Clinton Township (part 2 of 18)

The Indian Tbibes Of The Upper Ohio

Nothing reliable or authentic is known of the various Indian tribes that occupied the territory that now constitutes the State of Ohio, from the time of the departure or disappearance of the Mound-Builders until the closiug years of the first half of the eighteenth century. Their his- tory, therefore, anterior to the year 1750, is meagre indeed. They had no annalist - no historian - and perhaps had made but little history worthy of record during many recurring generations, centuries, and ages. It is true that we have traditions running back to the year 1656, relating to the destruction by the Iroquois of the once powerful Eries, who inhabited the southern shores of Lake Erie, except a small remnant which ultimately intermingled with the Senecas ; but we look upon them simply as unverified traditions, and nothing more. And equally unreliable and unauthenticated are many of the other numerous traditions of the Indian tribes which bear date before the middle of the last century.

About the year A.D. 1750, or a little earlier, some accurate knowledge of the Ohio Indians began to be acquired through the Indian traders operating among them, and from explorers; but little, comparatively, however, was known of them with the certainty of authentic history until after Colonel Bouquet's expedition to their towns on the Tuscarawas and Muskingum rivers, in 1764. The intermediate period between those dates may therefore be regarded as the time of the inauguration of the historic epoch of the Ohio Indians, the principal tribes being the Wyandots (called Hurons by the French), the Delawares and the Shawanese (both of the Algonquin group), the Miamis (also called Twigtwees), the Mingos (an offshoot from the Iroquois or a fragment of the Six Nations), and the Ottawas and Chippewas.

The Wyandots occupied the valleys and plains bordering on the Sandusky River, and some other points ; the Delawares occupied the valleys of the Tuscarawas and Muskingum rivers, and a few other places between the Ohio River and Lake Erie ; the Shawnees were found chiefly in the valleys of the Scioto and Mad rivers, and at a few points on the Ohio River and elsewhere in small numbers; the Miamis were the chief occupants of the valleys of the Little and Great Miami rivers; the Mingos were in greatest force on the Ohio River about Mingo Bottom, below Steubenville, and at other points on said river - also on the Scioto River, and at a few places between the Ohio River and Lake Erie ; the Ottawas occupied the valleys of the Maumee and Sandusky rivers ; and the Chippewas, small in numbers, were chiefly confined to the southern shores of Lake Erie. By the treaty of Fort McIntosh, formed in 1785, the Ottawas with the Wyandots and Delawares, were assigned to the northern section of what is now the State of Ohio, and west of the Cuyahoga River, having relinquished by the terms of said treaty, whatever of claims they had to other portions of the territory that now constitutes our State.

The territory that now constitutes Ohio was first of all, so far as we can judge, in the full possession of the race of Mound-Builders; afterwards (but still in prehistoric times), its sole occupants and owners for some centuries were unquestionably those Indian tribes or nations already named, and probably the Eries and others that had been subjected to expulsion or extermination. They, as well as the Mound-Builders, held titles acquired probably by priority of discovery, by conquest, by occupancy, or possession. Possessory titles they might be appropriately styled.

It is stated by Parkraan, and probably by other accredited historians, that the adventurous La Salle in 1670, accompanied by a few heroic followers, passed from Lake Erie south, over the portage into the Allegheny River, perhaps by way of one of its numerous tributaries, and from thence down into the Ohio, winch they descended as far as the " Falls" of said river (at Louisville) ; and that they were therefore the first white men - the first of European birth - to enter upon the soil of Ohio; the first civilized men to discover and explore the territory that constitutes our now populous State. It must be admitted that some shades of doubt rest upon the foregoing problematical expedition of the distinguished Frenchman (Robert Cavalier La Salle), but whether he voyaged down the Ohio or not at the time named, his name must ever be identified with our State as one of its earliest explorers, if not its discoverer, so far as the white race is concerned, as will be made apparent in the following paragraphs. In 1679, the intrepid explorer, La Salle, accompanied by thirty-four Frenchmen, sailed along the entire length of the southern shore of Lake Erie in the li Griffin," a vessel of about sixty tons burden, which he had built in the Niagara River above the " Falls," and which was the first vessel that ever unfurled a sail on said lake, or upon any waters within the present limits of Ohio.

Again, in 1662, La Salle descended the Illinois and Mississippi rivers to the mouth of the latter; and in 1684 he sailed past the mouth of the Mississippi (which he intended to enter, but failed), and along the Gulf of Mexico to some point on the coast of Texas, and landing there, became its discoverer. And it is upon these three last-named voyages, and upon the provision of some European treaties, more than upon the somewhat doubtful and uncertain voyage of discovery by La Salle down the Ohio River to the " Falls" in 1670, that France rested her title, claiming that the Upper Valley of the Ohio (at least the portion northwest of the Ohio River), was a part of Louisiana, thus acquired by La Salle for France, and held by said power by right of discovery and possession. There was, of course, little controversy between Great Britain and France as to title northwest of the Ohio River, before the formation of the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, when and by which certain matters in dispute between those governments were adjusted. And France not only asserted ownership and held possession of the territory that now constitutes Ohio, from the time of the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, until the Treaty of Paris in 1763, by which peace was established between France and England, but also exercised authority therein and maintained control over it by military force. Arid this, too, in defiance of titles set up by Great Britain, one of which was based upon treaties with the Iroquois or Six Nations of Indians, who claimed to have conquered "the whole country from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and from the lakes to Carolina, and hence were its owners and authorized to dispose of it.

By conquest and treaty stipulations, Great Britain came into possession in 1763, and substantially retained it until the close of our Revolutionary war, when, by the Treaty of Peace concluded at Paris in 1783, and ratified by the American Congress in January, 1784, ownership was vested in the government of the United States, which, in October, 1784, by the terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, extinguished the title of the Six Nations to the Ohio Valley, and which, from time to time, by treaties concluded at various times and places, extinguished all other Indian titles, and thus acquired full right to the soil, and complete and undisputed territorial jurisdiction. By the treaties of Forts McIntosh and Finney alone, held respectively in January, 1785 and 1786, all Indian titles to Ohio territory were extinguished, except that portion situated chiefly between the Cuyahoga aud Maumee rivers.

New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, after the ratification of the Treaty of Peace, in 1784, between Great Britain and the United States, and for some time before, had asserted claims to portions of the territory now composing the State of Ohio, and Virginia claimed title to the whole of it and much more, even to the entire extent of the " territory northwest of the river Ohio," organized four years thereafter. Virginia had asserted ownership, and exercised a nominal jurisdiction over the territory of our State, by establishing the county of Botetourt, in 1769, whose western boundary was the Mississippi River. That State's claim was founded, as heretofore stated, upon certain charters granted to the Colony of Virginia by James the First, bearing dates respectively, April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1611 ; also, upon the conquest of the country, between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and the northern lakes, by General George Rogers Clark, in 1778-79. But whatever the claim was founded upon, the State Legislature waived all title and ownership to it (except to the Virginia Military District), and all authority over it, by directing the Representatives of said State (Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lee, and James Monroe), to cede to the United States all right, title, and claim, as well of soil as of jurisdiction, with the exception named, " to the territory of said State lying and being to the northwest of the river Ohio:" which was accordingly done, March 1, 1784.

The charter of Massachusetts, upon which that State's title was based, was granted within less than twenty-five years after the arrival of the Mayflower; and that of Connecticut, bearing date March 19, 1631, both embracing territory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and that of New York, obtained from Charles the Second, on March 2, 1664, included territory that had been previously granted to Massachusetts and Connecticut ; hence, the conflict of claims between those States, their several charters covering, to some extent, the same territory; and hence, also; their contest with Virginia as to a portion of the soil of Ohio. Probably the titles of some or all pf the aforesaid contesting States were in some way affected by the provisions of treaties with the Iroquois, or by the fact of their recognition by them, as appendants of the government of New York.

New York's deed of cession was favorably reported upon by acommittee of Congress, May 1, 1182; and by like acts of patriotism, magnanimity, and generosity to those of New York and Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut soon followed by similar acts of relinquishment of title, or by corresponding deeds of cession to the United States. The Legislature of Massachusetts, on the 13th day of November, 1784, authorized her delegates in Congress to cede the title of that State to all the territory west of the western boundary of the State of New York to the United States, and the measure was consummated in 1785.

Connecticut, in September, 1786, ceded all her claim to soil and jurisdiction west of what is now known as the Western Reserve to the United States. Five hundred thousand acres of the western portion of the Western Reserve was set apart for the relief of the Connecticut sufferers by fire during the Revolution, since known as the " Firelands," the Indian title to which was extinguished by the treaty .of Fort Industry (now Toledo), in 1805, Charles Jouett being the United States Commissioner, and the chiefs of the Shawnees, Delawares, Wyandots, Chippewas, Ottawas, and some minor tribes representing the interests of the 1 Indians. The remainder of the Western Reserve tract, amounting to about three millions of acres, was sold, and the proceeds dedicated to educational purposes, and has served as the basis of Connecticut's common school fund, now aggregating upwards of two millions of dollars. Jurisdictional claim to the Western Reserve was ceded by Connecticut to the United States May 30, 1801.

Early -Time White Men In Ohio

As early as 1680 the French had a trading station on the Maumee River, a few miles above the present city of Toledo, near where Fort Miami was erected in 1794; and Bancroft, the historian, asserts that a route from Canada to the Mississippi River, by way of the Maumee, Wabash, and Ohio rivers, was established by the French in 1716. A little later a route was established from Presque Isle, now Erie, on Lake Erie, to French Creek, and thence down the Alleghany and Ohio rivers. Vague traditions have been handed down of the establishment of trading posts upon the Ohio, by Englishmen, as early as 1730. In 1742 John Iloward crossed the mountains from Virginia, and descending the Ohio in a canoe, was captured somewhere on his voyage by the French. In 1748 Conrad Wciser, a German of Herenberg, who (says the author of "Western Annals") had in early life acquired a knowledge of the Mohawk tongue, was sent to the Shawnees on the Ohio as an ambassador, and held a conference with them at Logstown, on the Ohio River, seventeen miles below the " Forks of tiie Ohio" (now Pittsburgh), but it is not quite certain that he came within the present limits of Ohio, though it is probable.

In 1750, Christopher Gist, an agent of the " Ohio Land Company," which had been organized in 1748 by the Washingtons, one or two of the Lees, and other Virginians, and some Englishmen, came over the mountains from Virginia, and crossing the Ohio at or below the " Forks" (now Pittsburgh), passed over to the Tuscarawas River, which he descended to its junction with the Walhonding. From thence he travelled down the Muskingum, following an Indian trail, to the mouth of the Wakatomika (now Dresden, Muskingum County), where there was an Indian town. He then followed the Indian trail across the Licking River to King Beaver's town, situated on the head waters of the Hockhocking River, about equidistant from the present cities of Lancaster and Columbus. The trail be followed must have led him near the "Big Lake," as the Indians called it, now the " Reservoir," a famous fishing resort, situated in the counties of Licking, Fairfield, and Perry. In this exploring expedition Gist was joined at the Walhonding by George Croghan, and probably by Andrew Montour, a half-breed, son of a Seneca chief, who often acted as an interpreter between the whites and Indians. They crossed the Scioto and travelled on to the Great Miami, which Gist descended to the Ohio, and voyaged down said stream to a point fifteen miles above the " Falls," from whence he travelled through Kentucky to his home in Virginia, where he arrived in May, 1751.

Croghaiwind Montour were the bearers of liberal presents from Pennsylvania to the Miamis, who, in return, granted the right to the English to build a strong trading-house or stockade on the Miami River, at the entrance of Loramie's Creek into said stream, in the present county of Shelby, and which was accordingly erected and called Pickawillany,and has been called by some historians " the first point of English settlement in Ohio," and " a place of historic interest" The presents were made on behalf of Pennsylvania, and the reciprocal favor secured, it was believed, would largely benefit the Indian traders there and in " the regions round about," who were principally Pennsylvanians. The Pickawillany stockade was doubtless the first edifice erected upon Ohio's territory by English-speaking people; but it was of brief duration, for in June, 1752, a force of French, Canadians, and Indians (Chippewas and Ottawas) attacked and destroyed it, capturing or killing all the traders but two ; fourteen of its defenders, chiefly Miamis, being killed in the action ; a number also being wounded. We transcribe, from a long list of names, in Captain Trent's journal, a few of those who traded at this post with the Indians between the years 1745 and 1753, as follows: Peter Chartier, Conrad Weiser, Thomas McGee, George Croghan, James Denny, Robert Callender, George Gibson, James Lowry, Michael Cresap, Sr., Christopher Gist, Jacob Piatt, William Trent, John Findlay, David Hendricks, John Trotter, William Campbell, Thomas Mitchell, William West, and others.

Before 1745 the traders among the Ohio Indians were principally Frenchmen ; but about this time Pennsylvanians and Virginians entered into that business in augmented numbers, and continued in it persistently, while the French gradually relinquished it ; and after the capture of Fort Du Quesne, in 1758, the English also acquired a foothold as traders in the Upper Ohio Valley, and retained it until the peace of 1783-4.

George Croghan, with a retinue of deputies of the Senecas, Shawanese, and Delawares, passed down the Ohio River in two batteaux from Fort Pitt to the mouth of the Wabash in 1765.

It is also well known to persons familiar with our history, that George Washington came to Fort Pitt in 1770, and, with William Crawford, Dr. Craik, and a few other chosen friends, and two Indians, three servants, some boatmen, and an interpreter, voyaged down the Ohio River to the mouth of the Kanawha, and fourteen miles up said stream, and, after some buffalo shooting and hunting generally, but mainly after extensive explorations with a view to the selection and ultimate location of lands, returned by the way of Ohio to Fort Pitt. From the journal of Washington, it appears that they lodged one night in the camp of Kiashuta, an Indian chief of the Six Nations, near the mouth of the Hockhocking River. Washington and Crawford also took a short walk of eight miles across the " Big Bend," now in Meig3 County, while their canoes were being paddled around the bend, on their return voyage.

Rev. David Jones (the Chaplain Jones of Revolutionary fame) also made a voyage down the Ohio and up the Scioto to the "Old Chiliioolke" Indian towns, thence across the Licking to the missionary stations on the Tuscarawas, and from thence to Fort Pitt and home, in 1772-3, making the journey from the Indian towns on the Scioto on horseback, in company with a Pennsylvania Indian trader named David Duncan.

And, lastly, we mention a voyage made down the Ohio River in the autumn of 1785, from Fort Pitt to the mouth of the Great Miami, by Gen. Richard Butler, Gen. S. H. Parsons, Col. James Monroe, Major Finney, Isaac Zane, Col. Lewis, and others, who were then, or subsequently became, men of note. .

The Earliest English Military Expeditions On Lake Erie

After the conquest of Canada by the English, in 1759-60, General Amherst, with a view to the establishment of English authority over the uncivilized regions of the West, organized an expedition under command of Major Rogers, who, on the 12th of September, 1760, received orders " to ascend the lakes and take possession of the French forts in the Northwest." This expedition, consisting of about two hundred men, coasted along the southern shore of Lake Erie, arrived at the month of the Cuyahoga River on tiie 7th of November, and were probably the first English-Speaking people that, in any considerable numbers, sailed upon it. The expedition sailed up the lake and on to Detroit, and there, on the 29th of said month, " took down the colors of France and raised the royal standard of England." In December, Major Rogers left the Maumee, and after reaching Sandusky Bay (now Sandusky City), he decided to cross the Huron River and travel to " Fort Pitt" by way of the north branch of the White-woman's River (now called Walhonding), which he did, arriving there January 23, 1761.

The second expedition that came within Ohio territory, was organized at Albany, on the Hudson River, in 1763, by General Amherst, and consisted of six hundred British regulars placed under the immediate command of Major Wilkins. In ascending Lake Erie a violent storm was encountered, and a number of the vessels of the expedition were wrecked, losing fifty barrels of provisions, some field pieces, all their ammunition, and seventy-three men, including two lieutenants and a surgeon. The remnant returned to Albany without a further attempt to reach Detroit, the objective point of the expedition.

Subsequent Military Movements Upon Ohio Soil

For the purpose of subjugating the hostile Wyandots, Delawares, and Shawanese, who were unreconciled to English rule, and who bad outraged humanity by their brutality towards the frontier settlers, having barbarously murdered many of them and carried their wives and children into captivity, General Gage, commander-in-chief of the British troops in North America, decided, in 1764, to organize two armies, to be commanded respectively by Colonels Bradstreet and Bouquet.

In pursuance of this purpose Colonel Bradstreet, with a force of twelve hundred men, in August, sailed up Lake Erie, by way of Sandusky Bay, to Detroit, which had been besieged by Pontiac for many months, confining the garrison to their ramparts. After relieving Detroit, lie returned by way of Sandusky Bay to Niagara. Israel Putnam, who figures in our Revolutionary history ns a Major-General, and as one of the most distinguished men of those " stirring times," served as Major, commanding a battalion of provincial troops in the Bradstreet expedition.

Colonel Bouquet's army of fifteen hundred men, composed of two hundred Virginians, 6even hundred Pennsylvanians, and six hundred English regulars belonging to the Forty-second and Sixtieth regiments, was organized at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, arrived at "Fort Pitt" September 17, and marched from thence for the Upper Muskingum River (now called Tuscarawas) October 3, reaching said stream on the 15th of said month, at a point within the present limits of Tuscarawas Count}-, and proceeded at once to erect a temporary fort. Here (says the historian of the expedition) "Indian chiefs and warriors of the Senecas, Delawares, Shawanese, and others, numbering in all nearly fifty, met Colonel Bouquet October 17, and sued for peace in the most abject manner. Turtle- Heart, Custaloga, Beaver, and another chief or two, were the speakers, who, in their harangues, vehemently accompanied with wild gesticulations, asserted that they had been unable to restrain their young men, who had participated with those of oilier tribes in the acts of barbarity charged, and generally palliated the conduct of the Indians towards the white settlers." They pledged themselves, however, in conclusion, to restore all captives, which had been previously demanded of them by Colonel Bouquet, who had doubtless authoritatively charged home upon them their perfidy and cruel barbarities, their violated engagements, their treachery, and brutal murders of traders and frontiersmen, their unfaithfulness to all the promises they had made, their untrustworthiness, their baseness generally, concluding with the affirmation that their crimes merited the severest punishment.

We also learn from the official account of the expedition, that, by arrangement, Col. Bouquet met them again on the 20th of October, when, after reiterating the charges against them, he notified them that many of the friends and relatives of those that had l>een massacred or captured by them, accompanied the expedition, and that they would not consent to a peace with them until full satisfaction was rendered, by the restoration of all captives under their control, or by making satisfactory arrangements for their return to their homes and friends at the earliest practical period. Moreover, he emphatically impressed upon them that his army would not leave their country until they had fully complied with every condition contained in any treaty or arrangement he would make with them, because their oft-time violated obligations, their repeated acts of perfidy, their general faithlessness, their oft-told falsehoods, their forfeited honor in numerous cases, had rendered them so infamous as to be wholly untrustworthy.

" The temper of the foregoing address," says a writer in the Historical Record, " was such as to extort a promise from those chiefs to secure the restoration promptly of all whites held in captivity by their people." And it was then and there agreed that they would meet again in twelve days, at the junction of the Tuscarawas and White-woman (now called Walhonding) rivers, when and where the Indians were to "surrender all the prisoners now held by them, whether they were men, women, or children; whether they were English, French, African, or American; or whether they wore adopted, or married, or living in any other condition among them."

In pursuance of the above agreement, Col. Bouquet, on the 25th of October, reached the " Forks of the Muskingum" (now Coshocton), and then and there made preparation for the reception of the prisoners. The Indians, realizing the necessity of keeping faith with the stern and determined commander of such a large army, brought in, from day to day, numerous captives, so that when the general meeting was finally held, on the 9th of November (being some days later than the time first agreed upon), two hundred and six captives were delivered, and pledges given that about one hundred more, still held by the Shawanese, and whom it was impracticable, to have present on so short a notice, would be surrendered during the next spring. Hostages were taken for the fulfilment of this part of the arrangement (for it was not a formal treaty), which (although some of the hostages escaped) secured the delivery of the additional captives, numbering about one hundred, at " Fort Pitt," on the 9th of the following May.

The scene at the surrender of the prisoners, in the midst of this faroff western wilderness, far beyond the limits of the white settlements, was one that human language is too feeble to portray - which the pen of the historian and of the ready writer could not adequately describe - which the genius of the painter would utterly fail to present on canvas - which the skill of the renowned sculptor would be unable fully to exhibit in marble, and which could not fail to have stimulated into the most lively exercise all the variety of human passions, and, exceptionally, all the lender and sympathetic feelings of the human heart!

"There were seen," says the aforenamed authority, " fathers and mothers recognizing and clasping their once captive little ones ; husbands hung around the newly-recovered wives ; brothers and sisters met, after long separation, scarcely able to speak the same language, or to realize that they were children of the same parents! In those interviews there was inexpressible joy and rapture ; while in some cases, feelings of a very different character were manifested by looks or language. Many were flying from place to place, making eager inquiries after relatives not found, trembling to receive answers to their questions, distracted with doubts, hopes, -and fears; distressed and grieved on obtaining no iufoiination about the friends they sought, and, in some cases, petrified into living monuments of horror and woe on learning their unhappy fate !

"Among the captives brought into camp was a woman with a babe, a few months old, at her breast. One of the Virginia Volunteers soon recognized her as his wife who had been taken by the Indians about six months before. She was immediately delivered to her happy husband. He flew with her to his tent and clothed her and his child with proper apparel. But their joy, after their first transports, was soon checked by the reflection that another dear child, about two years old, taken captive at the same time with the mother, and separated from her, was still missing, although many children had been brought in. A few days afterwards a number of other prisoners were brought to the camp, among whom were several more children. The woman was sent for, and one.

supposed to be hers, wa9 presented to her. At first sight she was uncertain, but, viewing the child with great earnestness, she soon recollected its features, and was so overcome with joy that, literally forgetting her tursing babe, she dropped it from her arms, and, catching up the newfound child, in an ecstasy pressed it to her bosom, and, bursting into tears, carried it off, unable to speak for joy, while the father, taking up the infant its mother had dropped, followed her in no less transport of affection and gratitude."

Albach says that " in many cases strong attachments had grown up between the savages and their captives, so that they were reluctantly surrendered, some even not without tears, accompanied with some token of remembrance."

Colonel Bouquet having accomplished his purposes, broke up his camp at the " Forks of the Muskingum" on the 18th day of November, and, after a march of ten days, arrived at " Fort Pitt." His expedition was generally regarded as preeminently successful. His large army of well-equipped soldiers, led by a determined commander, struck terror into the hearts of the savages. They saw that resistance would be vain, and hence readily yielded to the conditions submitted to them. The results secured were the restoration to their friends of more than three hundred captives, a treaty of peace the next year, made with Sir William Johnson at the German Flats, and comparative exemption in the entire Northwest, for about ten years, from the horrors of Indian warfare.

The success of Colonel Bouquet's expedition secured him immediate promotion to a Brigadier-Generalship, and he was also highly complimented by the Legislative Assembly of Pennsylvania; also by the House of Burgesses of Virginia, and by his Majesty's Council of the same Colony, ns well as by Governor Fauquier.

General Henry Bouquet was a native of Rolle, a small town in the canton of Yaud, Switzerland, near the borders of Lake Geneva. He was born in 1719, and died at Pensacola, Florida, late in the year 1765. He was a man of sense and of science, of education, of ability, and talents. He was a subordinate in the Forbes expedition against Fort Du Quesne, in 1758. General Bouquet had a command while yet a very young man, in the army of the King of Sardinia, and passed through several of "the memorable anil ably-conducted campaigns that monarch sustained against the combined forces of France and Spain."

An Act Op The British Parliament

It may not be generally known, and yet be a fact worth recording, that the British Parliament, in the year 1774, passed an act making the Ohio River the southwestern boundary of Canada, and the Mississippi River its western boundary, thereby attaching the Northwest to the province of Quebec, as it was called, thus placing the territory that now constitutes the State of Ohio under the local administration of said province. Some historians give 1766 as the time of the aforesaid parliamentary enactment.

For ten years after the celebrated Bouquet expedition, the settlers on the western frontiers of the colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania enjoyed comparative immunity from the marauding excursions and murderous raids of the western savages, and from the barbarities previously and subsequently practised by the Ohio Indians. That decade of peace, however, may be fairly judged to have been more the wholesome result of the instructive lessons taught by Colonel Bouquet and of his large, well-equipped and formidable army than of the action of the English Parliament above named (even if said act was passed in 1766), or of any other cause or combination of causes whatever. When the army of the gallant Bouquet started on its long western march, "the wilderness was ringing with the war-whoop of the savage, and the frontiers were red with blood" - when the return march was ordered the signs of the times were auspicious, promising a long season of peace and quietude to the courageous frontiersmen of those "heroic times," and those hopeful indications were, in a good degree, realized during the halcyon years of the succeeding decade.

As has been already intimated the ten years that immediately followed the Bouquet expedition (from 1764 to 1774) was a period of comparative peace on both sides of the Ohio River. What might be appropriately called "a state of war" between the Ohio Indians and the Western frontiersmen, did not exist at any time during that decade. It is true some outrages were perpetrated by the Indians that provoked some acts of retaliation on the part of the whites, during " those piping times of peace but taken all in all, those ten years may be properly styled the halcyon decade of the latter half of tho eighteenth century, as between the civilized white men east of the Ohio, and the savage rod men west of it.

While, however, it was yet early spring-time, in 1774, rumors of threatened horse-stealing raids, and of contemplated hostile visits by the Indians into the frontier settlements, were rife. The border settlers were in a painful state of distrust, of doubt, uncertainty, and apprehension, which culminated in fully arousing the partially smothered hostility mutually cherished by the two hostile races towards each other.

On the 16th of April, 1774, a large canoe, owned by William Butler, a well-known and leading merchant or trailer of Pittsburgh, with a number of white men in it, was attackcd»by three Indians (supposed Cherokces), while it was floating down the Ohio River, near Wheeling, and one of the men was killed. This outrage soon became known, and was followed at once by wild, but generally believed rumors of further contemplated Indian atrocities. It will readily be seen how news of such an outrage, with the accompanying and probably exaggerated reports, would fall upon the ears of the already highly excited and inflammable frontiersmen, many of whom had, probably, for good cause, been long nursing their hatred of the Indian. The outrage, as might have been expected, was promptly succeeded by retaliation, for it was only a few days thereafter when a number of Indians that were going down the Ohio River in a boat were killed by some white men who alleged the murder of one of Butler's men as the provocation and their justification. It has been often asserted aud extensively published, that Captain Michael Cresup,of border and Revolutionary fame, had command of the murdcrers'of these friendly Indians. We do not think the charge clearly established, but whatever may be the fact on that point, it is probable that the atrocity was perpetrated at the instigation of Dr. John Connolly, who was at this time commandant, under Virginia authority, at the " Forks of the Ohio;" the fort at that time being called Fort Dunmore, in honor of the usurping Governor of Virginia. The frontiersmen about Wheeling being generally Virginians and Marylanders, naturally and easily became victims of the malign influence of the artful, designing Connolly, a tool of bunmore's, who was always ready to do his bidding. Captain C resap recognized Connolly's authority, and was in correspondence with him. Connolly sent an express to Cresap, which reached him April 21st, informing him "that war was inevitable; that the savages would striko as soon as the season permitted." This message, says Brantz Mayer, was the "signal for open hostilities against the Indians, and resulted in a solemn and formal declaration of war on the 26th of A pril, and that very night two scalps were brought into campy Upon the receipt of the letter from Connolly, on the 21st, "a council was called at Wheeling, of not only the military there then, but all the neighboring Indian traders were also summoned for consultation on the important occasion, resulting as above indicated."

The settlers at and in the vicinity of Wheeling, and along the Ohio River, were doubtless inveigled into the commission of hostile acts towards tho Indians, by the inflammatory appeals to them by Connolly, whose influence over them was of vicious tendency. He was an ambitious intriguer, a mere instrument in the hands of Dunmore ; and the war of 1774 is fairly traceable to a large extent, to his intrigues, exciting appeals, and machinations.

Brantz Mayer says that " the day after the declaration of war by Crosap and his men, under the warning authority of Connolly's message, some canoes filled with Indians were descried on the river, keeping under cover of tho island, to screen themselves from view. They were immediately pursued and overtaken fifteen miles below, at or near the mouth of Captina Creek, where a battle ensued, in which an Indian was taken prisoner, a few were wounded on both sides, and, perhaps, one slain. On examination, the canoes were found to contain a considerable quantity of ammunition and warlike stores, showing that they were ' on the warpath' in earnest." Captain Cresap is generally supposed to have commanded the pursuing party, but his biographer, Rev. John J. Jacob,

On the 30th of April, a force of twenty or thirty men, led by Captain Daniel Greathouse, went up the Ohio River to the mouth of Yellow Creek, above the present city of Steubenville, and there, accompanied by circumstances of great perfidy and atrocity, murdered ten Indians, some of whom were the kindred of Logan, the celebrated Mingo chief. This act was the more dastardly because committed against men, women, and children who were known to cherish no hostile purposes toward the whites! After these occurrences, it was manifest to the most hopeful friends of peace that an Indian war was inevitable! As might have been anticipated, the savages at once furiously took the war-path 1 Parties of them, with murder in their hearts, scoured the country east of the Ohio River, and made hostile raids into the settlements, and laid them waste! Men, women, and children were murdered and sealped ; the brains of infants were dashed out against the trees, and their bodies were left exposed, to be devoured by birds of prey and by the wild beasts of the forest ! Terror, gloom, excitement, consternation pervaded all the border settlements !

Upon the representations made to Governor Dunmore of outrages that clearly indicated a hostile disposition of the Indians toward the whites and a determination to make war upon them, that functionary promptly commissioned Colonel Angus McDonald, and authorized him to organize the settlers on the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers for the defence of the frontiers.

Lord Dunmore, knowing Michael Cresap to be a man of courage, energy, and force of character, personally tendered him a captain's commission, with a view to the immediate enlistment of a force of co-operation with the troops rapidly organizing by McDonald, west of the Alleghenies. Captain Cresap accepted the-com mission, and entered upon his duties promptly. Such was his popularity, that more than the required complement of men were recruited in a very short time, and at once marched to join the command of McDonald, the ranking officer of the expedition. The combined forces, numbering four hundred men, after a dreary march through the wilderness, rendezvoused at Wheeling, some time in June. The invasion of the country of the Ohio Indians was their purpose. In pursuance of their object, they went down the Ohio in boats and canoes to the mouth of the Captina Creek, and from thence they pursued their march to the Indian towns at and near the mouth of the Wakatomika Creek (now Dresden), a point about equidistant from the present city of Zanesville and the town of Coshocton, both on the Muskingum River, Jonathan Zane being the chief pilot of the expedition.

About six miles from Wakatomika, a force of forty or fifty Indians, lying in ambush, gave a skirmish, in which two of McDonald's men were killed, and eight or nine wounded, while the Indians lost one or more in killed, and several wounded. When McDonald arrived at the chief Wakatomika town, he found it evacuated, and the whole Indian force were in ambuscade a short distance from it, which being discovered, the Indians sued for peace. A march to the next village, a mile above the first, was effected, and a small skirmish ensued, in which some blood was shed on both sides. The result was the burning of the towns, and the destruction of their corn-fields. There was the usual perfidy on the part of the Indians, and really nothing substantial was accomplished, when the expedition returned to Wheeling, taking with them three chiefs as captives, or hostages, who were sent to Williamsburg, the seat of the colonial government of Virginia. This expedition was designed only to give temporary protection to the frontier settlers, and was preliminary to the Dunmore expedition to the Pickaway Plains, or "Old Chillicothe" towns, near the Scioto, later in the year.

Colonel Angus McDonald was of Scotch parentage, if he was not himself a native of the Highlands of Scotland. He lived near Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia, upon, or near, to the possessions early acquired in "the valley," and which was then, and is still, known as " Glengary," named in honor of the ancestral clan to which the ancient McDonalds belonged in the Highlands of Scotland. Some of Colonel McDonald's descendants, in the fourth generation, are still living near to, or upon, these domains of the earlier McDonalas.

The summer and early autumn of 1774 resounded with the din of preparation of war, in various portions of Virginia, having in view the raising of armies, ostensibly for the purpose of subjugating the hostile Ohio Indians. Governor Dunmore organized an army numbering about fifteen hundred men, in the northern counties, principally in Frederick, Hampshire, Berkley, and Dunmore (now Shenandoah), which assembled on the banks of the Ohio River, above Wheeling; while, at the same time, by arrangement, General Andrew Lewis raised over a thousand men in the southern counties, for the same purpose, which rendezvoused at Camp Union, on the Greenbriar River. The two armies were to form a junction at the mouth of the Kanawha. Bancroft says "these armies were composed of noble Virginians, who braved danger at the call of a royal governor, and poured out their blood to win the victory for western civilization." Three companies that served in the McDonald expedition to the Muskingum, immediately upon their return in July, entered the army of Lord Dunmore, and formed a part of the right wing thereof, which was directly under his immediate command. They were commanded respectively by Captain Michael Cresap, Captain James Wood, and by Captain Daniel Morgan, who all subsequently figured as officers in our Revolutionary war, the last named being the distinguished General Morgan of heroic fame, while Captain James Wood reached high military and civil positions, having served as governor of Virginia from 1796 to 1799. Among others of the Dunmore army who afterwards attained to more or less distinction as military commanders, and whose names, to the present time, are " household words" in the West, were Colonel William Crawford, General Simon Kenton, General John Gibson, and General George Rogers Clark. Among those connected with the left wing of the Dunmore army, who were then, or subsequently became , honorably identified with the history of our country, were its gallant commander, General Andrew Lewis ; General Isaac Shelby, a lieutenant then, afterwards the " hero of King's Mountain;" Colonel Charles Lewis, who gave up his life for his country on the battle-field of Point Pleasant; also, Hon. Andrew Moore, who served Virginia many years in both branches of our national legislature, with honor to himself and credit to his State.

The right wing of the Dunmore army reached the Ohio River, by way of " Potomac Gap," about the first of October ; and the left wing, under command of General Lewis, encamped at the mouth of the Kanawha River near the same time, where he soon received a dispatch from Lord Dunmore changing the place of the junction of the two wings of his army to the vicinity of the Indian towns on the Scioto, near the " Pickaway Plains." Meanwhile, Dunmore, with his command, went down the Ohio to the mouth of the Hockhocking River, and there built " Fort Gower." From thence he marched his army up said river, through the territory that now constitutes the counties of Athens, Hocking, Fairfield, and portions of Pickaway, and encamped On Sippo Creek, a tributary of the Scioto, within a few miles of the Shawanese towns, where he erected some entrenchments, naming his encampment " Camp Charlotte."

General Lewis intended to start with his command towards the Indian towns on the Scioto on the 10th of October, to join Governor Dunmore, but at sunrise on that day he was unexpectedly attacked by about one thousand chosen warriors, under the command of Cornstalk, the celebrated Shawanese chief, who had rallied them at the old Chillicothe town, on the Scioto, near the " Pickaway Plains," to meet the array of General Lewis, and give them battle before the two corps could effect a union. The battle lasted all day, and terminated with the repulse of Cornstalk's warriors, with great slaughter on both sides. It has been generally characterized by historians as " one of the most sanguinary and best fought battles in the annals of Indian warfare in the west." Seventy-five officers and men of Lewis's army were killed, and one hundred and forty were wounded. The loss was, probably, equally as great on the part of the Indians, who retreated during the night.

General Lewis was reinforced to the extent of three hundred men, soon after the battle, and then started upon his march of eighty miles, through the wilderness, for the Indian towns on the Scioto, arriving within four miles of " Camp Charlotte" on the 24th of October. His encampment, which was named Camp Lewis, was situated on Congo Creek, a tributary of Sippo Creek, near the southern termination of the " Pickaway Plains," and within a short distance of the " Old Chillicothe ,town."

The principal chiefs of the Indians on the Scioto met Lord Dunmore at " Camp Charlotte," and agreed with him upon the terms of a treaty. Cornstalk, who had been defeated by General Lewis, was present, and, being satisfied of the futility of any further struggle, was specially anxious to make peace, and readily obtained the assent of the chiefs present to it. The Mingoes were not a party to the treaty, but remained rebellious; whereupon Captain Crawford was sent, with a small force, against one of their towns on the Scioto, which they destroyed, and took a number of prisoners, who were not released until the next year. And it is a noteworthy fact, too, that Logan, the great Mingo chief, would not attend the council at " Gamp Charlotte ." He could not be prevailed upon to appear, and in any way make himself a party to the treaty. Dunmore greatly desired his attendance and acquiescence, at least, if he could not secure his approval of the terms of the treaty. To this end he sent Colonel John Gibson as a messenger to the old Chillicothe town, across the Scioto, where Logan usually spent his time when not on " the war-path," to ascertain the reasons for his absence, and, if possible, to secure his presence.

Logan was found, but he was in a sullen mood. At length, becoming somewhat mollified under the gentle and persuasive manipulations of Gibson, and from the effects of freely administered "fire-water," he moved from the wigwam in which this preliminary interview was held, and, beckoning Dunraore's messenger to follow, "he went into a solitary thicket near by, where, sitting down on a log, he burst into tears, and uttered some sentences of impassioned eloquence, charging the murder of his kindred upon Captain Michael Cresap." Those utterances of Logan were committed to paper by Colonel Gibson immediately on his return to " Camp Charlotte," and probably read in the council and in the presence of the army. And this is substantially the history of the famous speech of Logan, until it appeared in the Virginia Gazette , of date February 4, 1775, which was published in the city of Williamsburg, the then seat of government of the colony of Virginia. Its publication was, doubtless, procured by Dunmore himself. It was neither a speech, an address, a message, nor a promise to assent to, or comply with , the provisions of a treaty, but simply the wild, excited, passionate ulterancesof a blood-stained savage, given as near as remembered by Colonel Gibson, and which consisted, in part, of slanderous allegations, based on misinformation, against Captain Michael Cresap - charges known by every officer at " Camp Charlotte" to be unfounded - allegations that have been persistently propagated to the present time, to the detriment of the fair fame and memory of an injured patriot, a valuable, enterprising, adventurous pioneer on the western frontiers, and a brave soldier and gallant officer in the Revolutionary army, who died a patriot's death while in the service of his country !

Colonel Gibson, knowing that Captain Cresap had not participated in any way in the murder of Logan's kindred at Yellow Creek, immediately after the close of the very spirited recital of his injuries, corrected Logan's impressions as to Cresap's guilt, but the half frantic savage persisted in the false charge he had made, or at least declined to withdraw it, and Colonel Gibson felt bound to put Logan's words on paper, as near as he could just as they were spoken. Soon after Logan's speech, as it was called, was published in Williamsburg, it was republished in New York and elsewhere, and its further republication by Thomas Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," in 1784, as a specimen of aboriginal eloquence, gave it still greater currency, and, tacitly, an apparent indorsement of the charge it contained against Captain Cresap. But Mr. Jefferson published it without any reference to the truth or falsity of said charge, but to disprove the statements of Buffon and Raynal, who alleged the inferiority of Americans, and charged that there was a natural tendency to physical, mental, and moral degeneracy in America I

Colonel (afterwards General) Gibson was a man of talents, and abundantly capable of executing the agency attributed to him in this matter. He enjoyed the confidenceof General Washington, who, in 1781, intrusted him with the command of the " Western Military Department." General Gibson was Secretary of Indiana Territory, and sometimes acting

Governor, from 1800 to 1813, and held other positions of honor. He died near Pittsburgh, in 1822. Most of the foregoing facts are obtained from the sworn deposition of General Gibson himself, and from the corroborative statements of General George Rogers Clark, Colonel Benjamin Wilson, Luther Martin, Esq., Judge John B. Gibson, and other gentlemen distinguished for talents and veracity.

During the summer of 1774 Logan acted the part of a murderous demon ! He was a cruel, vindictive, bloody-handed savage 1 He took thirty scalps and some prisoners during the six months that intervened between the time of the unjustifiable, wanton, unprovoked murder of his friends at Yellow Creek, and his interview with Colonel Gibson 1 He had had his revengel To quote his own vigorous language, " he had fully glutted his vengeance /" And notwithstanding he had indulged his savage propensities, even to satiety one would suppose, he nevertheless subsequently engaged in other hostile crusades against the frontiersmen, one of these being the murderous expedition into Kentucky which resulted in the capture of Ruddell's and Martin's Stations, and the taking of many prisoners. He also went on a similar mission to the Ilolston River settlements, in 1779. Logan was a savage, but had- been fricudly to the whites. After the brutal murder of his friends, the frontiersmen east of the Ohio River, and the red men west of it, assumed an attitude of intense hostility towards each other, the latter embracing every opportunity to rob, capture, and murder the former, and those outrages were met by the white settlers in a determined spirit of retaliation and revenge. The conduct of Logan, therefore, was not surprising. The fact that he was a savage is the best plea that can be offered in mitigation of his enormities. And he had great provocation, too!

Logan, after the murder of his kindred and friends, in 1774, gave way, in a great measure, to intemperance and vindictiveness, and became a sullen, harsh, cruel, drunken vagabond. His acts of barbarity finally brought him to a violent death on the southern shore of Lake Erie, between Sandusky Bay and Detroit, in 1780, at the hands of one of his own race I

Colonel Michael Cresap, upon the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, in 1775, raised a company of volunteers at the call of the Maryland Delegates in Congress, and became their commander. He promptly marched to Boston, where he joined the Continental army of General Washington. His health, however, soon failed, and he attempted to return to his home in Maryland, but when, on the 12th of October, he reached New York, he found himself too feeble to proceed farther. Daily declining, he died October 18, 1775, in the thirty-third year of his age, and was buried the day after his death, with military honors, in Trinity churchyard. A widowed wife and four children survived him. Thus died, in early manhood, the gallant soldier, the pure patriot, the cruelly defamed pioneer, the meritorious Revolutionary officer, the greatly maligned and unjustly assailed Captain Michael Cresap !

Lord Dunmore, after negotiating with the Indians for peace, and for the restoration of prisoners and stolen property, returned to Virginia, pursuing very nearly the route by which he came, leaving a hundred men at the mouth of the Kanawha, and a small force at " Fort Fincastle," afterwards called " Fort Henry" (now Wheeling) ; also a limited number of men at the " Forks of the Ohio," for the protection of the frontier settlements. Fort Henry was named in honor of Patrick Henry, who became Governor of the colony of Virginia as the successor of Lord Dunmore, immediately after the latter's espousal of the cause of the mother country against the colonies, and of his ignominious flight from Williamsburgh, in June, 1775, and taking refuge on board of a British man-of-war.

It may be recorded to the honor of Dunmore's officers that they were loyal to the colonies and patriotic to the core, which they made manifest when, at " Fort Gower," at the mouth of the Hockhocking, while on their homeward march, they resolved, in view of the approaching rupture with England, "that they would exert every power within them for the defence of American liberty, and for the support of America's just rights and privileges."

Organization Op Illinois Counit

For the purpose of more effectually organizing civil government northwest of the Ohio River, after the conquest of the country by CoL George opposite the present city of Cincinnati, from whence, at the end of the second night, they reached the vicinity of one of the towns undiscovered. Soon fighting ensued, but, says Albach, "from some unexpected cause, there was no efficient cooperation between the two wings of the Kentucky army, and, consequently, but little success." The town was destroyed, and some booty, including one hundred and sixty horses, was taken. There was gallant fighting on both sides, nine men of Colonel Bowman's army being killed, and probably as many, or more, on the part of the Shawanese. Blaekfish, one of their chiefs, was wounded.

The Indians were, however, on this occasion, in no degree daunted or crippled, and made a vigorous pursuit of the Kentuckians, frequently attacking them during the first day's retreat, which was commenced at about ten o'clock. The retreating army recrossed the Ohio at the mouth of the Little Miami, and then dispersed to their homes.

Colonel Logan was of the Bouquet and Dunmore expeditions, and he, as well as Colonel Bowman, have had honorable mention, in Western history, of their meritorious conduct.

Rogers Clark, the House of Burgesses of Virginia, in October, 1718, erected the county of Illinois, out of the western part of Botetourt County, which had been established in 1769. Illinois County was bounded on the east by Pennsylvania, on the southeast and south by the Ohio River, on the west by the Mississippi River, and on the north by the northern lakes, thus making the territory that now constitutes the State of Ohio an integral portion of it. John Todd, Esq., was appointed County Lieutenant and Civil Commandant of Illinois County. He was killed in the battle of Blue Licks, August 18, 1782, and was succeeded by Timothy de Montbrun. The Moravian missionaries on the Tuscarawas, a few scores of Indian traders, and a small number of French settlers on the Maumee, made the sum total of white men at that time in what is now Ohio.

Expedition Op Oen. Mcintosh

Gen. Lachlin McIntosh, commander of the Western Military Department, made an expedition, in 1778, with discretionary powers, from "Fort Pitt" to the Tuscarawas, with about one thousand men, and there erected Fort Laurens, near the present town of Bolivar, in Tuscarawas County. He garrisoned it with one hundred and fifty men, under command of Col. John Gibson, and then returned to " Fort Pitt."

The original purpose was to march his army to Detroit, or at least as far as the Sandusky Indian towns, but various causes prevented, and the campaign was comparatively fruitless. Not receiving reinforcements as expected, and probably lacking in energy, and having no special capacity for Indian warfare, his expedition was a failure, and he resigned his command of the "Western Military Department" in February, 1779.

General McIntosh was a Scotchman, born in 1727. His father's family, himself included, came with General Oglethorpe to Georgia in 1736 ; became Colonel of the First Georgia Regiment in the early part of the Revolutionary war; was soon made a Brigadier-General; killed Hon. Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, in a duel fought in 1777; commanded the Western army in 1778-79; was captured at Charleston, South Carolina, May 12, 1780 ; became a member of Congress in 1784, and an Indian Commissioner in 1785, and died in Savannah, Georgia, in 1806.

Fort Laurens (named in honor of the then President of the Continental Congress, Henry Laurens) was the first parapet and stockade fort built within the present limits of Ohio ; Fort Gower, and others previously constructed, being of a less substantial character. Disasters attended it from the beginning. The Indians stole their horses, and drew the garrison into several ambuscades, killing fourteen men at one time, and eleven at another, besides capturing a number also. Eight hundred warriors invested it at one time, and kept up the siege for six weeks. The provisions grew short, and when supplies from " Fort Pitt" had arrived within a hundred yards of the fort, the garrison, in their joyousness, fired a general salute with musketry, which so frightened the loaded pack-horses as to produce a general stampede through the woods, scattering the provisions in every direction, so that most of the much-needed supplies were lost Although it was regarded very desirable, for various military reasons, to have a garrisoned fort and dSpdt of supplies at a point about equidistant from the forts on the Ohio River and the hostile Indians on the Sandusky Plains, yet so disastrous had'been the fate of Fort Laurens, on the Tuscarawas River, that it was abandoned in August, 1779. Fifty years ago the Ohio Canal was cut through it, and but little remains to show where this, the first of our military earthworks erected by the white race, stood. Though this stockade was constructed less than a hundred years ago, it is now numbered among " the things that were, but are not 1"

Expedition Op Col. John Bowman

In July, 1779, Colonel John Bowman, with a hundred and sixty Kentuckians, marched against some Shawanese Indian towns situated on the Little Miami River, within the present limits of Greene County. It was in retaliation for atrocities then recently committed in Kentucky. The troops were divided, a portion of them being commanded by Colonel Benjamin Logan. They rendezvoused at the mouth of the Licking,

In July and August, 1780, Colonel George Rogers Clark organized an expedition and marched against the Indian towns on the Little Miami and Mad rivers, with an army of about a thousand men, all Kentuckians, to chastise them for their marauding excursions into the settlements south of the Ohio River. They, too, crossed the Ohio at the mouth of the Licking, and erected two block-houses on the first day of August, upon the ground now occupied by Cincinnati. The march was resumed the next day, and on the sixth day of August they arrived at the site of an Indian town (called Old Chillicothe), on the banks of the Little Miami, which had been set on fire and destroyed by the Indians, in anticipation of Clark's arrival with his infuriated Kentuckians. After cutting down the growing corn, and finding no enemy, the expedition proceeded to the large Indian town called Piqua (the birthplace of Tecumseh), situated on the Mad River, about five miles west of the present city of Springfield. The Indians, concealed in high grass in a prairie adjoining the town, made an attack, and a desperate battle ensued, which resulted in the death of twenty Kentuckians and as many Indians, and the flight of the latter. Piqua was utterly destroyed, and about five hundred acres of growing corn were cut down there and in the vicinity of the site of " Old Chillicothe," which was situated within the present limits of Greene County. Colonel Clark's army then started on their return march, and on arriving at the mouth of the Licking was disbanded. Colonel Benjamin Logan was the second officer in rank. There seems to be good reason to believe that the infamous Simon Girty had command of three hundred Mingoes in the Piqua battle.

To guard against the recurrence of predatory incursions into the frontier settlements east of the Ohio River, and to avenge the cruelties and atrocious barbarities of the savages, General Daniel Brodhead, in April, 1781, organized a force of about three hundred effective men, at Wheeling, with which he marched to the Muskingum River. The result of this campaign was the taking of the Indian town situated at the " Forks" of said river (now Coshocton), with all its inhabitants, and the capture of some prisoners at other villages. Among the prisoners taken were six teen warriors who were doomed to death by a council of war, and accordingly dispatched, says Doddridge, with spears and tomahawks, and afterwards scalped ! A strong determination was manifested by the soldiers to march up the Tuscarawas to the Moravian towns and destroy them, but General Brodhead and Colonel Shepherd (the second officer in rank) prevented this contemplated outrage. The famous Lewis Wetzel killed, in cold blood, a chief who was held as a hostage by General Brodhead 1 Other atrocities were committed by the infuriated men on their return march, who were resolved to adopt the most sanguinary measures, if necessary, to prevent in the future the murderous incursions of the savages into the frontier settlements.

The border wars of this period were prosecuted on both sides as wars of extermination, and the cruelties and barbarities perpetrated by the Indians had produced such a malignant spirit of revenge among the whites as to make them but little less brutal and remorseless than the savages themselves. Some of their expeditions against the Indians were mere murdering parties, held together only by the common thirst for revenge ; and it is not likely that any discipline calculated to restrain that pervading feeling, or that would he efficient in preventing or even checking it, could in all cases have been enforced. It is certainly unfortunate for the reputation of General Brodhead that his name is thus associated with the murder of prisoners; but it is highly probable that he never sanctioned it, and could not have prevented it.

General Daniel Brodhead's home was in Berks County, Pennsylvania. He entered the Revolutionary army as a Lieutenant-Colonel, his commission bearing date July 4, 1776 ; was engaged in most of the battles fought by General Washington's army, until early in 1179, when, on receiving a Colonel's commission, he was placed in command of the Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment. On March 5, 1879, he was appointed to the command of the "Western Military Department" (succeeding General McIntosh), with head-quarters at " Fort Pitt." This position he retained until 1781, when h.e was succeeded by General John Gibson, who was himself succeeded by General William Irvine, September 24, 1781.

In 1789, General Brodhead was elected Surveyor-General of Penns 3 'lvania, an office which he continued to hold until 1799, when he retired to private life. His death occurred at Milford, Pennsylvania, November 12, 1809. He was one of four brothers, who all rendered essential services during our Revolutionary struggle.

In the early summer of 1781, Colonel Lochry, the County Lieutenant of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, was requested by Colonel George Rogers Clark to raise a military force, and join him in his then contemplated military movement against Detroit, and the Indian tribes of the Northwest generally. The mouth of the Big Miami River was first named as the place of general rendezvous, but was subsequently changed to the " Falls of the Ohio." Colonel Lochry raised a force of one hundred and six men, who, on the 25th of July, "set out for ' Fort Henry' (Wheeling), where they embarked in boats for their destination." They passed down the Ohio River to a point a few miles below the mouth of the Big Miami, where, having landed, they " were suddenly and unexpectedly assailed by a volley of rifle-balls, from an overhanging bluff, covered with large trees, on which the Indians had taken position in great force." The result was the death of Colonel Lochry and forty-one of his command, and the capture of the remainder, many of whom were wounded, some of the captured being killed and scalped while prisoners l This occurred August 25, 1781, and such of the captured as were not murdered, died, or escaped, did not reach their homes again until after the peace of 1783, when they were exchanged at Montreal, and sent home, arriving there in May, 1783. The murder of prisoners was alleged to be in retaliation for the outrages committed by Brodhead's men a few months before ; and it has been said that this treatment of Lochry's men was one of the provocations for the brutal murder of the Moravian Indians, on the Tuscarawas, in 1782.

The wife of William Wallace, and three of her children, also John Carpenter, all of Washington County, Pennsylvania, were captured by the Indians in February, 1782, and carried off. Mrs. Wallace and her infant were found, after having been tomahawked and scalped 1 The frontiersmen were greatly exasperated, and at once organized an expedition of nearly a hundred men to pursue and chastise the murderers. On arriving at the Tuscarawas River, and finding the Moravian Indians there, in considerable force, gathering corn at the villages from which they had been forcibly removed, by British authority, the preceding autumn, to the Sandusky Plains, for alleged favoritism to the American cause, the conclusion was soon reached that they had found the murderers of Mrs. Wallace and her child, and at once made prisoners of those at Gnadenhiitten and Salem, to the number of ninety-six. The Indians at Shonbrun made their escape, on hearing of the capture of those at work at the other villages. It has been stated that some clothing was found with those Indians that was identified as that of the murdered friends of some of Williamson's men ; but even if that were so, it did not prove that these Indians were the murderers, or had even aided or abetted the murderers.

Colonel Williamson, on March 8, 1782, submitted the fate of his helpless captives to his excited men. The alternative was whether they should take them to " Fort Pitt," as prisoners, or kill them. Eighteen only voted to take them to " Fort Pitt," the others voted to butcher them, and " they were then and there murdered in cold blood, with gun and spear, and tomahawk, and scalping-knife, and bludgeon and maul 1" Two only escaped. There are many details of this atrocious massacre - this infamous butchery of an innocent people - but we omit them. History characterizes it as an atrocious and unqualified wholesale murder - as a terrible tragedy - a horrible deed. Would that it could be blotted from our history ! Colonel Williamson opposed the massacre, but could not control his men.

Soon after the return of the murderous expedition of Colonel Williamson, an expedition against the Wyandot villages, on the Sandusky Plains was determined upon, their destruction being deemed essential to t!\e protection of the frontier settlements east of the Ohio. Nearly all of Colonel Williamson's men volunteered, and recruiting went on so rapidly that by the 25th of May four hundred and eighty men rendezvoused at the Mingo Bottoms, three miles below the present city of Steubenville. An election for commander of the expedition was held there, when it was found that Colonel William Crawford was elected, having received 235 votes, while 230 were cast for Colonel David Williamson. The latter geutleman was then promptly and unanimously chosen the second officer in rank. The entire force was composed of mounted men, who, following the " Williamson trail" to the Tuscarawas, passed rapidly on to the Sandusky. On reaching a point three miles north of Upper Sandusky, and a mile west of the Sandusky River, within the present limits of Wyandot County, a battle ensued (known as the battle of Sandusky, fought June 4-5, 1782), followed by the defeat of Colonel Crawford and the loss of over a hundred men in killed and prisoners. Colonel Crawford was captured and tortured to death in a slow fire, accompanied by circumstances of barbarity unparalleled in the annals of Indian warfare. Some historians have misapprehended the purpose of the Crawford campaign. We think it clearly established that the design was not the pursuit and chastisement of the Moravian Indians, but the destruction of the Wyandot villages of the Sandusky Plains, and for the reasons above stated. The details of this disastrous expedition are so well known to the general reader that we omit them.

Colonel Crawford was born in Orange County, Virginia, in 1732 (now Berkley County, West Virginia). He and General Washington were of the same age and were intimate friends from early life until Crawford's death, both being engaged while young men in the same pursuit, that of land surveyors. Both were officers in Braddock's disastrous campaign in 1755; both were officers in Gen. Forbes's army, in 1758, which successfully marched against Fort Du Quesne. Colonel Crawford served as a captain in Dunmore's war, in 1774 - recruited a regiment for continental service - became Colonel of the Seventh Virginia Regiment - was in the Long Island campaign, also in the retreat through New Jersey, and participated in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. In 1778 he had command of a Virginia regiment in the vicinity of " Fort Pitt," and built Fort Crawford, sixteen miles above the " Forks of the Ohio." He also participated in the erection of Fort McIntosh and Fort Laurens, and rendered other valuable services. He removed to " Stewart's Crossings" (now Connelsville) in 1769, it being the point where Braddock's army crossed the Youghiogheny River, in 1755, and where he frequently received the visits of his old friend, General Washington, whose land agent he was. And here he lived when he took command of the ill-fated Sandusky expedition. Colonel William Crawford possessed the highest qualities of true manhood, and justly ranked as a hero among the heroes of those heroic times l

Colonel David Williamson, the ranking officer after the capture of Colonel Crawford, took command of the defeated, demoralized, retreating forces, who were pursued by the victors, at least thirty miles, and dis- played considerable ability as such, particularly at the battle of Olentangy, which was fought June 6th, during the retreat, at a point now in Whetstone Township, Crawford County, about five miles southeasterly from Bucyrus. Colonel Williamson lived in Washington County, Pennsylvania, and died there, after having served it in the capacity of sheriff. We repeat the statement to his credit, that he was personally opposed to the murder of the Christian Indians, but could not prevent it.

In the autumn of 1782, soon after the battle of Blue Licks, and in retaliation upon the Ohio Indians, for that and other marauding and murderous incursions into Kentucky, General George Rogers Clark, with a force of over one thousand men, marched against the Indian towns on the Miami River. One division of the array was under command of Colonel Logan, and the other was commanded by Colonel Floyd. The two divisions marched together from the mouth of the Licking to a point near the head waters of the Miami River, now in Miami County, and there destroyed some Shawanese towns and other property, including Loramie's store, which was at the mouth of Loramie's Creek, within the present limits of Shelby County. Ten Indians were killed and a number of prisoners taken.

General George Rogers Clark was bom in Albemarle County, Virginia, November 19, 1752. He commanded a company in the right wing of Dunmore's army in 1774, and settled in Kentucky in 1776. In 1778 ho led an army into the Northwest and conquered it. He served under Baron Steuben in 1780, during Arnold's invasion of Virginia, and rendered other valuable military services. He was also a legislator, and served as a commissioner in making treaties with the Indians at Fort McIntosh, in 1785fand at Fort Finney in 1786. General Clark was a man of ability', of skill, energy, enterprise, and of wonderful resources, ne died at Locust Grove, near the Falls of the Ohio, in February, 1818.

In 1786 Colonel Benjamin Logan crossed the Ohio River at Limestone (now Maysville), with four hundred men or more, and marched to the Mack-a-cheek towns on Mad River, to chastise the Shawanese there, who were intensely hostile to the Kentuckians. The result of the campaign was the burning of eight of their towns, all of which were situated within the present limits of Logan County; also the destruction of much com. Twenty warriors were also killed, including a prominent chief of the nation, and about seventy-five prisoners were taken. Colonel Daniel Boone, General Simon Kenton, and Colonel Trotter were officers in this expedition. The first two named rendered valuable services in Dunmore's expedition, and afterwards, and the latter also made a good pioneer and war record.

Several minor expeditions, accompanied by comparatively unimportant results, we leave unnoticed. Those of Colonel Edwards to the Big Miami in 1787, and of Colonel Todd to the Scioto Valley in 1788, before the organization of the " Territory Northwest of the River Ohio," were of this class.

Pirst Treaties Establishing Boundaries

This treaty was followed on May 20, 1785, by an ordinance of Congress, which provided for the first survey and sale of the public lands within the present limits of Ohio. Under that ordinance the tract known as the Seven Ranges was surveyed, and sales effected at New York, in 1787, to the amount of $72,974. The tract of the Ohio Land Company was sur- % veyed and sold, pursuant to the provisions of an ordinance of J uly 23, 1785 ; and Fort Harmar, situated at the mouth of the Muskingum River, was built during this and the next year, for the protection of the immigrants that might settle upon it. The title to the Ohio Land Company's purchase was not perfected until October 23, 1787, and until then, settling upon the public lands was discouraged and indeed forbidden by the Government ; but, notwithstanding a number of settlements were made between the time of the treaty of Fort McIntosh, in January, 1785, and the perfecting of the title of the Ohio Land Company in October, 1787. These were chiefly along the Hockhocking and the Ohio rivers, and were broken up by military force, and the settlers dispersed or driven east of the Ohio River. Settlements that were attempted at the mouth of the Scioto, and other places, were prevented. Proclamations by Congress were issued against settling upon the public domain as early as 1785, and enforced by the military power when disregarded. Hundreds of families probably had attempted to settle permanently west of the Ohio River, previous to the arrival of the colony of New Englanders, at the mouth of the Muskingum, in April, 1788, but were not permitted to do so. The fact, therefore, remains that the settlement at Marietta was the first permanent one within the present limits o f Ohio - all others being but temporary , by reason of the compulsory dispersion , previously, of the settlers elsewhere, and the destruction of their huts.

The Mound Builders Archaeology

"And did the dust Of these fair solitudes once stir with life And burn with passion ? Let the mighty mounds That overlooked the rivers, or that rise In the dim forests, crowded with old oaks,

While philology attests the great antiquity of a spoken language and biology the long development of organized life, paleontology produces silent records carrying man far back into the pliocene period of geology - back to the very portals of the miocene period through which he may have entered that age in which hi3 traces abound. Time, with iconoclastic disposition, may alone be responsible for the destruction of older silent records, thus enshrouding the history of man in the night cloud of high antiquity. While satisfactory proofs are wanting to establish his existence during the miocene period, it may be claimed with plausibility that this period was fitted and conditioned for his production and existence. The tertiary, which was the birth-day of mammals, might well be also the birth-day of man, for if he did not appear simultaneously with the mastodon and mammoth, he at least found a contemporaneous existence. Geology abounds with evidences of the fitness of the conditions of the mammalian period for the production and maintenance of the higher forms of life. It was a period of life and beauty, rivalling, if not excelling, the most enchanting dreams of a sylvan age. With a tropical climate, its forms of animal life were manifold and often colossal; with birds of rare and brilliant plumage and sweet enchanting song. These inhabited forests, blossoming with beauty or stooping with ripening fruit.

The world was full of life - life in its most majestic and gorgeous forms, and if it exists for the sole use of man, this would appear a proper moment to usher him into existence. Let this be as it may, he did exist contemporaneously with those greatest mammals, and has outlived their period. Leaving his stamp upon the pliocene age he has witnessed the death of the mammoth and mastodon, and alone has withstood the mutations and transformations of the intervening epochs of the glacial and alluvial periods. Man is old, and in his long descent through the ages his tracks become more and more distinct, until at last he paused from time to time and erected monuments to serve as mile posts along his advancing way. As each structure is better than each earlier one, they testify in silence of a regular improvement, a progressiveness in man. In silence, too, they testify of races now extinct, of builders who disappeared, and of different degrees of civilization which were ruthlessly swept away before the furious tide of barbarians sweeping from the north. To these monuments - these mile posts - the antiquarian and archaeologist turns with searching gaze, and by patient research has learned to read the revelation they contain of the condition and fate of these ancient races.

One of these races, ancient in time and distinct in characteristic, once occupied the whole central portion of the United States. A lost race, destitute of a written language, their history is sought amidst their monuments, comprising mounds, inclosures, and implements, until, after patient research, something of the veil has been lifted which had enshrouded in mystery a whole people, who had attained a condition of semi-civilization. Their disappearance was hidden in a long night of ignorance and oblivion, until the tireless student had mastered the silent language of the structures and implements which remained the monuments of the race. Leaving no name they have been denominated the "Mound Builders," because of the innumerable structures of this character, which have withstood the fury of the northern hordes, the assaults of time, and outlasted the periods of the villagers and Indians. To these remains we must turn for the records of this race whose identity is lost. These remains may be classified as structures, implements, and ornaments. The structures are again divided in two general classes, viz., inclosures and mounds, although of various forms and sizes. Of these structures over thirteen thousand are found in Ohio alone. The first class embraces all those works which are bounded by embankments or walls, and includes fortifications, sacred inclosures, and various other symmetrical works. The second class embraces the true mound structures, which have been classified as sacrificial, temple, sepulchral, symbolical, and anomalous, as indicated by the purposes they served. The inclosures are often of great dimensions, generally constructed of clay, although sometimes of stone, and range from three to thirty feet in height, inclosing from one to four hundred acres of ground. Of this class over fifteen hundred are found in Ohio. They are generally regular in form, comprehending the square, circle, parallelogram, ellipse, and octagon.

Defensive works are found chiefly occupying bluffs, headlands, or isolated hills in the vicinity of the largest valleys. Such elevations were chosen with care and strengthened with skill, thus affording excellent points for military works. The walls extend below the brow of the hill, and vary in strength and height according to the angle of declivity. The exposed sides are covered and protected by trenches and overlapping walls, the trench usually being outside the wall. The gateways appear at the most accessible points, and were guarded by overlapping walls, which were often attended by mounds suitable for both observation and defence. Many of the defensive works occupy peninsulas, formed by the bends of streams, and consist of a line of ditches and embankments carried across the isthmus, and sometimes leading diagonally from one stream to another. Fort Ancient being the most celebrated and widely known of these fortifications is worthy a partial description here. Situated on the east bank of the Little Miami, in Warren County, Ohio, it is about thirty-three miles northeast of Cincinnati. Having been frequently and fully surveyed, much has been written descriptive of it until it has acquired great celebrity.

Located upon a terrace, it is difficult of access from the west. The Lebanon and Chillicothe road passes through it on the north, while to the south the descent is steep and winding. A few years ago the whole inclosure was covered by a primitive forest, full of undergrowth, consisting largely of blackberry bushes. A little over one hundred acres are thus inclosed by a line of walls about five miles in length. The embankment was constructed of a tough diluvial clay, rising from five to twenty feet in height, averaging about ten feet, and containing 628,800 cubic yards of excavation. The hill upon which it is constructed rises to a level plain, divided by a peninsula, with a summit two hundred and thirty feet above the level of the Little Miami. On the west is a precipitous bank of two hundred feet, while on the east two ravines originate and diverging sweep around the hill and enter the river, the one above, the other below the works. On the verge of the ravines the embankment is raised, and, winding around the spurs, re-enters to pass the head of gullies at different places plunging into ravines from fifty to one hundred feet deep. The greatest strength and solidity occur at the points most exposed, until at tjie isthmus the walls rise to the height of twenty feet.

At the west entrance of the Chillicothe road the wall is fourteen feet high, with a base of sixty feet. The south division is naturally impregnable to any primitive people, and so the attack must be made against the north division. Should this be carried, protection is still afforded by two crescent walls thrown across the isthmus, with a convex northern face. South of these are two mounds at the narrowest part of the isthmus, while, as a further precaution, on the steep slope of the southern portion of the hill, at its approach to the river, three parallel terraces were constructed, commanding a broad view of the valley in both directions. Over seventy gateways, having a width of from ten to fifteen feet, appear in the embankment, some of which.only could furnish points of ingress and egress, as others faced the precipitous ravines, with made earth thrown out, and must have been intended as outposts for sharpshooters. The walls are not accompanied by a ditch, but within appear some twenty -four reservoirs, which, taken in connection with the numerous springs, would supply sufficient water in any case of siege. At numerous points are found large quantities of water-worn stone, which must have been carried from the river by prodigious exertion. Near the exterior of the eastern walls of the north division are two large mounds, from which start two parallel walls continuing for a distance of 1350 feet, when they suddenly approach each other and inclose another mound at the eastern extremity. These walls are now almost obliterated. Such is an outline description of one of the most interesting monuments of antiquity afforded by the western continent.

In respect to magnitude of area the fortification near Boumeville, twelve miles west of Chillicothe, Ohio, is the largest in the country. It is situated upon a hill about four hundred feet high, having slopes of general abruptness, and washed on two sides by small creeks. Its summit is a broad fertile plain with depressions, some of which contain water during the entire year, and of such extent that one has an area of about two acres. The fortification consists of stone walls, two and a quarter miles in length, inclosing an area of about one hundred and forty acres. The structure has now the appearance of a wall which had fallen outward. Along certain parts of the line are indications of a regularly faced exterior. The wall extends around the hill, a little below the brow, except when it rises to cut off the narrow spurs and to separate the hill from the land beyond. Upon the western face of the hill the wall covers a space varying from thirty to fifty feet in width, and resembles the protection walls along embankments of railroads where they are exposed to the action of water. Along the eastern face the wall is heavier, with a height of four feet, and a base of fifteen or twenty feet. Here the declivity is less abrupt. The isthmus, seven hundred feet wide, affords the easiest access, and so has the heaviest wall. At this point the amount of stone used was so great that, after two farmers had removed enough to form a line fence between their lands, the loss was scarcely perceptible. The wall is continuous, except at the gateways and one point of the hill, which is so precipitous as to be Inaccessible. Five gateways appear, three of which are on the isthmus. At these the amount of stone is four times greater than elsewhere, constituting large mound-shaped heaps. These heaps exhibit marks of intense heat, which is also exhibited at different points along the walk Within the inclosure are two stone mounds, bearing the same traces of the action of fire, and are located near the line of wall commanding the greatest extent of country. Fires must have been maintained upon them for long periods, and they undoubtedly served as signals of alarm.

Most of the wall is now covered by gigantic forest trees. It probably averaged about eight feet in height with an equal base, but of course is now in complete ruins, owing to the great lapse of time, its situation upon a disintegrating declivity, and the demolition occasioned by the growth and decay of successive forests. A fort of this description must have been almost impregnable to a primitive race.

One of the most important defensive works is situated about two miles west of Carlisle, Ohio, in Montgomery . and Warren counties. An incomplete survey of it was made Sept. 5, 1875, by Messrs. S. H.

Binkley and C. E. Blossom. Since that date other observations have been made by the antiquarian and author, J. P. MacLean, on whose works we have largely relied as authority on this subject. The work is situated on the summit of a hill a few rods west of Big Twin. The hill is bounded north and south by deep ravines, on the east by a precipitous bluff with a declivity varying from one hundred and twenty -five to two hundred feet. To the east of the bluff is an alluvial terrace leading to the Big Twin.

This terrace is divided into two parts, an upper and a lower, formed in the direction of the stream. On the west the hill is connected with the level by a broad peninsula. The wall is situated on the brow of the hill except on the north side, where it falls a little lower. It is generally constructed of surface material, although limestone is found at the southwestern gate. At the west, at the point of greatest exposure, three lines of wall occur. The entire length on the direct line of the middle wall is 3676 feet, inclosing an area of from twelve to fifteen acres. The length of the wall on the Twin bluff is 1110 feet. The interior is now cultivated, and a growth of corn rendered observations incomplete. Even part of the wall is under cultivation, but the greater portion is covered by a thick undergrowth of briers, while forest trees are still standing at certain points. Within the inclosure are two stone mounds and one stone circle, the latter being near the centre of the inclosure. Some of the older settlers remember this circle to have been about twenty feet in diameter and eight feet high. The amount of stone was so great that, in order to obtain it for building purposes, a road was cut from the valley to the brow of the hill, and hundreds of wagon loads removed. Of the west walls the exterior one is the heaviest, and is constructed of clay. This stands at seme distance from the middle wall, and incloses a much greater area. The gateway is now an orchard, while a great portion is cultivated fields. On the northeast corner of the work is a graded way of 804 feet leading to the bank of the Twin. At 324 feet this way reaches the terrace or the hill bottom. Here fiftyseven feet of the embankment has been carried away by the encroachment of the stream in the north ravine. From the wash the embankment is clearly traceable a distance of 297 feet, or within 126 feet of the bank of the Twin. The graded way follows the bank of the stream until within 140 feet of Twin, when it diverges and forms a straight line. Where the way reaches the wall of the inclosure there is a wash through which water passes during a freshet. This was probably a narrow gateway. The purpose of the graded way is only plausibly stated, when it is supposed that on the bluff it was to make the ascent easier, and that along the terrace was constructed while that terrace wae a swamp.

On the southeast corner of the fort is another way, leading to the second or river terrace. This was evidently so perfect and so adapted by nature to subserve the purposes of the builders of the fort, that they left it as it was found, being unable to make any improvement upon it. Seven miles to the northeast is the great mound at Miamisburg, while six miles eastward is still another. At Franklin are the remains of a stone dam belonging to the mound epoch. With all these remains inte resting relics are found. Other fortifications occur within the State, but these will serve the Durpose of descriptive illustration.

Many of the earthworks were not used for military purposes, and have been denominated " sacred inclosures." While the military works are found in localities adapted by nature for strongholds, the sacred structures are situated on river bottoms, seldom occurring on a broken surface. These are generally regular in form, and occur either in groups or ranges. The circular works are generally small, having nearly a uniform diameter of from 250 to 300 feet ; while some of the larger ones are over a mile in circumference. They are entered by gateways, usually facing the east.

In the vicinity of large works, small circles varying from 30 to 50 feet in diameter, and consisting of light embankments without gateways, frequently occur. These walls are comparatively slight, ranging from three to seven feet, although sometimes attaining a height of thirty feet.

They are composed of surface material and clay. Many works are accompanied by parallel walls, reaching at times a length of 800 feet. Square, circular, elliptical, octagonal, and parallel walls, sometimes appear in combination.

The most elaborate and complicated of this class is found at the junction of the South and Raccoon forks of Licking River, near Newark, Ohio. They are located on a plain, at an altitude of about forty feet above the bottom lands, and consist of an extensive series of square, circular, and polygonal inclosures with mounds, ditches, and connecting avenues extending over an area of four square miles. Some of the minor structures are now nearly obliterated. In 1836 Col. Charles Whittlesey made a very accurate survey, since which additional observations have been made. At the western point is a true circle 2880 feet in circumference and six feet in height.