Ashland City (part 32 of 57)

wife of Robert Jones, a farmer of Vermillion township ; Malissa, the wife of John Frank, of Green township ; Edward, living in Hanover township ; John, who followed farming in Vermillion township ; Milton, residing in Mohican township ; Bertha, the wife of Watson Donaldson, of Mohican township ; and Clara, at home. Mr. Shafer has always been a hard worker, carefully carrying on his business interests, and his enterprise has brought to him a substantial measure of success.

Jeremiah Wolf

Jeremiah Wolf, better known as " Jerry,' ' a member of the firm of Thomas, Myers & Wolf, lumber merchants, occupies a prominent position in the commercial and financial circles of Ashland. A native of Richland county, Ohio, his birth occurred October 15, T851, and he is a son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Arnold) Wolf, the former a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and the latter of Richland county, this state. The father pursued agriculture in Blooming Grove township, where he and his wife resided until they entered into rest.

Jeremiah Wolf was reared under the tender care of his parents, who enrolled him as a pupil at the public schools when he had attained the required age, and after receiving his preliminary education he was given the advantage of a course of study in a high school in Wayne county, this state, where he prepared himself to teach school. When nineteen years of age he applied himself to that occupation, following it for six years. He taught during the winter months in the schools of Richland county, spending the summer in agricultural pursuits. Upon giving up teaching he turned his attention to farming, at which he made quite a success and he now owns one of the finest farms in this vicinity containing one hundred and twenty acres. Leaving his farm in 1893 he went to Shiloh, where he turned his attention to the stock business, in which enterprise he had taken considerable interest for several years in connection with his farming pursuits, and while in that city he also became associated with the banking business, conducting a private institution by himself. Subse quently he organized the Shiloh Bank & Savings Company and was made president of the last named institution, the duties of which office he performed for some time, when, upon deciding to remove to Ashland and feeling that the interests of the bank had better be handled by a resident he resigned his office as president although he still retains a financial interest in the concern and is consulted in its business investments. In the fall of 1903 Mr. Wolf located in -^Ashland and in March, 1906, purchased an interest in the lumber business of J. W. Myers & Company, which was later conducted under the name of Thomas, Myers & Wolf. He was also one of the organizers of the Ashland Bank & Savings Company, being a member of the board of directors of that institution. He is a man of excellent business ability and judgment, possessed of a remarkable degree of enterprise and activity and is a leading factor in the financial affairs of this city. Aside from his extensive business interests here he is also concerned in real estate in other places and owns a half interest in a valuable farm of eighty acres located in Montgomery township, one mile east of this city.

On October 30, 1872, Mr. Wolf wedded Miss Alzina Crum, a native of Butler township, Richland county, and to this union was born one child, who is deceased. Mr. Wolf is well known in fraternal organizations, being a member of Shiloh Lodge, A. F. & A. M., and of Plymouth Chapter, R. A. M. He belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church, where he attends divine services and to which he is a liberal contributor, and, being a man of recognized business ability, whose efforts in commercial lines have not only effected his own prosperity but also that of the community at large, he justly deserves a place among the city's most worthy and beneficial citizens.

John E. Brubaker

John E. Brubaker, one of the leading business men of Ashland, this county, was born here, Apl*il 1, 1870, a son of John W. and Eliza (Barr) Brubaker, both of whom were natives of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where the birth of the father occurred in 1822 and that of the mother in 1826. They died here in the years 1902 and 1901 respectively. The father came to this state when a boy with his parents, Peter and Katherine (Albert) Brubaker, who settled on one hundred and sixty acres of timber land, and when he became old enough he assisted his father in clearing the farm, in the meantime taking advantage of the educational opportunities afforded by the village schools. He remained at home until he became of age, when he purchased a farm of his own containing one hundred and twenty-seven acres of land, the greater portion of which he cleared and upon which he remained until 1882, when he purchased a home in the village of Ashland, there spending his remaining days in retirement. He was a man of great reserve who was not affiliated with any secret societies or fraternal organizations, preferring to live in quiet and devote his leisure time to his family. Politically he was a democrat, and as to his religious convictions a member of that denomination of Christians known as Dunkards, in the creed of which he was a firm believer. In his family were the following children : Mrs. Harriet Kohler; Mrs. Anna Reep; Mrs. May Hoot; Cornelius; John E.; Mrs. Adeline Backhouse ; and Mrs. Sarah Baum.

John E. Brubaker was reared on his father's farm and acquired his education in the Ashland schools and when twenty years of age he took his first step in the business world as a clerk for Brown & Landis, general merchants, remaining with them until he had become familiar with the various phases of the enterprise. He then launched out in the same business for himself and carried it on for a period of five years, meeting with su'ffi success that at the expiration of that time he had amassed sufficient means to enable him to buv the business in which he is now engaged. In March, 1908. he sold a half interest to Mr. McCullough, the firm becoming known as Brubaker & McCullough. The company transacts an annual business of approximately forty-eight thousand dollars, and the enterprise is one of the largest in this part of the state. It has attained its present proportions and acquired its vast volume of trade almost exclusively through the business ability and careful management of Mr. Brubaker. His commercial enterprises are not alone confined to this business as he is a director of the United States Cement Block Machine and the United States Cement Mixer Company, in which company he is also a heavy stockholder.

On November 13, 1896, Mr. Brubaker was united in marriage to Miss Stella Hess, daughter of Chris and Elizabeth Hess, whose birth occurred here February 17, 1872. To this union have been born Ruth, who is in her twelfth year - and John Robert, whose birth occurred December 30, 1905. It is the purpose of their parents to give them the full advantage of a higher education.

Mr. Brubaker gives his allegiance to the democratic party, is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is also affiliated with the Modern Woodmen of America. His religious convictions are on the side of Lutheranism and with his wife he attends divine services at a church of that denomination. He owns one of the finest residences in this part of the county and it is of modem architecture, containing every convenience and located outside the city limits on a beautiful tract of land containing forty-three acres. He has added to his home every comfort with which to facilitate happiness and enjoyment. Mr. Brubaker's enterprise has already made him a man of affairs, and being still young, by the manifestation of the admirable business qualities he has already shown, the future undoubtedly reserves for him a still higher position in the financial circles of the county.

George W. Walter

George W. Walter has not confined his time and attention to one T ie of business activity, but is today equally well known in agricultural, industrial and political circles of Green and Hanover townships, his. energy and enterprise having brought him into prominence in the communities in which he has resided.

A native of Ohio, he was born in Brown township, Knox county, about eight miles from Loudon ville, July 29, 1859, a son of Samuel and Juda (Oakes) Walter, natives of New York and Pennsylvania, respectively. Extended mention is made of them on another page of this volume. George W. Walter was one of a family of seven children, five of whom are yet living. In 1860 he removed with his parents to a farm in Green township, Ashland county, where he has since continued to live.

Spending the days of his boyhood and youth on his father's farm, his early life was not unlike that of thousands of other country lads. As his strength and years permitted, he participated more and more in the work of the fields and remained with his father, assisting him in his agricultural pursuits, until his marriage. At that time he purchased a farm of eighty acres, one-half a mile northeast of Perrysville, and continued to make this his home for seventeen years, during which time he brought his fields under a high state of cultivation and they in return yielded him abundant harvests, so that as the years have come and gone he has been justified in extending his interests into other fields of activity. The farm, however, still remains in his possession. About the year 1899 he removed to Perrysville, where he remained until 1906, when he came to Loudonville, where he has since resided. That he has been popular in the communities in which he has lived and that his fellowmen have recognized his ability and worth is indicated in the fact that during his residence in Perrysville he served as county commissioner for two terms of three years each, or from September 19, 1900, until September 17, 1906, having been elected on the democratic ticket. Just prior to his removal to Loudonville he served as a member of the school board of Perrysville for fifteen years, and the cause of education found in him a stalwart champion. He also served as a member of the Perrysville council for three years and was constable at the time of his removal, having held that office for three years, it being his first political position. Since arriving in Loudonville he has been assessor of precinct No. 2, Green township. All of his public duties have been performed with marked promptness and faithfulness, which have won for him the hearty endorsement of his fellowmen and a place among the prominent and well known citizens of his community. He is an important factor in industrial circles, being one of the firm of Walter Brothers & Jones, well known undertakers of Loudonville, his brothers, Nathaniel and J. C. being partners, while the fourth member is W. E. Jones. Mr. Walter and his brothers also carry on a general farming and stock-raising business on the former's farm in Green township, and together they own three fine farms in that township. Aside from their farm land they own the C. C. Coulter block in Perrysville and also possess considerable property in Loudonville, while George W. Walter is a director in the Perrysville Pottery Company of Perrysville.

On the 22d of August, 1882, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Walter and Ella M. Helbert, a daughter of Jacob and Katharine (Stephens) Helbert, and a native of Lake township, Ashland county, where her birth occurred June 18, 1864. Their family consists of two children. Ethel Leone wedded L. E. Shumacher, of Perrysville, and by her marriage has four children, George E., Berdella May, Leone and Paul Jacob. Eulalia J., the younger daughter, yet makes her home with her parents. The family have an elegant home at the corner of Campbell and Water streets. Public spirited, Mr. Walter gives hearty support and cooperation to all measures and movements which have a direct bearing upon the welfare and upbuilding of the community, and his career has been such as to warrant the confidence and trust of all with whom he has been brought in contact.

Charles C. Chapman

Charles C. Chapman, a well known representative of the legal fraternity whose ability and thorough understanding of the law are evidenced in the liberal and important clientage accorded him, was born in Mohican township, Ashland county, Ohio, May 24, 1871, his parents being Richard M. and Rhoda A. (Webster) Chapman, the former a native of Holmes county and the latter of Ashland county. The paternal grandfather was a Pennsylvanian by birth and, coming to Ohio at an early period in the development of this state, settled in Holmes county, while later he removed to this county and took up his abode in Lake township, where his remaining days were passed. He was a prominent farmer of that section and for years held the office of justice of the peace, his decisions being characterized by strict impartiality, equity and comprehensive knowledge of the law.

Following his marriage Richard M. Chapman, who was largely reared in this county, took up farming as his life work and has always devoted his energies to general agricultural pursuits, winning success through his well directed labors and unfaltering industry. He now resides in Montgomery township about two and a half miles east of Ashland. He has practically retired from active life, however, having rented his land in Montgomery township, although he still lives on the farm. He is known as one of the representative and worthy citizens of that locality and enjoys the esteem of many friends. His political allegiance is stanchly given to the democratic party.

In taking up the personal history of Charles C. Chapman we present to our readers the life record of one who is widely and favorably known in this county, having spent his entire life within its borders. He was a pupil in the district schools in his early boyhood and in 1894 he began his career as a teacher, following that profession through the winter months, while in the summer seasons he engaged in farming. He also pursued a teacher's course in the Ohio Northern University and prior to the time when he took up the profession of teaching he attended the Hayesville Academy. For a little more than six years he was identified with educational work, imparting clearly and readily to others the knowledge that he had acquired and also maintaining good discipline, which is ever an essential feature in the best school work. In the fall of 1899 Mr. Chapman was called by the vote of his fellow townsmen to public office, being elected to the position of county clerk. He served for two consecutive terms, from 1900 until 1906, and then retired from the office as he had entered it - with the confidence and good will of all concerned.

While filling that position Mr. Chapman determined to adopt the profession of law and to this end began reading the text-books and commentaries now in use. In October, 1906, he entered the law department of the Ohio Northern University at Ada, Ohio, and while a student there he also completed his scientific 'course and was given the degree of Bachelor of Science. He was graduated from the law department in the class of 1908 and on the 23d of June of that year was admitted to the bar. Soon afterward he opened an office in Ashland and on the 15th of November he formed a partnership with Jay P. Taggart. Together they are now practicing law under the firm style of Chapman & Taggart and although one of the younger firms, they have a good clientage and are making steady progress in professional lines.

In 1898 Mr. Chapman was married to Miss Adaline Kohler, a daughter of Henry and Harriet (Brubaker) Kohler, of Ashland, the former now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Chapman have an interesting little daughter, Florence Ruth. The parents are prominent socially and are well known members of the Presbyterian church, while in fraternal lines Mr. Chapman is connected with Mohican Lodge, No. 85, I. 0. 0. F., and Excelsior Camp, No. 237, M. W. A. In all the relations of life he has enjoyed the respect and confidence of his fellowmen and his sterling traits of character have won him warm friendship.

Mr. Chapman has always been an earnest advocate of democratic principles and is recognized as one of the able workers in the local ranks of the party. He served for three terms as chairman of the democratic county committee and of the executive committee and is one of the well known of the younger generation of Ashland county's representative men in both political and professional lines.

William H. McAdoo, an enterprising and successful farmer and stockman of Montgomery township, was born in Pennsylvania on the 28th of April, 1864. His father, a resident of the Keystone state, is extensively engaged in agricultural pursuits, owning about four hundred acres of land and about five hundred head of high grade sheep. He has now attained the age of sixty-seven years and is a self-made man, having accumulated his present competence entirely through his own efforts as a farmer.

William H. McAdoo acquired his preliminary education in the common schools and then spent one year in the State Normal School of Pennsylvania, after which he engaged in teaching for one winter term. Throughout his active business career, however, he has been engaged in farming and in November 1896, made his way from his native state to Ashland county, Ohio, purchasing a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Montgomery township, where he has a pleasant and commodious home and has since continued to reside. He likewise owns another farm of seventy-two and a half acres and has accumulated his present valuable holdings entirely through his personal efforts since starting out in life for himself, his record proving the fact that success is not a matter of genius, as some aver, but comes as the result of indefatigable labor, sound judgment and experience. In addition to raising the cereals best adapted to soil and climate he makes a specialty of stock, having two hundred and fifty head of high grade Delaine sheep and quite a large number of hogs, as well as some cattle and horses.

On the 15th of October, 1890, Mr. McAdoo was united in marriage to Miss Jennie E. Quinn, whose birth occurred in Washington county, Ohio, February *7, 1866, her father being James Quinn. She enjoyed excellent educational advantages in early life and prior to her marriage taught school for six years. She is now the mother of three children, namely : Elizabeth B., born in 1892 ; James Robert, whose natal day was July 30, 1900; and William Quinn, who was born October 9, 1905. Mr. McAdoo is fully cognizant of the value of a good education in the practical and responsible duties of life and intends giving all of his children advanced privileges in this direction. His daughter has now almost completed the high-school course in Ashland.

Mr. McAdoo exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the democracy and in religious faith is a Presbyterian. Starting out in life for himself empty handed, he has made steady progress and as the years have gone by he has achieved a measure of success which is most gratifying. Moreover, his business methods have ever been honorable and reliable, winning for him the respect and good will of his fellowmen.

E. H. Charles

E. H. Charles, who has been closely identified with agricultural and industrial interests for many years but now devotes his attention to farming and to the sale of butter and eggs, makes his home on section 35, Mifflin township. He was born about a mile north of the village of Mifflin, on the 17th of February, 1836, and is the fifth in order of birth in a family of six children whose parents were John and Maria (Huber) Charles, who were natives of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. They were reared and married in that state and in 1826 came to Ohio, settling on the farm where the birth of their son, E. H. Charles, occurred. The father was a farmer and miller, pursuing those pursuits throughout his entire life. He died February 14, 1884, at the age of eighty-one years, seven months and one day, while his wife passed away October 10, 1877, at the age of sixty-eight years, eight months and eighteen days. Following their arrival in this county the father cleared a tract of land which was originally covered with a dense growth of timber. He was a very strong man physically, well qualified to cope with the arduous and strenuous duties of pioneer life. Moreover he was a man greatly respected and trusted by all who knew him and his fellow townsmen called him to fill all of the township offices, while he also settled many estates. Unto him and his wife were born six children: John, who died at the age of three years; Eliza, deceased; Mary Ann, the deceased wife of John Weaver; Fannie, who became the wife of Sam

E. H. Charles was reared in the usual manner of farm lads. The district schools afforded him his educational privileges and he therein mastered the common branches of learning. He remained on the farm with his parents until seventeen years of age, when he began working in a dry-goods store in Mifflin, where he remained for three years. He then came with his parents to his present farm in 1859 and has made his home thereon for a half century. It is situated on the Black Fork on section 35, Mifflin township. He and his father owned the grist and sawmill for forty-eight years, E. H. Charles conducting it by himself for twenty-two years, while he was also identified with his father all of the time the latter was operating the mill. In 1884 he left the mill and when his father died the property was sold and Mr. Charles has since given his attention to general farming. Aside from tilling the soil he makes a specialty of butter and eggs, which he sells in the Mansfield market every week to special customers.

In 1862 occurred the marriage of Mr. Charles and Miss Fannie Kauffman, who was born in Mifflin township, Richland county, five miles east of Mansfield, Ohio, November 18, 1838, and resided there until her marriage. Her parents were Christian and Anna (Staman) Kauffman, who were natives of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, but following their removal westward spent their remaining days on the farm in Richland county on which they first settled. The mother died March 23, 1896, at the age of eighty-seven years and six months, while the father passed away May 1, 1876, at the age of sixty-seven years and six months. Their family numbered six children, of whom one died in infancy. The others were Sarah, the deceased wife of Alexander McElroy; Anna, who is living with her sister, Mrs. Charles; Jacob, who went to Santa Fe, New Mexico, with an exploration company and was never heard from again; Mrs. Charles; and Maria, the deceased wife of Dr. E. Y. Kendig. Mr. and Mrs. Charles have had no children of their own but have reared several.

In his political views Mr. Charles is an earnest democrat, doing all in his power to promote the growth and insure the success of the party. He served as township treasurer for four years, was trustee for six years and in 1890 was land appraiser and again in 1900. He became a member of the Chestnut Grove River Brethren church and is active in the church work. His life has at all times been the exponent of honorable principles of manhood and he has a wide acquaintance in the county.

Source changes here: from History of Ashland Country Ohio, by A.J.Baughman, published 1909; 403,489 words in this source stream.

History The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co

The reproduction of this book has been made possible through the sponsorship of The Ashland County Chapter of the Ohio Genealogical Society, Ashland, Ohio.

Preface

Introductory to this work the author makes the following statement: After having written the history of Richland county, which was published in 1908, by the S. J. Clarke Company, of Chicago, I was engaged by the same firm to write a history of Ashland county. Next to old Richland, Ashland county I hold in the highest sentimental regard for my grandfather, Abraham Baughman was one of the first settlers in Green township, now in Ashland county, having settled near the Indian village of Greentown, when there was not another white settler in the Blackfork valley; there too my father, Jacob Baughman, was reared.

While introductory reference may be given of the early settlement of the territory of which Ohio is now a part, the main object of this work is to give the history of Ashland county from its erection in 1846 to the present time.

The bibliography of the Ashland county pre-historic earthworks will be given with a chapter upon the Mound Builders that centuries ago fortified our hills and peopled our valleys.

America is the only country that was settled by pioneers, and the pioneer was one of the grandest types of humanity in the world. In selfdenial, in industry and in the practice of the virtues that distinguished good men and women the pioneers of America made a record in human affairs that should be the boast of their descendents from generation to generation. The Buckeye pioneers stood at the head of the list, and the Ashland county pioneers were well up in the ranks of their fellow Buckeyes. The lights and shadows of their toilsome lives form a picture beautiful to look upon and impressive in the lessons it teaches. <A halo of romance clings around the history of each humble cabin that was a pioneer home. Deep, dark forests stretched for miles around, and the cries of wild beasts were borne upon the air when night's shadows hung in heavy folds over the earth. Sounds more fearsome was the wild whoop of the painted savages, and the cracks of their rifles as they waged unrelenting war against the settlers. But after the last savage had been driven so far toward the Pacific coast that he ceased to be a terror to the settlers of Ohio, hardships and dangers still surrounded the homes of the early settlers.

We should not ignore our obligations to the poineers, but in remembering them, congratulate ourselves that we live in an age of improved utilities. The pioneers were the manufacturers of almost everything they used, not only their farming implements, but also the fabrics with which they were clothed. How

All earthly things are given to change, and the firesides of the pioneer period have given place to the furnaces and registers of today. But the remembrance of the associations of the past has an attractive charm and a strong hold on our sentiments and affections. Though the scenes of our memory may be darkened by the shadows of bereavements and of sorrows, yet it is still a cherished indulgence to recall them. The rose and the thorn grow on the same bush; so the remembrance of the past, of our frends who have ''gone before,'' is mingled with both pleasure and sorrow.

The author acknowledges himself indebted to the members of the advisory board for their encouragement and assistance, and to the press for its kindly notices. Also to friends for their assistance in the gathering and the compilation of the matter contained in this work.

Introductory Chapter

The vast tract of territory lying north of the Ohio river on the south and between the Allegheny and the Rocky mountains on the east and west was origionally claimed by France and was designated ''Louisiana.'' Large portions of the American continent were claimed by European monarehs by reasons of discoveries made by their subjects.

In considering this vast region of country it is necessary to advert to the fact that, after the Declaration of Independence, Connecticut set up a claim to the north part of Ohio above latitude forty degrees north, and Virginia claimed Ohio south of that line as being within the limits of her charter.

While these questions caused discussion and negotiation, they were amicably settled, and on the 13th day of July, 1787, congress assumed the jurisdiction of this territory, which included all of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, and passed an ordinance for its government. This ordinance constituted the Northwest territory a civil government with limited powers. The territory embraced within its boundaries the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The ordinance provided that whenever the Northwest territory contained five thousand free male inhabitants of the age of twenty-one years it should elect a legislature and enact laws, and this grade of Colonial government was to continue until that part of the territory forming the state of Ohio had the required population of sixty thousand, when they could call a convention and frame constitution preparatory to becoming a state of the Union. The first action taken toward that end was made early in the year 1802, and after more than a year's delay, caused by legal quibbles and technicalities, Ohio became a state on the first day of March, 1803. The doubt and uncertainty as to when Ohio became a state have arisen largely from the fact that the congress tried to impose conditions and restrictions which the people of Ohio would not accept.

The question is often asked ''When was Ohio admitted into the Union?'' The answer should be, ''Ohio became a state on the first day of March, 1803.'' The term ''admitted'' is not applicable to Ohio, as it is to some other states.

St. Clair was appointed governor to the Northwest territory, October 5, 1787, and arrived at Marietta, July 9, 1788. His first official act was to erect the county of Washington, whose boundaries were defined as follows: 'Beginning on the banks of the Ohio river, where the western boundary line of Pennsylvania crosses it, and running with that line to Lake Hrie, thence along the southern 'shore of said lake, to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river; thence up said river to the Portage, between it and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum ; thence down that branch to the forks, at the crossing place above Fort Laurens, thence with a line to be drawn westerly to the Portage, on that branch of the Big Miami on which the fort stood that was taken by the French in 1752 (Loramie's store), until it meets the road from the lower Shawneetown to Sandusky ; thence south to the Scioto river; thence with that river to the mouth, and thence up the Ohio river to the place of beginning.'' It will be seen that Washington county, as then formed, comprised a large part of the eastern and northern portion of what is now the State of Ohio .

The importance of the county as a political unit varies in different parts of the United States. It takes a secondary rank in the New England states, that of the townships being first. In the Southern states the county or parish is the leading agency for local government. In the state of Ohio, as also in other western states, the county and the township each has its special features in the frame work of the government, and they do not vary much in their relative importance. The structure of government, existing here in Ohio is a mixed or dual system, as it has a double unit in the township and county, for each of these divisions has its primary functions to perform, and neither outranks the other to any great extent.

Ilistorically speaking, county government here came into existence before that of townships. In the original creation and formation, county and township divisons were independent of each other, the townships not being required to first exist as a basic factor in the formation of counties. County lines were not at first, concurrent with township lines.

IIamilton county was the second county organized, and the date of its organization was January 2, 1790. When Wayne county was organized it comprised a large tract of territory, and the county seat was at Detroit. The first county organized out of the then existing counties was Adams, and there was a long fight over the location of the county seat.

The convention which met November 1, 1802, to frame the first constitution for Ohio was composed of thirty-five members, apportioned to the counties then existing as follows: Adams, three; Belmont, two; Clermont, two; Fairfield, Hamilton, ten ; Jefferson, five; Ross, five; Trumbull, two; and Washington, four.

These counties have been divided and disintegrated until from the nine organized counties and the Indian reservation that existed when the state was formed, the number of counties has grown to eighty-eight.

Perrysb Wrg

Geologists claim that Ashland county presents evidence of having shown dry land at a very remote period in the history of the globe. Her soils and hills are older than the carboniferous, or coal and limestone periods; and if ever either existed within the limits of this county, they were worn away by the glacial flow from the north; or, during the emptying of the great northern seas through the valleys of the Ohio, Mississippi and the Hudson, after the elevation of the Appalachian chain of mountains, by the cooling and shrinking of the crust of the earth.

How long this region may have been covered by the northern seas, will doubtless never be known by man, but that such seas enveloped this part of the globe for an extended period of time, must be apparent to all careful observers. It is very probable that the great chain of lakes extending from northern New York to the Lake of the Woods, is but a remnant of the mighty sea that covered a large portion of the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The hypothesis, that during the ''glacial period'' huge mountains of ice were forced southward from high northern regions, and in their advance, plowing deep valleys and wrenching granite rocks from their position, and crushing, and rolling, and rounding them into boulders by erosion, receives much strength, on careful examination. It is possible that during the ''drift period'' great quantities of what are called ''nigger-heads,'' - boulders, were carried by ice, thousands of miles, thawed out, and dropped in the position they are now found. These granite boulders are found scattered all over northern Ohio, in sizes ranging from three or four pounds to tons in weight, gradually diminishing in size as they recede from the lake shore.

Further evidence of the existence of a great sea is found in the deposit of immense quantities of petrified shells, among the surface rubbish of the freestone formation. It is quite certain that these shells were deposited slowly, and that an immense period of time was exhausted in their petrification. The freestone rocks are in strata; and their beds range in thickness from three to twenty fect. The sandstone formation crops out at a later period. Petrified shells are not so frequently found above or beneath the sandstone. The sandstone is found on the highest land east of Ashland, commencing at Roseberry's hill, and extending nearly south to Lake township. It is also found on the elevated tract of land running from Milton, through Mifflin and Green townships, to Hanover. These stones are found in abundance, and form a useful and durable material for walls, bridges and buildings.

is divided into two principal slopes, or water-sheds, by a range of upland, extending in a northeast direction, across the south part of Clearcreck and the north part of Orange and Jackson townships; thus forming a dividing ridge, that separates the heads of the streams flowing south to the Muskingum, and

Pre-Historic Earthworks In Ashland County

In our own Ashland county we see evidences of a pre-historic people whose origin and fate are unknown. We know of them only by the monuments they reared in the form of earth-works, and as these principally are mounds, we call the people who made them ''Mound Builders.'' The term is not a distinguishing one, for people the world over have been mound builders, more or less, from generation to generation.

In no other country are earth-works more plainly divided into classes than here in America. In some places fortified hills and eminences suggest the citadel of a tribe or people. Again, embankments, circular or square, separate and in combination, enclosing, perhaps, one or more mounds, excite our curiosity, but fail to satisfy it, and we ask, '' Are these fading embankments the boundaries of sacred enclosures, or the fortifications of a camp, or the foundations on which were built communal houses ?''

In the Blackfork valley - especially the part taken from Richland and given to Ashland county - there are numerous mounds and other earth-works but only a few can be considered in the limit of this paper.

On the southwest quarter of section 17, Green township, half a mile northwest of Greentown, there was in the years agone a cireular embankment embracing about half an acre of ground. The embankment was about five feet in height in the days of old Greentown. There was a ''gate-way'' to the west, about: twelve feet wide. In the center of the enclosure there was a mound into which excavations were made about fifty years ago to the depth of nine feet, which appeared to be the depth of the artifical work. Coal, wood and feathers were found in the lower strata.

The Parr ''fort'' was a circular earth-work, about seven feet high and twelve to fourteen feet in diameter at the base. It enclosed an area of about three acres.

When the first settlers came there was an earth-work running a little southwest from the mound for some twenty rods, then back eastward to the river. The place has been under cultivation for so many years that the earth-work is now obliterated. The mound was encased with a wall of sandstone boulders, as large as a man can lift. This mound stands on the west side of the Blackfork within a few rods of the stream. The stones used in building the mound must have been carried from the hill, half a mile west from the place. The mound was examined in 1816 by a Mr. Slater, who found bones, flint implements, a pipe, ete. About seventy years ago the late Dr. Henderson had these mounds opened and in them were found human bones, decayed wood, charcoal, a stone pipe and a copper wedge. The wedge created quite a sensation at the time, as it was supposed to be gold.

Of the prehistoric works in Ashland county, reference is made to a number of them, as follows: In Jackson township, the Muddyfork valley, on the land formerly owned by John Ramsey, there is an ancient earth-work, locally called an entrenchment. The work is quadrangular and is estimated to contain a fraction over two acres. It is said that in the early settlement of the county the embankment was about three feet in height and from eight to ten feet in diameter at the base. The timber within the fort was equal in size to that of the forest around it, and was of the same character. There were formerly two mounds in the north part of Perry township; they were about thirty feet apart, and occupied level ground near a brook. The larger one was ahout five fect

In the country of the Jeromefork, there was an enclosure, cireular in form and contained about three acres. It was near a spring. The embankments in 1812 were about four feet in height. Large trees grew in and upon the works. Continuing up the Jeromefork, is found a beautiful valley from three to six miles wide. On an elevated point of land, overlooking the surrounding country there is an earthwork with a gradual descent from it in all directions. It would be a commanding position in military affairs. A circular embankment, two thousand one hundred and forty-five feet in length, containing an area of over eight acres, surrounds the brow of the hill. The embankment in pioneer days was about four feet high in the center and from ten to twelve feet wide at the base. The land was entered by Henry Gamble in 1815, and the earthwork is called Gamble's Fort.

The earthwork called Stoner's Fort gives evidence of having been the rendezvous or home of a numerous people. Bryte's Fort, situated about a mile and a half northwest of the Sprott hill is quadrangular in shape. Like other prehistoric earthworks, the ground has been cultivated until the earthwork is nearly obliterated.

The Winbigler Fort is on an elevated point about two miles north of the Jeromefork. It contained about four acres of land, was circular in form and seemed to have been planned for defensive warfare. The ground around it is steep and difficult of ascent.

The Metcalf Fort is also in the Jeromefork valley, on an elevated plateau, facing the valley. It was near a spring. From this fort that of Tyler's, four miles down the stream, cold be easily seen by the naked eye.

Glenn's Fort, east of the Winbigler Fort, was on an elevated plateau, the north side of which was two hundred and thirty-six feet long, east side one hundred and ninety-five feet, the south, two hundred and six and the west, one hundred and thirty-nine feet. There was a gateway at the northwest corner, fifteen feet wide, with a guard or embankment extending out about thirty-five feet, which terminated in a small mound, perhaps a sentinel out-post. There is also a mound a few rods southwest of the center of the work, thirty-one feet in diameter and about three and a half feet in height. A number of relics and fragments of ancient pottery have been found in these works.

When Judge Kinney and party felled trees that had grown upon the earthworks at the Darling Fort the ''growths'' showed that the trees had been growing there several centuries before the war between the Eries and the Six Nations. The same is true of the fort near Spook Hollow, and at other places.

A mound 'is situated just north of Loudonville, on the summit of Bald Knob. For a long time it was supposed to have been formed by counterfeiters in former times. It was excavated in 1877, and found to be a veritable mound, containing charcoal and fragments of human bones. Being encased with large stones, it was excavated with difficulty. As there had been a central depression for a great many years, what remains the mound contained of a perishable character had doubtless been destroyed ere the excavation was made. The site commands a fine view of the Blackfork valley.

A circular enclosure containing about two acres, is situated within the city limits of Ashland, just north of the Erie railroad. The farm upon which the enclosure is situated was formerly owned by Henry Gamble. In 1812-15 the first settlers found embankments there from three to four feet high and from eight to ten feet wide at the base. A forest of oak, hickory, sugar and ash grew upon and near the works. The enclosure overlooked the valley to the south and east, and had a gate-way to the southwest opening near a fine spring of water. The site has been ploughed for more than seventy years and scarcely a trace of the earthwork remains today.

Shambaugh's Fort, near the old Indian village of Greentown, contains about two acres, with a gateway looking to the west. In the center of this earthwork was a mound, about four feet high, which may have been used for an altar or a look-out. | When first discovered, the embankment was about three and a half feet high, and ten feet wide at the base. A small brook flowed by it, from which water was no doubt obtained. As the site of the fortification has been ploughed over for more than half a century, the embankments are scareely discernable.

The Norris mound in Orange township has been opened and found to contain specimens. <A deposit of flint implements has been found in Sullivan' township. There is an old Indian burial ground near the village of Orange. In Clearcreek township, about two and one-half miles west of Gamble's Fort, is Sprott's hill, which is about ninety feet in height and has an area of about five acres at its base.

It is composed of alluvium, mixed with gravel and rounded boulders. The top is about sixty by ninety feet, and is nearly flat. Upon this two mounds were erected, each about twenty-five feet in diameter, and four or five feet high.

When Thomas Sprott settled there, some seventy-five years since, large trees grew upon and about these mounds, which were about thirty feet apart. From these mounds a good view of the Gamble Fort and the mound at Orange can be had.

In examining the south mound some sixty years ago, Thomas Sprott and a brother came upon a sort of stone coffin, constructed of flat stones set on the edges, which contained the skeletons vf some six or eight Indians, neatly cleaned and packed, in a good state of preservation. On the flat stones constituting the lid of the coffin, over a peck of red vermillion was found. These relics were replaced by Mr. Sprott.

The size of the mound does not preelude the probability that it is an artificial earthwork, for Nebuchadnezzer built a mound four times as high within the walls of the city of Babylon, to please a caprice of his wife.

There are perhaps twenty or more smaller mounds in Ashland that the author has not had time to explore, but from the number given it is fairly shown that the county is rich in prehistoric history.

What connection, if any, existed between the Mound Builders and the Indians is yet unsettled. But it seems certain that many years before Columbus discovered America, the Mound Builders had settlements here in Richland county, as these ancient earthworks attest. That the people were not unacquainted with war is shown by their numerous fortified enclosures. These mounds and other antiquities give us some knowledge of a people that lived here when civilization was but in the dawn in Europe. The history of our own country is at least as interesting as that of the land of the Pharoahs, or of storied Greece, for here we see evidence of an ancient culture, as well as the footprints of a vanished people.

It is claimed by writers that the Mound Builders were of Asiatic origin and were, as a people, immense in numbers and well advanced in many of the arts. Similarity in certain things indicates that they were of Phoenician deseent. Of the Mound Builders, we have speculated much, and know but httle.

Some of our mounds were used as sepulchers for the dead, and should not be desecrated - even in the interest of historical research and investigation.

Some may say why attempt to roll back the flight of years to learn of a prehistoric people, for the searchlight of investigation makes but little impression on the night of time. We have no data on which to base an estimate as to the antiquity of man, but we can contemplate the great periods of geological times, and the infinite greatness of the works of creation, as disclosed by Astronomy, with man's primeval conditon, as made evident by archaeology, and exclaim, ''What is man that Thou art mindful of him!"'

Tile Indians As A Race

Scientific research indicates that the Indians followed the Mound Builders of this section of the country and it was long after the first white settler had penetrated into the region now known as Ohio that the Indians left for hunting grounds further west.

The Indians uniformly resisted all attempts to civilize them. They preferred to subsist themselves by the chase, and it has been estimated that it would take fifty thousand acres of forest land to furnish game enough to support one Indian. With almost all the tribes the men furnished the game (meat) as their share of provision for the family. It was considered beneath the dignity of a "'brave'' to do any manual labor. The squaws had to plant the corn and cultivate it, cut the wood, carry water, do the cooking, feed the horses and carry the luggage when on the march. The women did not murmur at this, but seemed to consider it a natural distribution of family duties.

Polygamy was quite general among the Indians. Every ''brave'' had as many wives as he could support. In marriages the bride-to-be was seldom consulted, for the suitor addressed himself directly to the parents of the young squaw he wished to marry, and her fate depended on the wish of her parents. The custom of dowry was the reverse from what it is today, for then the suitor made presents to the parents of the bride, instead of receiving a portion with her.

Divorces were frequent, and where there were children, the mother had to support them. With the Dakotas, when a ''brave'' wished to marry, he had to take the bride's sisters, also. The Indians looked upon women as inferior to them and made them their slaves. They were savages. With civilized, christian people it is different. I have but little patience with a woman who says she is an infidel, for it is the religion of the Nazerene that has elevated her to the position of honor in which she is held today.

The Indians are fatalists. They never pray, but they sometimes return thanks to the Great Spirit. Whatever of good or of evil happens to them they receive with imperturable calmness, believing that the fates have so ordered. I use the present tense, for the Indian is about the same today that he was a century ago. The opinions, traditions and institutions of his tribe are endeared to him by habit, feeling and authority; and from early childhood he has been taught that the Great Spirit would be offended by any change in the customs of his red children.

Indians believe in a Great Spirit and in the immortality of the soul. They look upon the future state as a material paradise - a happy hunting ground. They blend sorcery in their belief in the healing art and their priests are also physicians and jugglers. Their tribes seem to be held together by a kind of family ligament; by the ties of blood, which in the infancy of society were stronger as other associations were weaker.

Ohio--The Battle Ground

Ohio was the battle ground where the Indians tried to stop the tide of civilization in its westward course across the American continent, and Ashland county was the battle field upon which some of the bloodiest tragedies of that terrible conflict were enacted. America has the unique distinction of being settled by pioneers. Other countries have been peopled by men moving in large bodies from one place to another. Whole tribes would move enmasse and over run or exterminate the inhabitants and occupy their territory. But the pioneers came singly or in small groups and became settlers. _ When the white men came the Indians had to leave, because the conflict between the civilized people and the savages was irrepressible. The white men possessed the country on the theory of the eternal fitness of things.

It is an interesting study to trace a country's history from its beginning and follow society in its formative state and note its material developments and scientific achievements. It took George Washington eight days to journey from Mt. Vernon to New York to be inaugurated first president of the United States. The same distance ean now be traveled in less than eight hours.

The pioneer period is an epoch of the past. .The early settlers of Ashland county have passed away. It may have been difficult for some of them to accept and become reconciled to the changes that were brought about in their day and generation - at the change that had stamped its seal upon the wilderness whose winding paths they had known so well and had so often trodden. Many of them lived to see the country lay off its primeval wildness and beauty and grandeur of the forest, until the land bloomed like unto the gardens of gods. How beautiful has been the result of the labor of the pioneers and how much we owe to them. But that golden era passed away and bore upon its bosom the dear old men and women whose like we shall never see again. We rejoice to know that the glory of one age is not dimmed in the golden glory of the age succeeding it. rig

To give more fully the changes that have taken place, the spinning wheel of the pioneer days is now known only as a relic in a museum or an antique ornament in our parlor. The loom is no longer used in private houses; a piano has taken its place. Stockings at a trifle a pair have banished knitting, except for ornamental purposes. Water runs into our houses through pipes by turning a faucet and is carried out again by gravity. With gas manufactured or natural as a fucl, with our houses heated from cellar to attic the labor of preparing for, making and keeping a fire is reduced to a very small matter. In cities and villages the baker relieves the housekeeper of the task of bread-making if she so desires, and thus at every point the burdens of life are made less strenuous and more bearable.

The pioneer times are frequently spoken of as ''the good old days."' An old gentleman sentimentally referring to those days had his remarks taken seriously by a bystander who understood him as wishing for a return of the things and conditions of the past. The bystander said: "'Times change. Don't iet us fall behind the procession, rather let us be thankful for the better conditions of our day and gencration.'? He further said that the luxuries and comforts of today make us lack nothing. | Would you go back to the years when the family surrounded the pot of mush and helped themselves from it a morsel at a time?

The pioneer period was but the preface to the fuller development of the country that followed. The settlers who cluared the land, founded homes and formulated the first laws, builded better than they knew, and as we look back at their work in the lime-light of today, we award them the plaudit of '' well done.''

Within four years after the first settlement in Ashland county had been made, war was declared against Great Britain. This war is sometimes called our second war for independence. The question has been asked if that war advanced or retarded the settlement of the country. Those have read history to but little purpose if they have not learned that war advances civilization. The fighting instincts of human nature have brought about more important results than has any other one force.

Ifomer, the earliest of the great poets, began his Iliad by invoking the muse to sing of martial exploits and expressed his faith in war as a means of progress. The spirit then displayed was not materially different from that which the patriots of colonial times manifested, which culminated in the war of the Revolution. The same impelling tendency was seen in the heroic events of the war of 1812, and also in our war with Mexico, as well as in our recent civil strife.

An Indian Feast

In the fall of 1811, there was a great Indian feast at Greentown, which was attended by Rev. James Copus and Captain James Cunningham, two white settlers of the vicinity. Captain Cunningham was the erandfather of the author of this work. The refreshments at this feast consisted of boiled venison and bear meat, somewhat tainted, and not very palatable to the white guests. The ceremonies took place in the council house, a building composed of clapboards and poles, some thirty feet wide, and perhaps fifty feet long. | When the Indians entered the council house, the squaws seated themselves on one side and the men on the other. There was a small elevation of earth in the center, eight or ten feet in diameter, which seemed to be a sort of sacrificial mound. The ceremonies were opened by a rude sort of music, made by beating upon a small copper kettle, and pots, over the mouths of which dried skins had been stretehed. This was accompanied by a sort of song, which, as near as could be understood, ran: ''Tinny, tinny, tinny, ho, ha, ho, ha, ho'' - aceenting the last sylables. Then a tall chief arose and addressed them. During the delivery of his speech, a profound silence prevailed. The whole audience observed the speaker, and seemed to be deeply moved by the oration. The speaker seemed to be about. seventy years of age. He was tall and graceful. IJis eyes had the fire of youth, and blazed with emotion while he was speaking. |The audience frequently sobbed, and seemed deeply affected. Mr. Copus could not understand the language of the address, but presumed the speaker was giving a summary history of the Delawares, two tribes of which, the '' Wolf'' and the ''Turtle'' were represented at the feast. Mr. Copus learned that the distinguished chief who had addressed the meeting, was ''Old Captain Pipe,'' of Mohican Johnstown, the executioner of the lamented Colonel Crawford. At the close of the address daneing commenced. The Indians were neatly clothed in deer skin and English blankets. Deer hoofs and bear claws were strung along the seams of their leggins, and when the dance commenced, the jingling of the hoofs and claws gave a rude sort of harmony to the wild musie made upon the pots and kettles. The men danced in files or lines, by themselves around the central mound, and the squaws followed in a company by themselves. In the dance there seemed to be a proper sense of modesty between the sexes. In fact, the Greentown Indians were always noted for being extremely scrupulous and modest in the presence of each other. After the dance, the refreshments were handed around. - Not. relishing the appearance of the food, Mr. Copus and the other whites present, carefully concealed the portions handed them until they left the wigwam, and then threw them away. No greater insult could be offered an Indian, than to refuse to accept the food proffered by him. So those present had to use a little deception to evade the censure of the Indians.

The Indians Were Tie Allies Of The British

In the war of 1812 the Indians acted as the allies of the British. History states that Lord Dorchester, then governor general of Canada, industriously instigated the Indians to hostilities on our northern frontier, and that he had agents throughout Ohio and elsewhere distributing blankets, food, ammunition and arms among the Indians, and at Malden a reward was paid for every white man's scalp brought in by the Indians.

The Indians at Greentown and Jeromeville had received supplies from the British. This fact, coupled with their suspicious action and warlike demonstrations, gave the white settlers reasonable cause for believing that their savage neighbors contemplated a murderous assault upon them.

At the time of which I write Colonel Kratzer, who was in command of the troops at Mansfield, received orders to remove the Indians from both Greentown and Jeromeville, as a precautionary measure against an outbreak, and for that purpose sent Captain Douglas to enforce the order. There were about eighty Indian '' braves'' at Greentown, and it has been doubted whether Captain Douglas could have successfully coped with them. But such questions are only discussed in '' piping times of peace,'' for in times of war American soldiers whip the enemy first and discuss the matter afterward.

Armstrong was the Greentown chief, and at first refused to consent to be removed. Captain Douglas then songht James Copus, who lived a few miles further up the valley, and requested him to persuade the Indians to comply peacefully with the order. Copus was a local preacher in whom the Indians had confidence. Tle refused to interfere against them. After entreaty had failed Captain Douglas is reported to have said, ''Mr. Copus, my business is to carry out the instructions of my superior officers, and if I can't persuade you to comply with my request I shall arrest you as a traitor to the government of the United States.'? Mr. Copus then consented to go, the officer assuring him that the Indians should be protected in both person and property.

When the officers returned to the Indian village, accompanied by Mr. Sopus, another conference was held with the chief, at which Mr. Copus repeated the assurances that had been given him.

Captain Douglas again explained that his order was BT and that the Indians had to comply with its mandate or take the alternative. After conferring with his counselors, the old chief reluctantly announced that they would go, and Judge Peter Kinney and Captain James Cunningham took an inventory of their effects, and the Indians were formed into line and marched away under guard from the village that had for thirty years been the home of that part of their tribe. They had not proceeded far when looking back, they saw a cloud of smoke ascending from their burning village.

The burning of Greentown has been eriticised and censured by sentimentalists, who regarded it as a breach of faith with the ''noble red man,'' who was cruelly driven from his ''happy hunting grounds"' into a forced exile. But the burning of that village was not a breach of faith, for the officers did not sanction the act. It was done without warrant by five or six stragglers who had dropped out of the ranks for that purpose. They were militiamen who had suffered wrongs too grievous to be borne from the bloody hands of the Indians, and it was but human nature for them to retaliate. It seems like maudlin sentimentalism to dilate upon the wrongs which the white settlers committed against the Indians, for the few misdeeds that may have been done by the pioneers were too insignificant to be given prominence in history. In the early history of France we read of the dark and bloody acts of the Druids and how they immolated human life in their forest temples, but it was as a religious rite, as an atoning or propitiating sacrifice, and while we stand appalled at the bloody spectacle our condemnation is somewhat molified when we consider the motive that prompted the act. But with the Indians it was cruelty for eruelty's sake. They were savages, and through all the civilizing influences of a century they are savages still. Even those who have been educated at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, at the expense of the general government, drift back into barbarism, as a rule, after they return to the west. Let those who have tears to shed over the burning of Greentown read the accounts of the Wyoming massacre and its aftermath of butcherier. and then consider the Indians' bloody deeds in our own state and eounty - of cruelty, torture, death, - these three, and then tell us where is their claim for charity! Settlers have returned from the hunt and chase and found their cabins burnt and their families murdered. The bloody tomahawk and gory sealping knife had done their work, and mutilation had been added to murder. Notwithstanding the beautifully drawn and charmingly colored word-pictur2s given us by novelists, history teaches us that the Indian is cruel, deceitful arc bloodthirsty by nature and devoid of the redeeming traits of humanity.

Greentown was founded in 1782, and was destroyed by fire in 1812, after an existence of thirty years. The number of cabins it contained has been variously stated at from sixty to one hundred. The number of the dead buried there is not known, but as about three hundred Indians, on an average, lived there for three decades, the number is no doubt quite large.

The writer recently visited the site of old Greentown in mid-winter, - an appropriate season to view in its dearth and desolation the former location of a town that is now no more. The Blackfork had overflowed its banks in a recent freshet, and, ere the waters could recede from the lowlands, had frozen into sheets of ice that reflected sparkling gems of crystal purity in the gladsome sunshine, and the hills glistened with a white covering of snow, forming a scene of beauty to be remembered in many a future dream.

To appreciate places of historic note, one must enter into the feelings ereated by reading its history and learning its traditions. Standing upon that village site, we realized that the valley whose broad and fertile acres spread out before us was the place where the civilization of this part of the West was first planted and from which it extended even to the golden shores of the Pacific. The events which stirred the souls and tried the courage of the pioneers seemed to come out of the dim past and glide as panoramic views before us. A number of the actors in those thrilling scenes were of our "'kith and kin,'? who have long since crossed over the river. But little change has taken place at the old site of Greentown in the past fifty years, except that the old time Indian burial ground, that has withstood the innovations of a century, is being despviled of its timber, and one feels like exclaiming:

But sentiment, it seems, must give way to utility. The burial ground is at the west end of the knoll upon which Greentown was situated and is somewhat triangular in shape. Ileretofore, the ground has been held in superstitious, if not sacred, veneration. But it will soon be turned over to the plowshare and the agriculturist.

Greentown was built upon an oblong knoll, of about half a mile in length and a quarter of a mile in width, running nearly east and west, with an elevation of fifty feet, and of irregular topography. The Black Fork, after straightening from its tortuous course and running south for a short distance, makes a graceful curve to the cast at the southwest limits of the grounds, courses along the base of the south side of the ridge, then turns again to the south and resumes its zigzag wanderings until its waters unite with those of other forks and form the Mohican. The cabins comprising the village stood principally upon the rolling plateau-like summit of the hill, each Indian selecting a site to suit himself, with but little regard for streets or regularity. <A sycamore tree, which in the olden times cast its shade over the council-house of the tribe, still stands lke a monument from the past, grim and white, stretching its branches like skeleton arms in the attitude of benediction. A wild cherry-tree stands several rods northeast, around which there was formerly a circular mound, evidently made by the Indians, and still discernable ; but whether it was used as a cireus ring for athletic sports, or as a receptacle, is a matter of conjecture. Many think it was for the latter, as trinkets, if not valuable, have been taken from it; but no general exhumation was ever made.

The Blackfork Valley

The settlers of 1808-09-10 found in the Blackfork valley a village of Delaware Indians, the remnant of a Turtle tribe. Their chief was Captain. Armstrong. The village was ealled Greentown. AS a war measure the Indians were removed from Greentown in the early autumn of 1812, after which the village was burnt. The site of their old burial ground is almost obliterated. It is located a few rods north of the Black Fork, upon a gentle eminence, in the southwest part of northeast quarter section 18, Green township. The southern portion of the site is still in woods, and the depressions that mark the graves are quite distinct. Henry Harkell and the author exhumed several of the skeletons in the summer of 1876. In some eases the remains were inclosed in a stone cist; in others, small rounded drift-boulders were placed in order around the skeletons. The long bones were mostly well preserved. No perfect skull was obtained, nor were there any stone implements found in the graves. At the foot of one a elam shell was found. The graves are from two and one-half to three feet deep and the remains repose horizontally. A few relies, such as stone axes, arrow heads and a few bits of copper, have been picked up in the immediate vicinity. They are in the hands of the author. On the opposite side of the stream and some distance below, near the south line of southeast quarter-section 18, Green township, there are ancient fireplaces. They are about fifteen inches below the present surface, and are formed of boulders, regularly laid. The earth is burned red. Great numbers of stones have fallen into the stream during its incursions upon the west bank. Some three or four of these fireplaces are yet plainly visible, but in a few years they will be swept away by the current. About half a mile east of the graves is a small circular earthwork almost razed. It contains between one and two acres and had a gateway looking to the river, which is westward. It is situated upon nearly the level bottom land of the beautiful valley.

Captain Pipe

Captain Pipe was a chief of the Wolf branch of the Delaware tribe and ruled at Mohican Johnstown. There was a Captain Pipe at Greentown at one time, who was supposed to be a son of the old chieftain. Te Jater beeame a. half chief with Silas Armstrong, on the reservation at Pipestown, six miles from Upper Sandusky. This younger Captain Pipe died in 1839, in the Tndian Territory.

Old Captain Pipe has been described as a typical Indian, uniting with the blandness and oily address of the cringing courtier, the malignity of the savage and the blood-thirsty ferocity of the skulking panther. With his own hand he painted Colonel Crawford black and by his order the Colonel was burnt at the stake. While painting the gallant Colonel, the treacherous Pipe feigned friendship and joked about him making a good looking Indian, but the black paint belied his words, for it portended death. It has been stated that Captain Pipe refused to join the British against the white settlers in 1812, but as he was a consummate dissembler, the statement should be received in accordance with the character of the man. After ITull's surrender, Captain Pipe was never seen in this part of the state and his fate is unknown.

A captive among the Indians before the settlement of Ashland county, was Christian Fast, Sr. He often narrated the incidents of his capture and eaptivity, which were published years ago. In after years he became a resident of Orange township, Ashland county, where a number of his descendants yet

When a boy of sixteen, Mr. Fast was captured by the Delaware Indians near the Falls of Ohio. He had enlisted in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, in a company of two hundred men, organized for the purpose of chastising the Indians for depredations committed upon the frontier settlement. This force descended the Ohio in boats, and some distance above the falls, separated into two parties, young Fast being among those in the rear. The forward party were attacked a short distance above the falls, by parties of Indians on both sides of the river. The largest boat in the fleet, in which was Mr. Fast, had landed, and the others were making preparations to do so, when the attack commenced. The smaller boats immediately put up steam but the larger one was hard aground and could not be got off. Of the one hundred on that boat all were killed except some thirty. Young Fast jumped into the water, receiving, at the same instant, a flesh wound in the hip, and swam to the opposite shore, where he was met by three Indans, who demanded that he should surrender, assuring him of friendly treatment. He declined their request and again plunged into the stream, the three Indians firing on him as he swam, one of the balls grazing his cheek, momentarily stunning him. Reaching the middle of the stream, he took observations to determine the course of safety, and concluded to strike the shore several rods below where the large boat was grounded; but on approaching he again encountered the bullets of the Indians, and again made for the middle of the river... Some distance below he discovered a horse-boat belonging to his party, and at once resolved to reach and board it. Just as he had succeeded in getting aboard, the captain received a wound in the arm, and waved his hand to the Indians in token of surrender. The boat was immediately boarded by the Indians, and the whites were all made prisoners.

An old Indian took charge of Fast, by whom he was taken to Upper Sandusky. The prisoners were divested of their clothing, and, as their march led through a rank growth of nettleweeds, the journey was indescribably painful. Fast, becoming maddened with pain, at length refused to go forward, and, baring his head to his captor, demanded that he should tomahawk him, and thus put an end to his sufferings. The Indian took compassion on him and restored his clothing. During the remainder of the journey he was treated with great kindness. At Upper Sandusky he was adopted into a distinguished family of the tribe. He visited the lamented Colonel Crawford after the failure of the expedition, and during his imprisonment, and was within hearing of his cries during the horrid cruelties he suffered at the stake.

Rising for the pulpal BTRtaRdltag COWIE che at Wheeling. Connected with this ~ nee *s eevee e eho Fast, who ae possessed the full Bsa Gath 2 ae 45 Soe gataR i een The ition reached its destination hats te A aoe rigs e Beatie? days and two nights. On the third night Rast det : A i effect his cancel Approaching his a6 NPM sin Se tear

5 »p? g his ¢ pted brother at a late hour of the night, he awoke him, complaining of thirst, and urged his brother to accompany him to a place where they could procure a drink of water. The Indian pleaded weari- ness, and urged him to go alone, insisting that no harm would befall him. Fast, taking his camp-kettle, started directly for his father's house in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, about thirty miles distant. The night being excessively dark, he made slow progress, and at daylight was yet within hearing of the guns at Wheeling. As soon as daylight appeared, he pushed forward, and soon discovered, by a fresh trail, that about thirty Indians were in advance of him, making for the white settlements in Washintgon county, Pennsylvania. On reaching a spur of two parties, each pursuing parallel lines through the valleys. He hoped, by vigorously pursuing the middle and straight course, to get in advance of the Indians, and in this effort he was successful. Before night he reached the margin of the settlement in Washington county, the Indians being a short distance in the rear. A few rods in advance of him and advancing on his own trail, Fast discovered a white man, with a couple of bridles on his arm, evidently in search of horses. Placing himself behind a tree Fast waited until the white man was within a few feet of him, when he suddenly placed himself in his path, and gave a hurried explanation of his name, object, and the immediate danger that threatened the white settlement. The man was paralyzed with fear, he could not believe that the savage looking man before him, with his painted face, his ears and nose filled with broaches, his hair (all except a tuft in front, which was passed through a silver tube) nearly plueked from his skull, was anything else than a veritable Indian. Mechanically, however, the man obeyed his directions, and each, seizing and mounting horses, which were near at hand, made for the settlements with all practicable speed. They gave the alarm to all the families in the neighborhood, and succeeded in securing all the settlers in the fort except one boy who was killed at the instant he reached the gate which was thrown open for his ingress.

After the beleaguered fort was relieved by the retirement of the Indians, he sought his father's house; but so completely was he metamorphosed by his Indian costume that his parents could not, for a considerable length of time, recognize hm. At length his mother, recalling some peculiar spots near the pupils of his eyes, gave a scrutinizing look, and at once identified her son. She sprang forward to embrace him, and would have fainted in his arms, but he repulsed her, explaining that his person, as was the case with all Indians, was covered with vermin. Ile retired from the house, committed his Indian clothes to the fire he had made, purified his body as best he could, and then elothed himself in garments furnished by his father.

On the very day of his return to Orange township, Ashland county, in 1815, he met Tom Lyons, a chief, and one of his original captors, and a party of Indians, by whom he was recognized. The Indians had no suspicion that he had deserted, ad believed he had been drowned in the river. They evinced much joy at the discovery of their lost ''brother,'' and ever afterward offered him numerous tokens of their friendship.

In the summer of 1819, a party of Indians were encamped at the foot of Vermillion lake. Tom Lyons invited his ''brother,'' Christian Fast, Sr., and his children, to partake of a feast which they had proposed. The only members of the family who found it convenient to accept the invitation were Nicholas and

Francis. Lyons, after painting himself for the occasion, insisted that the boys should also be painted - to which proposition, ''for the fun of the thing,'' they readily assented. Old Tom put the paint on the face of Frank, who was a mischievous lad, ''so thick,'' that it remained indelible for a period of more than a year.

At the feast one of the dishes was a bear's head boiled with the hair precisely as it was cut from the body of the animal. The entrails of the bear formed a distinct dish, and the other pieces made separate dishes. Venison. also, formed part of the repast.

Valleys furnish favorite themes for both story and song. But here we do not deal with the mythical valleys of poets' fancies nor romanciers' tales' wherein vine-covered cottages are said to nestle in lovely valleys, whose occupants live in the bliss of love's young dream.

Our Ashland county valleys are of the material kind, where flowers not only bloom, but where wheat ripens; where birds sing and where eattle fatten, where the artistic, the aesthetic, and the practical unite and blend and where the fanciful goes side by side with the prosaic and the useful things of life.

The valleys of Ashland county are usually interspersed with ravines through which flow tributaries of the larger streams, the latter occupying ancient valleys of erosion, bordered by alluvial bottom lands of various widths. The pre-glacial waterways can be quite accurately defined and traced. After the valleys had been filled up by the ''drift,'' streams in some places found other channels.

The greater part of Ashland county is covered with a deposit of unmodified bouldered clay, which in some of the northern townships conceals from view the underlying rocks. Except along the banks of the streams, this bouldered clay which is quite thick at places is unstratified. On the margins of the streams there is frequently at the bottom 4 deposit of laminated clay, with rudely stratified gravel and boulders above. The fragments of the local rocks are rounded and globular, except in places where they have been ground into gravel by the ''drift.'' The bottom of streams are more or less gravelly or rocky, according to the locality through which they pass.

The valley of the Blackfork is about forty-five miles in length in Richland county, extending from Shafer's Hollow in Sprineficld township to the place in Monroe township where it leaves Richland and enters Ashland. county. The width of this valley varies, but on the average is of considerable area, and the land is generally of unusual richness although at places somewhat swampy, as the stream has but little fall and the waters are sluggish. There is, however, but little of the Blackfork valley that is not now cultivated. The clearing of the country and the demolition of the mill dams have worked wonders in reclaiming the lands of the Blackfork valley for cultivation. One of the first settlements in Ashland county was made in the Blackfork valley, and in the same valley occurred some of the most tragie and bloody scenes of pioneer history. In that valley was situated the Indian village of Greentown, where for thirty years from three hundred to five hundred Indians made their homes and where hundreds of their dead are buried. Farther up the valley are the Petersburg lakes, much frequented by fishing parties.

The Blackfork valley in the olden time was grandly beautiful in the summer season. In the morning as the rays of the sun glinted the distant hills, flecked the tree tops with touches of light and tinted fleecy clouds with brilliant rays, making touches of gorgeous hues the scene, was entrancing. And at night the moon was wont to peer atwixt the leafy branches of the trees, casting its pale glimmers of lhght through the languorous atmosphere, ere it sailed forth into the open space, as though to keep watch and ward over the pioneers while they slept.

The Clearfork valley extends from Kings Corners and Johnsville down past Bellville, Butler and Newville, and through the Darling settlement at the foot of which the Clearfork leaves Richland county and enters Ashland, and after making a graceful turn at Professor Sample's, it flows through the defiles of a hilly country, until it joins the Blackfork three miles below Loudonville, where the two streams unite in forming the Mohican river.

From the earliest settlement the white population of Ohio gradually grew in numbers and the desire for new counties finally reached this part of Ohio and resulted in the erection of Ashland county, by an act of the legislature passed on the 24th day of February, 1846. In the schemes and discussions for the new county several propositions were made, one being for the county of Ellsworth, with the seat of justice at Sullivan; another for the county of Mohican, with the seat of justice at Loudonville; another for the county of Vermillion, with the seat of justice at [layesville; also applications from Jeromeville, Oranye and Savannah, with the seats of justice at their several towns; named at a later date for a new county to be called Ashland, the success of which was assured by the passage by the legislature of the act creating the county of Ashland, which was formed of the territory of Richland, Huron, Lorain and Wayne counties. The fractional townships of Mifflin, Milton and Clearercek, and the full townships of Hanover, Green, Vermillion, Montgomery and Orange, were from Richland county, while Ruggles was from Huron and Troy and Sullivan

On the first Monday of April, 1846, the county seat was located at Ashland by a vote of the electors, the citizens of Ashland agreeing to donate suitable grounds, and five thousand dollars to erect county buildings thereon. The site has an altitude of one thousand seventy-nine feet.

In 1847-48 a jail was erected, by Ozias 8. Kinney, architect, and cost the county about fourteen thousand dollars. An old stone church, purchased on the site of the grounds selected for the erection of county buildings, was occupied some seven years as a courthouse. It stood about midway between the present courthouse and jail, and had been erected by the Methodist denomination. The new courthouse' was commenced by Ozias S. Kinney, architect, in 1851, and com pleted in 1853; and cost the county about twenty thousand dollars. The infirmary was erected by Sylvester Alger and George W. Urie, architects and builders, in 1849, and cost about four thousand dollars.

The first election in Ashland county was held on the first Monday of April, 1846. Commissioners - Josiah Thomas, Orange; Edward S. Hibbard, Ianover; Abner Crist, Ruggles township. Auditor - Hugh Burns, Milton township. Treasurer - -Geo. W. Urie, Montgomery township. Prosecuting attorney - N. M. Donaldson, Hanover township. Sheriff - James Doty, Mifflin township. Recorder - Asa 8. Reed, Perry township. Surveyor - John Keen, Jr., Jackson township. By the terms of the law erecting the county, the officers elected in April only continued until their successors, who were to be elected on the second Tuesday of October, 1846, were elected and qualified.

Second Election, Held October 13, 1846 School Examiners

The first school examiners for Ashland county were John McCormick, Nicholas M. Donaldson, Loren Andrews. The first meeting of the examiners' was held at Jeromeville, March 28, 1846.

In pursuance of an act of the general assembly of the state of Ohio, entitled, 'An act to erect the county of Ashland,'' passed February 24, 1856, the associate judges of said county met at the house of G. IH. Cake, in the town of Jeromeville, county of Ashland, on the day above written, and in obedience to the sixth section of the aforesaid act, and the poll books from the several townships having all been returned agreeably to said act, the clerk of the court of common pleas, in the presence and by the assistance of the associate judges aforesaid, proceeded to canvass said votes in regard to the location of the county seat as specified in said sixth section of the act aforesaid. | Whereupon it appeared that there had been polled in said county of Ashland for seat of justice at Ashland, two thousand six hundred and eighty-two votes; for seat of justice at Hayesville, two thousand and two votes.

An abstract of said votes was forthwith made out and certified by said associate judges and clerk, to be returned to the next court of common pleas agreeably to the eighth section of the act aforesaid.

At 'a meeting of the associate judges of Ashland county, Ohio, convened at the house of Elias Slocum, in the town of Ashland, Matthew Clugston was appointed by the sheriff his principal deputy; which appointment was approved by the associate judges.

At a court of common pleas begun and held at the courthouse in the town of Ashland in the county of Ashland, in the eleventh judicial circuit of the state of Ohio, on the 7th day of May, A. D. 1846, there were present the Honorable Jacob Parker, President Judge of said court; and the TLonorables John P. Reznor, Edmund Ingmand and George II. Stewart, associate judges ; James Doty, sheriff; and Daniel W. Brown, clerk pro tem.

Nicholas M. Donaldson, prosecuting attorney elect of the county of Ashland, appeared in open court and presented his bond in the penal sum of two thousand dollars, conditioned, as the law directs, with Thomas J. Bull, George W. Bull, and Thomas McMahan, his bail; which bond was accepted and approved by the court, and ordered to be recorded.

A member of the bar furnishes the following list of attorneys in attendance at the first term of court, namely: From Ashland - Messrs. Maffett, Hunter, Gates, McCombs, Kellogg, Fulton, Taggart, Sloan, Rankin, Osborn, Slocum, Kenyon, Donaldson, Geddis, Smith, Broombeck, Scott and Clark. From Wooster - Messrs. Dean, Cox, Hemphill, Rex, Flattery, Bonewitz, Carter, and IL. C. Curtis. From Mansfield - Messrs. C. T. Sherman, John Sherman, Brinkerhoff, Purdy, Hull, Smith, I. J. Allen, Bryan, Bartley, Kirkwood and Stewart.

The following named gentlemen were impaneled as grand jurors for the May term, 1846: Hugh McGuire, Daniel Carter, Sr., George Buchanan, Christopher Mykrantz, Christian Miller, Thomas Smith, Samuel Burns, Daniel Campbell, Andrew Mason, Michael Myers, John Smurr, George McConnell, James Boots, Michael Riddle, and John Naylor; of whom Daniel Campbell was appointed foreman. Jlaving been impaneled and sworn, and received their charge, they retired to their room to consider their duties.

By an act of the general assembly of the state of Ohio, entitled "'An act to erect the county of Ashland,'' passed the 24th day of February, A. D. 1846, certain territory therein described taken from the counties of Richland, Wayne, Lorain, and LIluron, in said state of Ohio, was set off and erected into a new county to be and remain a separate and distinct county by the name of Ashland, and by said act is attached and made a part of the eleventh judicial circuit of the court of common pleas.

After the passage of said act, to wit: On the 25th day of February, one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, the said general assembly duly elected Edmund Ingmand, John P. Reznor, and George II. Stewart, associate judges for the county of Ashland aforesaid for the constitutional term of seven years from and after the day of said election.

On the 3rd day of March, 1846, the said Edmund Ingmand, John P. Reznor, and George II. Stewart, having received their several commissions as associate judges for said county of Ashland, dated at Columbus, February 25, 1846, assembled at the house of James McNulty, in the town of Ashland, in said county of Ashland, and the oath of office required by law was administered to each of said associate judges, by E. N. Gates, Esquire, a justice of the peace in and for said county of Ashland, as appears by the certificates indorsed on said commissions.

Appointment Of Clerk Pro Tem

On the said 3rd day of March, 1846, and after said associate judges had been qualified by taking the oath as aforesaid, they all sat together as a special court of common pleas of said county of Ashland at the same place at which they were sworn as aforesaid, and made the following order, to-wit:

Ordered, That Daniel W. Brown be and he is hereby appointed clerk pyro tempore of the court of common pleas of said county of Ashland, and that said Daniel W. Brown be required to give bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars with three good sureties, conditioned for the faithful paying over all moneys which may come into his hands as clerk of said court, and for the faithful and impartial discharge of all the duties of his said office as clerk of the court of common pleas of said county of Ashland as required by law; which bond was forthwith made out and signed by said D. W. Brown as principal, and C. R. Deming, H. Luther, and John L. Lang, as sureties, which sureties were accepted by said court, and the court retained said bond until the proper county officer should be elected and qualified to receive the same.

At a meeting of the associate judges of the county of Ashland, began and held in the town of Jeromeville, in said county of Ashland on Monday, the 16th day of March, A. D., 1846 - present E. Ingmand, G. H. Stewart, associates ; D. W. Brown, clerk pro tem.

First Courthouse

The first court of Ashland county was held in the village of Jeromeville, and the building is still standing, notwithstanding the fact that sixty-three years have come and gone since that time, and the building is well nigh a century old. It is now occupied as a postoffice and dwelling. There is but one person now living who was present at that first session of the court. His name is J. O. Jennings, and he was clerk of the court at that time. He is now aged ninety-one years and is a resident of Ashland town. The first session of the court was held March 3, 1846. After Ashland town had been selected as a county seat, the first court held there was May 7, 1846.

By an act of the general assembly of the state of Ohio, entitled ''An act to erect the county of Ashland,'' passed the 24th day of February, 1846, certain territory therein described and taken from the counties of Richland, Huron, Lorain and Wayne ''in said state of Ohio'' was set off and erected into a new county to be and remain a separate and distinct county by the name of Ashland, which by said act was attached and made a part of the eleventh judicial circuit of the court of common pleas.

After the passage of said act, viz: February 25, 1846, the general assembly duly elected Edmund Ingmand, of Mohican, John P. Reznor, of Montgomery, and George H. Stewart, of Hanover, associate judges for the county of Ashland, for the constitutional term of seven years from and after that date. March 3, 1846, they, havng received their commissions, dated at Columbus, February 26, 1846, assembled at the house of James McNulty, in Ashland, and the oath of office required by law was administered to them by E. N. Gates, Esq., ''A justice of the peace in and for the said county of Ashland."'

At a mecting of the associate judges held in Jeromeville March 16, 1846, there were present Judges Ingmand and Stewart and D. W. Brown, of Ruggles, clerk pro tem. The meeting was held in pursuance of an act passed for the levying of taxes on all property in the state ''according to its true value.'' Said act was passed March 2, 1846, at which time Ashland county was divided into three districts. The first district was composed of the townships of Lake, Mohican, Perry, Jackson, and Montgomery. John Allison, of Perry, was appointed assessor for this district. The second district was composed of the townships of Orange, Ruggles, Clear Creek, Troy and Sullivan. George Me-

Connell, of Orange township, was appointed assessor for this district. The third district was composed of the townships of Vermillion, Green, Hanover, Mifflin, and Monroe. (Monroe was later made a part of Richland county.) Jesse Ilayes of Hanover, was appointed assessor of this district. The meeting adjourned to convene as a court at Jeromeville, March 28, 1846, Edmund Ingmand, judge.