Dayton City (part 7 of 50)

Having heretofore given an account of the result of the city elections, including that of 1850, the record 1s now continued to the present date, 1889. In December, 1851, John Howard was elected mayor, and thewtollowine | councilmen: ' First Ward, Louis Heintz; Second Ward,

December, 1852, an ordinance was adopted, changing the time of the eity election from December to the first Mouday in April, and the officers, whose terms expired in January, 1858, held over until April following. In April, 1853, the following officers were elected: Mayor, John Howard; councilmen, Wirst. Ward. Mo Ayres; Second, J. B- Chapman Third, Nicholas; Ohmer;. Fourth, Jacob» Richmond; Fifth, Samuel Marshall; Sixth, A. E. McClure; president of the council, Jonathan Kenney; clerk, George ee Malambre; city solicitor, F. Collins; treasurer, D. Stout.

Ciry TREAsuRERS - 1854, David Stout; 1856, A. V. Stansifer; June, 1857, Smith Davisson; 1859, C..C. Kiefer; 1861, James Anderton; 1862, D. W. Reese. Since the expiration of Mr. Reese's term the county

1854 - J. H. Achey, Thomas H. Phillips, William Dickey, Richard Lane; James oe Jie iomas, tor aivexpired erm) of At ME. McClure, and W. N. Love. |

One Ry Rt Nes Municipal History

1869- - George Mill er, C. Herchelrode, D. Kiefer, John Clingeman, George) heliman, Lhenury Gauecles,) Tid: Welty) G., W. Murray, A. C. Fehring, and H. Barnhart.

1334- - Johu, WeCauteld. "Adams Pritze)s) 3. Bmeht, S. H.iemp, Il. W. Meyer, J. A. Miller, Galen C. Wise, Johu- A. Stoppelman, and UA. (Amend,

.1885 - C, J. Gerdes, Charles D. Iddings, J. A. Weed, C. F. Corns, Herman Rogee, D. C. Taft, John Iuesman, Jacob Weinrich, and James McEntee..

1886 - C. L. Reber, 8. A. Ambrose, D. L. Rike, Joseph W. Allison, ap 4 Meyer: James Ee Miller) 'Galent) ©. Wise;.\d. (Ei. Dy Wiard).and Wilham McGee.

1887 - C. J. Gerdes, Albert F. Steinmetz, Charles F. Corns, Wilbur Heathman; Charles F. Beckler, James K. Ml cncer. John Iluesman, and John A. Hahne.

1888 - EK. P. Matthews, 5. A. Ambrose, 8. E. McClure, Joseph W. Allison, Charles H. Shellabarger, David M. Martin, Fred Moehlman, and J. aD, Wand. . '

Ou March 10, 1827, was organized the first volunteer fire company of Dayton. Some months before an engine had been brought to Dayton from Philadelphia. Previous to this time the only protection for the town from fire was a bucket brigade and ladders. By ordinance every householder was required to provide himself with two leather buckets, to have lis name painted on them, and to keep them hanging in some place easily accessible in case of fire. The town couneil provided ladders, which hung on the outside wall of the market-house, and were carried to fires on the shoulders of the first volunteers. |

A hook and Jadder company was organized at the same time. George ©. Davis was captain of the first company, and Joseph Hollinsworth of, the hook and ladder company. The engine had to be filled by hand, and the council bought eighty-cight leather buckets, one half of them to be kept with the engine, and one half to be taken by the members to their homes. The first board of fire wardens was appointed by the council in the spring of 1827, and it was a part of their duty to exaniine periodically ate pélliicets ae other fire apparatus, and to see that everything was in working order. Soon afterward a board, of fire guards was appointed, whose duty it was to isolate and control the burning district during and immediately after the fire. The church bells were relied upon for communiecating the alarm of fire, and the council paid fifty cents to each sexton for every alarm rung after nine o'clock at night, and one dollar to the one whose bell was first heard. Joln W. Van Cleve was eee clicf engineer of this modest fire department.

In November, 1833, a hand engine, called the "Safety," of more adranced type, hehe suction hose and gallery brakes, was bought by the council, and at the same time five hundred feet of hose; and the Safety Fire Engine and ILose Company Number 1 was organized, and its services . were accepted by the council, The first officers were: James Perrine, foreman: Valentine Winters, assistant foreman; J. D. Loomis, seeretary ; T. R. Black, treasurer; Thomas Brown, leader of hose company; Ienry Diehl, assistant leader; William P. Paine Jacob Wilt, Peter Baer, Henry Beichler, Abraham Overlease, directors. During this same year, and soon thereafter, fire cisterns were built under the streets, at First and Main, at. Third and Main, at Fifth and Main, and at two or three other points in the eity, which were filled by pumping from adjacent wells, and we, Oregon, and' umiie next jfew years, and managed by some of the foremost business men, but as these advanced in years and dignity, they gave place to younger men. As time passed on the complexion of the companies changed and a rougher element predominated. It came to be a closely disputed honor as to which company threw the first water on the fire, and this gave rise to outrages, cutting hose, throwing stones, and oceasionally the firemen would cease fighting the fire and commence fighting each other. It was necessary to stimulate the rivalry of the firemen as to which should throw the first-water on the fire, but it was found equally necessary and more difficult to quell the spirit thas evoked.

This was one of the causes of a growing opposition to a volunteer fire department. The manifest inefliciency of hand-engines, as compared with the newly-invented fire engines, under the control of men who were paid to give their whole time to their management and care, led to public agitation and discussion Jooking forward to such a change, which

During the prevalence of epidemics at several periods in the earlier history of Dayton, boards of health had been appointed for temporary service, but it was not until June 3, 1867, that a. permanent: board of health was created by the council under authority of an act of the legislature of the preceeding March. The board is:composed of the mayor, who is ex-officio president, and six members appotnted by the council. The board elects a health officer and their own clerk \and: meat mspector. The first board consisted of LT. D: Mitchell, president; W...W. Lane, and Bt ait appomibed mor jone. year; i, Pattersonrand..J ..W.., Dictireh appoited for two, years;and C. Varkerxand, J. W., Butt, appoimted .for three years - -two new members coming in each year. Thomas L. Neal city, improve its sanitary condition and prevent the spread of contagious or epidemic diseuses, to keep a record of births and of deaths and the eauses, thereof. Under this geveral limitation, their powers. are very large, but their orders are always subject to the approval of the couneil.

In 1868, L. Patterson and C. L. Hawes were elected members of the board, and the health officer and clerk were the same as for the first year. In 1869, the members and officers were the same as for 1868. In 1870, the. members were the same except that Lawrence Butz, Jr., took the members of, the sboard, were ©. Parlcer, Bs EH. Waik,C.. 1... plawes, R. grindvett, dohpe Wieeimes and Ju.) Butz, jm, and the,oficers, still.remained the same. In 1872, the members were Parker, Wait, Hawes, srundrett, Wigeim, and John W. Dictrich, the officers: remaining the same except that E. B. Davis, M. D., became clerk. For the next two years the members and officers remained the same. For 1875 the members were Parker, Wait, Brundrett, Wiggim, Robert Craig, and Benjamin B. Childs, the officers being the same as for the two previous years. In 1876, there was no change. In 1877, H.S. Jewett, M. D., took the place

Municipal History

The city had no prison of its own until 1858, municipal oifenders being confined in the county jail. Then a part of Deluge Hugine-house, on Main Street, between Fifth and Sixth streets, was fitted up with cells and used for that purpose. In 1870, better accommodations were secured by the purchase of the United Brethren Church, for ten thousand dollars, standing on the corner of Smith and Tecumseh streets. This building vas fitted up upstairs for a mayor's court, with cell rooms below. There is now also a sub-station house west of the river and south of Fourth Street. In 1875, when the county commissioners vacated the stone jail on the corner of Main and Sixth streets, the city authorities had it arranged for a work-house, and have occupied if for that purpose since early in the fall of 1876. Male offenders sent there were employed in breaking stone to use on the streets of the city, and female offenders were employed in necessary household work. The administration of the workhouse 1s committed to a board of workhouse directors. During the present year (1889) the breaking of stone has been given up, and the whole force is now empleyed in making brushes. The material and machinery are furnished by a firm in Cincinnati, who take the entire output of manufactured brushes. The city pays the commissioners no rent for the property, as it holds it on a tenure requiring its use for the purposes of a prison. :

From the incorporation of the town, in 1805, until 1818, a marshal constituted the entire police foree, and for seventeen years thereafter, or until 1835, one deputy formed his staff. The marshal was then authorized to appoint patrolmen to serve as night-watchmen. After the grant- ing of the city charter, in 1 1841, an ordinance was passed providing for the election of two cons ae In 1855, an. epidemic of burglaries caused a meeting of citizens to consider remedies, and on an appeal from this body the council, on March 16, 1855, authorized the mayor to employ one bundred detectives. To whatever limit this authority was used, the appointments were evidently but temporary. In 1858, the regular force was increased to six men besides the marshal, his deputy, and two constables. No further increase was made until 1866, when it was enlarged to eight patrolmen and a captain. Under the ordinance of July, 1869, the department consisted of the city marshal, as ex-officio chief, one captain, two lieutenants, and twenty-two regular policemen, two from each ward. Appointments were made annually by the mayor with the advice and consent of the couneil.

oe Jolm Coline: John tiki ¢, Jobn CO e, dol o Miller, and Jt. C, Anderson. Th 1888, Rt. C. Anderson, J. i. Gimperling, J. ©; Cline; and John L.. Miller, The same board was chosen for 1889. D. B. Wilcox was secretary of the board from 1878 to, 1870; #.M. Tosin De Bo W ileox.s f the board from: #373 10.18%; # tendent of police in 1875 and 1874. Bmyes Clark served then until 1881. George Butterworth in 1881 and 1882. Captain William Patton in 1883 5 t to 1884, 1885, and ie .. Under ne new law, Captain W. I. Shoemake d was elected superintendent in 1887. and served until June, 1889, when -

The force at present (1889) consists of the superintendent or chief, one captain, two detectives, four etna two turnkeys, and fifty patrolmen; total, sixty-one. There are also a surgeon, Dr. P. N. Adams, and a atone Lou Bowman. In 1877, the Dayton Pulice Benevolent Association was incorporated. It is supported and managed by the police, every one of whom pays an established fee on joining the force, and also regular dees thereafter if desiring to participate in its benefits. There is also another fund for their protection, called the life and health fund. Under the law no policeman can accept any reward, on.e force, constituting six trustees, and at their discretion any policemen injured in the discharge of his duty may be paid a weekly sum while disabled. This fund aftording so desirable a protection to men engaged in a hazardous employment, now amounts to something over $2,500.

The first official action taken by the city council of Dayton with reference to the construction of water works, was on March 19, 1869, when an ordinance was pas ssed to submit the guestion to the voters of the to exceed two hundred thousand dollars. This ordinance provided that the question should be voted upon at the election to be held April dth following. At the election the qrestion was settled in the affirmative by the following vote: For the water works, 2,769; against them, 1,936.

At a special meeting of the couneil, held May 21, 1869, a select committee of three was app -inted to examine and report upon planus for water shy ) | oe proposition, which was read at the same time. There was also a proposition from Stout, Mills & Temple, of Dayton, one from Jolin R. Brownell, one from Henry kh. W orthington, of New York, and one from the Holly Manufacturing Company, of Lockport, New York. It was then resolved: that the various plans and bids for water works be referred to a select committee of five, with oe to report at he next meeting: "The anufacturing Company, its system being the best and cheapest. The same salad: committee was thereupon authorized and instructed, in connection with the city solicitor, to make and execute a contract in the name of the city with the Holly Manufacturing Company for water Works and machinery upon the basis of their proposition, which had been made August 4, 1869.

The proposition of the ILolly Manufacturing Company was in substance as follows: To erect a set of machinery to consist of two of Holly's patent elliptical rotary panips, and one of Holly's patent six cylinder gauge pumps, each of the capacity of two million gallons in twenty-four hours. Also one double cylinder piston steam engine, aud one rotary steam engine, two of Holly's patent tubular, upright steam boilers, one of Holly's patent hydraulic regulators, together with donkey engine, feed pumps, gears, shalting, steam and water gauges, and all other necessary fixtures and machinery to make the works effective and complete. The The rotary pumps were to be of such size and power as to throw six powerful fire streams at once from hose attached to hydrants, and each stream from one inch nozzle to a vertical height of one bundred feet. The price for this machinery was thirty-seven thousand dollars, to be paid in three twenty per cent installments in one, two, and three months, respectively from the date of the acceptance of the proposition, and the balance of forty per cent when the machinery had been set up, and had been accepted by the city of Dayton. The city of Dayton was to erect the necessary buildings and Jay the foundations for the machinery, and also

Tre Eit Eley Mlo Meny Rrtel Tnt Enrol M Prr

On the 17th of September, 1809, a standing cominittee on waterworks was appointed as follows: George Lehman, George Niebert, and As Gebhart..; On October, 8.1869, the special committee on water pipe reported, having made a contract with T. G. Gaylord & Company, of Cincinnati, for one thousand tons of pipe. On-the 15th of the month an ordinance was passed establishing a board of trustees of water-works. . On the 29th of October, the committee on water-works reported that the bid for the erection of the building for the work, submitted by Anderton & J©emp, was the lowest, and their guarantee was placed on file. November 26, 1869, the committee was authorized to purchase two acres of land on the northeast corner of Ikeowee and Ottawa streets. The rotary pumps for the water-works arrived in Dayton January 6, 1870. On the Ist of April, 1870, the committee on water-works m nee a report to the council to the effect that the machinery and, fixtures placed in position were in successful A ain and were up to and over the standard guaranteed by the company. ane |

The first board of trustees of the water-works was as follows: Samuel Marshall, John Temple, and J. H. Balsley. This board orgauized on the 16th of April by the election of the following ofticers: Samuel Marshall, president; A. J nas secretary; George McCain, superintendent; HE. I. Howard, engineer; Henry Farnham, assistant engineer; JL. G. Marshall, assistant secretary and collector; Ezra Thomas, assistant superintendent. According to the first annual report of the superintendent, the receipts of the works from water rents, from April 13th to December 31, Sines were 33,168.66, and the running expenses for the same time, $10,325.85. The entire expenditures for the works up to that time had been hailey 21, and the entire cost $324,450.21. There had been an nuinterrupted al of water in the well from the commencement of the working of the machinery, and froni July Ist to January 1, 1871, there had been delivered into the pipes 92,520,060 gallons of water. The total amount of pipe of all sizes laid up to the time was 20 miles and 46 feet. The total number of fire hydrants set up was 198, and there were 257 stop-valves in use.

The officers for 1871 were the same as for 1870, except that Jesse Demint took the place of John I. Balsley as a trustee, and G. 8. Johnson became assistant engineer. According to the report of the trustees for the year ending December 31, 1871, the receipts trom water rents was $9,060.85. The amount of water supplied to the city during the year hod been 209,625,940 gallons. The trustees for the year 1872 for the year ending December 31, 1872, were $12,017.79, and the number of gallons of water pumped during the year was 270,740,165. In April,

December 31, 1874, the receiy the total receipts, $107, ere The total expenditures amounted to $104,193.03. Of this amount, $42,915.50 had been expended for extending the water mains, and $32,420, ).9% for new machinery.

For the year oe in April, 1873, Milton Bennet took the place of John Temple as a trustee, Jonathan Kenney, however, being elected president. M.L. Weaver succeeded Ii. I. noes ag engineer, For the year ending in April, 1877, Josiah E. Boyer was president of the board, and the other members were Milton Bennet and George J. Roberts, Since that time the trustees elected each succeeding year, each, of whom was elected for ace rears, have been as follows: Thomas B. Hannah, elected in 1879; Jobn W. Butt, in 1880; Luther Peters, in esl 50 Bi papal vii hSe2.; JohngW. Butt, 1m 1683-7 Luther deters, in 1884; T. B. Hannah, in 1885; John Tesseyman, in 1886; William attiavaii' im 1867. WU. EEOdelkuin 1888.

The secretaries have been' A. J. Uiiller, until. April, 1878; D,. B. Wilcox, until 1880; Charles W. Snyder, until 1587, and since then, Charles A. Herbig. Since the retirement of M. L. Weaver as chief engineer, in 1882, Hdward HE. Wuochenhofer served until 1887, when M. L. Weaver again became engineer, and serves at the present time.

Nre Nin Toss

g the water works puimpibg station, water is constantly flowing the tem- 'perature of which is fifty degrees. ~ | During the months of July and Angust, 1887, the board of water works trustees constructed, in the bed of Mad River, east of Iteowee Street, a series of tube wells, thirty in number eight mass in diameter, and an average depth of forty feet. The water from these wells Hows of its own accord, rising above the tops of the Wells and above the level of Mad River an average height of three feet. The temperature of the water in some of these wells being thirty-six degrees. A valve is attached to each well so that the water can be turned off or on at pleasure. These tube wells are all connected into a twenty-inch main pipe leading . the pumping station, there being a fall of eight feet from the farthest well cast to the pumping station, a distance of 2,500 feet, the wells and the Wen eonnecting there are all under ground; the water is not exposed i in reservoirs or other receptacles as in other cities, where too often injurious raatter is allowed to concentrate. | is impossible for impurities to enter into this water, as the source is subterranean, it being carried directly from the wells to the consumer. The supply seems inexhaustible, however, should the growing population in the future require more tea Hadi. tional wells can be added tothe plant at a trifling cost. With the machinery now under construction the water works will have a capacity to pump seventeen million gallons of water per day. i The following table shows the totals and averages of water distributed, a ee er : SHOE et eter} RAEN TT ND IRE AIT KBP ZPLER I LOSERS OPA hy mer ae ie 6:40 TASES OTP YER ee aL RRA A RROD TE ETN peer or marron corer

Municipal History. 7 D145

Cleve being then appointed ee ee a ofiice in his residence on the southeast corner of First and St. Clair, and held the position until his death, in 1821. Ife was suceceded by George S. Houston, who remained in nk until his death, in 1831.

From 1831 to 1843 David Cathcart was postmaster, when James Brooks for six months served, by exeeutive appointment. During the latter part of 1843 Thomas Blair sueceeded Brooks, and in the spring of 1845 1. W. McCorkle, subsequently a member of Congress froma California, and for some years a prominent feure in the stormy ee of the Pacific slope, was appointed and held the office until the appointment by President Taylor of General Adam Speice, a veteran of the Mexican Wear, in' 1849,

General Speice, was displaced, in 1808, by Polk, and Colonel E. A. King succeeded him, remaining in office until another change of National politics gave the place, in 1861, to Wilham I. Comly.

In 1868, Major W. M. Green succeeded Comly, and in 1875 Colonel Fielding Loury sueceeded him, the latter giving place, in 1882, to A. D. Wilt, whom W..H. Gillespie succeeded in 1886. Lewis J. Judson, the present incumbent, was appointed by President Harrison August 17, 1889.

The migrations of the postoflice during the last forty-five years have been as follows: From the south side of Third Street, between Main and Jefferson, to a building one square further east; from thence, about the beginning of the war, to the northwest corner of Third and Jefferson, under:the Beclsel House, now oveupied by the Third National Bank; under Major Greene's administration, from the Beckel House corner to the southwest corner of Fourth and Jefferson; and in 1884, during the tenm of A. DD. Walt, trom Fourth aud Jedlerson to the northeast corner of Fifth and Main.

Chap Ti Xlt

MIE celebrated ordinance of 1787, so potent in molding the thought a and institutions of Ohio, provided' that "religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the 'happiness of mankind, schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encouraged," and the first constitution of Ohio declared that this shall be done by "legislative provision." In the ordinance of 1785, regulating thé sale of lands in the West, Section Number 16 of every township was reserved '"'for the maintenance of public schools within the said township." While the declaration of the ordinance and the constitution, and the muntfcent provision of land, owing to the then small value of the land and the comparative poverty of the people, remained for a long time inoperative, they were the germs. out of which time and favorable circumstances were only citizen of Dayton, Judge George B. Ilolt, was a member of the legislature that year, and was an earnest and active advocate of the measure. The tax levied was but one mill on the dollar, and being inadequate resulted in little immediate good. It was, however, an important step in advanee, for it established the principle of direct taxation for the support of schools. JIow insignificant the sum realized was will appear from two faects.taken at random from the books of the auditor of Montgomery County. In 1829 the total amount for school purposes apportioned to Dayton Township, at that time embracing a very large territory, was one hundred and ion 1835 1 to 1838 occurred in Ohio a wide-spread and intense interest on the subject of publie school education analogous to a revival of region, Conventions were held and addresses made on the subject of education in every part of the State. Samuel Lewis was elected the first superintendent of instruction, and the Rev. Calvin I. Stowe, D. D., was seut by the legislature to Germany to investigate and report on the system of public education in Prussia. An elaborate report was made by Dr. Stowe to the legislature, which was printed, widely circulated, and made a profound trapression on the publie mind.

A. memorable convention was held in Dayton in August, 1836, in the interest of free schools, the proceedings of which were published in full in the Dayton veered A committee of arrangements was appointed; consisting of I. E. Barney, R. C. Carter, R. C. Schenck, George B. Holt, and Milo G. W eee Delegates were present from Cincinnati, Dayton, Oxford, Springfield, Hamilton, Lebanon, Middletown, and Franklin, and remained in session three days. Able addresses were made by, Rey. W. H. McGuficy, D. D., a man of remarkable ability as a speaker and. aftervards the compiler of the famous readers that bore his name, and Dr. Harrison, an eloquent and distinguished professor in the Cincinnati Medical College. The discussions took a wide range and were parti, cipated in by some of the most distingnished educators in the State. What advanced views were held may be learned from the resolutions adopted which favored the estabhshment of normal schools that teaching might become a profession; the introduction in the schools of the studies of geology and physiology; and the publication of a periodica 1 to be called the Teachers' Magazine. } : 3 : ~The Dayton Journal, at that time edited by R. N. and W. F. Comly, warmly and ably advocated the cause of public schools, and freely opened its columns to the discussion of the subject. But how inadequate the school fund was as late as 1837 to support free schools appears from a and forty cents. It was the remarkable popular uprising in favor of free schools, that extended throughout the State that insured the passage of the school law of 1838 which rendered an efficient school system possible.

- But while the time for free schools had to wait for the development of the country, the pioneer citizens of Dayton were not inseusible to the value of education for their children. As early as 1799 a school was taught in a block house located near the river bank, at the head of Main Street, which had been built for protection against Indians. Benjamin Van Cleve, so prominent in the early history of Dayton, was the teacher, and the school was continued through parts of the years 1799 and 1800. It is probable that Dayton was at no time without a school, but the names of only a few of the teachers have come down to us. Cornelius Westfall, a Kentuckian, opened a school in the fall of 1804 and taught a year in a eabin on Main Street, south of First. Ele was sueceeded in 1805 by Chauncey Whiting, of Pennsylvania.

Fortunately the records of the old Dayton Academy were carefully preserved by the late John W. Van Cleve, and have been deposited in the Public Library! From this source we may trace' the history of that institution.; .In 1807 an act incorporating the Dayton Academy was obtained from the legislature. The incorporators were James Welsh, Daniel C. Cooper, William McClure, David Reid, Benjamin Van Cleve George F. Tennery, John Folkerth, and James Hanna. In 1808 the trustees erected by subscription a substantial two-story brick schoolhouse on the lot lying north of and adjoining the Park Presbyterian Church. Mr. D. ©. Cooper, the proprietor of the town site, a man of large and liberal views, donated, in addition to his subscription, two lots and a bell.

William M. Srnith, afterward for many years a prominent citizen of Dayton, was the first teacher employed. In his contract with the trustees he proposed to teach "reading o, writing, arithmetic, the classics, and the sciences." 'Training in elocution was made prominent, one of the rules of the school requiring that "for the improvement of the boys in ira speaking a certain number, previously appointed by the teacher, shall < every public examination pronounce orations and dialogues in prose A verse, to be selected or approved by the teacher, and familiar pieces shall be recited in the presence of the teacher by all boys in rotation who can read with facility, every Saturday morning." In 1815 Mr. Smith had for an assistant Rev. James' B. Findley, who afterward became a distinguished Methodist preacher. Mr. Snuth continued principal of the Academy for many years, and was succeeded by Gideon McMillan, a graduate of

In 1820 the Laneasterian, or "mutual instruction" system of education, was exciting great interest. Joseph Lancaster, an Tnelishman, deeply impressed with the advantages of the system, which had been introduced into England from India by Dr. Bell, in 1789 opened a school for poor children in Southwork. he success was great and liberal coneS YA emits. pccgidars

Dr. Bell now appeared, claimed the system as his own, and being churchman and having the support of the clergy, supplanted Lancaster, who was a Quaker. Lancaster, disheartened, emigrated to the U ited States in 1818 and soon sueceeded in awakening a wide-spread interest in his methods, and Lancasterian schools sprang up in every part of the country. The system no doubt was characterized by some valuable prine?ples, which have been embodied in present methods of instruction. It was Pinde that by promoting scholars in each class to the position of monitors or instructors on the ground of good. scholarship and conduet, one teacher, who only needed to act as general supervisor, might control and instruct five hundred scholars, thus saving great expense. Corporal punishment was, mever resorted to, and tickets of merit to be given or withdrawn were the sole reward or punishment for scholarship or conduct. No public exammations were held: and pupils were expected to be soverned. only bya sense of honor, The high hopes, excited, by the Lancasterian system of education, its genera] adoption in the towns and cities of the United States, and its entire abandonment, is an interesting episode in school history, and may serve to moderate our enthusiasm for new methads of instruction until thoroughly tested by experience. |

Sharing in the general feeling 1 favor of the Lancasterian methods of instruction, the trustees of the Dayton Academy determined to introduce it in,that institution. The trustees at that time were Joseph H. Crane, Aaron Baker, William M. Smith, George 8. Houston, and David Lindsly. It was necessary to erect a building specially adapted to the purpose. The house was built of brick on the north side of the academy and consisted of a single rooin, sixty-two feet long and CER bie feet wide. The floor was of brick and the house was heated by "convolving flues" underneath the foor. The walls were thickly hung with printed lesson cards, before which the classes were marched to recite under monitors selected from their own number as a reward for meritorious conduct and scholarship. lor the youngest scholars a long, narrow desk, thickly covered with white sand, was provided, on which, with wooden pencils, they copied and learned the letters of the alphabet from cards-hung up before them :

«he moval and literary instruction of the pupils entered at the Dayton Lancasterian Academy will be studiously, diligently, and temperately attended to.

I Acard Ley

eThey watt be 'taught to spell wha ead diet Pevaivaly sind at ti niothys agreeably to the rules aid down in Valle er's Dictionary; and in order 'to do that correctly they will be made conversant with the first rules of grammar. 'The senior class will be required to give a complete grammatical analysis of the words as they proceed.

They wil be required to write with freedom all the different hands now in-use, on the latest and most approved plan of proportion and distance.

"There will be no pubhe examinations at particular seasons; in a Hhaneasterian school every day being an examination day, at which all who have leisure are invited to attend."

In 1821 the trustees adopted the following resolution, which would hardly aceord with present ideas of the jurisdiction of boards of education or the authority of teachers: :

"Resolved, That any scholar attending the Lancasterian schoo! who may be found playing ball on the Sabbath, or resorting to the woods or commons on that day for sport, shall forfeit any badge of merit he may have obtained, and twenty-five tickets; and if the offense appears aggravated, shall be further degraded, as the tutor shall think prope 'and necessary; and that this resolution be read in school every Friday previous to the dismission of the scholars."

Gideon MeMillan, who had previously been employed in the academy, and who claimed to be an expert, having taught in a Laneasterian schoo! in Europe, was appointed the first principal. In 1822 he was sueceeded by Captain John MeMullin, who eame with high recommendations from Lexington, Virginia. "In connection with the school while under his charge occurred in 18238 a unique Fourth of July celebration. A procession, composed of the clergy of the town, the trustees, the teachers, and two hundred scholars, marched from the school to the Presbyterian ehureh, where the Declaration of Independence was read by Henry Bacon, and a sermon delivered by Rev. N. M. Hinkle. It seems that Captain McMullin had served as a soldier, for the Watchman, in a notice of the celebration, says: "Captain John McMulhin appeared as much in the service of his country when marching at the head of the Laneasterian school as when formerly leading his company to battle', Captain Me-

Yale College, who taught for several years, but after a fair trial discon-_ tinued the Lancasterian methods. Mr. Mitehell afterwards followed the profession of civil engineer and was a highly esteemed citizen of Dayton for many years.

on lots purchased on the southwest corner of Fourth i Wi ilkinson streets. At this time the trustees were Aaron Baker, Job .TIaines, Obadiah B. Conover, James Steele, and John W. Van Cleve. Mr. EK. i Barney, a graduate of Union College, New York, was clected principal in 1834, and remained at the head of the sehool until 1839 when he retired and engaged in business. Mr. Barney was a remarkable teacher and man, and fuller notice of him will be given. By the introduction of the analytical methods of instruction he exerted an important influence on our public schools. Teachers educated by him carried these methods into the schools in advance of most places in the West and gave them in their early history a high reputation.

In 1840 a school was taught in the academy building by Mr. Collins Wight. In 1844 the trustees placed the acne in Aas of Myr: Milo G. Willams, a teacher of large experience and reputation, who remained unl 1350 when Ihe removed from the city. By this time the public schools had been sucécessfully established and a Ingh school organized. Lhe: trustees, believing that a separate academy was no longer needed, after obtaining authority from the legislature, deeded the property to the city board of education.

Numerous advertisements of schools taught outside of the academy appear in the Dayton papers between 1815 and 1834. Mention may be made of a few of the most prominent. In 1815 Mrs. Dionecia Sullivan opened a school for girls, in which were taught reading, writing, sewing, lettering with the needle, and painting. Mrs. Sullivan and her husband, William Sullivan, were prominent and influential in the carly history of the Methodist Chureh in Dayton, and were highly esteemed. In Wezo Francis, Glass, A. MP che author of a "tnife of Washington" im Latin, opened « school for instruction in the ordinary Englsh branches mathematics, the classics, and modern languages. Mr. Glass was so remarkable as to deserve a more extended notice, which will be given on teacher, taught what he called the Inductive Academy in a building which he erected for the purpose. "Mr. Tlarrison was followed by Norman Fenn, who for several years was 4 popular teacher. In 1832 Miss Maria Harrison, a daughter of Edmund Iarrison, an accomplished woman, taught a school for young ladies, In 183i 7. J.-S. Smith, afterwards an eminent member of the Dayton bar, taught a school for boys in the stone building on Main Street, known as the old Bank build ing.

To illustrate how soon new ideas penetrated the West it may be mentioned that Dr. and Mrs. Foster in 1829 advertised a school to be conducted on the method of Pestalozzi. | and is schools appear frerecalls the day before the invention of ste al pens, when no small part of the time of the teacher was consumed in making and mending quill pens. He offers to teach "the round ranning hand, the ornamental Italian hand, the waving hand, the swift angular running hand without ruling, and various others, both plain and ornamental, and will also give lessous In making quill pens."

If we may believe that the teachers were competent to teach what they professed in their advertisements there was no branch of study from the simplest rudiments to Hebrew that was beyond the reach of the pupils of Dayton at that early day. |

Francis Glass, A. M., who taught here in 1823-1824, was born in Londonderry, Ireland,.in 1790, and came' with Ins parents to America when he was eight years old. His father was engaged as a teacher at Mount Airy College, Philadelphia, where he remained until his death. Francis Glass was educated at the University of Peunsylvania, where he graduated in his nineteenth year. le married young, and, pressed by the wants of a increasing family, he emigrated in 1817 to Ohio in the hope of Sects his fortunes. Better adapted to a professor's chair in a college than to the rude schoolhouses of the West, he' met with no great suceess as a teacher. Ile removed from place to place, teaching the first school tanght in Clinton County, Ohio, and having schools at various times in Warren, Miami, and hirpanednieky counties. There is something pathetic in the story of this enthusiastic and guileless scholar, who, amid the hardships of pioneer life and the bitter privations of poverty, never for a moment study. Mry' 37) Po Reynolds one of his ae who was instrumental in securing the publication of the "Life of Was ington'? in Latin, im an 'itroduction to that work) 'gives a sites description of a pioneer schoolhouse and of its teacher, Francis Glass. Wishing to pursue classical studies, and laying heard of Glass as a competent teacher, Mr. Reynolds sought Jum out. Ie says: "The schoolhouse now. rises fresh in my memory. The building was a log cabin with a clap-board roof, but indifferently hehted - all the heht of heaven found in this cabin came throngh apertures made ou each side of the while they admitted the dim rays. The seats or benches were of hewn timber, resting on upright posts placed in the ground to keep them from being overturned by the mischievous urchins who sat on them. In the. center was 4 large stove, between which and the back part of the building stood a small desk, without lock or key, made of rough plank, over which a plane had never passed, and behind this desk sat Professor Glass when T entered his school. There might have been forty scholars present, twenty-five of whom were engaged in spelling, reading, and writing, a few in arithmetic, a small class in hed sh grammar, and a half dozen hke myself had joined the school for the benefit of his instructions in Greek and Latin. The moment that he learned that my intention was to pursue - the study of the languages with him his whole soul appeared to beam from his countenance. We conmmenced in a strain which in another would have appeared pedantic, but which, in fact, was far from being so with him.

"The following imperfect sketch drawn entirely from memory may serve to give some idea of his peculiar manner: ' Welcome to the shrine of the muses, my young friend, Salve! Xaipe? The temple of the Delphian god was originally a laurel hat, and the muses deign to dwell accordingly, even in my rustic abode. Non humilem domum fastidiunt umbrosamve ripam. " Mr. keynolds gives more to the same effect, but this may suflice. It was Glass' great ambition to write and publish a "Life of Washmeoton "T° Uatin, and wien. Mr. Reynolds .met him he had nearly completed the work. Mr. Reynolds, who highly esteemed him, furnished him the means to remove to Dayton in 1823, and there the life was completed and the manuscript delivered to Mr. Reynolds, who agreed to assist him in finding a pubhsher. Lengthy proposals of publication fully describing the work were printed in the Cincinnati and Dayton papers, but without result. In the columns of the Dayton Watchman, covering the time of his residence here, may be found advertisements of his school. Shortly after his arrival this characteristic one appeared: " The subscriber, having compleied the biography of Washington, which had engaged the greater portion of his attention and solicitude for the past two years, and being constrained to remain in Dayton for some months for the purpose of correcting the proof sheets of said work, respectfully announces that his school is now open for students of cither sex, who may wish to prosecute classical, mathematical, or English studies. As respects his literary | attainments or standing asa scholar, he refers to the faculty of arts of any university or college in the United States." Proof-reading was only the too sanguine anticipation of the poor author, as the work was not published until 1835, long after is death. It would seem that school teaching in Dayton at that carly day was not without its annoyances, for in an advertisement in the Watchman he denounces the conduct of certain boys who had removed an out-house from his premises in the night as

Educational. Dns

Francis Glass died. It seems from advertisements which he was profuse i inserting in ue Witee ap that he struggled: manfully on with' his school and as a last re esol! offered his services as a physician. With his inextinguishable love of the classics, shortly before his death he published in the Watchman a Latin ode on the death of Lord Byron, which was followed in succeeding numbers of the paper by translations in prose and verse by some of his scholars. The ode was prefaced by the following introduction: 'To the academicians and scholars in the United States of America, especially of those who delight in literary pursuits, Francis Glass, A. M.. wishes much health."

This ae notice in the Watchman is all we know of his death: "Francis Glass died August 24, 1824, after an illness of about three weeks." In the same column of the paper appear the unavailing proposals for the publication of the ' Life of Washington." He was buried im the old city grave-yard, which has a ceased to be used for burial purposes and is now occupied by residence The remains of all unknown persons were removed by the city to W anid Cemetery, where he now sleeps in an unmarked grave.

Jn 1835 the " Life of Washington," through the instrumentahty of Mr. Reynolds, was published by Harper Brothers. Mr. Reynolds had acquired considerable literary reputation as the author of a "Voyage Round the World im the United States Frigate Potomac" and by contributing to the Anichkerbocker jlagazine, and was able to rescue from oblivion the long neglected and dearly loved work of his old teacher. It forms an openly printed volume of two hundred and twenty-three pages. That such a work in Latin should have been written by a country school teacher remote from libraries and compelled to teach an u neraded school for his daily bread is certainly one of the curiosities of literature. Jminent scholars have pronounced the style tersé and vigorous and the Latin classical. Jt was introduced into many schools as a text book, and the writer remembers its use in the Dayton Academy in 1838. It is now out of print and rare, but a copy may be found in the Dayton Public Library. We may smile at the eccentricities of Francis Glass, but we must respect him for his fine scholarship, his patriotism, and his kindliness of heart. All honor to the pioneer teacher and scholar, who in another age and under more favorable circumstances might have become a Casaubon ora Scaliger. Alhibone thought Glass worthy of a place in the " Dictionary of Authors,' and Duykinck has a lengthy notice of him in the "Oyclopedia of American Literature."

1833 he was invited by Mr. aca p hie to come to nen to take eharge of a manual labor school, tobe established in the large brick building owned by him, which until a few-years ago stood at the junction of Jefferson and Warren streets. Mr. Williams was to conduct the academic and Mr. Pruden the labor and boarding departments. The large building was used for the school and boarding purposes, and shops were erected for instruction in various mechanical trades. A large number of boys from Cincinnati and other places were attracted to the school by Mr. Wilhams' reputation as a teacher and the school for a time enjoyed great popularity. Not proving a pecuniary success, it was closed after a few years' trial, and Mr. Willams returned to Cincinnati to continue his work as a teacher there. Both Mr. Williams and Mr. Prade: were actuated by philanthropic motives in the establishment of the school and deserve credit for the attempt to combine intelectual culture with perplexing the minds of educators, and it is no discredit to them that they did not find the solution. The effort now being made in several cities to introduce manual training in our public schools is full of promise, and it ig hoped that in this way this desirable end may be reached.

In 1844, by invitation of the. trustees, Mr. Williams returned to Dayton to take charge of the Dayton Academy, where he taught with great nee until 1850. . Solicited by leading members of the religious denomination to which he belonged, he resigned to take a position in a college of his church at Urbana, at which place he died in 1880, having reached a ripe old age. He was a gentleman of fine presence, admirable social qualities, and ever ready to unite with others in efforts for the public welfare. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Dayton Iibrary Association, and in many ways left his impress on the community.

teaching and introduced them here. He inspired his scholars with his own enthusiasm, and transformed study; from drudgery into pleasure. Ife procured the best apparatus for the illustration of natural science, and by frequent excursions to the country sought to make his pupils familiar with the botany and geology of the region. Composition and declamation were required studies, and a. literary society and lbrary were established in the school. Ile encouraged the planting of trees and flowers, and by every means at his comimand sought to develop a symmetrical character. He was quick to notice the aptitude of pupils for particular callings in' life,.and his advice often cones an important influence on their after career. The discipline of the school was muild, but firm, and largely left to the honor of the pupils. Corporal punishment was rarely resorted to. Each morning the school was opened with the reading of the Scriptures and prayer.

In 1838 when a public meeting was called to determine upon the building of the first public schoolhouses, Mr. Barney heartily advocated the measure. Jis experience and advice were freely given in. planning and seating the new schoolhouses, and his school furnished educated teachers, who carried at once the newest methods of instruction into the pubhe schools. Invited in 1845 to take charge of the Cooper Female Seminary when it was first opened, he entered on the work with the same ability and energy that built up the great car works of which he was so long the head. A large part of the older citizens of Dayton were his scholars in the Dayton Academy or Cooper Seminary, and recall his instructions with pleasure and gratitude. Mr. Barney died in 1880.

But little is known of the early history of the Pos schools of Dayton. 'The school directors of that early day kept no records of their proceedings; at least, none have been preserved...We-. clean from the newspapers the names of a few directors and teachers, and that is all. Before 1831 schools had been partly supported by taxation, but it was not until that year that the school district of Dayton was formally organized. . A meeting was held) at the courthouse Saturday, May 14, 183i); and Dr. John Steele, F., fF) Carrell, and Warren seed were appointed directors, Edmund Ifarrison clerk, and Wilham Bomberger treasurer. It would appear from the following notice that the directors did not serve, but no explanation is given in the newspaper:

"first District school will be opened Monday, December 5, 1831, by Sylvanus Hall, approved teacher, in the schoolroom on Jefferson Street, between Water and First streets. Public money appropiated to support it.

Nathaniel Wilson

From this time until 1838 schools supported by taxation were taught for a few months each year in rented rooms. No public school buildings had been erected, and the majority of citizens sent their children to private schools. During this period the following persons served, er ant times, as directors::. Thomas ee Walk iam. Ilart, James Slaght, J. Hf. Mitchell, David Osborn, Ralph P. Lowe, Simon Snyder, and Wilham H. oy Among the ache of this period were Mr. and Mrs. Leavenworth Wurd, who taught in the old academy bull ding, st. Clair ae I "the pubhe funds not being sufficient to sustaim this

In 1837 Samuel Lewis was elected, by the legislature, State superintendent of schools. Mr. Lewis entered upon his work with great enthusiasm, visiting every part of the State, and addressing the people at. all important points. It was one'of these addresses that led to the publie meeting in 1838, which resulted in the building of two. schoolhouses. Prior to that time not more than three hundred doilars in any one year could be raised by taxation in a school district for the purpe of building schoolhouses. By the law of 1858 it was provided that "a special meeting might be called after twenty days' notice, stating. an intention to propose a schoolhouse tax, at which a majority of the voter present, being householders, were authorized to determine by vote upon the erection of a schoolhouse, and how much money should be raised for

May 7, 1888, in the courthouse. Strenuous opposition was made to the levy of the tax by a few wealthy citizens, but after a heated discussion the measure was carried by a large majority. The amount to be raised was fixed at six thousand dollars, and it was resolved to build two houses, one in the eastern and one in the western part of the city.

Simon Snyder, to whom, as the advocate of schools and libraries and of every measure at that early day that tended to promote intellectual and moral culture, the people of Dayton are deeply indebted.

The opposition did uot end with the meeting. It was believed that it could not be proved that the law had been complied with in giving notice of the meeting. This had been anticipated by Mr. EH. E. Barney, who had taken the precaution to post the notices in person, and, accompanied by a frend, had visited them from time to time to see that they were not removed, The injunction was not granted, and the houses were built on the sites now oceupied by the second and fourth district schoolhouses. The plans were taken from the Common School Journal, and embodied the most advanced ideas of the time on the subject of school architecture.

Educational. Aas

ee no records of this oan ee of OUP SG nee gers down to 1842 have been preserved, and we have to rely upon tradition and the newspapers of the day for our scauty facts. Now that the public school system is firmly established in popular favor and has become as much a part of our city institutions as the municipal government itself, it s difficult to realize the necessity felt by the friends of the public schools in their early history to devise every practical method to bring them to the notice of the public and inerease their popularity. On several oceasions the schools marched in procession through the streets and the pubhie was made to realize their magnitude and the great work they were accomplishing. 1n.1838 De, H. Elder, principal of one of the district schools, had. instructed his scholars in music on a method highly commended by the Journal of that, day. On the Wourth of July the school marched in procession, headed by a brass band, and escorted by the Blues and Grays, the militia companics of the town, to the Methodist church, where a concert was given by the school, onal was received with enthusiasm, the Journal saying that "if anyone can hear the appeal to his patriotism sent forth by the united voices of this small company in the young army of the republic while singing, 'My Country. "Tis of Thee,' without feeling his opposition die away and his whole heart warm towards the public school systema, he is made of sterner stuff than should enter the human the Fourth of July should be celebrated by a procession composed of the public, the private, and the Sunday-schools of the town, which should assemble at the eorner of Main and Third streets anc march to the public square (Library Park), where exercises were to be held and a picnic dinner given to the children. The parents and citizens marched on one side of the street and the te cachers and clildren on the other, and the spectacle made a deep impression on the publie mind.

in 1856 the school year was closed with a grand pienie and exhibition of the public schools. The Journal gives a lengthy and enthusiastic de escription of the parade, saying that it was "the most beautiful and exhilarating scene witnessed in our streets for years." The procession formed at the corner of Main and Third streets and reached to Stcele's Till, and was composed of the city council, the board of education, the igh and district schools. Two brass bands enlivened the procession with music, and each school carried a beautiful silk banner, the scholars wearing rosettes. The Journal says "the procession must have contained twenty-five hundred persons, including teachers, pupils, and others, and reached from the courthouse very near to the grove, where the exercises were held." The exercises began with prayer, then the "exhibition song" was sung by all the pupils, conducted by Charics Sochner, the teacher of music, and accompanied by the German brass band. Dee and patriotic songs followed, and the formal exercises were concluded with an address by the president of the board and the delivery of diplomas to the eraduatinie 'class of "that year of the high school.. After an excellent games of all kinds.

public that it was determined to repeat it in 1859. The board of education appointed Henry L. Brown, Henderson Hihott, and D. A. Wareham a committee to make the necessary arrangements. The Journal says, in reference to it, "The puble schools took the town yesterday. It was a pleasant sight, that army of children." The procession marched down Miain Street to the fair growids, headed by the Phcenix Brass Band, followed by Rev. D. Winters, chaplain of the day, the city council, the board of ed ucation, and the schools. The high school carried a beautiful sik national flag, and the scholars wore rosettes of red, white and blue; the district schools marched behind silk banners ornamented with gold lace, each school having a distinet color. The following mottoes were inscribed on the banners: ' Let there be light," "Education is the main pillar of the Temple of Inberty," "We are taught to love Piety, Morality, and Inowledge," " We mingle reason with pleasure and wisdom with truth,' We love to learn." Arrived' at the grounds, after prayer, declamations and songs were given and short addresses made by D. W. Iddines, the mayor of the ety; R. W. Steele, president of the board .of education; and isaac TH. Kiersted and [fenderson Elliott, members of the board. The scholars were then dismissed to enjoy a bountiful dinner from their well filled baskets. |

A procession of the seven thousand youth and elildren now in our public schools would be a grand and inspiring spectacle, but there is no longer need of such a demonstration.

Ralph P. Lowe, Simon Snyder, and William H. Brown were the directors of the schools in 1838-1839. Mr. Lowe removed to Iowa many years ago, Where he held the distinguished positions of judge of the supreme court and governor of the State. Mr. Brown removed to Indiana, where he lived to a great old age, and manifested his continued interest in Dayton by occasionally contributing to the Dayton Journal reminiscences of early times here. Simon Snyder died in Springticld several years ago, and his remains were brought here and interred in Woodland Cemetery.

Educational

In September, 1839, the schools were opened in the new schoolhouses and continued yy three quarters of twelve weeks cach. Collhus Wight was principal of the western 'district and' D. Li iider "or the eastern district. The salary of the principals was five hundred -dollars per annum. In addition to the principals one male assistant and three female

It would seem that the zeal of the directors of 1839 outran their discretion in keeping the schools open for so long a period. In March, 1341, a city charter was granted to Dayton, by which the'control of 'the publte schools was eiven to the council. In the interim between the adoption of the city. charter and the appointment by the council of a board of managers of public schools as provided- for in the charter, a committee of the eity council] was appointed to take charge of the schools. This committee consisted of Henry Strickler, David Davis, and David Winters. Ou the records of the city council is found the first report of the condition of the schools which has been preserved, made June 14, 1841. The committee say: "It was necessary to suspend the schools from April, 1841, to January, 1842, to enable the directors of 1841 to discharge the indebtedness Tete in 1839 by the directors of that year requiring the schools to be kept open the whole year, thus anticipating elght hundred dollars of the school fund of 1840. The schools were kept open in 1840 six months; then suspended until January, 1841, with a View of closing without indebtedness. But the great change in money affairs defeated the object, as the poll-tax of fifty cents a scholar could not be collected. The schoolhouses are now in use by the principals of the schools, in which they are teaching private schools. They hold them on condition that in each house twenty charity scholars shall be taught each quarter." 3

The city charter re the levy for school purposes in Dayton at two mills on, the dollar, and directed that the "school tax so levied, and all other funds that may be collected or accrue' for the support of common. schools, shall be exclusively appropriated to defray the expenses of instructors and fuel, and' for no other. purpose whatever." No provision was made for contingent expenses, Which rendered it necessary to require a tuition fee of fifty cents per quarter from cach scholar. Parents who years, until suitable provision was made by law for contingent expenses. In addition to the levy of two mills for tuition purposes, ample power was given to the city council to issue bonds, by vote of the people, for the erection of schoolhouses.

The city charter directed "that the city couneil shall in the month{of January, each year, select from each ward in the city one judicious and competent person as a manager of common schools; the persons so selected shall constitute and be denominated the board of managers of common schools in the city of Dayton, and shall hold their offices for one year, and until their successors shall be chosen and qualified."

¢ council. The power to levy taxes and issue. bonds was vested in the council, and the board could only recommend the amount that in its judgment was needed.

Practically, however, the board exercised complete jurisdiction, as in no case were its recommendations disregarded. The fact that the two bodies cooperated for so many years without serious difference of opinion or conflict conclusively shows the unanimity of public sentiment in favor of liberal provision for the schools. :

The first board of managers for the schools was appointed by the eity council in January, 1842, and was composed of the following members: First Ward, Ebenezer Fowler; Second Ward, Robert: W:

December 12, 1842, it appears that the total amount of school fund in the treasury January, 1842, was two thousand, four hundred and eightytwo dollars aud eighty-five cents. From this had to be deducted a loss on uncurrent money of three hundred and seventeen dollars and thirty-five cents, and an indebtedness from the last year of five hundred and fifty-two dollars and fifty-five cents, leaving only one thousand, five hundred and eighty-two dollars and ninety-five cents with which ,to conduct the schools.

dollars per quarter; of male assistants, eighty dollars, and of female teachers, fifty dollars. The board was determined to. close the year without debt, and the schools were continued only one quarter, one month and one weck, exhausting every dollar of the fund. The houses,

The text books used were .Picket's; Spelling Bock, McGuftey's Readers, Mitchel's Geography, Colburn's and Emerson's Arithmetics, Smith's Grammar, and Parley's Book of History. The board adopted a resolution requesting the teachers to read a portion of the Bible each morning at the opening of the schools. 'This custom has been continued in the schools until the present time. In the revised rules adopted by the board in 1874 the following section was passed without opposition and remains in force: '" The schools shall be opened in-the morning with reading of the Sacred Scriptures without comment and repeating the Lord's Prayer, if desired." guration of the public school

It was an inauspicious time for the inau system, and it was only the appreciation by the mass of the people of the great value of the schools and their indispensableness in a free government that carried them triumphantly through the difficulties with which they were environed. The country. had not yet recovered from the reaction which followed the wild speculations of 1837, and which prostrated the business of the entire country. It was a period of depreciated currency, of broken banks and unpaid taxes. The sum realized from the fifty cent tuition charge, which it was hoped would in some measure supplement the deficiency in the treasury from other sources, amounted in 1842 to only one hundred and sixty-two dollars and forty-eight cents: No taxes, however, were so cheerfully paid as those for the support of schools, and the board was cheered in this day of small things by the cordial suppert of the people.

In 1843 the schools were open for six months, and the year closed without debt. 'The time was lengthened as the funds would justify until in 1849 the full school year was reached. say

In 1841 the legislature passed a special act directing that a German schoo! should be opened in Dayton, to be supported by the school tax paid by German citizens. his law, false in principle, and calling for an impracticable division of the school fund, was evidently enacted without due consideration. It remained a dead letter and no attempt was made to teach German until 1844, when the board was authorized by law to introduce instruction in German on the same basis as other studies. In that year a German school was opened, with William Gemein for teacher. Since that time German instruction has been' a constituent part of our school system and has increased proportionally with the Hnglish, as the wants of the German population required. In the German schools one half the time is given to instruction in English. WW itis 1845 a night oe for instruction in the ordinary Enelish branches was opened to meet the wants of apprentices and others who were unable to attend the day s schools. For many y years night schools were kept open during the winter months, in different parts of the city, with apparently excellent results until 1888, when they were discontinucd for want of sufficient patronage. :

Until 1849 no provision was made by law for the education of colored youth, who were excluded from the publie schools, By the school law of 1849 school authorities were authorized to establish separate school districts for colored persons, to be managed by directors to be chosen by adult male colored tax-payers. The property of colored taxpayers was alone chargeable for the support of these schools. . Under this law a school was opened in 1849 and continued until the school Jaw of white. Boards of education were directed, when the colored youth in any school district ee more than thirty, to establish a separate school or schools to be sustained out of the general fund. From that time until 1887 the colored se ee vere couducted under the management of the board of education, and eee youth had equal facilities of education extended to them with the wlnte. A ecommodious brick schoolhouse was erected on Fifth Street for the use of the colored graded. school, known as the Tenth district, and pupils prepared in it were admitted to the intermediate and high schools. While under the fourteenth amendment which became a part of the constitution of the United States in 1868, colored youth had the legal right to demand admission to the piiblic schools in the city districts in which they resided,. the right was not claimed by the parents of colored youth. The separate colored school was continued until 1887, when, as a measure of economy and of more efficient teaching, the board of education abolished it. Colored youth now attend without objection the schools in the districts in which they reside. |

In 1849 music was introduced asa branch of study. For several years only a few hours each week were devoted to music, and instruction was given in the upper grades only. In April, 1849, James Turpin was elected

1872, William H. Clarke was elected stiperintendent of music, and introduced the plan now adopted in the schools of using the teachers as assistants. This in some measure meets the objection that no one man ean do the work necessary to be done in this department. The teacher in each room is now responsible for the proficiency of the scholars in this as in the other branches of study. The aim is not simply to teach the scholars to sing by rote, but to give them a thorough knowledge of the rudiments of music.

After the resignation of Mr. Clarke, December 12, 1872, James Turpin was elected superintendent, February 13, 1873, but died November, 1873. Mr. Turpin was the first music teacher elected by the board, in 1849, and at different periods rendered many years of faithful and efficient service in this department. G

As the public schools grew in popularity, and the large majority of the children of all classes in the city attended them, the need of instruction in the higher branches was more and more felt by the public. In 1847 the board of education procured from the legislature the extension to Dayton of the provision of the Akron school law, granting to that town authority to establish a high school. In 1848 the principals of the schools petitioned the board for the privilege of teaching some of advanced pupils. In their petition they state that many of their best scholars are drawn from the public to private schools from:the lack of this instruction, and say that "we at present desire to introduce the elements of algebra and geometry, and perhaps physiology and natural philosophy." A committee of the board reported on this petition that it would not be wise to introduce such instruction in the district schools, but recommended the establishment of a high school. It was not, however, until 1850 that decisive action was taken. On April 5, 1850, Henry L. Brown offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted:

" Resolved, That this board do now establish the Central High School of Dayton, in which shall be taught the higher branches of an English education, and the German and French languages, besides thoroughly reviewing the studies pursued in the district schools."

Mr. Brown was an earnest friend of the public schools and gave a large amount of thought and time to their advancement. Te was for many years a member of the board of education, served for several years as its president, and rendered invaluable service to our public schools.

I36 History Of Dayton

On April 15, 1850, the school was opened in the northeastern (now the first) district schoolhouse. James Campbell was the principal, Miss Mary Dickson assistant and James Turpin teacher of music. In the fall of 1850 the school was removed to the Academy building, the free use of which was granted by the trustees to the board of oidih ation. In June, 1857, an enabling act having been obtained from the: legislature, the trustees of the Academy executed a deed tor the property to the board of education, and the same year the old building was removed and the present high school building erected. Thus our high school, as a school for higher education, may legitimately trace its history back to 1807. While the new house was being built the school was taught m rented rooms in Dick ey's block, on Filth Street. | : ia curriculum of the school has been enlarged from time to time until if now embraces all the studies usually taught in the best city high Ass Latin or its equivalent German is required to be studied by all the pupils. Greek is also tanght to those who desire to ud for college, and a large number of pupils have gone from the high school to the best colleges in the country, and many of them have taken high rank in their classes.

In 1855 Jean Barthelemy was appointed instructor in French and taught for several years, but comparatively so few desired to pursue that study that it was discontinued.

In 1857 the total enrollment of pupils in the high school was one hundred and one; in 1888 four hundred and twenty-eight. The number of teachers in 1857 (including Mr. Campbell who gave one half his time) was four; in 1888 eleven. In 1857 the salary of Ae principal was one thousand and two hundred dollars; in 1888 two thousand dollars. The following persons have filled the office of principal: James Campbell, from 1850 to 1858; John W. Hall, from: 1858 to 1866; William Smith, from 1866 to 1872; Charles B. Stivers, from 1872 to the present time. The total number of graduates is seven hundred and twenty-three; two hundred and twenty young men and five hundred and three young women. A large majority of the teachers in our public schools are graduates of the Iugh school, and other graduates are filling prominent positions in business circles and society. To say nothing of intellectual and moral culture, if the material prosperity only of our city were considered, no better expenditure of pubhe money could have been made.

The Constitution of Ohio adopted im 1851 directed "that the legislature shall make such provision by taxation or otherwise as, with the income arising from the school trust fund, will secure a 'thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State.' . The first legislature elected under the new constitution enacted the excellent school law of 1853. Up to this time our schools shad been conducted under the 'city charter, and parts of several acts of the legislature that werc construed to apply to them. To simplify and make certain the law applicable to our schools, and to relieve the board in its action from the Sper vision of the eity council, it was determined, in accordance with a provision of the law of 1858, to submit to a popular vote the question of conducting the schools of the city under that law. The vote was taken at the city election in April, 1855, and decided, without opposition, in the affirmative. The city council passed an ordinance May 25, 1859, defining the number, the mode of election, and' the term of 'oilice of the board of education. Heretofore the board had consisted of one member from each ward, appointed by the city council to serve one year. Under the ordinance the board was to be composed of two members from each ward, one to be elected each year by the people, with a term of service of two years. 'The first board it provided should be appointed by the council. From 1855 until the present time the schools have been conducted under this ordinance and the general. school laws of the State. The first board appointed, one half to serve until the next city election, was composed of the following members: First Ward, D. A' Wareham, Harvey Blanchard; Second Ward, Robert W. Steele, J. G. Stutsman; Third Ward, Henry L. Brown, James McDaniel; Fourth Ward, E. J. Forsyth, W. 8. Phelps; Fifth Ward, John Lawrence, J. Snyder; Sixth Ward, William Bomberger, W. N. Love.

the opposition of some of the teachers who had influence with a majority of the board, and the plea of economy, prevented for years the establishment of the office. Duties of supervision were imposed on members of the board, which, at the best, were very imperfectly discharged. It was not until 1855 that the office was ereated, and James Campbell, principal of the high school, elected superimtendent, with the understanding that he should retain his principalship, and devote one half his time to the supervision of the schools. Mr. Campbell prepared a report of the condition of the schools for 1856-1857, which was the first extended report - of the schools published. In May, 1859, Mr. Campbell resigned to engage in private business. Although the ofhce was not abolished, repeated efforts were made in vain to elect a superintendent until 1866. Jn that year, impressed with the urgent need of supervision for the schools, Mr. Caleb Parker, a member of the board who had retired trom business, and who, in early life, had had considerable expericnee as a eacher, agreed to accept the position, with the distinct proviso on his part that his services should be without compensation. Ile was elected in July, 1866, and served until April, 1868, when he tendered his resignation. The second published report of the board for 1866-1867 was prepared by him. On. retiring*from the office, Mr. Parker reecived a unanimous vote of thanks from the board for his disinterested and very useful services.

Again it was impossible to tind a man who could command the vote of the majority of the board for superintendent. Various expedients were resorted to by members of the board friendly to the office to secure an election. -To remove the objection of unnecessary cost in conducting the schools, a plan which had been adopted with marked success in Cleveland was proposed. A committee of the board was appointed to consider it, and reported June 22, 1871, that "the efliciency of the school system would be increased without expense by the election of a superintendent, a supervising male principal, and female principals for the

Higley elected superintendent, and I'. W. Parker supervising principal. This plan was continued for two years with excellent results; but the majority of the board of 1873 decided to return to the old system.

In 1874 John Hancock, whose reputation for ability and large experience as a teacher and superintendent commended him to the board, was elected and continued im the office until 1884. Dr. Hancock gave ten of the best years of his lite to our schools and is worthy of lasting remembrance and gratitude by the people of Dayton.

It was found that, owing to the removal of scholars from school before reaching the eighth year grade, the classes of that grade were very small in some of the districts. The principals, who were receiving the highest salaries, were giving the most of their time to these classes and the cost of teaching them was excessive. 'To remedy this, the intermediate school was established in 1874, and all the pupils of the eighth year grade were assigned to that school. The course of study was not enlarged, and the school was simply a union of the classes of the cighth year grade for convenicnee and ecconomy. .W. PP. Gardner was the first school was discontinued. The causes which led to the establishment of the school having largely disappeared, in 1886 the school was closed and the eighth year classes were restored to the several districts.

It was impossible to procure expericuced teachers to fill the vacancies constantly occurring in the schools. Young girls, without knowledge of methods of government or teaching, were placed. over rooms full of children just at the most irrepressible period of their lives. These positions were confessedly the most difficult to fill of any at the disposal of the board, but there was no alternative. Ambitious and experienced teachers naturally sought)'the rooms where the higher. branches: were taught, leaving the lower grades for the novices. It is true that some of the best and most valued teachers now in the schools began without experience, but the first year of their teaching was a heavy labor to themselves and an injustice to their pupils. A partial remedy was found by making the position of an experienced and successful primary teacher as honorable and the pay as large as that of any teacher in the district schools below the grade of principal. But that did not fully meet the case and the board determined to educate its. teachers. A committee of the board, August 18, 1869, presented a detailed plan for a normal school and teachers' institute, which was unaninously adopted.

The first week of each school year was devoted to the Teachers' Institute. All the teachers of the publie schools in the city were required to attend and to render such assistance in instruction as may be requested by the superintendent of schools. The best methods of teaching and government were discussed and taught, and lectures delivered on these subjects by experienced teachers at home and from abroad. This institute was conducted with great zest and profit for several years, but as it required Jabor and time on the part of the teachers, they grew weary of it and with doubtful wisdom it was discontinued.

In the normal school the studies to be taught in the district schools are reviewed, new methods of teaching are explained and illustrated, and thorough instruction' is given in the theory and practice of teaching. Instruction is also given in intellectual philosophy, which sustains an intimate relation to teaching. Rooms in the school building, where the school is located, are placed in charge of pupils of the normal school, who, under the constant supervision of a eritic teacher, thus learn the practical work of the school room. |

As the great majority of the teachers in the schools are women, Instruction in the normal school is confined to that sex. Pupils desiring admission are required to pass a thorough examination in the ordinary branches of an Huglish education. Appheants must be not less than seventeen years of age and must pledge themselves to teach in the Dayton schools two years after their graduation should their services be desired

In the fall of 1869 the school was opened and up to 1888 has graduated two hundred and forty-two teachers. A majority of the teachers in our schools are normal graduates and are doing excellent work. It would be unreasonable to expect that all the graduates of the normal school would prove equally good teachers; but that the imstruction received has been invaluable to them and a great gain to the schools no one acquainted with the facts can doubt. In the primary departments the beneficial effects of this school are particularly noticeable.

a graduate of a normal school. Upou the election of Colonel Parker supervising principal of the schools, Miss Brown became principal, but resigned, im. 1873.) In, 1873 W. W. Watkins, principal of the sixth district school, was made principal of the normal school, and held the position one year. In 1874 Miss Jane W. Blackwood, a successful teacher in the Cincinnati Normal School, was elected and served until her resignation in 1883. In 1883 Miss Mary IF. Hall, the present incumbent, was elected.

Previous to 1877 special teachers in penmanship had been employed occasionally, but for the greater part of the time instruction in that branch bad been assigned to the teachers in the several rooms. Satisfactory results had not been obtained, and in 1877 the board elected C. B. Nettleton superintendent of penmanship. In 1878 drawing was introduced as a study, and its supervision added to Mr. Nettleton's duties. The board refused, in 1886, to elect a superintendent of these branches, but in 1887 Victor Shinn was elected superintendent of drawing. In 1888 Mr..Nettleton was again elected superintendent of penmanship, and now a special teacher is employed for each branch. The public exhibition of the work of the pupils in drawing in 1888 and 1889 has conclusively shown the great value of the instruction in this branch.

The school law of 1873-1874 directs the board of education of cach eity district of the first class to appoint a board of examiners, "who shall have power to examine the schools established in such district, and shall examine all persons who desire to hold teachers' certificates valid in such district." The Dayton Board of Hducation had long felt the need of a board of city examiners, and was influential in securing the insertion of this and other clauses.in the excellent school law of 1878-1874, sending its president, 1! MOR sth Wood, to Columbus, to confer with the House Committee on Common Schools. Under this law George P. Clarke, J. A. Robert, and Wiliam Smith were appointed eity examiners. Mr. Clarke and Me Smith removed from the city, and their places were filled by Wiliam Isenberg and Robert W. Stecle in 1876.° In addition to the above, the following persons have served on the board at diflerent times: A: D. Walt, John Hancock, James J. Burns, C. .. Loos, H. C. Marshall, Edwin L. Shuey, W. J. White.

Impressed with the importance in a manufacturing eity of affording artisans and others the opportunity of instruction in drawing, the board of education established in 1877 free night industrial schools. A schoo! in free-hand drawing was opened in the Gebbart building, on. Third

Street, with James Jessup and Valentine Swartz as teachers, December Eby AST (0) oOn March -6, 1379, 2 seliool of mechanical and architectural drawing for several years with great success. On acu LiL 1880, tive free-hand drawing school was removed to the large hall in the HEaker building, with Isaac Broome and Charles B. Nettleton for instructors. Mr. Broome was a very superior teacher and inspired his scholars with enthusiasm. The school, under the management of Mr. Broome. and Mr. Nettleton, was a great success. In addition to those mentioned above, the following persons have taught in the school at different times: William Lutzenberger, Luther Peters, Silas R. Burns, William N. Roney, Lewis J. Rossell, George Prinz, and George Wyman. Two schools were taught in the winter of 1888-1889 of architectural and mechanical drawing in the Kuhns building, on Main Strect. |

In 18890, to call attention to this branch of study, a public exhibition of the work of the pupils was given in the City Hall. Committees of competent citizens were appointed to examine aud report on the work, and such results were shown as to firmly establish the schools in popular favor. The committee of the board of education on the schools in 1880 say: 'The attendance for the past year has been greater than ever, and the quality of the work, as attested by experts appointed to examine it, has been of a highly satisfactory character. About three hundred youth and adults from every walk of life have been instructed, many of whom are constantly using their knowledge in their daily avocations much to their own advantage, as well as to that of their employers." These schools are undoubtedly the first step towards the introduction of manual training in the day schools. }

Dhe city is) largely tandebted tot Mi, AvoDe Walt, acnrember of the board of education, for the introduction of this important branch: of study, and he deserves great credit for the persistency with which he advocated the measure until he secured its adoption.

A comparison of the schools at different periods of their history will forcibly illustrate the progress that has been made. As the records of years by Messrs. Campbell and Parker, and the facts thus made accessible. Under the present system, the completest statistics in every department are recorded and published annually:

The increasing proportion from period to period of the average daily attendance to the total enrollment is marked, and indicates the growing efficiency of the schools. In, 1857 it was forty-eight per cent; in 1867 sixty-six per cent; in 1875 seventy-one per cent; in 1880 seventy-four per cent; in 1888 seventy-eight per cent.

It is not so easy to represent to the eye the growth in other and more important particulars. A complete system of gradation has been established, consisting of an eight years' course in the district schools, four in the high school, and, for those who wish to teach, one in the normal school, supplemented by a large and free pubhe hbrary. New methods of instruction that promise good results have been introduced, and so far as they stood the test of trial in the school-room, are in use; and such salaries are paid teachers as to secure the services of the best and most experienced.

Equal progress has been made in school architecture. In the new buildings, which have been erected within the past few years, have been introduced whatever improvements in Hghting, seating, heating, and ventilating

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As no mention could be made in the appropriate places of many of the members of the board of education and teachers who have been influential in molding and giving character to the schools, in justice to them the names of the presidents of the board from 1842 to 1888, of those members who have served four or more years, and of the principals of the schools from the beginning of our graded se 'ool system down to the preseut time are given. ;

Many of the assistant teachers are as worthy of. mention as ae principals; but to give a few names might appear invidious and to print them all would be impossible.

appropriately noticed in the same chapter. Indeed the Dayton Publhe Library is a constituent part of the school system. The fine library building was erected, and the library is supported by tax levied by the board of education. In 1805 the citizens of Dayton obtained from the legislature the first act of incorporation. for a public hbrary granted by the State of Olio. The incorporators were Rev. William Robertson, Dr. John Elhot, Wilham Miller, Bera Van Cleve, and John Folxerth, A pamphlet, stained and yellow with age, containing the constitution and rules of this hibrary - -probably the only copy in existence - fortunately has been preserved and deposited in the public hbrary. A few'of the rules are peeuliar and may be worth presenting:

"Damage done toa book, while in the hands of a proprietor, sball be assessed by the librarian at the rate of three cents for a drop of tallow, or folding down a leaf, and so in proportion for any other damage."

In this day of gas and electricity, the fine for a "drop of tallow" is rather ludicrous, but no doubt books were often injured in that way when first choice, and so on for each proprietor." Unfortunately we have no intimation how the lottery was conducted. Rule eighteenth declares "if a proprietor lends a book belonging to the hbrary to any person who is not a proprietor, or suffers a book to be seria into a school, he or she shall pay a fine equal to the value of one quarter of said "book." It is not sasy to see what great damage could result toa book from being " carried into a school,' but the whole tenor of the rules illustrates the preciousq 4 ness of books at that early day, and the vigilant care taken of them ike all libraries supported by intary subscription, every expedient dil ll libraries supported by voluntary subscription, every expedient published in Dayton in 1822, a file of which has been.preserved in the public hbrary, a play and farce are advertised to be given by the Thespian Society for the pena of the library.*

The library existed until 1835 when it was sold at auction, as-appears from the following advertisement in the Dayton Journal, of Septeinber 8, 1835: "Library at auction. The books and book-case belonging to the Dayton Library Association will be sold at auction at the clerk's office, at 2 o'clock p. m., on Saturday, the 12th inst. Henry Stoddard, William Bomberger, John W. Van Cleve, Committee.' Mr. Van Cleve thus speaks of the character of the brary: "The number of books is small, but they are well selected, being principally useful standard works, which should be found in all institutions of this kind. Among them are the North American and American Quarterly freviews for the last few years." Who can doubt that this library during the thirty years of its existence was of inestimable value to the citizens of Dayton?

In 1832 the Dayton Lyceum was established, the cbject of which was "the diffusion of knowledge and the promotion of sociability." Meetings were to be held once a week "for lectures, communications, essays, and discussions on all subjects except theology and the politics of the day." It was also proposed to collect a cabinet of antiquities and minerals and a library. A discourse was to be delivered "at the annual meeting of the society on the 27th of August, being the anniversary of the location of the town of Dayton." For several winters the Lyceum furnished courses

"Tt isan interesting fact that Edwin Forrest, the celebrated trasedian, was, when a youth, a member of this Thespian Society. In commemoration of the fact he appeared in his favorite eharacter of Virginius at the

66 ome ig abyss which were of the aR est f eahee and aftorded great enjoyment to the people of Dayton. In 18383 the lbrary of the Lyceum was kept at the house of Iva I. Fenn.

was Henry L. Brown. The object of the institute was " mora " ht and scientific improvement." A library and reading rooms were: connected) with it) and for many 'years'aicourse of lectures was given each winter. A public address was' delivered at the courthouse July-1, 1833 by. C. Schenck, inobelialf of the Mechanics' "Institute, and alititin od ne existence every citizen of Dayton who had any ability for lecturing was called upon for that service.

At this period there must have been unusual literary interest and activity mm Dayton, for! there were no''less 'than syx public' libraries: m existence, as we learn from notices in the newspapers. None of them were largc, but in the aggregate they reached a wide circle of readers

In connection with the Adelphie Society of the Dayton ee h 1837, at that time under the charge of Mr. I. E. Barney, was a library, worthy of mention because of the' choiceness of the books it contained. The motto of the library was printed on the 1: ibels of the books:

_Impressed with the importance of establishing a hbrary worthy of the city, a number of citizens met on the evening of December 10, 1846 and appointed a committee to draft a constitution. At a large meeting in the City Hall on the evening of December 29, 1846, the constitution was reported and, after considerable discussion and various amendments, tion by the payment of the required fee, met at the mayor's oflice January 12, 1847, and fully organized by the election of a board of trustees.

The hbrary was sustained by membership fees, fifty dollars constituting a membership in perpetuity, thirty dollars a fe membership, and three dollars an annual membership. The first list of books for purchase was made by such men as Judge Joseph H. Cranc, John W. Van Cleve, Dr. John W. Hall, Milo G. Williams, and others. Several evenings were spent in discussing the best books to be purchased with the limited amount of money at the disposal of the association. The list eau but little over one incase volumes, but the books were Charles Lamb "books that are books.

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to the new Phillips building, on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets. Mr. J.D. Phillips, who was a warm friend and liberal supporter nd floor of his building especially adapted to the use of the vibe 12 and drdies it to the association on very favorable terms. The proposition was accepted, and a room forty by sixty feet, with lofty ceilings, supported through the ecnter by handsome Corinthian columns, was prepared. 'This room was elegantly furnished, by special subscription, at a cost of over two thousand dollars. It°is safe tosay that at that day there was no library-room' in Ohio, outside of Cincinnati, that would compare with it in heauty and convenience. A reading-room, supphed with the leading newspapers and magazines, was connected with the library, and the hbrary was a favorite resort for our citizens, and the first place to which a stranger visiting the city was taken. :

For the first few winters free lectures were given in the City Lal], and every citizen at all available was drafted into service. Many of our older professional men may recall how they tried their « 'prentice band "' on these lectures. After the removal to the Philips building, courses of pay lectures were given in the large hall over the library. At that time the most noted men im the country did not disdain the lecture platform, and the names of a brillant galaxy of pees who appeared before the association, might be given.