Billerica Town (part 17 of 17)

Witli the Marcli number the present North Shore edition of this magazine will be discontinued. The 'March issue will contain a review of the fugitive and periodical literature of recent date on the art of design of broad landscapes, showing the growth of interest in the past few years, and indicating some of the ways in which it is manifested. This magazine will then be continued as a series of pamphlets issued at irregular intervals, on various subjects of interest in garden and landscajie building.

Color In The Flower Garden

To many, a garden means ftiniply the intensive cultivation of a portion of the home grounds for the display of flowering plants. The plants are not considered as a part of the real garden design, but simply as individual plants. The opportunity to secure a pleasing harmony of color, by a careful study of the arrangement of all the features that go to make up the garden, has been lost. The first requisite of any garden is to have a color scheme that will harmonize with the fundamental design idea. If the emphasis of the garden is horticultural, then we must secure our interest by the use of plant color. If the emphasis is architectural, the plant color

One of the most important features of any problem in garden design, then, will be the selection and use of materials to secure a pleasing color a)m position. In a garden where the emphasis is horticultural or plant material is used to secure the interest, the problem is almost one of color arrangement. While the arrangement of the plant material in any landscape problem is of the utmost importance because of the more intensive use of the Area set aside for the garden, horticultural emphasis makes the color phase more difficult and also more important. The real test of a garden will first be the general color harmonv of the whole, then the juxtaposition of the several colors and lastly the quality of the colors themselves. A single color out of place will often ruin an otherwise su(5ces8ful color scheme. No result however satisfying in other respects will be successful if the color problem has not been carefully worked out. In the Italian gardens we have the blue of the Italian sky used as the dominating color of the landscape problem. While these gardens may be said to lack strong contrasts in the materials that have been used for their construction and embellishment, the bright blue of the skv overhead, and its reflection in the pools will ever make these gardens bright and cheerful. In England where the climatic conditions are much different than in Italv, we have a much different type of material used. The color of the typical English gardens is secured by the use of flowering plants and turf. All materials used have more color and often depend for the interest on this fact alone. The designer of these gardens may not have made color plans foi these gardens, but unconsciously felt the existing natural influences.

After the color framework or color setting has been worked out, the next question will be that of the color of the materials that are to be used to embellish or to furnish the garden. The materials of construction make up our room and we are now to select the furnishings. If it has been impossible to secure a satisfactory color basis, the problem will be to feature these materials. The materials used to embellish our garden are grouped as architectural, horticultural, and natural.

These materials are grouped under two heads. The first of these are the practical, or the materials of construction, and the second, the esthetic, or those which embellish the design. The materials of construction may be either architectural or plant material. These materials are the ones used to build up the framework or to carry out the fundamental lines of the design. This will include the walls, walks, steps, i)avenients, etc. If we are using materials such as stones that will be left in natural color, we are careful to select either the same color and kind of stone as the architecture with which the garden is connected or some color that will liarmonize with it. In manv cases we are prevented, because of the dominating materials of tlie architecture, from introducing into our gardens a color feature in these materials. Materials that sink, as wood, can often be made a feature by the use of paint or stains on the wood. The questions of color in these materials should be carefullv considered before we plan the other features of the garden, par-

If plant material is used in this way, we must select such plants sls will give the desired effect. The horticultural plant materials as used in a garden scheme are divided into two classes, the material of construction or the practical, and those used to embellish the garden or the esthetic.

Plant material may be used in two ways as regards the color plan of our garden design. The first of these being to add color, and the second to harmonize with the existing architectural features. For example, the use of plants to add color is found in the typical English garden, and the use of plants to harmonize with the architecture is found in the gardens of Italy. Plant material can also be used to give an impression of quiet and stateliness, as illustrated by the use of plants in our cemeteries. Here evergreens are often the dominating type of the trees used, and add a sombre color to the scene. In the public gardens, quantities of bright colored flowers will give a spirit of gaiety and recreation.

Plant materials are classed as fixed, movable, permanent, temporary, evergreen, deciduous and seasonal. By fixed materials we mean the plant color that is used in the planting, one that will remain from season to season as a permanent planting. Movable materials include the plants that are placed about the garden, such as tub plants, hanging baskets or flower boxes. Temporary colors are those that last only a sliort time or for a season, and thus include the deciduous shrubs, flowers, fruit, leaves and twigs.

The use of potted plants as an important part of the plant material is common in the Florentine garden. The variety of plants used depends upon the time of the year. The orangery is used as a reserve garden in this type of garden planting. The type of planting is of special value in the countries where the season for growing plants in the garden is short for the situation, or light, is not favorable for the production of the best results. In .?ity gardens, because of lack of sun, smoke, limited space, lack of variety of plants, this is of special value. In small gardens to avoid monotony caused by using one leaf color as a tiller or a single color of flowers, it makes a convenient way of changing at will the entire color scheme of the decorative planting. Foliage plants may even be featured in this way and thus an entire change made from flowering plants. In a small garden the entire garden planting and environs may be varied is such a way as to secure pleasing variety throughout the year; evergreens in winter, bulbs in spring, flowering plants in summer, and foliage plants in fall.

The use of temporary materials, both horticultural and architectural, to secure color in the garden, is one of the best ways to secure a good color scheme. A wide terrace may be of special value because it commands a fine view. In place of building a pergola or shelter over this, it is often a good plan to use temporary accessories to secure color, such as plants in tubs, bright awnings, garden seats, and many other features may be suggested by the landscape architect. Tlie number, color, and general scale of these will depend upon the size of the garden, and the needs of the problem and the needs and taste of the client. A small garden that is to be used as a general decorative feature to be enjoyed from the rooms of the house during the most of the time, and then for occasional garden parties, will serve two purposes by this sort of arrangement. In ordinary garden planting we must depend for color upon the leaves and flowers. Fruit and twigs or autumn color do not count as masses, unless we use some evergreen materials as a background. In large informal plantings, we can often depend upon the fruit and twig colors for short seasons, because we can use large quantities of the plants and have our groups used for this special color art, more as accents, or to be lost in the whole mass of planting during the season.

Horticultural material as to its use for securing color in the garden is grouped into two main groups; constructive and decorative. The use of plant material to bring out the constructive lines of the design is the most important of all uses of plants in garden design. The color here has to do almost entirely with the leaf color. The effect here may be bright or sombre. In the plant materials of the English garden, the use of variegated or unusual leaf colors is justified by the lack of sunshine. In the Italian garden planting, the use of leaf color of a lower value is justified because of the large amount of sunshine, and secures a more pleasing effect in the wliole design. The problem, then, of the basic color plants in garden design, is one that should be solved by the conditions under which we are working, and not by theories as to native material, or material of certain characteristics. Philadelphus coronarius aurea has a place in our plant list that under certain conditions might be more important to a successful design than the type plant, because it was not natural.

Plant material classified as to its durative value, listed in the order of its importance is as follows: trees, shrubs and vines, perennials, annuals, bedding and greenhouse plants. The plants can be grouped under two divisions as regards their permanence, first the temporary decorative material, greenhouse (exotic) annuals, and second the more permanent materials, perennials, shrubs and vines, and trees. The use of these plants in our design will depend entirely upon the amount of color we want. It can be said that the more color we want, the more valuable are the temporary plants as to the place they will have in our color scheme. After we have provided for a good constructive use of our more permanent plants, these temporary plants are very important. The fault of using highly decorative plants without a proper background is one of the most serious ones of the present day garden designers.

In using herbaceous plants, it is very difficult to plan for a good color design and use a variety of color. The short time that a perennial is of value for its flowers and the attempt to provide for a succession of bloom, complicate the ])roblem. Many garden designers feel that they have solved the problem if they succeed in selecting plants so as to secure a succession of bloom. Others pay attention to color onlv. Tlie color schemes should first , be worked out and enough filler material provided to bring out the garden scheme and the plants having more special flower characteristics. The selection of two colors for a special garden, as a blue and yellow or an orange and blue garden will not always be the best. It is a much better plan to use colors to secure accent, interest, distance, and other features. The size of the garden, and the season that it is to be most used, will determine the number and amount of color plants that will secure the best results.

The growing of vines on frames is a good metliod of securing a particular leaf color that will keep in character witli the design. These frames mav be wire or lattice. The wire frames must be entirely ct)vered, while the lattice ones are often decorative in themselves, both in design and color. One of the best vines to use for wood latices is the clematis. The many flowering varieties of this plant give a good list from which to select and a succession of blooms may be secured by selecting those of the different groups as to time of bloom.

As this magazine is prepared to stimulate A KEENER APPRECIATION OP THE LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION BEAUTY of the North Shore above Chicago; TO AID IN CONSERVING AND INCREASING THIS BEAUTY BY CO-OPERATIVE EFFORT ; to record tests of old and new plants, made to determine their special values for the creation and enrichment of landscapes, woodlands, lawns and gardens; IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PROPERTY OWNERS CO-OPERATE IN EXTENDING AND NAMING THEIR ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS UNTIL ALL RELIABLY HARDY WOODY PLANTS ARE THUS MADE AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC ENJOYMENT AND INSTRUCTION, and that they ALSO CONSIDER THE VIEWS OF THE PUBLIC FROM THE HIGHWAYS and public reservations in the design of their places.

INCLUOmC PARTS OP CHICAGO, AND THE TOWNS OF EVANSTON. WILMETTE, KENILWORTH, WINNETKA, LAKESIDE, GLENCOE. RAVINIA, HIGHLAND PARK, HIQHWOOD, FORT SHERIDAN, LAKE FOREST, LAKE BLUFF, NORTH CHICAGO AND WAUKEGAN . . . .

Stephen F. Hambltn

The Lake Forest University plan was prepared by the Director in co-operation with Benjamin Wistar Morris, architect, of. New York, in 1906. It shows the adaptation of the plan of a college to existing conditions of topography with cir- <'uit road, and interior open spaces made comparatively free from cross roads. The circuit road, from which views into the ravines can be had, takes advantage of the most important landscape features of the site. It was the purpose of the plan to make this circuit road serve the purpose of a public road, so that the campus could be given over exclusively to the student body without intrusion of the public except on invitation. It represents the kind of plan that ought to have been established for portions of Lake Forest in order that the public might have more opportunity to enjoy the beauty of the ravines, just as they are permitted to do in the case of the relocation of Eingwood Road, where half of the ravine, along the edjre of the southerlv side for a considerable distance, has boon dorlioatod to public iis(» bv its owner.

The reader who is seriously interestod in far-reaching factors in the development of a nation will read the pages of review that comprise this closing issue with genuine interest. It will be a source of gratification to Chicago people to realize that the World's Fair at Chicago is generally accepted as the beginning of a atioii-wide uplift in its standards of landscape appreciation and development.

This magazine will be one of the fugitives that will receive its just dues when sufficient time elapses to test the value of such work. The circulation has been a comparatively small one as it is bound to be for a local magazine that gives especial attention to one phase of human endeavor and civic progress. Such magazines must, of necessity, be suported by contributions, other than by subscriptions and advertising returns, with a belief that enough people who are very much in earnest will have their interest centered on the lines of endeavor that are presented by the magazine in such a way as to bring about action that will be far-reaching in its influences.

The appeal that has been made by such men as H. W. S. Cleveland, Frederick Law Olmsted, Daniel H. Bumham, H. W. S. French and Charles Eliot, wholly through such fugitive productions as are represented by special Park and other reports and magazine articles, goes to show how much caa be accomplished in such a way, for not one of these men was a writer of books on landscape development. They were workers, rather than writers, and their writing was simply one of the agencies through which their work was accomplished. The outlook for the future to one who has seen so much progress during the past thirty years is a splendid one. Ivittle do people who are not in close touch with the nation-wide activities in city planning, town improvement, the preservation of notable and distinctive landscapes by nation, state, county, city and town, the laying down of great national and state thoroughfares, realize tlie progress tliat is being made. There is a rapidly growing recognition, too, tliat each individual owes sometliing to the community and that it is his duty to consider the eniovment of boautv bv others as well as his owu, by giving the public the benefit of iiotai)le views that are under his control and by making the landscape attractive in a big way to the public a.s well as making his road sides attractive in detail.

Not many years ago a Boston, pastor said, *'There was a time when young men came to me and asked in all earnestness, * What shall 1 do to be saved ?' '' this being a purely selfish point of view ; now he says they come to him and say, "What can I do for my fellow-men ?" this being the broad humanitarian interest that is now directing the actions of a constantly increasing number of people in all matters that have to do with the welfare of the community.

The people are coming to recognize that the most enduring monument that lias ]>een established for the benefit of future generations will be the reservation of beautiful landscapes.

The Landscape Art

Most valuable data, that may be fundamental in its importance to the student of the liistory and development of the movement for the conservation and improvement of landscapes and for the development of gardens, is the F^igitive Literature of the art. Often it is the source of data that is not found in the accessible books on the subject, and from such sources much is to l)e gained that can not be easily learned from an examination of the parks and the private estates open to the public. The best summary of the attitude of the public toward the treatment of our landsca}>e is sometimes found in the various reports of park boards, improvement societies, horticultural and other associations, and articles in the various garden magazines and the daily papers. Such material as this often has a local or limited circulation, and soon becomes unavailal)le. The average student of the literature of our landscape rarely sees but a part of these contributions, few of them are listed in the periodical indexes, and no one can hope to get in touch with them all to aid in comparing the past and present, and to define the future station outlooks and trends.

Many of these writings are so near to us in point of time as to receive no serious attention, and they soon go out of the reach of the investigator into unindexed files, or the waste paper piles. Thus a valuable source of knowledge becomes lost. This review of the periodic and sporadic literature of landscape and garden making today in our country is by no means complete. Lists of the various mediums through which our present attitude finds its expression can be compiled by the help of the larger colleges and public libraries interested in the work, as is being done from time to time through the Library of the School of Landscape Architecture at Harvard University. Our present purpose is rather to give a brief estimate of these movements that the student may get some grasp of the various activities at work, and then investigate further in wliatever branch he is interested.

Works on City Planning proper are not here discussed. For this I would refer you to the Check List of References on City Planning, published by the Special Libraries Association, May, 1912 (Indianapolis, Tnd. '^oc).

The most extensive literature of this nature is that found in park reports. Every city or town that has a park board issues yearly a report, often merely of local interest as indicating to the taxpayers how tlie yearly appropriation was spent. These reports bear a definite relation, in length and value to the general public, to the size of the city and the importance attached to its park system by its officials. These reports can usually be obtained yearly upon re<juest, and are of interest for purpose of comparison with others of similar cities, as well as for the pictures and statistics that they ctmtain. As yet they are tlie only text books on park building and managements, yet I will venture to sav that vou will find manv park commissions that do not have a com- })letc file of their own reports.

The oldest })ark reports that are useful to the general student as indicating the attitude of the designeiv and the reprev«5entatives of the public toward landscape and its use are those of Central Park, New York. With these early reports are associated the names of Frederick Law Olmsted, 8r., and Calvert Vaux, and the reports of onr larger cities, as well as the work itself, are modelled after these. Here we find outlined the beginnings of our policy of park management and the adaptation of landscape to human enjoyment. The most important professional writings of Frederick Law Olmsted are embodied in the reports for the parks with which he was connected between the years 1858 and 1903. Would that these works might be summarized in a memoir to Mr. Obnsted.

The first Central Park report is dated Jan. 1, 1857. .This gives the topographical, geological and botanical surveys, and the progress of the work the first year. The First Annual Report (Jan. 1858) is merely a formal report of 55 pages. The Second Annual Report (Jan. 1859) is the first one of vital importance. Besides many maps, plans, sketches, and photos, there are signed reports by Wm.H. Grant, Civil Engineer;* Geo. E. Waring, Jr., Draining Engineer; report of expenditures by Ajidw. H. Green, Treasurer; and a description of the Central Park, by Fred. Law Olmsted, Architect-in-Chief. Reports of a similar nature follow yearly. The Sixth Report (Jan. 1863) has a Description of the Terrace by C. Vaux, Arehitect; the Seventh, a Catalogue of the Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants with month of flowering and fruiting. The Commission was dissolved, by Act of the Legislature, on April 20, 1870. In the last (fourteenth) report the work of the Commissioners is summarized.

The history of Central Park is then told in the reports of the Department of Public Parks, from 1871 to date. The earlier reports are the more valuable. The first is the most voluminous, with reports t>f the Superintendent of Central Park, the Landscape Gardener, the Civil and Topographical Engineer, the Architect^ in-Chief, lists of animals in captivity, etc. The Second report is noteworthy for Appendix B, which contains two letters by Olmsted and Vaux, "Consideration of the Motives^jslHfRirements and Restrictions applicable to the General Scheme of the

Park," and "Examination of tlie Design of the Park and Recent Changes Therein." The Third report (Dec. 31, 1873) contains in Appendix J a report by the Landscape Architect on the proposed new system of walks in the southeast quarter of the Central Park; ApjHjndix K, on Riverside Drive and Avenue ; and Appendix L, Statistical Report, containing, a Chronological table of the Progress of the Park, a List of printed documents, List of the Commissioners, statistics of areas and distances, tables of parks and places in New York, comparison of public grounds of New York and Paris, distances of points in the Central Park and other parts of New York City, quantities of work done and materials used in Central Park, and an index of the trees, shrubs and plants of the (-entral Park, with a new large reference map. These appendixes are signed, Fred. I^aw Olmsted, Landscape Architect. Of the later reports those of 1902 and 1908 are the most complete.

The First Annual Report of the CommissioncTs of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, is dated Jan. 28, 1861. The Sixth Annual Report (Jan. 1866) is occupied almost wholly by a report of the Landscape Architects, Olmsted, Vaux & Co., and their report is a feature of each annual for many years.

The Preliminary Report respecting a Public Park in Buffalo was printed in 1869, the report of Mr. Olmsted dated Oct. 1, 1868. It is signed Olmsted, Vaux & Co., and occupies the greater part of the report; no plans, maps or photos are included. It has been the policy of the Commissioners to keep the annual reports, issued regularly to date, in a small compass with little statistical matter and few illustrations. The Eighteenth Annual Report (1888) is notable for the Appendix, a letter from F. L. Olmsted cm the "Proposed Extension of the Park System" an able defense for a new park facing on Lake Erie.

The first document printed by the city of Boston concerning a system of parks was issued in 1869, entitled, "Report and accompanying Statements and Communications relating to a Public Park for the City of Boston.^' It relates chiefly to a meeting called Xov. 6, 1869, requesting the mayor to petition the legislature for authority to take land for the purpose of laying out parks. The discussions are given in full. These are interesting, partly because of the high social and civic standing of the speakers (such men as Marshall P. Wilder, George B. Emerson, V, M. Hovey, Otis Clapp, Edward Crane, etc.), but because of their efforts to state ilearly what we now know to be the purpose of parks, their appreciation of the places of landscape value near the city (many of which are now a part of the Metropolitan System), and the many references to the great example of Central Park. No student of our parks today should fail to read this early estimate of what they should be.

On July 6, 1875 the firPt Board of Park Commissioners for Boston was appointed. Their second report (1876) gives a description of the various parks, with maps, and outlines the general plan. This is very interesting when compared with what has developed today. For several years the reports are brief, and show how the original plan is being carried forward. The Fifth Annual Report (1879) is largely occupied by a report with map on the Improvement of Back Bay Park, by Frederick Law Olmsted, T^andscape .Vrchitect Advisor}-; and on the Arnold Arboretum by C. S. Sargent, Director. In the Sixth Annual Report appears Mr. Olmsted's "Suggestions for the Improvement of Muddy River'' with map. In 1881 there appeared by Mr. Olmsted, privately printed, a paper, "A Consideration of the Justfying Value of a Public Park," a scholarly plea for the public exploitation of landscape.

In the Eleventh Annual Report (1885) we read that the "park heretofore called West Roxbury Park shall be named and known as "Franklin Park"; and the report concludes with "Notes on the Plan of Franklin Park and related matters" with large maj). Though not signed, this is the work of Frederick Law Olmsted, and is perha[)s his most complete definition of the purpose of a park. The Twelfth Report takes up in further detail the Charles River Embankment, Marine* Park. Arnold Arboietnin. and Additional

The Thirteenth Report has as Appendix a "Report of the Landscape Architect Advisory" on "The Improvement of Boston's Advantages as a Summer Resort/' "The Outer Pleasure Circuit of Back Bay," "Nomenclature of the Parkway System," "Back Bay and Stony Brook,'' and 'Tree-Cutting on Franklin Park'', signed by Frederick I>aw Olmsted. Since this date the reports continue to show how the work has progressed; these are of value in the study of the parks of Boston, but without interest to students of landscape design. Several special reports have been issued, most notable being a quarto book dated 1910, entitled "Preliminary Report with Plans and Estimates for a Zoological Garden at Franklin Park and an Aquarium at Marine Park" with letter by Arthur A. Shurtleflf showing how the intent of the Olmsted Plan of 1886 has been followed.

Fully as valuable for study as the Boston City reports are those of the Metropolitan Park Commission. This Board was established in 1892, as a department of the State of Massachusetts. The first report (Jan. 1893) consists af a report by the Secretary, Sylvester Baxter, on such matters as the need of ^pen spaces, the solution of the problem, advantages of the plan, an examination of ijie landscape features the bay^ rivers,- lakes play-grounds; and a report by the* Landscape Architect, Charles Eliot, on the topography, geology and geography of the district and the opportunities that they offer. With the maps and pictures presented this is possibly the most valuable park report for the student of p^k literature. The 1894 report is brief, but signed by Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot. Beginning with the third report (1895) we have a continuous re6ord of the 'Work of these men in the development of the Metropolitan Parks, the special value ceasing with the 1898 report, because of the death of Charles Eliot, who had this work in his sole charge, though associated with the Olmsteds. Tlie contributions of the latter cense with the 1908 report.

of Charles Eliot for the Metropolitan Beservations is his last report on "The Vegetation and Scenery in the Metropolitan Keservations of Boston,'' printed privately and published in 1898 by Larason, Wolffe & Co., of Boston. This is a ''Treatise on the methods of controlling and changing the vegetation in the interest of scenery.'' The pictures of typical forest conditions and the diagramraatio sketches for suggested treatment (after the manner of Repton) make this report the most valuable of its kind.

The park system of Philadelphia is the result of the work of the City Parks Association, originally a private enterprise, to help the Council carry out the original plan of Penn, and provide proper parks for the growing city. The first report (1888) is merely a leaflet, and the reports are none of them bulky, being of interest to the citizens rather than to the general public. The Fifteenth Annual Report contains "Proposed Improvements in Philadelphia's City Plan," by Andrew Wright Crawford, "Playgrounds, Squares and Circles," and "Triangles under an Acre of Extent."

The Reports of the Fairmount Park Art Association (incorporated 1872) deal more with the plan of the park and its structures, as shown in the 1908 report on the Commission to Study the Entrance of the Philadelphia Parkway into Fairmount Park, and an address by Ralph Adams Cram, "Architectural Development of Cities." Many special reports on Fairmount Park have appeared: one of interest is a report on the tree^. by Oglesby Parf,' 1908.

The city of Chicago, about 1869, divided its park system into : South Park System, West Park System, Lincoln Park System, and smaller Park Districts, of which the reports of the first three only are of general interest. Except in a few cases their reports are merely formal record of work done and costs. A' ' notable exception in the 1899 report of the Commissioners of lincoln Park, with a History of the Park. The illustrations ^\\o nioie idea of the treat- Fiient of park landscape than does the text.

A Spe(»ia1 Park Commission for Chicago was appointed in Nov. 1899. Its report for a "Metropolitan Park System," compiled by Dwight Heald Perkins (190-1) describes the present park and playground facilities in Chicago and its environs, with suggestions for such increase as the studv of conditions would show to be desirable. With the report of the Landscape Arehjtect, Jens Jenson, and photos of typical landscapes of the region about Chicago, this is possibly the most valuable report issued by this city.

The present system of parks in Minneapolis began with the work of H. W. S. Cleveland, particularly as outlined in his "Suggestions for a System of Parks and Parkways for the City of Minneapolis," delivered June 2, 1883. The regular park reports begin with 1884, their motto the words of Mr. Cleveland: "I would have the city it?elf a work of art." The Fourtheenth report (1896) and the Eighteenth (1900) are notable for their illustrations. The reports are of value as records of the work of the Superintendent William M. Berry (1885-1905), and since that date as the work of Theodore Wirth, the present Superintendent. No other city gets out such artistic and complete records of its park work as does Minneapolis. One of the features of recent development described is the Wild Flower Garden for plants growing under natural conditions.

The park system of Rochester, N. Y., was inaugurated in 1888. The annuals for the first ten years were issued as a review bound in one volume with most of the statistical matter omitted, outlinin<r the development of the parks. The recent issues are very notable for the record of the trees and flowering shrubs and herbs, particularly of Highland Paik. The photos and records of plants in bloom make these annuals distinct from other park reports, reflecting the work of Superintendent Calvin C. Laney and Assistant John Dunbar.

The Shade Tree Commission of Newark, N. J., was appointed in 1904. Its annual reports are notable for the space given to the care and love of trees, their identification, enemies, and use on the city street. Ka<h report is novel in its appearance, the rover, eiits, and cartoons

The Essex County. N. J., Park Coininission was organized in 1894. '^Tlie reports from 1897 to 190*^ are very complete i\m\ show the treatment of landscape in a ( ounty unit. Since then the reports have lK»en brief.

The parks of* the City of Hartford, Conn., have been under the control of a Hoard of Commissioners since 1860, but the reports are merely formal statements, until in the tliirty-sixth report we read of the appointment of the first regular superintendent, Theodore Wirth, and as Landscape Architects, Olmsted, Olmsted iS: Eliot. Each succeeding issue has items (iT special interest as an expression of the work of these men, and the photos show the development of landscape for recreational uses. In 1906 Gef)rge A. Parker became superintendent, and his later reports deal at some length witli his success in making the parks popular as pleasure resorts and in a large measure self-sup- |)orting. As a record of efficient management, the issues of the past twenty years make a valuable series. The best description of the parks, wvith typical photos, is **The Picturesque Parks of Hartford," published by the American Book Exchange, Haiiford, 1900.

Of the reports of the city of New Haven, Conn., the most comprehensive is the yipecial report of tlie Civic Improvement C/ommisgion, 1910, signed by Cass Gilbert, Architect, and Frederick Law Olmsted, Landscape Architect. Tlie separate l)ound reports begin with 1905. The State Park Commission has issued reports since 1911.

Th^ Second Annual Report of the Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners upon a System of Public Reservafions for the Metropolitan District of Providence Plantations (Providence, R. I., 1906) is a valuable text book. In its Appendix are excerpts from rejwrts of Olmsted Brothers, Considt^rations of the Boulevard System, Comparison of American Park Svstems, Lessons learned from other Cities, description of the landscaj)e features of the various circuits of the distri(t. Park Values, Moral lnfluenc<* of

Reports of the Park C*onnnission of the City of Baltinu>re begin in 1861. Of particular note are those of 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1905, but in othei*s, except for ^the pictures, tiie general landsca[je interest is lacking, statistical matter occupying most of the space.

As example of what a small town can do in the way of yearly reports I would refer you to those of the Town of Hopedale, Mass., beginning in 1899. While of only about ten pages, there are always a few words of appreciation of the value of the park and some characteristic pictures. Among other cities, whose annual reports are useful for comparative data (the dates given are the approximate date of separate reports) are suggested: Albany, N. Y. (1869-date) Cambridge, Mass. (1893-date) Cincinnati, Ohio. (1891-date) ("leveland, Ohio. (1892-date) Madison Park and Pleasure Drive Association, Wis. (1909-date) Detroit, Mich. (1890-date) Milwaukee, Wis. (1892-date) Peoria, 111. (1895-date) Portland, Ore. (1902-date) Providence, R. I. (1890-date) Pittsburgh, Pa.

St. Louis, Mo. (1896-date) San Francisco, Cal. (isri-date) Springfield, 111. (1902-date) Springfield, Mass. (1882-date) State Reservation at Niagara. (1885- date)

Since 1889 we have had National Parks and yearly reports have been included in the report of the Departuient of the Interior. Here the national reservations are described and our landsca])e resources are outlined in a general way, but of recent date the various parks and roonnments are treated in annual reports, separately, Bubmitted to the Department of the Interior. While the descriptions are of interest, and the report of work done shows how each park is being developed, it is in the Recommendations of the Superintendent of each park that the policy of the landscape treatment is outlined. The more important of these are Yellowstone, Yosemite, Rocky Mountain, Ratt, Glacier, Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Mount Rainier, Mesa A^erde, and Sequoia and (General Grant Nstional Pnrks, and Hot

Springs Reservation, also Report on Sully's Hill Park * * and other National Monuments, and the report of the General Superintendent and Landscape Engineer of National Parks, Mark Daniels. This kind of a report is a recent development, the first dated 1900, and the 1915 set is very complete. Read also the report of Secretary Lane in his 1915 report, in which the value of the landscape is given unusual importance.

Z, Uortittiltural and Literary Magazines, In most of tlie horticultural publications from time to time there appear articles of general landscape interest. Only those of America will be noted here. The most valuable of these periodicals is Gaiden and Forest, which began in 1888 .ind ceased at the close of 1897. A sheet of 12 pages, appearing weekly, givinjg the gf^'tden news of the date, it is also a priceless record of the new planti^ of the period and methods of cluture; it set the high water mark for this kind of magazine. But a large part of its pages is given to a discussion of our landscape and its treatment, both in editorial (by W. A. Stiles) and signed contributions. In this it was the foremost exponent of its time, and had an immense influence upon public opinion. Would that we liad so great an educational factor before us now. In it we find some of the most important writings of Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, its Director, Charles Eliot, Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer, Mrs. M. C. Robbins, Mrs. Mary Treat, L. H. Bailey, B. E. Fernow, Jackson Dawson, J. G. Jack, H. W. S. Cleveland, and others, on park and landscape, as well as the individual plant and its treatment. In Volume III is given the famous "List of Works on the Art of Landscape-Gardening" by Henry Sargent Codman.

This magazine in part carried on such work as that previously undertaken by Downing's Horticulturist (1846-1875) ,' Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture (1835- 1868), Gardener's Monthly by Thomas Meehan (1859-1888) and Meehan's Monthly (1891-1902) - now laid away in the annals of horticulture. Tilden's Journal of Horticulture (1867-1871), the Ladies' Floral Cabinet (1872-1887), the Flower Garden (187i-1874 ), and Populu lar Gardening ami Fruit Growing (1885- 1891) were old-time periodicals that indicated the horticultural fervor of the day. These had a varied existence and .somn finally became related with American (harden (1874-1891), which in turn has seen many clianges, and lost its>> landscape flavor.

Other names that accompanied magazine articles of several decades ago, writers with the horticultural rather than the literary point of view, but teaching the need of study in the use of our landscape, we may represent by such as Andrew Jackson Downing, in landscape design ;* John A. Warder of Ohio, for tree planting in the middle west; J. Sterling Morton of Nebraska for the Arbor Day movement (1872) ; Orange Judd as editor and publisher; Geo. B. Ellwanger, a progressive nurseryman; C. M. Hovey and Thomas Meehan, whose writings were many besides those in their own magazines; Marshall P. Wilder as president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society; Adolph Strauch who develo])ed tlie landscape cemetery at Spring Grove, Cincinnati; and we come to such men today as L. H. Bailey, in connection with the nature study movement. While few of these deal directly with the treatment of the landscape, the sum total of their influenct? in educating the public to our present attitude has been very great. Today the landscape is studied as apart from the science of horticulture; but it was not so a few decades ago.

Magazines dealing with life in the country are a more modern phase. The most elaborate of the magazines dealing with out-door life today is Country Life in America (Nov. 1901 to date, monthly; Doubled ay, Pagi* & Co.). Besides the articles on golf, dogs, country architecture, automobiles, farm stock, game, ate, all of which bring in the landscape indirectly, there is Efure to be in nearly every number an exposition of some phase of landscape treatment. Even the pictures and advertisements have a value to the landscape student.

For help in garden building the Garden Magazine (Feb. 1902 to date, monthly; Doubleday, Page & Co.) is the most useful of tlie r(»cent publications, but more and more it is giving space to tlugeneral development of landscape. Of both these magazines the more important articles are listed in the magazine indexes.

The Countryside Magazine and Suburban Life (Suburban Press) features all the activities of the country and rural life, and in the stories of garden building and the pictures with them there is a great deal suggested that, little by little, is bringing the general public to an understanding of the needs and services of the landscape.

In the same way, House and Garden (including American Homes and Gardens) though it deals mostly with the design and setting of the house "the ideal home," and the garden about it in detail, there is frequently, especially in the illustrations, some suggestion of the larger point of view in home building as it affects the appearance of the community. To a degree this applies also to the magazine House Beautiful, for the outlook from the house receives as much thought as the aspect of the house itself.

Park and Cemetery (1895 to date), though it sticks to its text, has the additional title "and Landscape Gardening*'. All the important articles and editorial> are sure to bring out the point of view of the effect on the landscape.

The American City, especially in the Town and Country edition, is almost certain in every number to contain one article that deals with some treatment of the landscape, from the civic point of view.

Several magazines, of wide rural circulation, devote a page or coluinn to a consideration of the garden and landscape. The best work of this sort is done by The Ladies' Home Journal and the Country Gentleman.

In many magazines and agricultural rtports some of our foremost nature write r> made their first appearance as critical students of the landscape. Later this material was often woven into book fonu. books that are the light of our nature appreciation today. Much of this material is now lost, but the names to remember are such as Thoroau, one of the first. Bin nut. FnuMsnu, TToraoe Bushnell of

Hartford, N. P. Willis, Donald G. Mitchoil, B. (t. Northup with the village improvement idea, Andrew Jaekson Downin*^, as editor and writer, and Frederick l.aw Olmsted, who wrote in Putnam's Magazine under tlie name of "Yeoman." Many more, whose names even are no longer remembered, added greatly to our early literature of the appreciation of the landscape. This keen recognition was strong even in the colonial period, as evinced by the writings of Thomas Jefferson. In the Ladies' Companion, New York, October, 1842, appeared the article, "The Landscape Garden," by Edgar Allen Poe, reprinted in the June number of the North Shore edition of "Billerica," Of later date, we recognize the literary genius of Bradford Torrey, W. Hamilton Gibson, John Burroughs, John Muir, Krnest Thompson Seton, and others, whose nature studies have awakened a wide-spread interest in our woods and fields.

A great many monthly magazines, whose titles would not lead you to suspect the presence of the landscape within their covers, do not infrequently contain discussions of the utmost importance on the use of the landscape in private park or garden, or controlled by the city or town, and also in its broadest aspect in the public use of scenery in national park and reservation. In the Craftsman, Feb. 1 904, appeared "A History of Village Improvement in the United States" by Warren H. Manning, in which this literary use of landscape is further discussed. The most important articles will be listed in the periodical indexes. The following magazines, among others, should be watched :

Monthly publications that are the official organs of various societies have a definite value lacking in the usual magazine, for every issue deals with a certain subject, in editorial and signed contribution, carrying out the policy of the society. The one magazine devoted wholly to the cause of the landscape is Landscape Architecture, official organ of the American Society of Landscape Architects, quarterly beginning October 1910 (Lay, Hubbard & Wheelwright, Harrisburg, Pa.), and as such needs no further recommendation. The landscape as developed within the city is the field of City Plan, official organ of the N'ational Conference on City Planning, quarterly, beginning April, 1915 (19 Congress St., Boston). This also needs no comment for the student of landscape.

The Gardeners' Chronicle of America (Madison, N. J.), official organ of the National Association of Gardeners and the American Association of Park Superintendents, monthly, a horticultural digest, deals almost wholly in the realm of horticulture and its interests, but the landscape gets special mention now and then.

Again, the National Geographic Magazine, organ of the National Geographic Society, though its aim is to promote geographic knowledge, offers also a study of landscapes, in word and picture, and often suggests their treatment in relation to the growing city, or in public park or reservation.

Even American Forestry, magazine of the American Forestry Association, which treats of forests primarily from the economic point of view, proves that all forest management has its esthetic aspect as well, and shows in its illustrations typical natural landscapes.

A large part of the many Horticultural Societies of this country issue yearly reports of the business transacted and proceeding^i of their meetings. Of this but a small part is of interest in the study of landscape, but the proportion is steadily increasing. There are also special reports on general subjects. Some of the leaders, in this movement to think of

])lant8 less as cultivated individualn and more as they grow together, are the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Horticultural Societies of Ontario, and those of Hlinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin and others.

The Americaut Association of Park Superintendents has issued at intervals since June 1906 bulletins with articles by - various park superintendents of tlie country, usually in the fonn of letters. Tlie Proceedings of their Annual Conventione liave appeared yearly from 1898. Many of the papers are of landscape interest.

The BulletiuF of the Garden (Uub of America are more than mere records of business, for they too sliow something of ihe larger aspect of })hint culture and arrangement in their civic aspects. The Woman'n Horticultural Society also publishes a yearly rejmrt.

The Transactions of the American Society of Jjandscajie Architects, from 1899 through 1908, a record of the papers read before the Society, is procurable from the secretary.

Bulletins of the various botanical gardens, even, have* a landscape value. Those of the Arnold Ar])oretum (1911 to date), issued irregularly during the growing season^ besides describing new introductions and old friends, give hints as to their landscape value. The monthly bulletins of the Missouri Botanical Garden (191»S to date) are mostly of a horticultural nature, but the department of landscape design is also there reflected.

The American Park and Outdoor Art Association held annual meetings, the first at Louisville, Ky., 1897, until that at St. Louis, June 1904, when it was merged with the American League of Civic Improvement (organize<l 1900) and became the American Civic Association. Many interesting papers, discussions and special reports were given, most of which were printed in the minutes of the meetings, or under separate cover, as their interest warranted. Of special note are:

At Minneapolis, 1898, a paper on "Appreciation of Natural Beauty," by Ossian C. Simonds of Chicago ; at Detroit, 18^9, "The Relation of Reservoirs to Public Parks," by Frederk»k Law Olmsted, Jr.; at Chicagf*, 1900, a notable paper, '* Landscape Art, Past and Present" by Mrs. Cyrus H. McCormiek, and "Trees in Composition," by Wm. M. R. French, Director of tlie Art Institute of Chicago; at Milwaukee, 1901, especially valuable was "Neglected Native Trees and Shrubs," by Thomas H. MacBride of the University of Iowa ; at Boston in 1902 were delivered '^Popular Utilization of Public Reservations'" by Charles AV. Eliot of Harvard, and several papers on park building and administration; at Buffalo in 1903 there was delivered "Saving Niagara" by Hon. x\ndrew H. Green, and "Possibilities of Small Home Grounds" by Mrs. Frances Copley Seavey, and special attentio^ was given to the school garden movement. These titles are given to show the scope of this association, but form only a very small part of the addresses. Unfortunately, the extra copies of the yearly reports of these meetings, the separate reprints, and most of the plates, were destroyed in the fire at Rochester in 1904. Only from former members and a few libraries can these addresses be borrowed.

The American C i v i c Association, formed at St. Ivouis, June 1904, issues no regular reports, but the account of its many activitic»s appears in the daily paj)ers, thus reaching a wider public. For the first years of its existence the work was divided among several departments, such as City Making, Nuisances, Railroad Improvements, Outdoor Art, Rural Improvements, etc., of which many leaflets and special reports were available for the public at a nominal sum.

Many government reports have descriptions of landscapes with some special or local application, especially in the Department of Agriculture and its Bureau of Forest Service (reports and leaflets), Plant Industry, and Farmers' Bulletins. The bulletins of the Bureau of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, known as "Plant Immigrants," issued monthly, describe new plants growing in their native ha])itat, suggest landscape values, and the photos, especially those taken by F. N. Meyer in China, show them in nature's arrangements.

nut bulletins for the use of the citizens, advising in the care of the home. In its turn, after agriculture and home economics, the home landscape is being considered. One of the pioneers in this movement is the Universitv of Illinois. Two ]iM(»nt issues are Circular No. 170, Illinois A«i:rioultural Exi)eriment Station, -*Th«' Illinois Way," and Circxilar No. ISI. "The Prairie Spirit in Landscape (irtnU^nintj:," both largely the work of Wilhehn Miller, of the Extension Department. The first shows how to use a great percentage of native plants in home i)lanting, and by j)ictiires indicates how to arrange this nuiterial, tlu» way not to do it nnd why. The second brings out the spirit of the broad prairie and shows liow the design and materials of the lionie grounds express it. The pictun»s show how not to plant, and also how it is "done in Illinois/' For the home ow^ner who never thought of the appearance of his home exterior, and the amateur who lias already tried to find helpful suggestions to guide him, these two circulars are a revelation and an inspiration. They were sent out to citizens of the state wlio could promise to do some planting in the state. jHid the first circular is already exhausted. Cornell Universitv bulletins have a wide circulation be von d New York state. A notable achievement is a late bulletin (\o. 361 of the Experiment Station) "The Home Grounds." The first part, by E. i\ Davis, ably sets forth the pnnciples itivolved in the planning of the home grounds, from practical and esthetic points of view, illustrated by picture, sketch and |dan. The second )>art, hy H. W. (hirtis, lists and f1 escribes ty|)ical plants for the various effects sought near the honu>. For a person who knows a little about trees, shruhs and herhs, but wishes to study their effect about his home, this bulletin is extremely valuable. The (^dlege of Fon^stry of Syracuse Tniversity is showing people the netnl of rural and roadside ])lanting, especially on school grounds and other public properties. Bulletin No. 4. March 191."), gives suggestions in **Systenuitic Street Tree Planting," possibly the most complete exposition of tlie subject in small compase. The many photos ai'c |)articularly '^suggestive." A bulletin will soon be issued showing past and projected ''Planting of School Grounds."

The only other Agricultural College active in landscape extension is the Massachusetts Agricultural College. No b\illetins have yet appeared, but are to l)c looked for, as well as from University of California, Iowa State College, University of Indiana, Michigan Agricultural College, University of Nebraska, Kansas Agricultural College, University of Missouri, Oregon Agricidtural School, etc., for this medium of teaching is one of the hig things of the near future.

This thought of the needs of the rural community and farm, as they are detached from the press of the city and the professional workers theie, scarcely originatetl in the colleges of the various states, though these are l>est equipped to carry out the pmgram that has been inaugurated. Pro))ablv in the rural scliools themselves the first work was done, and described in such home papers as the Youth's Companicm and the New England Homestead. The leaflets of the widest circulation were the "(*ornell Nature Study Ijeaflets," issued by the Department of Agriculture of the State of New York between IHDG and 1904. Some of these definitely teach landscape, as Teacher's Leaflet, "ITow the Trees Look in Winter," by L. H. Bailey; "A Snow Storm," by Anna liotsford Comstock; "Pruning," by Mary Rogers Miller; "The Improvement of Country School Grounds," by John AV. Spencer. Other states were quick to take up rural improvements through their schools. County Superintendent O. J. Kern of Winnebago (.Vnnity, III., issued several publications, showing tlie work of the "Winnebagoes" ; that one dated 1 903 tells of the work in "Indoor Art," "Outdoor Art," "County School (iarden," etc., and the pictures are as instructive as the text. The Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture offers nature leaflets, of interest here being some of thoi^e written by H. D. Hemenway on "School Grounds," 'TVindow Gardening," and "How to Beautify the Home Grounds." Other states are doing similar work. The U. S. Department of Agriculture has long been interested in this work, and several Farmers' Bulletins t«ach the use of the landscape, as Xo. 185 (1904) "Beautifying the Home Grounds," 134 'Tree Planting on Rural Scliool Grounds," and 218, "The School (;arden."

In all this work the great fact is not that any new principles are advocated, or that a new kind of work is being done in iini»roving rural liomes and pul)lic grounds, but that this work is considered as a part of the duties of educational institutions and the experience of everyl)ody, rather than solely of a few professionals or men of wealth and taste.

Many communities, through some local society, issue a magazine for the betterment of its condition, social, civic, scenic. One of the pioneers in this movement was the magazine "Billerica" (of which this series is a special issue) which ran monthly in the years 1912-15, in the interests of the home town of the Director.

"Stockbridge" was issued monthly at Stockbridge, Mass., for the years 1914-15, a similar magazine, "to furnish information about local affairs as will tend to ci*ejite a clearer realization of civic needs and res|)onsibilities, a better understanding of local institutions, a greater pride in the welfare of tliis beautiful community." This was in large measure accomplished, and the natural landscape features and physical appearance of tiie community were one of the chief sources of appeal. The issue for Manh, 1914, gives as its supplement a Report on the Improvement of the Town of Stockbridge, Mass., by Harold Hill Blossom.

"Wellesley" printed in Wellesley, Mass., several years previous to Billerica, was devoted to town gossip and local events, but the landscape views received mention very frequentlv.

"Trees of Reading,'^ l)y F. TI. Gilson, was privately printed at Reading, Mass.. 1887. It was a series of leaflets, with photo, on typical trees in the landscape. The series was never completed, had only a limited circulation, and now cannot easily be obtained. Much more work of this kind could be done.

and though there is but little landscajKi in each issue, the sum total in making our surroundings more livable and lovable is very great. Would that there were mare of them.

The village improvement idea came in the middle of the last century, and while little was written of wide circulation at the time, there has been much written about it in more recent years. The first Society was formed in 1853 at Sto(rkbridge, Mass., and B. G. Northrup of tlie Connecticut State Board of Education wrote and organized much. His "Rural Improvement Association" was published in 1880, and reprinted bv the New York Tribune in 1891.

The National Federation of Women's ( 'lubs, through its local clubs, does a great work in local improvement. This work has no literature as yet.

Similar to som% of the literature in the park reports, but difl'erent in the point of view of its inception, and of more general interest to the student, are- the professional reports made at various times to communities by experts in civic planning. While these may not always be landscape directly, they show examples of the working out of great general principles as connected with the expansion of cities. Some of these are bound in book form and are easily obtained ; others are practically unavailable. Those particularly well-known are given in the ('heck List of References on City Planning, referred to at the beginning of this article.

Besides these there are a great many reports, often in manuscript, by experts, that are of such limited circulation as to be difficult to find.

Even the })rofe8sional circulars of an advertising nature of the men at work in the building of landscapes, especially in the later part of the last century, have a value to the student of landscape as it has ])ccn (1cvc1o]hm1 in America. Many of these leaflets were of a very fugitive nature, and soon lost. As example of the style of these, c-ompared to modern methods of advertising, I would cite the extracts from "Landscape Architecture as Apjdied to the Wants of the West" by H. W. S. Cleveland, IHT.'i reprinted in pait in the September number (1915) of the North Shore edition of Billerica; and --Relation of Engineering to Landscape (hardening" by W. M. R. French, 1871, n-printed in part in the November (1915) number of the North Shore edition of- HiUerica.

And finally, watcli tlie daily j)apers of iho large cities, and the Sunday and other hirije (uiitions, for articles, not onlv of intcrest in horticulture or civic improvehu'nt, but also those particularly in the lirld of landscape art.. Jt is surprising to -<M» how much of real value can be gleaned Irrjm some of these special features, which ;ire coming to have a real news value. The hapf)enings in the larger parks, the Mower shows, both indoor and on private 4'states, the beauties of private estates, and descriptions of notable bits of :^(enery - these are written up as well as the reporter is able with his understanding of the subject, often very well and from the unprofessional point of view. Of <ourse, much that is foolish and impossible gets credit for real fact, but that must happen until the great journals, awake to the interest of this new sort of "news,'' have their force of trained horticultural and landscape importers, just as they do for the 8ix)rt8 and society events.

From even this brief sunnnarv it w'ould ;t[)pear that to keep track even, without jictual reading, of all the writings on the iieatment of Iands(apc, ns api)ear in print in unbound form, one would need a clipping bureau to assist in the hunt and a secretary to file them. No one of us can review them all, and in many cases they are rather meager information. But tlie fact of extreme im])ortance is the great interest of the public in these landscape writings, and the many ways in which it is manifested.

To the student, a vital consideration is the very recent date of this point of view\ T'he landscape was here before the white man came, and the Indian neither destroyed nor imi)roved it. The matter has btHi'n under discussion since the days of the works of Washington and Jefferson and the teachers that came from the mother countries. The horticulturalists *of a half -century ago were aware of its importance, as a part of their plant love. But the modem attitude that the landscape depends upon us, and we upon it, may be said to have been bom about the time of the World's Fair and our first organized park systems. To these early park reports we can trace much of the public interest and appreciation of today.

The work is merely well begun. It is a problem of education, and these articles are the lessons set daily. We shall have more and wider channels of publicity, in the magazines, newspapers and special reports of organizations of all sorts. Yearly the number of trained men and women who can direct this work is growing greater, more and more the work is being specialized, and the public is being educated to understand what is being done.

Notice

With this issue the North Shore edition of this magazine ceases. For a limited time, back numbers of the set of twelve issue's may be obtained from the Director.

Beauty By Co-Operative

As this magazine is prepared to stimulate A KEENER APPRECIATION OP THE LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION BEAUTY of the North Shore above Chicago; TO AID IN CONSERVING AND INCREASING THIS BEAUTY BY CO-OPERATIVE

EFFOET ; to record tests of old and new plants, made to detennine their special values for the creation and enrichment of landscapes^ woodlands, lawns and gardens; IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT PBOPERTY OWNERS CO-OPERATE IN EXTENDING AND NAMING THEIR ROADSIDE PLANTATIONS UNTIL ALL RELIABLY HARDY WOODY PLANTS ARE THUS MADE AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC ENJOYMENT AND INSTRUCTION, and that they ALSO CONSIDER THE VIEWS OF THE PUBLIC FROM THE HIGHWAYS and public reserrations in the design of their places.