkable that the plant was introduced over thirty years ago, even before Thunberg's Barberry, but once branded by an authority as being of "little garden value,'' it takes a long time, and a master mind to see its possibilities. We have seen it growing equally well in Bar Harbor under old native Pines as a margin to drives, and from there down to Philadelphia, where it waa used in deepest shady ravines, and with success as before noted in Cleveland, Ohio, on steep clay bluffs. It is probable that in the time to come, this little plant will do more to reduce the cost of upkeeping gardens than any other we know today.

In the past generation it was thought that Japan was the Treasure House of new plants, and until Professor C. S. Sargent went there and found that the Japanese, who were clever cultivators even before us and our progenitors, could see value in things that grew even in China. We gave their country the credit of being the birthplace of most everything that came from the East. We now know that China was the source of many plants, both economic and decprative, that have been valued for ages, and the thousands of now things recently discovered there and brought home by Wilson, Purdom, and others, will be a revelation to the next generations. Even we may live to see fine specimens of tlie Eueommia, the leaves of which produce pure rubber gum. It is a tree that grows as big and as quickly as an Elm, looks like one, and seems to be perfectly hardy in Lake Forest.

The story of the plant acquisitions from China will be subject matter for future issues. They open up a ne\i^ chapter of decorative, economic, and civic values in the horticultural and landscape activities of this great country.

The Native Trees Op Lake The Highway

The natural beauty of its forests gave to* Lake Forest its name, and they are a very important factor in making it widely known as a place pleasant to live in. Without a definitely organized policy of conservation, the dominating influence of the beauty of tlie trees tliemselves has compelled protection, until now their beauty and services have come to be regarded as a vital and veiT tiUigible asset to the community.

On many Nortli Shore estates is thisnatural forest beautv conserved and increased, not destroyed. One of the largest bodies of such woodland is in the southerly part of Lake Forest on the Walden Estate, where these notes were made, and where for nearly twenty years there has been a definite constructive policy of con,- serving and increasing its natural beauty.

One of the undoubted distinctive characters of "Walden" is its naturalness. The* native woods are still its dominant feature; and whatever has been built here for convenience and enjoyment, - buildings, roadis, bridges, trails, or planting, - ha& been kept simple and natural, and in keeping with the work of Nature.

In its very soil foundations Nature builded well. Though a heavy clay soil, except for tlie sandy beach, and one not asfavorable to vegetation as many others, it is admirably adapted to support the forest growth placed upon it. Rising in an abrupt bank of some 60 feet from the lake, it continues on a gentle upward slope for anotlier 60 feet in elevation to the open knoll near Sheridan Road. The land drains toward the lake, and there are almost no depressions to hold w^ater in marshy areas. The general effect of the tojiography is a level of field and forest floor, but the genius of the region was not content to let it so remain. To carry off the surface water a brook was laid across it to the lake and this brook and its tributaries have carved out a pattern of deep steep-sided ravines, one of the notable and unique series along this part of the shore. They give a diversification of soil moisture and elevation that fosters a great range of woody plants and herbs.

The dominant feature of the landscape is the trees, a magnificent native forest growth of a kind that is already becoming all too rare near to the homes of men. Many of these trees, that were but small and crowded saplings when the house was first built> are now quite big trees for their growth has been aided by trimming and watchful care for a score of years. Some of the trees that were landmarks are gone, but for the most part the forest trees stand as they did years ago before men came to live near them.

The forest growth is so entirely deciduous that there is no contrast from the darker color of evergreen trees. There may have been once some growth of Wliite Pine (Pinus Strobus), as picturesque old individuals are still seen in Lake Fore?t, but except for a few Eed Cedars (Juniperus virginiana) and Trailing Junipers (J. communis) on the bluff, all the evergreen trees u})on the estate have been planted within the last decade.

The Northern White Cedar or Arbor Vitae (Thuya occiden talis) must once have been not infrequent on the bluff slope before it was undermined and made all raw and bare by the lake. Those Cedars now growing so'happily in the bluff and ravine planting were all plant-ed, but on the pro}> erty south the Cedars grow naturally, and further north are several ravines in parts of which they predominate to a great extent, tlie most notable being that between the estates of Mr. Stanley Field and Mr. n. S. Bunting at Lake Bluff, as seen from the bridge over this ravine on the public road through Ferry Woods.

Tlie general forest growth as swn from Ihe roads is a mixture of Oaks and Ashes, the Oaks predominating. These stand particularly along Slieridan Road and on both sides of Jessamine Road near its termination at the lake. Of species that have attained a goodly size tlie White Oak (Quercus alba) easily takes the lead. There are trees of all sizes from saplings to venerable giants whose diameter is nearly three feet, but a large part of them avenige two feet and often are grouped in colonies. They stand upon the higher ground and there dominate the forest. Many of these fellows are no longer young for their open branching and light foliage show that their life span is almost run. Beneath them the thickets of Hazel and Wild Sunflowers show increased vigor from the added sunlight that has slowly been given them. Though these forest monarchs are carefully cleared of dead limbs every year, their life henceforth must be of slow decay, and in a few decades their place will have been taken by the small trees now growing beneath them, for trees as well as men must die of old' age and be succeeded by other generations.

With the \Miite Oaks are single specim(»ns of both the Burr or Mossycup Oak (Q. Macrocarpa) and the Swamp White Oak (Q. bicolor) in varying sizes from saplings to goodly trees of two feet diameter. Some of these stand in Jessamine Road at its terminus at the lake. They are much alike in outline, but are easily distinguished by the deeply wavylobed leaves and more flattened acorn and* more mossy cup of the Burr Oak.

The Red Oaks are more numerous assaplings and smaller trees, though there are large individuals of the Scarlet Oak (Q. eoccinea) in all parts of the estate. Perhaps they will predominate in the woods a century hence, as do the White Oaks now.

Of interest to botanists is the Western* Pin Oak or Hill's Oak (Q. ellipeoidalis) found only in the region of I^ake Michigan. The tree is not unlike the Pin Oak in general outline and leaf, but its acorns are small and slender. There are four perfect specimens on the lawn south of the Suj)erintendont's cottage; they are visible from Jessamine Eoad.

Xext in importance in the forest growthare the MaplCvS, and neai'ly all of them are the Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum). 'Hiougli they thrive over all the estate, they attain their greatest size on the slopes of the ravines and there the saplings are most numerous. Some of the largest fellows, in their open irregular head, show evidences of an advanced age, but for the most part tlioy are holding their own in the forest. Sugar Maples are common in Lake Forest ;.

Tlie Ashes have chosen the moist spots, the brook banks and all places where tiiere is probably water not far below the surface. IVo species are evident to a casual ^observer. One is surely the White Ash (Fraxinus americana) as disclosed by the general outline, the foliage and fruit. It is by far the more common of the two and prevalent in all parts of the estate. The -other is possibly the Red Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), as the clustered fruits are decidedly red in early autumn. Both these may be seen from the lake terminus of Jessamine Boad.

Of Hickories there are at least two species, the more common being the Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), whicli stands singly throughout the higher parts of the forest. It discloses itself by its shaggy bark. Another species, with a nearly smooth bark, may be the Mockemut (C. alba), while the Pignut (C. glabra) is .also present. The mature leaves of summer are confusingly similar on these trees, and as there was no fruit in the autumn of 1914, these Hickories must be further observed before their identification is certain. As there are many sapling Hickories through the forest the permanence of these nut trees is assured. Several large trees stand along Ringwood Road among the Oaks.

The Basswood, or American Linden (Tilia americana), flourishes exceedingly in the ravines, particularly on the slopes, and there is no end of lusty young fellows in the undergrowtli, so it would seem that <jonditions suit this species as well today as when the forest of "Walden" was a century or more younger. At the wooden bridge in Jessamine Road there are several groups, but Lindens can be seen in all this region where there are ravines.

Across the top of the bluff, facing the lake, the Canoe or \Yi\ite Bircli (Betula papyi-ifera) is very frequent, often in large sizes. Large groups of tliem stand on the edge of the lawn and tlieir gleaming white trunks are a dominant note at the edge of the woods at all seasons of the vear. In summer they are liidden by the foliage, but in the leafless season they may be seen .from Jessamine Road.

Along the lake bluff there were formerly Aspens (Populus tremuloides), when this bank was mostly a crumbling slope. The bluff slope is now covered heavQy with Black Locust (Robinia pseudacacia), and tall shrubs, all planted in a way to counterfeit natural planting. The Willows, too, that hold the shifting sands of the lake beach were planted a score of years ago.

Very fine American Elms (Ulmus americana) stand along the drives and at the edge of the woods. These are seen across the fields where Jessamine Road crosses Sheridan Road. These were all planted, though they look as if they are native.

The Wild Plum (Prunus americana) makes a small part of the undergrowth along with several species of Hawthorn, of which there are at least three distinct species, distinguished, but not identified by their fruit. One of these (Crata^us punctata) is characterized by its peculiar horizontal growth. This is a common Thorn of the Great Lake region. There is a big fellow in the Hawthorn Hedge on Sheridan Road.

The American Crab (Malus coronaria) is very abundant in the western part of "Walden'^ near Sheridan Road, spreading into the open meadows by its suckering roots. To this existing group of Grabapples i*all be added a collection of the exotic species, until the Crabapple planting becomes one of the features of the estate.

Two Sumachs are to be seen, the Staghorn (Rhus typhina) on the bluff and the Smooth (R. glabra) in the fields near Sheridan Road. They have not been particularly encouraged to spread, so they are a minor part of the undergrowth at the edges of the woods.

Two lesser forest trees, the Blue Beech (Carpinus caroliniana) and the Hop Hornbeam (Ostr}a virginiana) are scattered through tlie woods, the former in the cool ravines and the Hop Hornbeam on the dry 8l()])es. This latter is more numerous, but seems none too thrifty as many plants show by tlieir unhealthy color in summer and the many dead limbs. From Rin^vood Road several may be seen crowded in the undersjrowth.

The Less - Known Pines In Lake Forest

For dry, windy and exposed situations such as are presented in tlie open stretches to the west of Lake Forest, Finns ponderosa, commonly called Bull Pine, is particularly well adapted. This tree thrives in pure clay and also does remarkably well in sandy soils. The Bull Pine has long, broad, coarse, twisted, flexible leaves of a deep or grayish green, set firmly in a strong sheath. It stands our sweeping winds remarkably well, and for screens, windbreaks or as a background for other trees it is to be strongly recommended. There is one place west of Lake Forest where the Bull Pine was planted for a background to other evergreens and the planting has proved a perfect success. It gi'ows rather slowly in sand and consequently develops into a bushy, compact tree, thus being able to resist wind. The Bull Pine is rather scarce among nurserymen and can usually be obtained only at high prices, but it is well worth planting in our section.

The lyimber Pine (Pinus flexilis) is a handsome tree, resembling somewhat the WTiite Pine, but of more compact habit and the foliage is a darker green. It is a slow growing tree and for this reason is well adapted for planting on slopes of ravines and bluffs. The tree is perfectly hardy and grows in most any kind of well drained ground.

A pretty little Pine native to Japan is Pinus densi flora. It is perfectly hardy, of a compact habit, but exceedingly slow in growth. Its density of foliage and drooping habit make it a valuable ornamental tree. There is one specimen in Lake Forest planted 35 years ago that is not over 16 feet high now.

The Western Table Mountain Pine (Pinus pungens) is a most interesting, irregular tree and when young resembles the Dwarf Mountain Pine in habit but not in color. Its foliage is of a pale yellowish green. For bluff planting where natural effects are desired this tree cannot be surpassed. Its beauty is in the irregular growth of the branches. In this section, it does not develop into a large tree, the tallest being slightly over 10 feet on theflats north of Waukegan.

The Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus Cembra) has long been a favorite ornamental tree. The leaves are of a dark green shade and the tree very compact and ha;ndsome. There seem to be few sj^ecimens of thi& tree along the North Shore and recently some of the oldest specimens have died as a result of a Pine disease, the origin of which seems to be unknown. As a class Pines never seem to rally after once coming under the influence of disease of any sort.

The Mugho or Dwarf Mountain Pine (Pinus montana var. Mughus) is to my mind one of the most interesting species of the entire Pine family. For ornamental planting where low and compact growth is desired no other plant is as satisfaetor}'. It is especially valuable on our beautiful ravines and bluffs where the natural contour of the ground is to be maintained. Notice the barren bluff north of Mr. Stanley Field's residence, and then picture in your mind the same bluff covered with the dark green foliage and irregular, almost fantastic, outlines of the Mountain Pine. Like all pines it does best in well drained soil, but does not do well in pure sand such as is found on the beach. It stands well in the most exposed situations and fits in perfectly on the edge of the bluff where only low growing trees are desirable.

A Pine requires greater care in transplanting than deciduous trees. When taken up, roots should be carefully protected from drying out and guarded from all ex]>osure to sun and wind. Many plants perish from lack of proper precaution in this respect. A good plan is to dip the roots into a mixture of loam and water, so as to coat them with mud immediately after taking up. One common mistake is often made by planting evergreens too deeply. They should be planted no deeper than they formerly stood. Pines should not be planted when the soil, especially if clay, is wet. Pulverized soil or a few shovels of sand around the roots is very beneficial. If the soil is dry it should be watered at the time of planting, and if weather continues dry an overhead shower bath is essential, but care should be taken not to water too much as Pines will not endure cold water at their roots. Mulching with leaves, lawn clippings, or the like, is highly desirable, as it prevents the soil from drying out and cracking. 1 should not advise planting Pines on a hot windy day or in cold freezing weather. A damp cloudy day is preferable. They should be planted in early spring but not until after tlie ground thoroughly wanns ui). Large Pines can be successfully moved during the winter with frozen balls, though care should be taken not to exi>ose tliem to intense cold. If possible, the moving should be done during the middle of the day. In the spring the surplus soil placed around the tree after transplanting in winter should not be removed until after the spring rains have had an opportunity to settle the soil, as this surplus soil tends to hold the tree in place.

Pines generally do not require pruning, though irregular side branches sometimes require shortening. This is best done early in the spring just before the buds begin to swell. If it is desired to retard its growth, pinch out the crown bud. This . causey the growth to spread and the tree becomes very dense. Should a tree lose its leader and two or three others start in its place, one of these should be selected .and the others pruned out. If the se^ lected leader is weak it can easily be strengthened by tying a small cane or still wire to the stem of the tree and fastening the short shoot to it in as near an uprifi^ht position as possible.

All of the Pines referred to in this artide are reliable at Tiake Forest and after being once established in their permanent places require only a little care from time to time. Pines quickly develop into trees, whose grand and lofty qualities will never tire but be a source of unending delight.

Xo doubt, and perhaps with reason, a great many people are prejudiced against conifers on account of the melancholy sound caused by the wind through the Pine tops, yet owing to the fact that our summers are so short and deciduous trees and shrubs are bare nearly two-thirds of the year, we must turn our energies to plants giving winter effect. Nothing answers these re<]uirements better than, conifers, and nothing seems more beautiful than the ^ne form and beautiful foliage of Pines contrasting in their perennial verdure of various hues against a background of glistening snow.

How rich and jjicturesque would our ravines, beaches, bluffs and woodlands apjicar in the season of the year when the Goddess of Winter has come to reign, were they covered with some of the many de?=irabie conifers !

The lover of Nature cannot help but admire the majestic forms of the Pine, which at one time adorned the prairies and hills of the northwest, but these trees are fast becoming scarce and remind one of the passing of the noble redmen who delighted t^) roam in the pine forest.

Woody Plants Are Thus Made

As this magazine is prepared to stimulate A KEENER APPRECIATION OF THE LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION BEAUTY of the North Shor« above Chicago; TO AID IN CONSERVING AND INCREASING THIS BEAUTY BY CO-OPERATIVE EFFORT ; to record tests of old and new plants, made to determine their special values for the creation and enrichment of landscapes, woodlands, lawns and gardens: IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PROPERTY OWNERS CO-OPERATE IN EXTENDING AND NAMING THEIR ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS UNTIL ALL RELIABLY HAEDY WOODY PLANTS ARE THUS MADE AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC ENJOYMENT AND INSTRUCTION, and that they ALSO CONSIDER THE VIEWS OF THE PUBLIC FROM THE HIGHWAYS and public reservations in the design of their places.

««nta4. Can tf applied to any Pull Sodkat Chain in about 80 mconds. timply out th« Chain and Splica In aa shown in cut. Inaulatori ahould b« used in all KitohMo, Batha, Callart and Baaamenta.

INCLUDING PARTS OF CHICAGO, AND THE TOWNS OF EVANSTON, WILMETTE, KENILWORTH, WINNETKA, LAKESIDE, GLENCOB, RAVINIA, HIGHLAND PARK, HIGHWOOD, FORT SHERIDAN, LAKE FOREST, LAKE BLUFF, NORTH CHICAGO AND WAUKEGAN

And Rkvlinr As Woild Appear From An In-The-Lakk Drivf

Z. THIS riCTrRK nllOWS the REHtLT ON A snilLARBLUFl ANn WITH SIMILAR PLANTING AFTER ABOI'T TWKI.VIi; VEARSflROWTH. IT ALSO HHOWS THE BEAVTIES OF THE HI-irF AND RKVLINR AS WOILD APPEAR FROM AN IN-THE-LAKK DRIVF,

Warren H. Manning Stephen F. Hamblin

In the April issue were two maps, one of the North Shore and one of its peculiarly attractive ravine section. With these were diagrams and statements of the climatic conditions that are responsible to so large a degree for the successes and failures of the growing organisms that give beauty to the landscape and gardens, and food to its people. The belief is also held with good reason that these same climatic conditions are directly responsible for the energy of the people.

The map in the May issue showed thickly settled regions and open count^5^ In open country area,s of the Skokie Valley would seem to be opportunity to continue the projected Chicago Metropolitan Park Koad and Beservation System, as laid down by the Perkins Report of the SjK^cial Park Commission on a Metropolitan Park System in 1904.

of the Xorth Shore Region that has the same designation through the several towns, is too narrow and crooked to be an adequate and dignified main thoroughfare. Furthermore, adjacent land values would make the cost of broadening it excessive if not prohibitive. Look back at the past quarter century's growth in values and in land occupation. Look fon^'ard to the inevitable increase in growth. You then see that the time to act is now.

The broad continuous drive along the top edge of the lake bluff with bluff and shore in public reservation, which ought to have been established in early days in the interest of all the people, is wholly impracticable now. While a beach drive could be more readily constructed, it must also be regarded as impracticable by reascHi of established private rights. Neither would it be the ideal road if carried near the base of the bluff. The ideal thoroughfare would be in the lake, built up on underwater land, controlled by state and nation, and being a continuation of the Burnham Plan of along-shore lagoons, within which would be pleasure boating that the open lake does not permit, and that would be of immense recreational value to the people of the district.

From such an in-lake road, views of the fine villas, the bluff planting, and the bluff top tree skyline will be most effective. There would be less interference with the established private shore ownership than would come from a road along the beach. From such an in-lake road would be startlingly effective sweeps of bulkhead line against the lake, with grandeur of an unobstructed look over its boundless sweep of v/ater. On the other hand would be the variety, intricacy, beauty and ever-present interest of curving shore lines, projecting l)oints, sloping beaches, planted uplands, and in the sailing, boating, bathing and skating on the protected water.

It is safe to assume that there will be a nearlv continuous shore city from Chicago to Milwaukee, and that ultimately such a lagoon and lake drive system would extend from the Chicago to the Milwaukee liiver with the necessary inlets and harbors at different towns where required for local water-borne traffic.

Every pretentious country estate should possess a well established gasplant, not the modem one, strung like a bead on a corporation line of public utilities, but the old fashioned one that delighted our grandm others in the days of long ago, one that thrives without a meter and gives out its gas free of cost.

Such is Dictamnus albus (D. Praxinella), bearing the common names of Dittany, Burning-bush, and Gasplant. The more recent introduction, the variety caucasicus, also known as D. grandiflora, is a stronger grower, producing larger flower spikes.

Both are exotic species and to my mind should not be included in the wild planting, as their form and general appearance are not in keeping with the usual aspects of our native plants. If so used one w^ould imagine at once that they were intruders ''escaped from cultivation," as the botanists would say.

Their place in the border, informal planting and for dwarf hedges. In either situation the Gasplant is a most admirable herb, perfectly hardy, long-lived, possessing a foliage of a rich, glossy green that remains bright and fresh up to frost, and requiring no insect powder to keep it tidy.

The book}« say - and they do not always tell the truth, but I hope this article does - that it thrives as well in the shade as in the sun. My experience does not coincide with this statement. I have a hedge of it some fifty feet long, which is partly shaded by a large spreading Hawthorn whose branches reach over it but are fully six to seven feet above the ground. There is plenty of diffused light over the plants, but no direct sun-light until late in the afternoon. The plants where shaded are fully eight to ten inches lower in height and the flower spikes shorter and the foliage is not as luxuriant, as of those in full sun. I have seen the same result in other established plants, the flower spikes, which are held well above the foliage, will reach a height of three feet. The spikes on D. caucasicus are some six inches wide at the base, tapering to a point a foot or more above. Had I anything to do with the paint pot when this flower was given its color I would have made it a more pleasing pink. The white form is fine. When in bloom the plant possesses the stateliness and dignity of the Lupines and the Foxsfloves.

When the flowers fade the bloom stalks should be cut well back, back a few inches below the main height of foliage, and just above a leaf stalk, thus leaving no stub to die back and turn brown. You will then have a compact if well-grown, glossy green hedge about two feet tall and almost as even in contour as if sheared. A little sheep manure worked into the soil every other spring is a great help to the plants.

Again I must find fault with the books. All that I have read when speaking of this plant, state, "tf is said that if a lighted match be applied to the flowers, a gas will ignite." I tried it for over twenty years and almost impoverished myself on wasted matches, and with no results. I came to the conclusion that the story was a myth.

Late one afternoon Mr. E. 0. Orpet strolled in to "Egandale" and approaching my hedge, remarked, ''This ought to be a good time to try the Gasplant," and placing a lighted match to the base of the flower stalk, I was astonished to see a flame rush to the top with a perfectly audible hiss. The myth became a reality. The secret was out and I wondered why some one, who must have known it long ago, had not published the facts, since I, for one, have lost many opportunities of amusing the children - and we are all children in some things - by showing them a flower that produces a flame that does not injure itself.

How came this curious phenomenon to be discovered ? The only plant I know of that it seems natural to apply a match to is the Tobacco, but we wait until it is in a dry state. It appears that an extremely volatile gas emanates from the main stem of the flower stalk, from the base of the blooujs up to the top. It ignites only on warm, calm evenings, and seems to hug the main stem, consequently the lighted match must be held close to the stem and immediately under the lower tier of flowers. I had held the match to the outer rim of flowers, some three inches away from the gas, hence my failure. It is a singular fact that if the flower-stalk is cut and removed it will not ignite. Either species is slow in establishing itself, but once it gets a good start it will out-live the planter if given a fair show.

The only native Iris we have in the North Shore is the Larger Blue Flag (Iris versicolor). In fact, America is not the home of the Iris in general. We have only seven or eight among the one hundred species and varieties offered by the dealers. Many may be naturalized in damp situations. The Siberian Iris (I. sibirica) and its form, the variety orientals, the grass-leaved Iris gramina, the pale yellow Iris orientalis (I. ochroleuca), and perhaps some forms of the German Iris mav be so used. All of the others with which I am familiar have too much of a cultivated appearance to look natural in a wild planting. We all know the German Iris, so little w\\\ be said of them. Personal likos and dislikes would influence a selection among the many good varieties offered by the trade.

Iris graminea is a good edging plant in the border where moderately tall growing plants are behind them. Its grass-like dark green foliage remains bright and attractive all summer. It hides its short stemmed, rather small flowers, in among its foliage.

The Japanese Iris would better be allowed to remain in the Flowery Kingdom for we can't grow them in ]:)erfection. I have tried them in full sun, in half sliade, with sub-irrigation, overhead watering, in our clay loam, and in swamp mud^ I have treated them kindly, stayed up nights with them and even prayed for them, but all in vain. Tlie third year after planting they all liave the jaundice, and their yellow foliage indicates a weakened constitution, and an early departure to a land unknown. They are gorgeous flowers and one with a plethoric purse may have them in good form by buying "extra cuts" every two years, buying in the spring divided plants containing four to five eyes, or doubling up with the ordinary sized plants. These planted in the spring in a bed rich in well rotted manure, will, if well watered, bloom well the first and second season^ when they are ready to be given to the Salvation Armv.

Among the German forms is classed Iris pallida var. dalmatica, the Great Larender Flag, a tall growing type with large fragrant flowers, standards lavender, falls lavender shaded blue. This is a splendid cutflower and should be grown by all. A new introduction, hybrids of Iris Germanica and the dwarf I. pumila hybrids, called I. interregna, is a splendid acquisition where a low growing form is desired. There are only three colors offered so far, a white, light citron and a rosy lavender.

The Polygonums, relatives of the breakfast buckwheat cakes, while numerous, contain but few species worthy of cultivation and these are exotics. There are seventeen native species, all of which are weeds. Polygonum Sieboldi, the Giant Knotweed, generally catalogued as P. cuspidatum, a native of Japan, is the best of the lot when grown as an isolated specimen or in bold groups in the rougher, more distant parts of one's grounds.

Do not plant it on the lawn or in a border with other plants. If you do you will have a fight of extermination on your hands that will remain with vou imtil the day of Judgment, and perhaps longer. I tried it once on ray lawn. Planted it in a bottomless box three feet square and as deep. It was all right as long a.s tlie l)ox lasted, forming a statelv plant ten feet tall and nearly as broad, covered in the fall with creamy white flowers. Finally the box decayed and the fun began. It started at once to show me what it could do. It so happened that near to it was a tile drainpipe set three feet under ground. Here was its chance. It chose this for its base of action, and sent out one root as an advance guard all along this tile for a distance of twenty feet. It ornamented this with numerous side shoots that came up into the lawn with the persistence of the child that wanted to "see the wheels go around." It also sent out numerous out-liers in various directions, and they poked up their heads for air and light. The lawn mower would nip them off on its usual Thursday's trip, but by the following Saturday, only two days later, they were "up again, Finnegan,'* and had to be pulled up for Sunday's tidiness. Early in the week they were on deck again and if left until Thursday the shoots would be six to eight inches tall.

I have fished for suckers and enjoyed myself, but hunting for Polygonum suckers is strenuous work. It took two men three days to exterminate the plant. Every piece of root, no matter how small, will make a plant. Ten wheel-barrows of roots and "contaminated" soil were carried away.

There is a new introduction of a climber that promises to be a go<Kl thing. I have wintered it and it has the look of being hardy. This is P. Auberti, its native home unknown to me. It has been offered by Dreer for two years. A small plant set out last spring grew over twenty feet high, covering a space fully tliree feet wide. It is very similar in habit and flower to the P. Baldschuanicum, but a much taller grower.

Some Worthy New Shrtrs For The North Shore

In the May number of this magazine it was jstated that the nuuiy new plants now being introduced from China and the far East will of>en up a new cha|>ter in the horticultural activities of our country. Some of these new tilings tliat already have been tried in the Noitli Shore region and found adapted to its soil and climate should be advertised as widely as possible to garden lovers. If you know a good plant, tell your friends; a desirable new plant cannot be too widely known.

Already one of the newest and most valuable of these plant immigrants has passed out of bloom for this season. This is the Wayfaring-tree from Korea (Viburnum Carlesii), one of the few early blooming Viburnums. We have a native Wayfaring-tree (Viburnum aini folium) commonly known as the Hobble-bush. This blooms throughout the month of May in our northetn woods from Ontario land Michigan through the mountains of Pennsylvania. Its beauty rests in its showy white sterile flowers like the single Hydrangea or the Highbush Cranberry (Viburnum Opulus) that blooms later in the season. Unfortunately this native is not easily, moved and is very irregular in growth, so it is not common in cultivation.

This new Viburnum from Korea promises to fulfil all garden requirements. In the first place it promises to be hardy, though its flower-buds stand naked all winter and the leaves unfold very early in the spring. It transplants without any great difficulty, but its great garden recommendation is its neat and compact habit of growth, forming a dense bush with pleasing foliage all summer. Its ultimate height may be 5 to 6 ft., only small plants are yet to be seen. Early in May the flowers appear in dense clusters or umbels. The opening vbuds are bright pink and as the blossoms do not open all at once the contrast with the creamy- white flowers is striking. The pale green, somewhat wrinkled leaves, white on the underside, already nearly fully grown, furnish an excellent backgroud for the flowers. Early spring flowers in general lack a green foil of foliage, and this plant is a notable exception. Though there are no sho\^7 sterile flowers around the cluster, the individual flowers are large for a Viburnum, and remain fresh a long time on the plant. Dreer. in his description, savs the flower resembles a Bouvardia, but the clusters are much larger. It does have a sort of tropical a])pearance.

For its bloom alone this plant deserves a prominent place in the garden, but the fl(nvers are deliciously fragrant, and fragrance has been hitherto unknov\^l in a Vil)unuim. 1 cannot describe it, though it reminds one of the Ma^ilower, Daphne, and other sj)ring things ; it is not as strong as th( Lilac, and vet it is very noticeable even before you stoo]> to partake of it. It is probably not a shrub that will thrive under neglect, but will be an excellent feature in many well-kept gardens. No fruit has yet been obsened. Already several nurserymen are aware of its value and offer it for sale. There is a group

In this season of the many new flowering Cherries and Plums it is time to speak of the merits of the Russian May-day-tree (Prunus Padus var. Maaekii). This is a form of the Bird Cherry of Europe, coming from the great region of Russian Siberia, so there is no question of its hardiness. The European Bird Cherry has nothing particular to recommend it as an ornamental tree, but this new form has a value of its own. In habit it is erect like a garden Cherry and it will make a good-sized tree in time.

The leaves are large and a pleasing dark green, but its flowers are its glory. By May first great racemes of snow-white flowers in erect panicles simply smother the opening foliage. There is no tall shrub like it; even the large White Lilacs are surpassed, and there is a decided fragrance too. No wonder that the Russian peasants give it a share of their holiday. In July the clusters of shining black cherries are eagerl^ carried off by the birds. In 1913 the fruit was gathered and planted and now a thrifty block of seedlings in the nursery is ready for planting out. It grows like a weed, and may be naturalized through the open woods with our native Cherries. Tlie original plants at "Walden" were a gift from Mr. W. C. Egan, who has a habit of giving new things away. He got it from the Iowa State College. Tw^o good plants stand at "Walden" entrance, and others in groups on the main drive.

This is the season of the Bush Honevsuckles, especially those of the type of the Tartarian Ilonevsucklc. After these have fullv gone out of bloom the late-blooming Lonicera M'aackii from North China shows us what it can do. To begin with it is a handsome bushy shrub with large smooth leaves that are effective all summer. It is perfectly hardy and grows rapidly; it will reach 10 feet in a few more years, and spread as widely. It takes care of itself. The flowers are pure white, in pairs as are most Honeysuckles, and though on short stems are well above the foliage. The flowers are much larger than the Tartarian Honeysuckly, being about an inch long, and the two-lipped corolla is widely oi>ened. Against the dark foliage these spots of white are very effective. There is fragrance too, but it is not very pronounced.

Soon after the flowers have withered the large scarlet berries, set against the showy purplish cup of the persistent flower envelope, form a new delight. These bright berries hang late into the winter, though the fruit of most Bush Honeysuckles is soon fallen.

The half dozen plants now at "Walden" were grown from seed obtained from the Parks of Rochester, N. Y., in 1912. Several nurserymen now offer it, as well as the variety podocarpa, which is not as showy as the type form. This latter is being tried at "Walden" for what it is worth. Either plant is not so valuable in mass planting as it is as a specimen shrub to be admired for its combination of leaves, flowers and fruit, and semi-prostrate habit.

Most extensively advertised of the new shrubs from China are the Buddleias, known as Butterfly-shrub and Summer Lilac. Some are greenhouse subjects, but the one sold as B. variabilis, now to be known as B. I>avidii, while supposed to be perfectly hardy, seldom lasts many years in the garden, but it is well worth trying. It may stand the cold of our winters, and any open garden soil seems to suit it, but it does not always la«t long. It is a late and continous bloomer, and mav bloom itself to death. But it is a vigorous plant, and though killed to the ground the new growth in spring soon gets up to five feet and bears at the end of branching stems, long spikes of small lilac flowers with a small orange eye.

The leaves are pointed, a sort of sage green, and whitened below. The flowere are so much above them that during the flowering season, mid-July to frost, the foliage is scarcely noticed. The long" stems and keeping qualities of the spikes make them valuable as cutflowers, the color is exceedingly brilliant and unusual in our landsca])es. Hosts of milkweed butterflies hover about the flowers in August and September. A half dozen plants in a garden group will attract the visitor's eve everv time.

Tlie type i.s not much seen now, for iseveral new forms with larger flower spikes have been introduced. To the nurseryman thev are different, but a few feet off they are much alike in effect. The variety magnifiea has been tried at "Walden" and lives up to its name. It is very vigorous, branches widely, and is loaded down with large spikes of flowers from August to late September. The individual flowers are large and the petals reflexed ; the color in an intense violet-purple. You could easily have too much of it in a planting. The variety Veitchiana is said to have even larger more compact spikes two feet long and violet-mauve in color. The variety Wilsonii blooms late and the panicles droop decidedly by habit rather than by weight. The variety superba is claimed as the tallest of all with the largest panicles, rich lilac in color.

As this shrub will always be difficult to carry through the winter, unless covered and treated as a perennial, there is not much danger that it will in time crowd the more quiet shrubs from the lawn margin" and roadside. If you want to try it, most of the nurseries of the East can supply it in some of the above varieties.

The most notable new woody vine that has been tried in this region is the climbing Knotweed (Polygonum Baldschuanicura) a relative of tlie Buckwheat, for it has the same three-sided flowers and fruits. This does not come from China nor Japan, but from Bokara in the northern- western Himalayas, though it is classed as a Japanese introduction. Bailey's Cyclopedia says that it is "a perennial climber, woody at the base." Here it is frankly woody to the top, and has a trunk of hard wood. It scrambles and twines and ea.*^ily goes up anv trellis to 20 feet or more.

The leaves are very liglit green, not large, and halbert-shaped at the base. It is worth growing as a jwrch vine for its foliage alone. Early in August scattered sprays of pinkish-white, little, three-sided flowers appear, and soon the whole plant is smothered with drooping si)rays which remain through most of September. From a distance it has tiic effect of Clematis paniculata, but the sprays are more delicate and there is always a touch of pink, especially in the older flowers. The little black seed within the rosy buckwheat-like calyx make little show, but they have sprouted by the hundreds around the parent plant.

This vine is perfectly hardy and asks only a fair soil in full sun. For bloom in late summer no vine can be finer on a trellis. Perhaps the popularity of Clematis paniculata, equally good but far more common, has caused it to be forgotten. It was first described in 1884, but yet only a few dealers offer it.

Two similar vines are now offered. P. Auberti, which has been catalogued by Dreer for the last two years, is being tried out, and also by Mr. W. C. Egan. P. multiflorum is offered by Farquhar. Both are offered as rapid-growing vines reaching 15 feet the first season, and bear clouds of white flowers. It may be that these three plants are very like or even the same thing under different names.

The Evergreen Bittersweet (Evonymus radicans), which is the only evergreen clinging vine that is reliable with us, as English Ivy is only an experiment, has already given us several forms. The type form is quite common on stone and brick walls, and stands equally w^ell in sun and shade. It is very useful also as a ground cover.

The variegated form (var. variegata) and the white- veined form (var. reticulata) are more curious than useful. The large-leaved forms, that are of more robust habit than the type, are now being planted. One of these fruits very profusely, and the scarlet Bittersweet seeds are very effective all winter against the large round leaves. This is sold as the variety vcgeta, though there seem to be several forms of it on the market.

The newest form of this plant that I have seen goes to the other extreme in regard to size. It is a tiny little thing, offered as variety minina, Kewensis, and microphylla. Whatever the botanical name, it is variable, as plants received last year from two .sources are quite different in size and shape of leaf. It clings tightly to stone or brick, and will be an excellent thing to give little patches of green on buildings, rocks, or stone garden seats, where there is little room for plant growth, or where fine architectural details should not be smothered.

The Landscape-Garden

No more remarkable man ever lived than my friend, the young Ellison. He was remarkable in the entire and continuous profusion of good gifts ever lavished upon him by Fortune. From his cradle to his grave, a gale of the blandest prosperity bore him along. Xor do I use the word Prosperity in its mere worldly or external sense. I mean it as synonymous with Happiness. The person of wliom I speak, seemed born for the purpose of foreshadowing the wild doctrines of Turgot. Price, Priestly, and Condorceit - of exemplifying,, by individual instance, what has been deemed the mere chimera of the perfectionists. In the brief existence of Ellison, I fancy that I h&ve seen refuted the dogma - that in man's physical and spiritual nature, lies some hidden principle, the antagonist of Bliss. An intimate and anxious examination of his career, has taught me to understand that, in general, from the violation of a few simple laws of Humanity, arises the Wickedness of Mankind; that, as a species, we have in our possession the as yet un wrought elements of (^ontent; - and that even now - in the present blindness and darkness of all idea on the great question of the Social (Condition, it is not impossible that Man, the individual, under certain unusual and highly fortuitous conditions, may be happy.

Witli opinions such as these, was my young friend fully imbued; and thus is it esi}ecially wortliy of observation, that the uninterrupted enjoyment which distinguished his life was, in great part, the result of preconcert. It is, indeed, evident that with less of the instinctive philosophy which, now and then, stands so well in the stead of experience, Mr. Ellison would have found himself precipitated, by the very extraordinary success of his life, into the common vortex of Unhappiness wiiich yawns for those of pre-eminent endowments. But it is by no means my present object to pen an essay on Happiness. The ideas of my friend may be summed up in a few words. He admitted but four unvar}'ing laws, or rather elementary principles, of Bliss. That which he considered chief was, (strange to say!) the simple and purely physical one of free exercise in the open air. "The health," he said, "attainable by other means than this is scarcelv worth the name." He pointed to the tillers of the earth - the only people who, as a class, are proverbially more happy than others - and then he instancetl the high ecstacies of the fox hunter. His second principle was the love of woman. His third was the contempt of ambition. His fourth was an o])ject of unnecessary pursuit; and he held that, other things being equal, the extent of Happiness was proportioned to the spirituality of this object.

I have said that Ellison was remarkable in the continuous profusion of good gifts lavished upon him by Fortune. In personal grace and beauty he exceeded all men. His intellect was that order to wliich the attainment of knowledge is less a labor than a necessitv and an institution. His family was one of the most illustrious of the empire. His bride was the loveliest and most devoted of women. His possessions had been always ample, but, upon the attainment of his one and twentieth year, it was discovered that one of those extraordinarv freaks of Fate had been played in his ])ehalf, which startle the whole social world amid which they occur, arid seldom fail radically to alter tlie entire moral constitution of those who are their objects. It appeared that, al)out one hundred years prior to Mr. Ellison's attainment of his majority, there had died, in a remote province, one Mr. Seabright Ellison. This gentleman had amassed a princely fortune, and, having no very immediate connections, conceived the whim of suffering his wealth to accumulate for a centurv after his decease, ^[inutelv and sagaciouslv directing the various modes of investment, he bequeathed the aggregate amount to the nearest of fjlood, bearing the name EUi-

SOI), who should be alive at the end of the hundred years. Many futile attempts had been made to set aside this singular bequest; their ex post facto character rendered them abortive; but the attention of a jealous government was aroused, and a decree finally obtained, forbidding all similar accumulations. This act did not prevent young Ellison, upon his twentyfirst birth-day, from- entering into possession, as the heir of bis ancestor Seabright, of a fortune of four hundred and fifty million dollars.

When it had become definitely known that such was the enormous wealth inherited, there were, of course, many speculations as to the mode of its disposal. The gigantic magnitude and the immediately available nature of the sum, dazzled and bewildered all who thought upon the topic. The possessor of any appreciable amount of money, might have been imagined to perform any one of a thousand things. With riches merely surpassing those of any citizen, it would have been easy to suppose him engaging to supreme excels in the fashionable extravagances of his time: or busvinff himself with political intrigues; or aiming at ministerial power: or purchasing increase of nobility; or devising gorgeous architectural piles; or collecting rare specimens of Virtu ; or playing the munificent patron of I^etters and Art; or endowing and bestowing his name upon extensive institutions of charity. But, for the inconceivable wealth in the actual possession of the young heir, these objects and all ordinary objects were felt to be inadequate. Becourse was had to figures; and figures but sufficed to confound. It was seen that, even at three per cent., the annual income of the inheritance amounted to no less than thirteen millions and five hundred thousand dollars; which was one million and one hundred and twentv ^ve thousand per month; or thirty-six thousand, nine hundred and eighty-six per day ; or one thousand, five hundred and fortyone per hour; or six and twenty dollars for evcrv minute that flew. Tims the usual track of supposition was thoroughly broken up. Men knew not what to imagine. There were some who even conceived that Ml-. Ellis<m would divest himself forthwith of at least two-thirds of hia fortune, as of utterly superfluous opulence; enriching whole troops of his relatives by division of his superabundance.

I was not surprised, however, to perceive that he had long made up his mind upfon a topic which had occasioned so much of discussion to his friends. Nor was I greatly astonished at the nature of his decision. In the widest and noblest sense, he was a poet. He comprehended, moreover, the true character, the august aims, the supreme majesty and dignity of the poetic sentiment he instinctively felt to lie in the creation of novel forms of Beauty. Some peculiarities, either in his early education, or in the nature of his intellect, had tinged with what is termed materialism, the whole cast of his ethical speculations ; and it was this bias, perhaps, which imperceptibly led him to perceive that the most advantageous, if not the sole legitimate field for the exercise of the poetic sentiment, was to be found in the creation of novel modes of purely ph3'sical loveliness. Thus it happened that he became neither musician nor poet; if wc use this latter term in its e very-day accej)tation. Or it might have been that he became neither the one nor the other, in pursuance of an idea of his which I have already mentioned - the idea, that in tlie contempt of ambition, lay one of the essential principles of Happiness on earth. Is it not, indeed, possible that while a liigh order of genius is necessarily anrbitious the highest is invaria])lv above that which is termed ambition? And may it not thus happen that many far greater than Milton, liavo contentedlv remained ^'^mute and inglorious?" I believe that the world has never yet seen, and that, unless through some series of accidents goading the noble-'t order of mind into distasteful exertion, the world will never behold, that full extent of triumphant execution, in the viciier production of Art, of which the human nature is absolutely capable.

Mr. Ellison l)ecame neither musician nor poot; although no man lived more profoundly enamored both of Music and the ^fuse. Under other circumstances than tliose which invested him, it is not impossible that he would have become a painter. Tlie field of sculpture, although ill its iiature rigidly physical, was too limited m its extent, and in its consequences, to have occupied, at any time, much of his attention. And I have now mentioned all the provinces in which «vei; the most liberal understanding of the poetic sentiment has declared this sentiment capable of expatiating. I mean the mojt liberal public or recognized conception of the idoa involved in the phraf^e *'\)Oi)tic sentiment." But Mr. Ellison imagined that the richest, and altogether the most natural and most suitable province, had been blindly neglected. No definition had spoken of the Landscape- Oardncr, as of the poet; yet my friend could not fail to perceive that the creation of the Landscape-Gardner offered to the true Muse the most magnificent of opportunities. Here was, indeed the fairest field of invention, or imagination, in the endless combining of forms of novel Ueautv: the elements which should enter into combinjition being, at all times, and by a vast superiority, the most glorious which the earth could afford. In the multiform of the tree, and in the multicolor of the flower, he recognized the most direct and the most energetic effort of Nature at physical Beauty. And in the direction or concentration of this effort, or, still more properly, in its adaption to the eyes which were to behold it upon earth, he perceived that he should be employing the best means - ^laboring to the gi'eatest advantage - in the fulfilment of his destiny as Poet.

"Its adaptation to the eyes which were to behold it upon earth." In his explanation of this phraseology, Mr. Ellison did much towards solving what has always seemed to me an enigma. I mean the fact (which none but the ignorant dispute,) that no such combinations of scenery exist in Nature as the painter of genius has it in his power to produce. No such Paradises are to be found in reality as have glowed upon the canvass of Claude, or Poussin or Stanfield. In the most enchanting of natural landscapes, there will always be found a defect or an excess - many excesses and defects. While the component parts may exceed, individually, the highest skill of the artist, the arrangement of the parts will always be susceptible of improvement. In short, no position can be attained, from whidi an artistical eye, looking steadily, will not find matter of offence, in what is technically termed the composition of a natural landscape. And yet how inintelligible is this ! In all other matters we are justly instructed to regard Nature as supreme. With her details we shrink from competition. Who shall presume to imitate the colors of the tulip, or to improve the proportions of the lily of the valley? The criticism which says, of sculpture or of portraiture, that **Nature is to be exalted rather than imitated," is in error. No pictural or sculptural combinations of points of human loveliness, do more than approach the living and breathing human beauty as it gladdens our daily path. Byron, who often erred, erred not in saying,

In landscape alone is the principle of the critic true; and, having felt its truth here, it is but the headlong spirit of generalization which has induced him to pronounce it true throughout all the domains of Art. Having, I say, felt its truth here. For the feeling is no affectation or chimera. The mathematics afford no more absolute demonstrations, than the sentiment of his Art yields to the artist. He not only believes, but positively knows, that such and such apparently arbitrary^ arrangements of matter, or form, constitute, and alone constitute, the true Beauty. Yet his reasons have not yet been matured into expression. It remains for a more profound analysis than the world has yet seen, to investigate and express them. Nevertheless is he confirmed in his instinctive opinions, by the concurrence of all his compeers. T^t a composition be defective; let an emendation be wrought in its mere arrangement of form ; let this emendation be submitted to ever}'- artist in the world ; by each will its necessity be admitted. And even far more than this: in remedy of the defective composition, each insulated member of the fiT.ternity will suggest the identical emendation.

physical Nature susceptible of "exultation," and that, tlierefore, her susceptibility of improvement at this one point, was a mystery which hitherto I had been unable to solve. It was Mr. Ellison who first suggested the idea that what we regarded as improvement or exaltation of the natural beauty, was really such as respected only the mortal or human point of view; that each alteration or disturbance of the primitive scenery might possibly effect a blemish in the picture, if we could suppose this picture viewed at large from some remote point in the heavens. "It was easily understood," said Mr. Ellison, "that what might improve a closely scrutinized detail, might, at the same time, injure in general and more distinctly-obser\^od effect." He spoke upon this topic with warmth; regarding not so much its immediate or obvious importance, (which is little), as the character of the conclusions to which it might lead, or of the collateral propositions which it might serve to corroborate or sustain. There might be a class of being, human once, but now to humanity invisible, for whose scrutiny and for whose refined appreciation of the beautiful, more especially than for our own, had been set in order by God, the great landscape-garden of the whole earth.

In the course of our discussion, my young friend took occasion to quote some passages from a writer who has been supposed to have well treated this theme.