Newton City (part 5 of 8)

"At a Court held at Newton on the 2nd day of the 9th month, 1637, it was ordered that no person shall be allowed to sell cakes and bunns except at funerals and weddings."

1647. April 12. "The Town bargained with Waban, the Indian chief (Eliot's first convert to Christianity), who lived in a large wigwam on Nonantam Hill, to keep six score head of dry cattle on the south side of Charles river, and he is to have the full sum of £8, to be paid as follows: viz., 30s. to James Cutler, and the rest in Indian corn, at 3k., after Michaeltide next. He is to take care of them from the 21st day of this present month, and to keep them until three weeks after Michaelmas ; and if any be lost or ill, he is to send word unto the town ; and if any be lost through his carelessness, he is to pay, according to the value of the beast, for his defect."

It is said that Waban became an excellent penman, though this record was signed by his mark. Two deeds at least are in existence in which he wrote his name, Waban, with Thomas - the name given him by the English - above it.

1648. Joseph Cooke, Mr. Edward Jackson and Edward Goffe were chosen commissioners, or referees, to end small causes, under .forty shillings, - and for many years succeeding.

persons provide that their dogs may do no harm in cornfields or gardens by scraping up the fish, under penalty of three pence for every dog that shall be taken damage feasant, with all other just damages."

A large body of lands at Shawshine (now Bilierica) was granted by the General Court to the proprietors of Cambridge, in 1652. Seven Newton men shared in this distribution. Edwin Jackson obtained 400 acres, which he gave, by will, to Harvard University ; Thomas Prentice, 150 acres ; Samuel Hyde, 80 ; John Jackson, 50; Jonathan Hyde, 20; John Parker, 20; Vincent Druce, 15. In 16()2 2<i7 acres of the common lands in Cambridge Village were divided among ninety proprietors. In 10(34 a further distribution was made of remaining lands in IJambridge Village, and 2675J acres were divided by lot among 133 proprietors. In this distribution Edward Jackson received 30 acres ; John Jackson 20, and Thomas Prentice, 9.

In 1668, Elder Wiswall, Edward Jackson and John .Jackson were appointed to catechise the chil dren at the new church at the village. Tliis was four years after the settlement of Mr. Eliot as pastor, and the year of his death. In 1660 it was ordered that none shall be freemen (voters) but such as are in full communion with the church of Christ. In 1674 ii was ordered '" that Cambridge Village should be » distinct military company of themselves, and so to be exercised according to law,'' and James Trowbridge was appointed lieutenant.

The doctrine of religious toleration was one of slow growth among these sturdy Puritans. The following records stand in striking contrast with the Christian charity and harmony of modern times :

" 1678. Forasmuch as it hath too often happened that through differences of opinion in several towns, and on other pretences, there have been attempts by some persons to erect new meeting-liouses, - although on pretence of the public worship of God on the Lord's day - yet thereby laying foundations, if not for schism, and seduction to errors and heresie,s, - for perpetuating divisions and weakening such places where they dwell, in comfortable support of the ministry orderly settled among them, - for prevention thereof, it is ordered that no person whatever, without the consent of the freemen of the town where they live, firstorderly had and obtained at a public meeting assembled for that end, etc., and every person or persons transgressing this law, every such house or houses where such persons shall so meet more than three times, with the land whereon such houses stand, and all private ways leading thereto, shall be forfeited'to the use of the country, or demolished, as the Court shall order."

" 1680. A society of Baptists were censured by the Governor in open Court, and prohibited meeting as a society in the public place they have built, or any other public house, except such as have been allowed by lawful authority." In political matters, however.

intellectual advancement led very early to greater freedom. In 1689 the deputy elected to the General Court from New Cambridge, John Ward, was " instructed to advocate an enlargement of freemen, - that all freeholders that are of an honest conversation and competent estate may have their vote in all civil elections." This John Ward served as deputy, or representative, fifty-four days, and was paid one shilling and six pence per day. He was elected eight years in succession by his fellow-citizens, and, as the first of a long series, did efficient service.

The first person who died in Newton after it was incorporated was Nathaniel Hammond, son of Thomas Hammond, Sr,, May 29, 1691, aged forty-eight. The first

December 25, 1691, Christmas day. They were married by James Trowbridge, the first town clerk, and had three children. The first meeting-house stood in the centre of the old cemetery on the east side of Centre Street ; it was built in 1660. The second was erected on the opposite side of the street, nearly on the site of the house of the late Gardner Colby. The vote to build it was passed in 1696 ; the work was begun in the spring of 1697, and finished early in 1698. The site was given to the town by John Spring. In 1717 the first meeting-house was still standing, though for what purpose it was or had been used is unknown. Mr. Ripley says, in his " History of Waltham," that a committee appointed by that town was authorized to purchase the second meetinghouse of Newton for a sum not exceeding £80, and that it was so purchased, and taken down and removed to Waltham in October, 1731, and there it remained till 1776. The house in Newton being finished, a vote was passed " that the Building Committee should seat the meeting-house, and that age and gifts (towards the building) should be the rule the Committee should go by." This absurd custom of " seating the meeting-house," or " dignifying the the pews," created much ill feeling. It was finally abolished in March, 1800. Before the erection of the first meeting-house, it is conjectured, in the absence of records, that meetings were held in a hall in the house of Edward Jackson. Mr. Jackson's house was near the dividing line between Newton and Brighton, and the meetings were probably held here four or five years.

In 1699 it was voted to build a school-house before the last of November, sixteen feet by fourteen, and the next year " John Staples was hired to keep the town-school at five shillings per day."

The citizens were not forgetful of the claims of charity. In March, 1711, it was voted "that once in the year, upon the Thanksgiving Day that falls in the year, there shall be a contrybution for the poor, and that it shal be put into the town treasury, and to be ordered to the poor by the Selectmen, as they see need." The deacons were formally set apart to their office. A price was set on the heads of wolves, black birds, jays and gray-headed woodpeckers. Provision was made in 1733 for a work-house, or almshouse, and the school-house was set apart, in the recess of the school, aa a place of labor for idle and disorderly per- Bons. Sheep and swine, under proper restrictions, were permitted to run at large, the latter being " carefully yoked and ringed." Deer were protected in the town by law; and a commission was appointed with reference to the free passage of fish up and down Charles River. By vote of the town in 1796 the deacons were allowed to " have liberty to sit out of the deacons' seats in the meeting-house, if they choose." As late as 1707 the selectmen were appointed "Ase.s.sores, to ase.s the contrey rates." In 179C the town voted to have a stove to warm the meetinghouse. This was one hundred and thirty-six years after the building of the first meeting-house ; and during all that period, the strong and the weak, the old and young had gone to the house of God in company, and sat shivering in winter during the two services of the Sabbath day, forenoon and afternoon, knowing only the comfort of an hour's heat in their " noon houses," in the recess of worship, when the women might also refill their little foot-stoves for the second session.

In 1647 the selectmen of Cambridge, including, at that time, New Cambridge, made a careful estimate of the estates in the town at that date, from which it appears that there wei'e in the whole town 135 ratable persons ; 90 houses ; 208 cows, valued at £9 each; 131 oxen, valued at £6 each ; 229 young cattle ; 20 horses, valued at £7 each ; 37 sheep, at £1 10s. ; G2 swine, at £1 ; 58 goats, at 8«.

The vote of the town of Newton in 1099 to build a school-house is the first record looking to the education of the children of Newton, - sixty-eight years after the first settlement in Cambridge, or Newtowne; sixty years after the first record of the sale of land in Newton by Samuel Holly to John Jackson, and twenty years after the first town-meeting, when the first selectmen and town officers of Newton were chosen ; eleven years after Newton became an independent town. Cambridge, however, had a " a fair grammar school under .Master Corlet," in which New Cambridge had a right until its separation was consummated. As the early settlers were well-to-do, very likely they availed themselves of this right for their elder children. And, as they were generally intelligent people, the younger were undoubtedly taught the elements of learning at home.

The act of the town passed in 1717 to prevent the destruction of deer, implied that at this date deer still roamed in the forests of Newton. The late Rev. James Freeman Clarke said that among his recollections of the house of (Jen. William Hull, his maternal grandfather (now ex-Gov. Claflin's), was a pair of deer's horns suspended in the hall, belonging to a victim which was shot by the general from his frontdoor.

people could eat their frugal lunch and warm their freezing limbs on the Sabbath between the services, were three or four in number. One of them was erected very near the church ; a second stood on land which is now at the junction of Centre and Lyman Streets, under a great oak tree which formerly stood there. A chimney was built in the middle of the floor, resting on four pillars, so that the largest possible number could sit around the common hearth. The First Baptist Society, one year earlier than their neighbors, in January, 1795, passed a vote " to procure a stove to warm the meeting-house." But it was not till November, 1805, eleven years later, that the Federal Street Church in Boston, Rev. Dr. Channing's, by their committee, "voted that a stove be permitted to be placed in the Federal Street Church without expense to the society, to be erected under the direction of the church committee, - ^its use to be discontinued at any time when the committee shall direct." Thus Newton showed itself in this provision for the comfort of the worshippers in the house of God eleven years in advance of one of the wealthiest churches in Boston.

The first actual settler in Newton was John Jackson. He " bought of Miles Ives, of Watertown, a dwelling-house and eighteen acres of land, very near the present dividing line between Newton and Brighton, 24 rods on Charles river, and extending southerly 120 rods. The same year Samuel Holly owned a like lot and dwelling-house adjoining Jackson's estate, and Randolph Bush owned a like lot and house adjoining Samuel Holly's estate, and William Redson or Redsyn owned four acres and a dwellinghouse adjoining Bush's estate, and William Clements owned si.v acres and a dwelling-house, adjoining John Jackson's west, and Thomas Mayhew owned a dwelling-house next the spot where Gen. Michael Jackson's house stood. These six dwelling-houses were in the Village in 1039, and perhaps earlier. Samuel Holly died in 1643, and left no descendants in the town. We cannot tell who occupied the houses of Mayhew, Clements, Rush and Redson ; they were transient dwellers, and were soon gone. Edward Jackson bought all these houses and the landsappurtenant before 1648, and all except Mayhew's were in what is now Brighton." Twenty-two landholders established their residence in New Cambridge between 1639, the date of the coming of John Jackson, and 1664, the date of the formation of the First Church. Some historians add two or three others, as William Healy, Gregory Cook and a third family bearing the name of Prentice. John Jackson, the first on the list, and one of the first deacons of the church, brought with him from Kngland a good estate, and gave an acre of ground for the first church and cemetery. This acre now constitutes the old part of the cemetery on the east side of Centre Street. He was i)romineut in the ettbrts for the incorporation of Newton as an independent town, but died eighteen years before it was accomplished. A son of his, Edward Jackson, was killed by the Indiana at Medfield, when they attacked and burned that town, February 21, 1676. The cellar of his house is still visible at the northeastern part of the town on the Smallwood estate, and the pear trees still standing there are supposed to have been planted by him.

The light of Newton. - Samuel Holly is supposed to have been in New Cambridge in 1636. In 1643, the year of his death, he sold six acres of his land to Edward Jackson for £5.

Samuel Hyde, the second settler, came from London in 1639, and settled here in 1640. He and his brother Jonathan bought of Thomas Danforth forty acres of land in 1647, and 200 of the executors of Nathaniel Sparhawk, which they held in common until 1662, when it was divided. He was a deacon of the church. His descendants to the seventh generation have continued to own and occupy a part of the same land. He died in 1685, and his wife the same year.

Edward Jackson, brother of John Jackson, was born in London about 1602. His youngest son by his first marriage, Sebas Jackson, according to tradition, was born on the passage to this country. He took the freeman's oath in 1645, and purchased a farm of 500 acres in Cambridge Village of Governor Bradstreet for £140. Bradstreet bought the same farm in 1638 of Thomas Mayhew for six cows. This farm extended westward from what is now the line between Newton and Brighton, and included what is now Newtonville. The house of Michael Jackson, built near the centre of this farm, was probably the first house erected in Newton; it was built before 1638. Edward Jackson's house was built with a spacious hall, where probably the first religious meetings were held. He was representative to the General Court seventeen years in succession, and was constantly present at Rev. John Eliot's meetings with the Indians. In his will he left 400 acres to Harvard University. He divided his land among his children in his life-time. From the inventory of his estate it appears that he owned two slaves, valued at £5 each. .Probably he was the first slaveholder in Newton. He had nineteen children, and more than sixty grandchildren. Forty-four of his descendants were in the army of the Revolution.

Joseph Fuller, who settled in New Cambridge in 1644, bought 750 acres next west of Edward Jackson for £160. His farm was bounded north and west by Charles River, south by Thomas Park. By subsequent purchases he increased his lands to 1000 acres, intersected by Cheesecake Brook, He had eight children, and twenty-two of his descendants were in the Revolutionary Army. Edward Jackson and John Fuller had a larger number of descendants than any other of the early settlers.

Jonathan Hyde, brother of Deacon Samuel Hyde, came into New Cambridge in 1647, and bought, in common with Samuel, 240 acres, which they held together fourteen years. In 1656 he bought eighty acres, which was one-eighth of the tract recovered by Cambridge from Dedham in a lawsuit ; and settling upon it, he increased it by later purchases to several hundred acres. He seemed to have had a taste for buying and selling land. His house stood on Centre Street, not far from the residence of Honorable Alden Speare. His home lot ran 160 rods on Centre Street and 100 rods deep, and included the site of the presei* Congregational and Baptist Churches in Newton Centre. Wiswall's Pond was its southern boundary. He was twice married, and had twenty-three children. Some years before his death he divided 400 acres of his land, with several dwelling-houses standing thereon, among twelve of his children, and in 1705 gave half an acre to the town for a school-house, at the junction of Homer and Grafton Streets. This was six years after the vote of 1699 to build a schoolhouse. The Common in Newton Centre, or a large part of it, is supposed to have been his gift ; there is no record of the gift. He deeded to his children, " for a cartway forever," the land which is now the highway known as Grafton Street.

Richard Park owned land in New Cambridge in 1636, and in Lexington, three Cambridge farms in 1642. His house probably stood within a few feet of the site of the present Eliot Church, and was pulled down in 1800. His farm was bounded west by the Fuller farm, north by Charles River, east and south by Edward Jackson, and contained about 600 acres. He bequeathed his land to his only son, Thomas. This son built a corn- mill on the river, where the Bemis factory was afterwards erected (now called Nonantum). His inventory showed that the property standing in his name at the date of his death amounted to £872. The Cambridge Church owned a farm and other property in Billerica, and in 1648 ordained that " every person that from time to time hereafter removed from the.church, did thereby resign their interest in the remaining part of the church property.'' During the contest for the separation of Cambridge Village from Cambridge in 1661, Richard Park petitioned the Court that, in case of a division, he be permitted to retain his connection with the Cambridge Church. Possibly this vote might have influenced him to present such a petition.

Captain Thomas Prentice, born in England in 1621, was in New Cambridge in 1649; for the record shows that in November of that year he became the father of twins, Thomas and Elizabeth. He was a man of military tastes, and chosen lieutenant of cavalry in 1656 and captain in 1662. In 1663 he bought of Elder Frost eighty-five acres of land, in the east part of Newton, adjoining land of John Ward, and occupied the place as his homestead fifty years, conveying it by deed of gift in 1765 to his grandson, Captain Thomas Prentice. His house stood on the site of the old Harbach house, at the corner of Waverly Avenue and Ward Street. He was very prom- inent in the Indian wars, and distinguished for his bravery. He was liardy and athletic, and continued to ride on horsel)ack till the end. His death was caused by a fall from his horse at the age of eightynine. He was Representative to the General Court three years, Hi72-74. He had eight children, two of whom died in childhood.

Joliri Ward married a daughter of Edward Jackson. His fatlier came from England after the birth of John, and settled in Sudbury. He was the first representative of t^Jambridge Village in the General Court, and continued to he a representative for eight years. He was also selectman nine years, from 1679. His house stood on the site of the residence of the late Ephraim Ward, near tlie Newton reservoir, and was at first constructed for a garrison-house in 16fil, and used as such during King Philip's War. It was demolished in 1821, having stood 170 years - the home of seven generations. He had eight sons and five daughters, and died in 1708, aged eighty-two.

Thomas Hammond sold his land in Hingham, where he had been one of the earliest settlers, in 1652, and his house in lt;.")6. In 16.10, in connection with Vincent Druce, he bought land in Cambridge Village, and in 1658 600 acres more, partly in Cambridge Village and partly in Brookline, embracing what is now Chestnut Hill. They held this land in common until 1664. Wlien a division was made the pond fell within Hammond's part, and hence bears his name.

John Parker was also one of the earliest settlers of Hingham. He bought land adjoining John Ward and Vincent Druce in 1650. He had five sons and five daughters. After his death his property pa.ssed into the hands of Hon. Ebenezer Stone, and afterwards bec'ame the John Kingsbury estate. The Parkers of Newton arc from two prnirenitors, - John Parker, of Hingham, and Samuel Parker, of Dedham. Nathaniel Parker, a son of the latter, was born in Dedham in 1670. The third meeting-house in Newton Centre was built on land purchased of him and conveyed to the selectmen of Newton, measuring one and a half acres and twenty rods, and valued at £15. The sale occurred in August, 1716. On this spot of land the First ('ongregational Church has stood ever since.

Vincent Druce came from Hingham, where his name is found in 1636. The highway from Cambridge to Brookline was laid out through the land of Druce and Hammond. The old Craftj house on the Denny place WJUi built by Druce in the end of the seventeenth or beginning of the eighteenth century, and must be now ne;irly two hundred years old. John Druce, the third of that name, gr"duated at Harvard University in \''i8, and became a physician in Wrentliam. The first John Druce was a member of Captain Prentice's troop of horse. He was mortally wounded in a fight with the Indians at Swanzey in 1675, and brought home and died in his own house. He was probably the first victim from Cambridge Village who fell in the Indian wars.

James Prentice, Sr., and Thomas Prentice, Jr., bought of Thomas Danforth four hundred acres in March, 16.50, in Cambridge Village, and in 165T one hundred acres more. A part of this purchase is now included in the old cemetery on Centre Street, from which it extended southerly beyond the estate of the late Marshall Rice. The house was taken down in 1800. It stood a few rods southeast of the Joshua Loring house, on the east side of Centre Street.

Thomas Prencice (2d) married Rebecca, daughter of Edward Jackson, Sr. This Edward Jackson gave him, by will, 100 acres of land called Bald Pate Meadow, near Bald Pate Hill, and to his daughter several other parcels of laud. Prentice lived to a greai age, and conveyed land to his two sons and two grandsons. It is recorded that in 1753 " he held one end of a chain to lay out a highway over Weedy Hill in New Cambridge."

Elder Thomas Wiswall came to this country from England about 1637, and was prominent among the first settlers of Dorchester. He removed to Cambridge Village in 1654, and was ordained " rulicg elder " of the church at the same time with the ordination of Rev. John Eliot, Jr., as pastor. His homestead of 300 acres included the pond at Newton Centre, called after him, " Wiswall's Pond," afterwards "Baptist Pond" and "Crystal Lake." His house for many years continued in the Wiswall family. Later, it was occupied by Deacon Luther Paul and his heirs, and removed in 1889 to the west side of Paul Street. He had seven children and more than thirty grandchildren. His sou Noah was killed in 1690 in an engagement with French and Indians at Wheeler's Pond, afterwards Lee, N. H. He had also a son Icliabod, who was minister in Duxbury.

John Kenrick in 1658 bought 2.50 acres in the southerly part of Cambridge Village. Kenrick's Bridge over Charles River is near his house, and perpetuates his name. In his will he left to his pastor. Rev. Nehemiah Hobart, four acres of meadow land or ten pounds, at the option of his son John, who was his executor.

Captain Isaac Williams was the son of Robert Williams, who came from Norwich, England. He was born in Roxbury in 1688 and twice married. He owned 500 acres adjoining John Fuller. Thomas 1 Park, .lohn Fuller and Isaac Williams were the first, and probably for a season the only, settlers in West Newton. He was a weaver by trade, selectman three years, and representative to the General Court six years. His house was about thirty rods northeast of the West Parish meeting-house. He died in 1707, and, being a military man, was honored with a military funeral. He had twelve children and more than fifty grandchildren. The youngest son, Ephraim, was father of Colonel Ephraim Williams, Jr., the founder of Williams College. William, a son of Isaac, graduated at Harvard University in 1683, being one of a ' class of only three members. Through the thought- fulness and enterprise of Colonel Ephraim, Jr., the First Church in Newton became the mother of all the foreign missionary efforts of the Christian church o' all denominations in the United States. For the first foreign missionary organization in this country originated in the zeal and piety of a few students in Williams College in the year 1808.

Gregory Cook was a constable in Cambridge Village in 1667. He removed afterwards to Mendon and Watertown. In 1668 he bought sixteen acres of Samuel Hyde, bounded on what is now Centre Street, and south on Samuel Hyde. In 1665 he bought the mansion house and six acres, the house being near the Watertown line. In 1672 Jeremiah Dummer, of Boston, conveyed to him 112 acres, with house and barn, lying partly in Cambridge and partly in Watertown, and reaching to Charles River. The house, having stood about 150 years, was pulled down in 1823. He was twice married, the second time three months after the decease of his first wife. He was a shoemaker by trade.

Abraham Williams bought twelve acres, with a house, near Mr. Cook, in 1654. After living in Newton eight years he removed to Marlborough, in 1688. He was colonel of militia, and representative to the General Court. He kept a public-house in Marlborough many years, and died 1712, aged eighty-four.

Deacon James Trowbridge, son of Thomas, was born in Dorchester in 1636. His father was a merchant in the Barbadoes trade, and came from Taunton, England, where his father founded a generous charity for poor widows, which still is in existence. Thomas, the father, went home to England iu 16-14, leaving his three sons in charge of Thomas Jeffries, who also came from the same vicinity in England. In 1637 or 1638 Jeffries removed to New Haven, and afterwards to England, leaving all his estates and goods in charge of Henry Gibbons, his steward. The sons of Thomas obtained possession of their father's property by a suit at law. The wife of James was one of the constituent members of the First Church in Newton. James also became deacon after the death of John Jackson. He was selectman of Cambridge Village nine years, and one of the first board elected. He bought of Governor Danforth eightyfive acres, with a dwelling-house, bounded by the highways west and south. He was clerk of the writs, lieutenant, and two years representative to the General Court.

Lieutenant John Spring was born in England in 1630, and brought to this country in 1634 by his parents, who settled in Watertown. The sou John removed to Cambridge Village about the time of the ordination of Rev. John Eliot, Jr., in 1664. His house stood on the west side of Centre Street, opposite the cemetery. He built the first grist-mill in Newton, on Smelt Brook, afterwards Bulloughs' Mill, on Mill Street, near the centre of the town. It is supposed that he gave the land for the second meeting-house, near his own house. On its removal to Waltham, and the adoption of the present site by the First Church, the town re-conveyed the land to his son John. He died in 1717, aged eighty-seven. He had ten children, of whom the first nine were daughters. He was selectman eight years, and representative three years, and served in various other offices, one of which was sweeper of the meeting-house.

Daniel Bacon removed with his family to Cambridge Village from Bridgewater about 1699, and bought land in Newton and Watertown, portions of which were afterwards conveyed to General William Hull, Oakes Angier and others. The Nonantum House at Newton stands on one of these estates. From Oakes Angier this part of the town was at one period called Angler's Corner.

Captain John Sherman was an early .settler of Newton, coming from Watertown. His grandson, William, a shoemaker, was the father of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who was born here, and was also, like his father, a shoemaker. The family residence, where Roger Sherman was born, was on Waverly Avenue, near the estate formerly of Dr. James Freeman, and later of Francis Skinner, Esq.

Rev. John Eliot, Jr., worthy to close these sketches of the early settlers of Cambridge Village, was the son of Rev. John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians of Nonantum, and ordained first pastor of the First Church in Newton, July 20, 1664. He was born in Roxbury, where his father was pastor, in 1636, graduated at Harvard University in 1656, and began to preach in 1658, in his twenty-.second year. He acquired proficiency in the Indian language, and aided his father in his missionary work until his ordination, and afterwards preached once in two weeks to the Indians of Stoughton, and occasionally to the Indians in Natick, whither the Nonantum Indians subsequently removed, and where the first Indian Church was organized; for the converts were never gathered into church estate in Newton. He died at the early age of thirty-three, four years and three months after his ordination. He is said to have been " an accomplished person, of a ruddy complexion, comely proportions, cheerful countenance, and quick apprehension, a good classical scholar, and having considerable scientific knowledge for one of his age and period." He lived on the west side of Centre Street, about sixty rods north of the old cemetery. The estate was sold, after the death of his son John, to Henry Gibbs, and by Gibbs to Rev. John Cotton, Eliot's successor as pastor, and by heirs of John Cotton to Charles Pelham, in 1765.

"The number of freemen within the limits of Cambridge Village in 1688 - the date of its complete separation from Cambridge - was about sixty-five. In forty years - from 1639 to 1679 - forty-two freemen became permanent settlers, some from England, others from the neighboring towns. During the same period thirty of their sons had reached their majority, making in all seventy-two. But five bad died and two had removed, leaving the sum total sixty-five. There were six dwelling-houses in Cambridge Village in lti39, all being situated near the present dividing line between Newton and Brighton (Boston), and all on farms adjoining one another.

The early inhabitants of Newton, as of New England generally, had little idea of the future growth of the sapling which they had planted. A committee appointed to lay out a road westward from Boston, having fulfilled their task, reported to the body which appointed them, that they had laid out a road twelve miles, a.s far as Weston, and in their opinion that was as far westward as a road would ever be needed.

The Indiax.s. - The relations of the settlers of Newton and the Indian population among them, or on their borders, were never otherwise than friendly. Besides the original bargain with the Squaw-sachem, the labors of Mr. Eliot for their religious improvement had a happy influence in winning their goodwill. Nevertheless the brave men of Newton sympathized with the persecuted colonists in other towns, and readily took up arms in their defence. In King Philip's War, which broke out in 1675, Captain Thomas Prentice was a distinguished figure. On the 20th of June in that year he marched for Mount Hope, with Captain Henchnian, of Boston, and a company which included twenty men from Cambridge Village and twenty-one from Uedham. In the first engagement with the foe, William Hammond, of iJewton, was killed, and a few days later .lohn Druce was fatally wounded. In December following, with five companies of infantry and his iroop of horse, he marched to Narragansett, and performed remarkable e.xploits in destroying or scattering the enemy and protecting the white settlers. In April, 1076, he rus^hed to the aid of the colonists and of the troops at Sudbury, whom the Indians had overpowered, reaching the town in his headlong haste with only six of his company, and after a brave conflict the Indians were put to Might. Four men of Cambridge Village - Hancliett, Woods, Hides and Bu.sli, - alsoservedin the war against Philip ; so also did Edward Jackson. When the Indians in KiOd committed depredations upon the white settlements in New Hampshire and Maine, Newton .soldiers volunteered at once for their defence. Captain Noah Wiswall, Gershom Flagg and Edward Walkerdefended Portland. Two sons ot Henry Seger were among the military forces at tiroton, of whom one was killed and the other taken prisoner. A son of Nathaniel Healcy a! io peiished, and on petition of his father to be remunerated for the gun which was lost by the young hero, the General Court ordered that twenty shillings should be paid him out of the public treasury for the lost gun. John Gibson was slain by the Indians at Portland in 1711. Ephraim Davenport, another of Newton's citizens, was stationed some time at Bethel, Maine, to protect the inhabitants, and afterwards received a pension. Benjamin Clark, son of Norman Clark, was taken prisoner with Nathaniel Seger. Ebenezer Bartlett, of Newton, had six sons, all of whom went to the defence of Bethel. In the war with the French and Indians, in 1755, several citizens of Newton took part, prominent among whom were Samuel Jenks, Lieutenant Timothy Jackson, whose wife carried on the farm while her husband was gone to the war; Colonel Ephraim Jackson and Colonel Ephraim Williams, the founder of Williams College, who was shot through the head in a battle with the French and Indians near Lake George, in September, 1755.

Eliot and the Noxantum Indians. - One of the most interesting portions of the history of Newton is that which relates to the labors of Rev. John Eliot, in behalf of the Nonantum Indians. The interest arises from the fact that this was the first Protestant missionary undertaking on the continent of America ; the first converts from heathenism in modern times were among the aborigines of Newton, and the first translation of the Bible into a heathen language was here consummated. And thus the town of Newton , by a double right, has gained the honor of being the mother of all the Protestant missionary efforts from America in modern times - first, through the labors of Mr. Eliot, and secondly through the founding, by one of her song, of Williams College. The Indians of Newton congregated on the slope of Nonantum Hill, where the ground descends to the village of Newton and the limits of Brighton. Here Waban, their chief, had his house, and here Eliot preached his first sermon to the Indians, October 28, 1646, near the spot where a monument has been begun to his memory. Mr. Eliot was born at Naseby, England, in 1604, and died in Roxbury, where his remains rest, in the cemetery at the corner of Eustis and Washington Streets, May 20, 1690. When he began his labors for the Indians he was forty-two yearsof age, his age, by a singular coincidence, being the same as the age of Waban. The companions of Mr. Eliot at this first service for the Indians were Major Gookin, Rev. John Wilson, of Boston, Elder Heath, of Roxbury, and Rev. Thomas Shepard, of Cambridge. The Indians, by intercourse with the white people, had gained some ideas of their religion, and were anxious to know more. The service was opened by prayer in English. Mr. Eliot's text was Ezek. 37 : 9 - " Prophesy unto the wind," &c. The Indian word for wind was Waban, which, doubtless, prompted Mr. Eliot to choose this text ; and it must have been most impressive to the Indian chief to find that his own name was thus distinctly recognized in Holy Writ, and a Divine message thus sent, as it were, personally to him. The discourse lasted an hour and a quarter, and the whole service three hours.

.Vfter the sermon the Indians aftirmed that they had understood all, and, when liberty was given them to ask questions, they proposed these six: 1. How they could learn to know Jesus Christ ? 2. Did God understand Indian prayers ? 3. Were the English ever so ignorant as the Indians at that time? 4. What is the image of God, which it is forbidden in the second commandment to worship? 5. If all the world had once been drowned, how was it now so full of people? 6. If a father be bad and the child good, will God be offended with the child for the father's sake ? Being asked at the close if they were weary, an Indian replied, "No," and "they wished to hear more." A few apples were given to the children, some tobacco to the men, and another meeting appointed a fortnight later. At the second meeting more Indians were present, and deep interest manifested.

The next day one of the Indians visited Mr. Eliot, at his house in Roxbury, and reported how all night at Waban'sthe Indians could not sleep, partly from trouble of mind and partly from wonder at all the things they had heard.

A work of grace, similar to modern revivals of religion, followed the services. Many of the English people came together from neighboring towns to witness the marvelous effects of the Gospel. Many Indians from Concord and other towns removed to Nonantuni, that they might be more fully instructed in the truths of religion. Soon afier the third meeting three men and four children begged Mr. Eliot to establish Christian schools among their jieople. No suitable arrangement could be made, and they were sent back to their native forests. But it is an interesting fact that the first call for a mission school came from the heathen them.selves.

An effort was made at Nonantum to bind the people together under a civil government. Many English customs were adopted by the Indians. Their clothing became more seemly, and they gave themselves more to the cultivation of the soil as their dependence for the means of subsistence. There were doubtless many true converts among them, but never an Indian church in Newton. It was after their removal to Natick that a church was first formed, and the institutions of religion and a civilized life first took root.

The success of missionary effort among the Indians created a strong sensation in England. The British Parliament passed an act, July 27, 1649, ordering a collection to be taken up in all the churches of England for the advancement of the work. The Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge was formed in 1698, and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North America in 1701, and the Scottish Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge in 1709 - all of which grew out of Mr. Eliot's efforts in behalf of the Indians. " Most of the Indians," .says Mr. Shepard, "set up family prayer and grace before meat, and sesmed in earnest in their devotions."

The new Indian town in Natick, to which they removed, was commenced in 1651, with a day of fasting and prayer, and the preparations for forming the church by another day of prayer and confession, October 13, 1652. Under the superintendence of Mr. Eliot the Indians built afoot-bridge in Natick, across Charles River, securing to them communication with other Indians as far south as Pegan Hill, in Dover, near which many traces of dwellings remain, and many traces of their civilization have survived in the rose-bushes and fruits growing around their homes. A fire-proof building, for a free library, now stands in South Natick, on the site of this central point of Indian civilization and church life. A single headstone remains here, the memorial of the Indian pastor, Daniel Takawambait, who died September 17, 1716. In 1670 there were two teachers and between 40 and 50 communicants. In 1763 there were only 37 Indians; in 1797 not more than 20; and in 1843 but a single individual known to be living in whose veins flowed Indian blood.

In 1687 Cotton Mather wrote, " There are six regular churches of baptized Indians in New England and 18 assemblies of catechumens, professing the name of Christ. Of the Indians there are twenty-four preachers of the word. There are also four English preachers who preach the gospel in the Indian tongue." In the year 1671 Mr. Eliot recognized missionary stations in places now known as Natick, Stoughton, Grafton (between Natick and Grafton), Marlboro', Littleton, Tewksbury and Pawtucket FiMs, near Lowell. Several of them had regular worship and a native preacher. At Natick the meetings were assembled by beat of drum.

Mr. Eliot's evangelistic efforts bore fruit on the other side of the globe. Dr. Leusden wrote to Cotton Mather that the example of New England had awakened the Dutch to attempt the evangelization of the heathen in Ceylon and their other Indian possessions, and that multitudes there had been converted to Christianity. This is another star in Newton's crown.

The most remarkable service performed by Mr. Eliot for the Indians was the translation of the whole Bible into their tongue. To prepare himself for this work, as well as for preaching to the people, he took into his family an Indian who could speak both languages. Mr. Eliot's early training fitted him specially for the work. He was proficient in linguistic studies, .^ as well as in Hebrew and Greek. He is said to have written out the entire translation with one pen. The New Testament was printed at Cambridge in 1661, and the whole Bible, with the Psalms in metre, in 1663. It was the first Bible printed in America. A thousand dollars in gold h;\s been refused, of late, for a copy. An Indian who had been taught the art of printing was employed in the work. A second edition was printed in 1685. There were 2000 copies of each edition.

During Philip's War the Indian converts manifested unshaken fidelity to the English, and often served as guides and otherwise. The English, how- ever, were so sensitive, and so suspicious of every red man, tliat the General Court, on the breaking out of the war, ordered them to be removed, 200 in number, to Deer Island, in Boston harbor.

It is not difficult to trace the way in which the territory of Newton was distributed among its early inhabitants. A map drawn in 1700 marks the boundaries of the first settlers. Charles River at first bounded three sides of Newton, except the small portion denominated the " Watertown weirs," and determined mainly the location of it* several villages. Wherever the falls or the river indicated a waterpower, and thepo.ssibilityof a profitable manufactory, there a village sprang into existence. Such was the origin of Newton, long called Angler's Corner and Newton Cortfer, being at the northeast corner of the town, and adjacent to the Watertown fisheries, Newton Upper and Lower Falls, and Bemis' Factories, since called North Newton and Nonantum. In later times, the stations of the'Boston and Albany Railroad, and the New York and New England, now all included in the Newton Circuit Railroad, determined the villages of Newtonville, West Newton, Auburndale and Riverside, and Chestnut Hill, Newton Centre, Highlands, and the younger stations, Waban, Eliot and Woodland. The cession of a small territory to Waltham sacrificed a part of this water limit. The first settlers of Newton were in the northeast corner of the town, John and Edward Jackson, Holly, Bush and Radson, reached to the river. William Clement name next to Edward Jackson, and the latter owned all the remainder to Centre Street. Crossing Centre Street, wcstwardly, came Gregory Cook ; next him the large estate of IIOO acres of Richard Park ; then John Fuller, extending west, to the river. South of Fuller was Capt. Isaac Williams. South of Gregory Cook, on the west side of Centre Street, was the great farm of Thomas Mayhew, of 500 acres, sold to Gov. Bradstreet in l(i38, and by the latter, in 1G46, to Edward Jackson, including much of Newtonville. Returning to Centre Street, on the east side were some smaller estates, and .south of them Deacon Samuel Hyde, on both sides of the street, still bearing his name. South of this, on the west side. Rev. John Eliot, Jr., afterwards Rev. John Cotton, John Spring, and then the large holdings of .Jonathan Hyde, reaching to the Baptist I'ond. South of Samuel Hyde, on the eiist side of ('eiitrc Street, were Col. Ward, Robert I'rentice and Henry Gibbs (the Rice estate), and a little farther south, Wiswall, John Clark and the great estate of Governor Haynes. East of (4ibb8 was Joseph Bartlelt, and east of Bartlett, Thomas Hammond, including Hammond's Pond and reaching nearly to the limit of Newton in that direction. John Parker and F.bcnezer Stone were we.nt and southwest of Thomas llammonil. Thomas Prentice was on Waverly Avenue, and south of him the Wards and Clark. The larger farms soon began to be divided among many proprietors. John and Elijah Keiirick settled near the river at the south part of the town,* and John Kenrick on Waverly Avenue. As the northeast corner of Newton was the first to be settled, the southeast, in later times, seems nearly the last. Vincent Druce was there at first, whose name was spelled sis diflTerent ways. Could Erosamon Drew, whose saw-ruill hummed there on a little brook, be a kinsman of Druce, under this kindred name ? This large tract of land, lying, till lately, in a nearly wild state, was in early times in the hands of Tories, who, it is said, hid in the thick woods some of King George's cannon, intending to use them, when circumstances should favor, in behalf of the Royal cause. The Tories, however, were forced to flee to the British Provinces, and their property was confiscated and sold, and divided among many proprietors. Erosamon Drew's house was called " the Huckleberry Tavern," because the tenant then occupying it was remarkably successful in making a kind of wine from the huckleberries of the neighboring pastures, which the scattered residents of the neighboring portions of Newton and Brookline were fond of quaffing when they visited the locality on election days and other festive occasions.

In West Newton beyond the meeting-house was Miller, Bartlett, the Segers and John Barbour, who .set out the great elm-tree by "the Tavern House," and, in the progress of years and in the transitional period from the old to the new, was Seth Davis, who first taught geography and astronomy in his private academy, and was blamed for it, and who set out most of the trees on the older public streets of West Newton ; the Greenoughs, Stones and Fullers, and Samuel Hastings, with his tan-yard near the meeting-house. In what is now Auburndale, the estate of John Pigeon, the sturdy patriot whose donation of two field-pieces to the town .sounded the alarm of the Revolutionary War; Thomas Greenwood, Alexander Shepard, Daniel Jackson and William Robinson; on the road to the Lower Falls, the Murdock and Dix estates ; still farther south, John Staples, the first school-master, also deacon and town clerk, who gave to the town "' seventeen acres of woodland for the support of the ministerial fire from year to year annually ; " the Collins families. At the Lower Falls we find the names of Jonathan Willard, the iron-worker, Wales, Curtis, Crehore, Ilagar and Rice, the latter extensive paper manufacturers, - one of them, Thomas, selectman eighteen years, representative three years, twice elected to the Senate and two years member of the Executive Council, at whose mill the paper was manufactured for the /?os<o)j Daily Transcript forty years, and who, in the days of the War of the Rebellion, was to Newton what .Tohn A. .Vndrew, the war Governor, was to Massachusetts; and his younger brother, Alexander K., mayor of Boston in lS.'jt)-r)7, and Governor of Massachusetts in 1875-7fi, and member of Congress eight years. Still farther south and southeast were the estates of Cap- tains Clark, Hyde and Woodward, in whose house, still standing, family worship has been maintained for nine generations ; at the Upper Falls, Cheney, Gibbs, Bixby, Elliott and Pettee, a man of infinite ingenuity and perseverance, whose machine-shops and factories built up the village, and who, more than any other, secured the building of the first railroad from Needham, through Newton Centre to Boston ; on the southern extension of Centre Street, Mitchell's tavern, the Winchesters; at Oak Hill, the Richardsons, Stones, Wiswalls, Deacon King, Hall, Richards, Wilson, Rand, Kingsbury and Goody Mary Davis, the widow, who died aged 116 years, and cultivated her garden with her own hands in her old age, and whose portrait hangs on the walls of the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston.

Historical Items. - In the early periods of New England history the parish and the town were coextensive. The laws of Massachusetts did not recognize the church as distinguished from the parish ; hence parish business was town business and ecclesiastical legislation was only town legislation. The town called and settled the minister, and provided for his support. The town also paid the funeral expenses of the pastors when they were dead. When Mr. Meriam, the fourth pastor, died, in August, 1780, the town appointed a committee to make provision for the funeral. Colonel Benjamin Hammond lent £195 towards these expenses, " which included £60 to Deacon Bowles, for making a coffin," and £31 paid to Joshua Murdoch " for half barrel of beer and half a cord of wood for the funeral." The town also regulated the exercises of worship. About 1770 a petition was oflered for a committee " to consider respecting the introduction of the version of the Psalms by Tate and Brady, with the Hymns annexed." The report was favorable, and adopted. About the same time it was voted in town-meeting " that trees be set out to shade the meeting-house, if any persons will be so generously-minded as to do it."

The first five ministers of the town were called and settled under this system. The first church was properly a colony of the First Church in Cambridge. The records of the church were burned with the house of Mr. Meriam, the fourth pastor, March 18, 1770. King Philip's War broke out soon after the settlement of the second pastor, Mr. Hobart. Had the Nonantum Indians remained unchristianized and uncivilized, and joined with the other Indian tribes to exterminate the English settlers, humanly speaking the latter would have been forced to leave the country. But, remaining faithful to their friends, they saved the situation, and New England was preserved from destruction, almost in its inception, through the inrtuence of Christian missions to the heathen.

In 1779 six new pews were built in the First Parish meetiug-house, slips or loug benches being removed to make room for them. These pews were leased at auction annually at the March meeting, "the rent to be paid in Indian corn, not less than half a peck to be accepted as a bid, and delivered to the Treasurer." The first year twenty-two bushels were received, and at the next annual meeting " sold in lots to suit purchasers." After eight years the custom was discontinued, and pew rents were ever afterwards paid in money.

Near the ancient meeting-house were erected the stocks, for the punishment of those who misbehaved at church or in town-meeting. We do not know precisely where they stood, or at what date thej' were erected. But in the Town Records of 1773 it is stated that " a committee was chosen to examine the church stocks." The office of constable of Newton, we may infer, was not eagerly sought after. One part of his duty was to collect the annual taxes. In 1728 Mr. Joseph Jackson was elected constable, but declined the office, and " did immediately pay his fine, as the law requires.'' The amount was £5. The pay of the Representative to the General Court in 1729 was £4o 6s. A new pound for the confinement of stray cattle was built of stone near the site of the Unitarian Church, Newton Centre in 1755, where it remained about 110 years. Cypress Street, on which it stood, was hence called Pound Lane until a recent period. In 1765 it was voted to provide a cotton velvet pall for use at funerals, and in 1763 to " let the velvet pall to other towns," when not in use in Newton, " the persons hiring it to pay half a dollar every time it is hired." In 1799 it was voted to buy two hearses for the use of the town, when the money could be spared out of the treasury. Also in 1760, " that persons working out their highway taxes on the road should be paid three pence per hour, and each team that is able to carry a ton weight, the same sum."

Newton Upper Falls. - The beginning of Newton Upper Falls was a saw-mill erected by John Clark about 1688, on Charles River, where the water falls twenty feet perpendicularly, and then descends about thirty-five feet in half a mile. There was an eel-weir above the falls which John Clark bought of the Indians, together with all the water power, for £3 lawful money. The river was called by the Indians Quinobequin, and the Indian who signed the deed of conveyance of the water privilege was William Nehoiden or Nahaton. The eel-weir was a dam built by the Indians near the upper bridge, and the yard of the present cotton-mill. Its foundation stones can still be seen in the bed of the river. General Elliott erected snuflf-mills at that point later, on the Newton jihore. In 1720 this busy spot included a saw-mill, fulling-mill, grist-mill and eel-weir, and Noah Parker became the sole owner. The property afterwards fell to Thomas Parker, and was sold later on to Simon Elliott, a tobacconist from Boston, a man of much enterprise. In the first decade of the nineteenth century he was the owner of one of the only three " family carriages " in Newton.

Upper Falls was erected about 1800 and still stands. Some of the timber used in building the cotton factory on the Needham side was taken from a prize at sea, during the War of 1812, and carried into Boston and sold at auction. About 1829 a hotel was built at the Falls, and kept as a house of entertainment twenty years. It became afterwards a private dwelling. A stage-coach for Boston, until near 1850, left Newton Upper Falls every morning at 9 o'clock, going through Newton Centre and Brighton, and left Boston on its return at 8 p.m. ; fare, fifty cents. It was through the energy of a Mr. Whiting, of Dover, Ma.ssachuselts, who for ten years courted fortune in the gold-mines of -Mexico, that cotton manufacturing was first introduced into Tepic, a city near the western coast of that republic. The cotton machinery was built by Mr. Pf ttee at the Upper Falls, and sent to Mexico in 1837, in charge of workmen employed for three years to go thither and set up the machinery and instruct the native workmen, till they could manage the business themselves. Other factories followed, and were established with satisfactory results in Durango, Tunai, Colima, Santiago, Curayoa, Mazatlan and other places.

The Worcester Turnpike (Boylston Street) was chartered March 7, lSO(i, and the road constructed through Newton in 1808. Of the (300 shares of stock, valued at $250 each, sixteen were held by citizens of Newton. The road paid but few dividends, and finally the stockholders lost their entire capital. In 1833 the county commissioners laid out the portion in Newton as a public highway, and in 1841 the proprietors surrendered their charter.

The village of Newton Upper Brails lies outside of the Newton Circuit Railroad, on the line of the Woonsocket Branch of the New York and New England Railroad. It hiis the appearance of an old village, built more for utility than beauty, although the natural scenery is not equaled by that of any part of Newton. The river Charles here cuts its way between the bills, and in .some places, as in the rear of the Baptist meeting-house, the landscape has striking charms. The first owner, Nahaton, a sagamore of the I'unkapoag tribe, sold a part of it to John Mangus for a gun. It was bought of him by the F.nglish colonists. In 1700 the rest of it was sold to Robert Cooke, of Dorchester, for £12.

The large " stone barn," .so-called, on Oak St., a conspicuous feature of the Upper Falls, was built by Mr. (.)tis I'etlee, Sr., in the period of the silk excitement in Eastern Massachusetts, when Mr. .lohn Keurick, nurneryman, living on Waverly Street, had for sale many thousands of Murm MulliruuUs trees, deeming that the raising of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk was likely to become an important industry of Newton. It was generally conjectured among the villagers that the " stono barn" was designed for a nursery of silk worms and a depot for the manufacture of silk. But iMr. I'cttcc would never reveal to any one his purpose in rearing the structure. It stood unused for years, and then part of it was utilized for a common stable. It is a singular fact that, after more than half a century, the silk manufacture is actually established at last as a feature of the industry of Newton Upper Falls. The weather-beaten brick mills, once a cotton factory, employ 130 operatives, engaged in spinning silks, silk yarns, filoselles, embroidery-silk and other goods of like character, the raw material in the original packages being brought from France, Italy, China and Japan.

In 1639 certain parties in Dedham dug a canal designed to divert the waters of Charles River into East Brook, a tributary of the Neponset, and actually secured to themselves one-third of the water of the Charles. In 1777 a petition to the Governor and Council, and another in 1807, by General Elliott, invoking the aid of the town of Newton in behalf of its own citizens, saved the remainder of the water to its rightful proprietors. The settlement caused much litigation.

At the northeast corner of Boylston and Chestnut Streets, Upper Falls, is a large, wooden house, which, from 1808 to 1850, bore the name of the " Manufacturers' Hotel," a place of considerable business, where merchants from Boston and the manufacturers of the village held frequent sessions to discuss their mutual interests.

The Lower Falls on Charles River are two miles below the Upper Falls. In 1703 John Leverett, of Boston, conveyed to John Hubbard, also of Boston, four acres of land at the Lower Falls, bounded on one side by a forty-acre lot, then belonging to Harvard University. This land has since been the site of all the mills on the Newton side of the river. In 1705 John Hubbard conveyed to his son, Nathaniel, one-half of this lot, with half the iron works thereon, and half the dam, flume, stream and running-gear belonging to the forge. Jonathan AVillard erected here, in 1704, iron works, forge and trip-hammer, which was the beginning of business at tha Lower Falls. In 1722 Mr. Willard became sole owner of the entire plant, and was the principal man of the iron works and of the village for nearly half a century. He was the first Baptist in Newton, and a member of the First Baptist Church in Boston ; and for many years he and his daughter were the only professors of that faith. Many kinds of business requiring water-power have been carried on here, as iron works, saw, grist, snutT, leather and paper-mills, calico-printing, machineshops, etc. But for the last half-century the manufacture of paper has been the leading industry. Eight or ten paper-mills, in constant operation, have supplied the traders and newspai>er pre.sscs of Boston and other cities and towns. The names of ex-Gov- ernor Rice and Hon. Thomas Rice, an influential and patriotic citizen, are prominent in tliis manufacture. Tlie first paper-mill was erected by Mr. John Ware, son of Profes-ior Ware, Sr., of Harvard College, in 1790, and father of Mrs. Eb -nezer Starr, whose liusband was the physician of the Lower Falls. The business was afterward enlarged under the management of the Curtises, Crehores and Rices. The worlc was at first done by liand; but after the invention of the Fourdriuier press, in England, the capacity of manufacture was greatly enhanced. The first machine of this kind in use in llie United States was placed in a mill at the Lower Falls.

In 1800 there were only thirteen houses in the village. The only post-office in Newton, previous to 1820, was at the Lower Falls. A stagecoach ran from the Lower Falls to Boston three times a week. The old Cataract Engine Company, at the Lower Falls, is the oldest fire organization in Newton. Their first tub was of wood, afterwards replaced by copper. Stringent rules were adopted to prevent the members from using spirituous liquors to an immoderate extent. The members paid an admission fee of $5.00. The organization lasted from 1813 to 1840.

Paper-making has been carried on here for much more than a century. The Crehore Mill, still in operation, as well as others, has proved a benefit to the whole country. Silk and hosiery manufactories and machine-shops have also been among the industries of the village. Mr. Isaac Hagar, of the Lower Falls, was a member of the School Committee thirty years.

West Newton. - Early in the present century West Newton became a kind of centre of several lines of stage-coaches; at one period as many as thirty made it a regular stopping-place daily. The private academy of Master Seth Davis, and his public spirit, enterprise and taste, probably did more than anything else in the first quarter of this century to bring the village into prominence. The fixing of a station of the Boston and Albany Railroad here was among the important elements of its prosperity in modern times. The Normal School removed hither from Lexington, and the presence of those rare educators, Rev. Cyrus Pierce and Mr. Ebeu Stearns, the head masters of it, and the influence of Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, who lived in his estate on Chestnut Street while he held that office, and the academy of the Aliens afterwards, and the educating influences of the town-meetings held there, at one period, alternating with sessions at Newton Centre, completed the circle of elements which gave the village fame and distinction. As early as 1661 Thomas Parker, John Fuller and Isaac Williams were probably the only settlers in this part of Newton. The house of Isaac Williams stood about thirty rods northeast of the site of the pre.sent meeting-house. The old Shepard house was near by, and, not far away, Peter Durell. The names of Fuller, Park, Craft, Jackson and Captain Isaac 2-iii and Col. Ephraim Williams were among the most prominent. The Robinson farm, of 200 acres, covered what is now Auburndale, reaching to the river. Here also was the Bourne house, Nathaniel Whittemore's tavern, in 1724, and* John Pigeon, that sterling patriot of the Revolution. Capt. Isaac Williams was the ancestor of all of that name whom Newton delights to honor, who shone in the pulpit and the field, as scholars, statesmen .and soldiers. Here also lived, till 1739, Col. Ephraim Williams, whose will, establishing Williams College, has perpetuated his name and fame. Two or three roads were laid out through the Williams land, which are still among the most important highways of the town. Dr. Samuel Wheat, the village physician, in and after 1733, bought fiftyfive acres of this farm. In 1767, a hundred and three years after the formation of the First Church in Newton, Jonathan Williams and others petitioned the town that money might be granted from the town treasury to support preaching in the meeting-house in the west part of the town in winter. The petition was not granied; but in 1778, eleven years later, by order of the General Court, in October, a line was drawn establishing and defining the West Parish. This implies that the jieople had already quietly built a church for their accommodation, in faith that their reasonable request would at .some future time be granted. The action of the Court gave the inhabitants liberty to elect to which parish they would belong. For the erection of this new parish was not without opposition. The parish covered a wide territory, and numbered not more than thirty-five or forty families, and from fifty to sixty dwellings. The first church built here, of very modest dimensions, and afterwards enlarged, was, after a time, removed, and became first the Town Hall, and when Newton grew into a city, was again variously enlarged and improved, and is now the City Hall. The three elmtrees in front of what was the Greenough estate were planted by fond parishioners. John Barbour kept the hotel and set out the great elm before it. The salary of Parson Greenough, the first minister in West Newton, was £80 and fifteen cords of wood annually. All the ministers of his day on public occasions wore powdered wigs. Rev. Mr. Greenough held on to the last to small clothes, knee-buckles and shoe-buckles, and to the cocked hat, until the boys followed him when he walked in the streets of Boston.

As the settlement of Newton (Newton Corner) was the beginning of Cambridge Village (Newton), its growth in population and wealth has wonderfully extended. The earliest station of the Boston and Albany Railroad at this point, and until 1845-50, was a small room partitioned off from the westerly end of a harness-maker's shop. The vilLage naturally extended southerly towards Newton Centre, where the meeting-house has stood since 1721, and onwards toward Newton Highlanda and Oak Hill,, and later in every other direction. Farlow Park was the generous gift of a citizen, Mr. J. P. Farlow, given on condition that the ground should be graded and adorned by the city authorities. The first important streets in Cambridge Village were made in this part of Newton, - the road from Brighton westward (Washington Street) and the Dedham Road (Centre Street). Nonantum Hill, overlooking the village, was the home of Waban, and here, among the wigwams, near the Eliot monument, the apostle to the Indians first preached to them the Gospel. Farther south, on Waverly Avenue, was the home of Mr. John Kenrick, .Ir., the first to embark in the nursery business in the vicinity of Boston, and the Hydes, in the same business on Centre Street, both descendants of the first settlers. Mr. Kenrick was a man of substance, the first president of the first Anti-Slavery Society in the United States, and a liberal contributor to its funds ; also, an efficient helper of the temperance reformation, and a friend of the poor and unfortunate in his native town. He left a fund, still existing, to be loaned to enterprising young mechanics just starting in business. In his vicinity lived Dr. James Freeman, grandfather of Dr. James Freeman Clarke. He was once pastor of King's Chapel, Boston, ^and under his lead that ancient church passed from the Episcopal faith to the Unitarian. Indian Lane (Sargent Street) was probably a path often trodden by the aborigines, and hence its name. Cotton Street, on the south side of the first cemetery, was one of the great streets of the town, accommodating all who came from " the east part,'' either to churcli on the Sabbath or to Lieut. John Spring's mill, on Mill Street.

Newtonville was chiefly known, in early times, as the Fuller farm, the residence of Judge Fuller (whose house occupied tlie same site now owned by ex-Governor Claflin), and afterwards of his son-in-law, Gen. William Hull. This land was part of the fiirm purchased in 1G38 of Thomas Mayhew, by Governor Simon Bradstreet. Newtonville in 1842 was only a flag-station of the Boston and Albany Railroad. A storehouse for the Miller Bullough's grain stood near the track on Walnut Street, and an occasional traveler, wishing the cars to stop for him, was obliged to raise the flag. The establishment of the mixed high school here, and, later, the high school for the whole town, have given it importance.

Newton Hiaii lands was chiefly known as the site of Mitchell's Tavern, kept in later times by Nancy Thornton, at the corner of Centre and Boylston Streets, and Bacon's Tavern, afterwards the estate of Dea. Asa Cook, wheelwright and undertaker, at the junction of Boylston and Elliott Streets. These two hotels caught the patronage of an extensive travel before the days of railroading, and were also the scene of convivial gatherings. A stone shop, for the blacksmith's craft, at the corner of Woodward Street, completed the conveniences of village life.

The railroad depot, of pink granite, was built by the Boston and Albany Railroad Corporation in 1886. The station has been fated to wear various names. The first was Oak Hill, though there was never a more level plain, and the heights of Oak Hill were far to the southeast; then it became Newton Dale and finally Newton Highlands ; but the high land is a considerable distance away, to the southeast, southwest and west. In this vicinity reside the twin brothers Cobb, Darius and Cyrus, artists; they were born in Maiden, where their father. Rev. Sylvauus Cobb, was settled as a Universalist minister, and first saw the light of this world in the same house and the same chamber with the celebrated missionary to Burmah, the Rev. Adoniram Judson.

AuBUENDALE anciently was best known as the home of the fervent patriot of the Revolution, John Pigeon. His house afterwards became, for several years, the Newton Almshouse. In 1800, within the present limits of Auburndale, extending to the Weston Bridge, there were only seven The old Whittemore tavern stood near the bridge, at Woodland Avenue, and was known as a house of entertainment in 1724. The starting of the village is due to a casual conversation in Newton Centre between Rev. Messrs. Gilbert, of West Newton, and Rev. Chas. du Marisque Pigeon, a scion of the John Pigeon household, in reference to Hull's Crossing, as the possible site of a future village, and a good place for the profitable investment of funds. Lasell Seminary has been one of the chief elements of its prosperity. The Rev. Mr. Pigeon and Rev. Messrs. Woodbridge and Partridge, his neighbors, in this so-called "Saints' Rest," after protracted consultation, agreed, in memory of the line,

The three new stations on the Newton Circuit Railroad, lying between Newton Highlands and Riverside, are just becoming the nucleus of new villages in Newton.

Eliot, near Elliott Street, and near the old tollhouse, still standing, on the former Worcester Turnpike, seems, from its spelling, to be designed as a memorial of Rev. John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. Very near it is the house of the renowned General Cheney, and the home of the Ellis family, the birthplace of two distinguished Unitarian clergymen of Boston, Rev. Alessrs. Gtorge E. and Rufus Eilis. The plain north of Eliot is said by geologists to have once been an extensive lake, whose dark ooze is turned up twenty or thirty feet below the surface. Singular hollows exist, of funnel shape, at various points, at the bottom of which large trees are growing.

Chestnut Hit.l, now a lovely and cultivated swell of land, adorned with tasteful dwellings and evergreen shrubbery, was for many years a dry and breezy expause of pasture. On Beacon Street, on the northern side of the hill, still stands the old Hammond house, built in 1730, an ancient unpainted structure with its rear facing the street, and the roof descending almost to the ground. The ancient Kingsbury house was the home of John Parker, who came from Hingham in 1650. Its huge chimney and broad, uncomely barns near the house, and mighty overhanging elm, proclaim its age. In 1700 part of the estate passed into the hands of Hon. Ebenezer Stone. The Dr. Slade house, corner of Beacon and Hammond Streets, was honored by the reception of Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, when he visited the United States in 1876. The house of Judge l/owell was built by one of the Hammonds in 1773, and remained in the family over eighty years. It came to the Lowells after 1850. Hammond's Pond covers about twenty acres. Thomas, after whom it was named, was one of the three richest colonists of Newton, the other two being John and Edward Jackson. Another settler in this vicinity was Vincent Druce, who built the house on the Denny place, about 1695. Before the war of King Philip Thomas Greenwood, the weaver and town clerk, lived ' in this vicinity. Up to 1850 all Chestnut Hill, except the forests and pasture lands, was occupied as market gardens by Messrs. Kingsbury, Woodward and the Stones.

Up to that time the streets were grassy lanes, bordered by weeds and brush. In about 1850 an artificial channel was dug from Hammond's Pond, by which the overflow was to be conducted into Smelt Brook, thus increasing the power of the mill on Mill Street, formerly Lieutenant John Spring's. The grounds near the railroad station were laid out by Frederick Law Olmstead, and the station itself is a gem of architecture by the late H. H. Richardson, of Brookline. The more recent inhabitants have been sometimes called "the Essex Colony," because its chief families originated in Essex County, Mass.; the Saltonstalls and Lees being from Salem, and the Lowells from Newbury.

Waban is said to have been a favorite huntingground of Waban, the chief of the Nonantum Indians, where he encamped spring and fall with parties of his people, to hunt and fish along the banks of the Quinobequin (Charles River). He was Eliot's first convert, and it is fitting that these two villages, side by side, should be a memorial of their relations, as Gospel teacher and catechumen. The region now constituting Waban was the farm of John Staples, the first schoolmaster of Newton. The farm has passed through several hands since his time, as Moses Craft, 1729; Joseph Craft, 1753; William Wiswall, 1788; David Kinmouth, merchant of Boston, and William C. Strong, whose extensive nurseries are everywhere celebrated. Moflatt Hill, on this estate, was so called after the name of a resident on it for a brief period. When the new streets of Waban were built to its summit, the name was changed to Beacon Hill, because for several years the beacon of the

Woodland Station is chiefly interesting, thus far. as the seat of the Woodland Park Hotel and the Newton Cottage Hospital. Near the former is the site of the old Stimson place, so called, well known by residents of a hundred or more years ago. It owes its importance to the station built here on the Newton Circuit Railroad. Being continuous with Auburndale, of which it is really only a suburb, the pleasant scenery and palatial homes of that village are justly claimed as belonging to both villages alike.

Riverside. - This station, the seat of Miss Smith's Home and Day School, is the point between Woodland and Aubutndale, where the Charles River, just below the tracks of the railroad, furnishes a delightful naval station. Here the Boston and Albany Railroad sends ofi" a branch from the main road to the Lower Falls, and on the opposite side the circuit road comes in from Newton Centre. The club-house of the Newton Boat Club, and the romantic boat-builders' shop on the river below, are the main features. The club was organized in 1875, having now about 200 members. The boating-ground is about five miles long, from Waltham to the rapids, near County Rock. An annual gala day festival is held in the autumn, when sometimes four hundred boats are in line.

The North Village, or Nonantum, was on both sides of Charles River, and for many years known as Bemis' Factory. All the land on the Newton side of the river, from near the Watertown line to the north end of Fox Island, for a century or more from the first settlement belonged to Richard Park and John Fuller and their heirs. This tract now belongs, by cession of Newton, to Waltham. John Fuller had seven sons. With some or all of them he went out once upon a time to explore the surrounding wilderness. At noon-day, hungry and weary, they sat down to refresh themselves on the banks of a brook with cheese and cake; and the stream hence acquired the name of Cheesecake Brook. Previous to 1764 David Bemis bought sixty-foi^r acres of land on- the Watertown side, embracing all the land now covered by the village on that side of the river. In 1778, in connection with Dr. Enos Sumner, who owned the land on the Newton side, he built the original dam across the river. A paper-mill was erected in 1779, and the Bemises, father and son, carried on this business, alone or in association with others, till 1821, when the water-power was sold to Seth Bemis. Captain Luke Bemis is regarded as the first successful paper manufacturer in Massachusetts. He had to overcome great diiBculties, and to import many of his workmen and most of his machinery from Europe. But so important was the manufacture to the interests of the country, that when bis works were destroyed by fire, the Legislature of Massachusetts voted a special grant to enable him to rebuild his mill.

facturing paper on the Newton side of the river, the former built a grist-mill and snuff-mill on the Watertown side, which was inherited by his sons Luke and Seth. The latter carried on successfully the manufacture of chocolate, dye-woods and medicinal roots till 1803, and then turned his attention to cotton machinery. The profits derived from his cotton-warp were said to be almost fabulous. With the aid of foreign weavers, in 1808 or 1809, Mr. Bemis began the manufacture of sheeting, shirting, bed-licking, satinet and cotton-duck, Mr. Bemis being the first manufacturer of the latter article in the United States. In 1812 Mr. Bemis built a gas-house in connection with his works. This is said to have been the first attempt in the United States to manufacture coal-gas. Thus carburetted hydrogen for illuminating purposes gleamed out over the water of Charles Kiver from the windows of the Bemis factory and irradiated the intervales of Newton two years before it was in use in England.

For the first eighteen or twenty years the employees in this busy village were summoned to their work by the blast of a horn. This led to the ludicrous name of " Tin Horn," long afterwards applied to the village. From the original purchase in 1753 this property was in the Bemis family a full century and a quarter on the Watertown side, and nearly a century on the Newton side. A bridge, which was private property, was built across the river by the Bemises between 1700 and 1796. For ten or twelve yards it was without railing. In 1807 the Watertown end was carried away by a freshet, and only a footbridge took its place for two or three years. A new bridge was built for teams, but in 1818 the same end was again carried aw.ay. The road leading across the bridge was laid out as a public hiirlnvay in 1816, and in later times received the name of California Street. Cemeteries. - The first cemetery in Newton was that on the east side of Centre Street, opposite the estate of the late Gardner Colby. An acre of land was given by Deacon John Jackson " for a meetinghouse and for a burying-place." The first church was in the centre of the cemetery. The place was afterwards enlarged by another acre, given by his son, Abraham Jackson; but no deed of this acre being recorded, and a later heir setting up a claim to it, the town, in 1765, relinquished the piece on the southwest corner, bounded on Cotton and Centre Streets, and voted " to settle the bounds and fence the burying-place, measuring one acre ami three-quarters and twenty rods." An addition on the east side was purchased in 1834, making the whole area nearly thres acres. The twenty-acre lot east of the cemetery was anciently called Chestnut Hill. The first tenant of the cemetery was the wife of John Eliot, Jr., the young pastor. She was the daughter of Thomas Willett, the first mayor of New York City, and died ,\pril 13, 1665. It is a singular coincidence that the wife of the apostle Eliot, father of this John, is said to have been the fir.^l tenant of the Eustis Street Cemetery in Roxbury, where the Indian apostle also is buried. The second is supposed to have been the young pastor himself. On a mound not far from the entrance of the cemetery, the two later pastors. Homer and Grafton, who labored together side by side, the one a pastor more than half a century and the other not much less, sleep under fitting monuments. Near the grave of General William Hull is a spreading willow, raised from a slip of a willow which grew on the restingplace of Napoleon on the island of St. Helena. From the time when the ceremony of Decoration day began to be kept, Mr. Seth Davis, of West Newton, then a nonagenarian, took pains, annually and alone, to travel two miles from his home to lay his tribute on the grave of General Hull. He was a friend of the general, and thought he had been treated unjustly. In 1823 the town erected a monument to the memory of John Eliot, Jr., with a suitable inscription. The descendants of the families of the first settlers erected a conspicuous but modest monument in the centre of this ancient cemetery in the year 1852, designed to perpetuate the memory of their early ancestors. It is a plain obelisk or pillar, having recorded on it the names of the first twenty settlers of Newton, with the dates of their settlement and death, and ages at the time of their death. The inscriptions on the other three sides of the monument are as follows : Thomas Wiswall, ordained Ruling Elder July 20, 1064. His son, Enoch, of Dorchester, died November 28, 1706, aged seventy-three. Rev. Ichabod, minister of Duxbury thirty years, agent of Plymouth Colony in England, 1690. Died July 23, 1700, aged sixty-three. Captain Noah, of Newton, an oflScer in the expedition against Canada, killed in battle with the French and Indians, July 6, 1690, aged fifty, leaving a son Thomas. Ebenezer, of Newton, died June 21, 1691, aged forty-five.

Rev. John Eliot, Jr., first pastor of the First Church, ordained July 20, 1664. His widow married Edmund Quincy, of Braintree, and died in 1700. His only daughter married John Bowles, Esq., of Roxbury, and died May 23, 1687. His only son, John, settled in "Windsor, Connecticut, where he died in 1733, leaving a son John, a student in Yale College.

Deacon John Jackson gave one acre of land for this burial-place and First Church, which was erected upon this spot in 1660. Abraham Jackson, son of Deacon John, gave one acre, which two acres form the old part of this cemetery. Edward Jackson gave twenty acres for the parsonage in 1660, and thirty-one acres for the ministerial wood-lot in 1681. His widow, Elizabeth, died September, 1809, aged ninety-two.

On a green mound, not far from the entrance, stand two white monuments, similar in form, dedicated to the llev. Dr. Homer and Rev. Mr. Grafton, pastors for about half a century each over the neighboring Congregational and Baptist Churches. They lived and labored side by side, in harmony, as faithful shepherds, and in death they are not divided. The.»e monuments were erected by subscriptions of Sl.OO each, through the energy of Mr. Thomas Edmunds. A multitude were glad in this way to honor their beloved pastors.

Colonel Nathan Fuller gave to the West Parish for a cemetery an acre and a half of land, in September, 1781, about the time of the settlement of the first pastor. Rev. William Greenough. Itliesabout sixty rods north of the meeting-house. The first tenant of the cemetery was a young woman seventeen years of age, who died of the small-pox. The first man buried here is John Barbour, who kept the tavern near the meeting-house, and set out the great elm in front of it on Washington Street in 1767. His widow married Samuel Jenks, father of Rev. Dr. William Jenks, of Boston.

The South Burial-ground, near the corner of Centre and Needham Streets, was laid out in 1802. A committee of the inhabitants of the south part of the town bought three-quarters of an acre of land of Captain David Richardson for a cemetery. Part of the ground was laid out in equal family lots for the original subscribers. About 1833 Mr. Amasa Winchester gave to the town three-quarters of an acre adjoining, and the town purchased the cemetery of the proprietors. This shaded nook was used for many years for the convenience of families living in and near Oak Hill and the Upper Falls. The residents of the Upper Falls had no other burying-place.

St. Mary's Parish, Lower Falls, was incorporated by the General Court in 1813, and about the same date two acres of land were presented to the corporation for the church and cemetery by Mr. Samuel Brown, of Boston. One of the most interesting of the memorials of the silent sleepers in this cemetery is that of Zibeon Hooker, a drummer in the Revolutionary War, who died aged eighty. His bass-drum was perforated by a British bullet in the battle of Bunker Hill.

The older cemeteries being small and crowded, and the spirit of the times demanding an improvement in the matter of the burial of the dead, the beautiful cemetery on Walnut Street, near the centre of Newton, was commenced in 1855. At first, thirty acres of land were purchased, admirably adapted to such a use, and later, thirty-five acres additional, extending from Beacon Street nearly to Homer Street. Dr. Henry Bigelow was the first president of the Board of Trustees. Mr. Henry Ross was appointed superintendent in 1861. The cemetery was dedicated by public exercises June 10, 1857 : prayer by Rev. D. L. Furber ; address by Prof. F. D. Huntington, of Harvard College. The gateway was completed in 1871. The Soldiers' Monument, near the entrance, was dedicated by prayer and eloquent addresses July 23, 1864. The oration was by Rev. Prof H. B. Hackett,of the Newton Theological Institution. It was one of the first memorials, if not the first, erected in honor of the patriots who fell in the Civil War. Hon. J. Wiley Edmands headed the subscriptions for the monument by a pledge of $1000. Nearly $1200 were raised by pledges of one dollar each by the citizens of Newton ; more than 1100 children of the public schools gave one dime each. The monument and surroundings cost $5220.50 ; the land constituting the soldiers' lot was given by the city. The entablature records the names of 59 Newton men who sacrificed their lives for. their country. The chapel, built at an expense of .-$20,000, was a gift of the city by J. S. Farlow, Esq. One of the lots in this cemetery, called "the Missionary Lot," belongs to the American Baptist Missionary Union, where veteran missionaries, returning to this vicinity and dying at home, may be buried, unless their friends direct otherwise. The first to be laid here was Rev. Benj. C. Thomas, 1869, for twenty years a missionary in Burmah ; the second, Mrs. Ashmore, missionary in China.

The Revolution. - Newton has been distinguished from the beginning by its patriotic and mi'itary , spirit. The Common at Newton Centre was given to the town for a training-field forever, nearly two-thirds by Jonathan Hyde and one-third by Elder Wiswall. No deed of the gift remains, but it is known to have been in possession of the town since 1711. In 1799 a powder-house was built on it, on the east side, near where Lyman Street begins, and stood about fifty years. A second training-field, measuring 136 rods, and bounded on all sides by townways, was laid out at Newtonville in 1735, by Capt. Joseph Fuller, and given " to the military foot company forever." But after the Revolutionary War was ended, and the government established, this field was discontinued and returned to the legal heirs. A large number of Newton's citizens bore military titles. In a register extending to the year 1800 there are two generals, nine colonels, three majors, forty-one captains, twenty-one lieutenants and eight ensigns. In the events preceding and accompanying the Revolution, " the inhabitants of Newton, almost to a man," says Mr. Jackson, " made the most heroic and vigorous efforts to sustain the common cause of the country, from the first hour to the last." Oct. 21, 1765, ten days before the Stamp Act was to go into operation, the town recorded its first patriotic and revolutionary action in the form of instructions to Capt. Abraham Fuller, their representative to the General Court. The instructions closed with these heroic words : " Voted that the foregoing instructions be the instructions to the Representative of this town, and that he is now enjoined firmly to adhere to the same ; also, that the same be recorded in the Town Book, that posterity may see and know the great concern the people of this day had for their invaluable rights and privileges and liberties."

The General Court passed a series of resolutions Oct. 29th, aflirming their conviction of the injustice of an attempt to eriforce the right of taxation on the col- onists, without granting them at the same time the right of representation. In consequence of the unjust and oppressive act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, great riots took place in Boston. Governor Hutchinson's house was sacked, and much property destroyed. The people of Newton, in town-meeting DSsembled, affirmed their abhorrence of this lawless destruction of property, and instructed their representative to use hia influence to have the lo.sses made up out of the public treasury or otherwise, "as shall seem most just and convenient." But the spirit of opposition was not quelled. More than two hundred merchants of New York held a meeting in which they "resolved to import no goods from England until the Stamp Act be repealed ; to immediately countermand all orders sent for spring goods, and to sell no goods from England on commission." The next year the Stamp Act was repealed, and the gratitude of the people found utterance in the erection of a leaden statue of George III. on horseback on Bowling Green, New York City. A few years afterwards, in a revulsion of feeling on account of the tax on tea, this same statue, the horse and his rider, was torn from the pedestal and run into thousands of bullets by the wife and daughters of Oliver Walcott, Governor of Connecticut. These bullets did good service to the American patriots, subsequently, in the invasion of Connecticut by the British soldiery, - a mine of ammunition easily accessible and made ready to their hand.

In 1767 it was unanimously voted by the townsmen " strictly to adhere to the late regulation respecting funerals, and not to use any gloves but what are manufactured here, nor procure any new garments upon such occasions but what shall be absolutely necessary." Also, " that this town will take all prudent and legal measures to encourage ;he produce and manufactures of this province, and to lessen the use of superfluities, and particularly the following enumerated articles imported from abroad, viz.: loaf sugar, cordage, anchors, coaches, chaises, and carriages of all sorts, horae furniture, men's and women's hats, men's and women's apparel ready made, household furniture, gloves, men's and women's shoes, sole leather, sheathing, duck, nails, gold and silver and thread lace of all sorts, gold and silver buttons, wrought plate of all sorts, diamonds, stone and paste ware, snuflf, mustard, clocks and watches, silversmiths' and jewellers' ware, broadcloths that cost above ten shillings per yard, mulTs, funs, tippets and all sorts of millinery ware, starch, women's and children's stays, fire-engines, china ware, silk and cotton velvets, gauze, pewterers' hollow-ware, linseed oil, glue, lawns, cambric, silk of all kinds for garments, malt liquors and cheese."