Zanesville City (part 3 of 8)

It was in the latter part of this year, during the month of December, that the adventure of Capt. William Davis and Juda Ford occurred. They were employed at the works, the former acting in the capacity of foreman or manager, the latter an intelligent young man of nineteen years of age, a laborer there, and also acting in the capacity of book-keeper. The supply of provisions at the works became wrell-nigh exhausted, and it became necessary that a new supply should be ordered. This could only be done by going or sending to Waterford and Marietta, and as the river was closed by ice it was necessary to go by land. Accordingly these men determined to make the trip and started for Waterford by a direct route through the woods, without any trace or marked trees to guide them. As the works had only been in operation for a brief period, the intercourse between them and their base ot supplies had thus far been conducted entirely by water, the overland route as yet not being opened. These men having expected to reach their destination in a single day, the distance being only thirty miles, the only outfit they provided was one blanket, a single charge of gunpowder, a flint, a jack-knife, a piece of tow string for tinder, and a couple of pounds of venison. Not being familiar with the woods they hired a hunter as a guide to pilot them to the headwaters of

Meigs creek. He accompanied them a few miles on the way, and, after giving directions as to the route, returned. The men mistook the directions given them, and instead of reaching the headwaters of Meigs creek wandered over to the waters of Mills creek, dowm which stream they traveled until night overtook them. The day was cloudy and exceedingly cold, the thermometer at Marietta ranging from twenty-two to twenty-four degrees below zero. Instead of going south as they supposed, they had been all the day traveling north. As night came on they succeeded, with the materials they had at command, in striking a fire in the bark of a dry tree, and encamped for the night. The following day the sun appeared and they saw the mistake of the preceding day and commenced retracing their steps. They wandered about until the second night overtook them in the wilderness. This was passed as was the first night. Now their venison and their means to obtain a fire were all gone. On the morning of the third day they came upon a small stream bearing a westerly direction, down which they determined to go. Suddenly and unexpectedly they saw smoke ascending through the branches and tops of the trees. They were not long in reaching the works and with frozen hands and feet received the greetings of their companions from whom they separated more than two days before. And here we leave them.

Before the discovery of the Salines by the white man, the stream uniting with the Muskingum river at Duncan's Falls was called Salt creek. By whom this name was given the main stream is not known. ' That matter is involved in obscurity. But it was undoubtedly given because of the Salines on the east branch, which by the men at the works were called 11 White Eyes," and probably on the supposition that this east branch was the main and not a tributary stream. The name " White Eyes" was given this branch of Salt creek on which the Salines were situated in honor of George White Eyes, a young Indian who had been educated at Dartmouth College by the United States Government as a token of respect to his father, a Delaware chief of that name, who had ever exhibited friendship for the whites. This young Indian had spent sometime at Waterford when the first settlement was there made. He had befriended the white settlers on several occasions, was quite a favorite with them and was personally known to some of the employes at the works. The stream bore the name above given it for quite a number of years, but of late, within the memory of man, the name has been transferred to another branch of Salt creek running in a westerly direction across the northern portion of the township. The branch of the stream first called "White Eyes" and joining it about a half mile below Chandlefsville, was called by the men at the works, "Williams' Fork," in honor of the adventure of Williams and Ford as related above. The name the stream still bears.

It was in the year 1797, that Captain John Chandler, a native of Connecticut, but at the time a citizen of Rutland county, Vermont, inspired by the enthusiasm that animated large numbers of New England people to remove to Ohio, and allured by the glowing descriptions which reached New England of the richness of the soil and the magnitude of the productions for which the Ohio country was becoming celebrated, became one of a company of fifteen families, organized in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, under the general direction and leadership of General Rufus Putnam as agent of the Ohio company for the purpose of emigrating to this western wilderness. This was only one of numerous companies organized throughout the New England states in like manner and for a like purpose at about the same period of time. The company of which Captain Chandler became a member on its arrival in Ohio made their first permanent landing in the part of Balpre, now known as Newbury township, the most southerly township of Washington county.

Here the company first planted a settlement but it was not destined long to remain so. It began very soon to disintegrate. It was composed of too many inharmonious elements. The families separated, some going in one direction, some another. Some sought a home in one locality, some another. Captain Chandler remained two years and then det rmined to go elsewhere. He explored the region of the upper Muskingum and the valley of the Licking. Like many others he probably entertained a prejudice against selecting a home along the valleys of the larger streams. The fear was generally indulged that the atmosphere where the forests were so dense as along the larger streams, must necessarily be filled with malaria and that as a consequence sickness must there prevail. Hence many of the pioneer settlers located on the high grounds when the rich bottoms along the larger streams could have been as easily secured. After much wandering and weighing in his own mind the relative merits different localities possessed for a permanent residence, he finally selected the " A'hite Eyes" branch of Salt creek as the locality where he would spend his future years. He had now passed the mcridan of lifeandhad reached that period in human existence when the shadows lengthen as the years increase. Hence the importance of a judicious selection must have been uppermost in his thoughts. His choice was probably determined by the surroundings and the fact that all indications favored it as a healthy locality. Here, too, were established a salt-works for the manufacture of salt which had been operated by the Marietta company for a series of years with a constantly increased production. The locality was one that seemed to be favorably situated for becominga businesscenter,and as the population increased and the country developed trade relations must become a matter of no small importance. Besides it was on the direct and shortest route of what must become the chief highway between Zanesville and Marietta.

It was in the spring of 1799 when Captain Chandler with his family landed here in this White Eyes valley. What was the situation? He had no home to which he could come; no home to protect his family from the elements; not even a shed whereunder, for the time being, he could find shelter. What a contrast it presented to that Vermont home he had left only two years before! How must all have seemed to the mind of this intelligent and experienced man! What were the emotions of this heroic pioneer as he looked about him and into the faces of that gentle and devoted wife and of that family of bright and active-minded children who had accompanied him into the depths of the wilderness!

Captain Chandler's family consisted of nine persons - himself, his wife, two sons that had nearly reached a man's estate, two in their boyhood years, one a lad of six or eight years, an infant son and a daughter some nine or ten years of age. It was the first business to secure a place of shelter and, for the time being, what might be called a home. This was speedily accomplished. Within three days he and his boys, with the aid of such of the men at the works as could be spared, had a cabin erected and comfortably prepared for occupancy, and of sufficient size to afford ample accommodations for all the household. It very soon became the home of peace, comfort and contentment.

As soon as the cabin home was prepared so as to afford comfortable protection to its inmates, and shelter was provided for the oxen and the few domestic animals he possessed, Captain Chandler and his boys, with an unfaltering industry and energy, commenced the work of preparing the land for cultivation by clearing away the undergrowth of the forest and " girdling " or deadening the trees around and in the neighborhood of his cabin home. The wild became a garden. At the end of the first season enough was secured of grain and vegetables, and provender for stock, to supply over into the succeeding year enough and to spare.

The Chandlers were all active and could work with advantage at almost anything they undertook. They were, too, for the most part, artisans. They could as readily apply their hands to mechanical pursuits, and with as quick a perception as to the manner of doing, as to the preparation of the land for cultivation. Captain Chandler, in his boyhood days, had practiced, more as a pastime than as an employment, the business of blacksmithing. His boys readily caught the business of smithing, as they did the use of the plane, the saw, the chisel and the mallet, and as a consequence, at odd spells, on rainy days, and at times when out-door employments could not be pursued, with the aid of such mechanical instruments as they had at command, they were enabled to make almost any article of every day use that required mechanical skill in 'its construction. This aptitude in the use of tools proved of great advantage to them during the after years when the settlement was developing.

Before two years elapsed Captain Chandler had opened and placed under cultivation a large and productive farm. But the farm and farming operations were not enough. Ambitious, energetic and restless spirits required something to be feed upon more stimulating and exciting than that afforded by agricultural employment. It was at this juncture of affairs that negotiations were entered upon looking to the sale and transfer of the Salt Works still owned and conducted by the Marietta company to Captain Chandler and sons. In due time such sale was effected and the transfer of the works made. The new proprietors immediately went into possession and took charge of the business. Thus far, as the entire population of the neighborhood consisted only of a single family, it was a matter of indifference who owned the works or who conducted the business of salt manufacturing. But now it was different. The time had come when an increase of population in the neighborhood was anticipated. As a matter of course, all new comers would have a desire that the advantages to be derived from the conduct of the business, if any, should inure to the common benefit of the people of the neighborhood.

This part, too, as it should become generally known, would have the effect to attract population. The works, therefore, when the new proprietors acquired possession, thenceforward became known as "Chandler's Salt works." The business was. too, under the new management prosecuted with renewed energy and vigor and for all there was in it. It was from these works that the people along the Muskingum river and at Marietta, and for a distance of many miles along the Ohio above and below Marietta, for quite a number of years, obtained this article of universal necessity. It cannot be ascertained that a single employe of the Marietta company during 'the entire five years that Company owned and managed the works, remained for any considerable time in the employ of the new company, or became a pioneer or a settler in the neighborhood. A new set of men were on hand to take their places. Only the names of a portion of these can now be recalled; and of these memory and tradition are alike at fault as to when and with a single exception whence they came and how long they were thus engaged. It is only known they were there some portion of the time during the six or seven years the Chandlers conducted the salt operations. The names now recalled arethoseof John Hopper, Daniel Bane, William Cunningham, William Newell, John Dixon and David Forebush. Though single men, nearly if not quite all became pioneers and identified themselves with the people of the neighborhood in clearing away the forests for cultivation. They deserve remembrance as the advance guard of the civilization that was to follow. It was now 1801, Zanesville and Putnam were each becoming points of some consequence and promised to be important towns. A post route providing for carrying the mail once h week each way, had been established between these points and Marietta, although on the entire line from Zanesville to Waterford there was not a Post Office for the reason there was not a single inhabitant resident on the line except at the Chandler's Salt works. This post road was little more than a bridle path, but the travel over it was becoming quite constant and was rapidly increasing. Accordingly the "Chandler settlement," as it was now being called, began to arrestattention. Comers and goers were frequent. The roads to Zanesville and Duncan's Falls, especially the latter as it was the road on which the traffic to and from the Salt works was conducted, soon became much traveled highways. A new order of things was now about to be introduced.

pioneers to succeed Captain Chandler in this new settlement, who next to him were entitled to the honor of being the first to commence here the demolition of the forest. The arrivals became quite frequent. Several families came at about the same time. Among the first to arrive were John Briggs, of Pennsylvania, Johnson Brewster, of Vermont, a brother-in-law of Captain Chandler. About the same time came George Clapper from Pennsylvania and William Dixon, from Ireland, and Abraham Mercer, of Virginia. All these men had families and were here before 1804. In this year came Daniel Bliss another brother-in-law of Captain Chandler, and a native of Massachusetts, with a family, including himself, of nine persons. He was a physician and the only physician in the settlement for more than twenty years. Then came during the four or five years that followed, Peter Sarehett, Jacob Crumbaker, Jacob Wilhelm, Thomas Brady, Joseph Culbertson, and others whose names are not at command. All these men had families, - they were pioneers and became what might be called representative men of the neighborhood. They all came to make husbandry their pursuit. A little further along came Robert Linn, and David Peairs, natives of Pennsylvania, Isaac Wartenbee from Virginia, and Welcome Ballou, from Massachusetts, and John Finney. All these persons were accompanied with their families. Other pioneer settlers followed and at the end of the decade the population of the township had increased to several hundred. It was, too, a rapidly increasing population, not confined to a single neighborhood, but scattered over the entire township.

The Chandler grist mill was built prior to 1807 and was burned in 181 1-1812. Llewellyn Howell built the second mill, and it is said Silas Robinson was his partner in the enterprise. Sometime between 1815 and 18 1.8 Samuel McCune had a saw and grist mill on Big Salt creek. Zachary Chandler's tannery was started about 1810, and William Scott's distillery in 1814. Bernhard Brewster opened a store in 1812. John Stevens and John Moore were also early merchants. Zachary Chandler kept a tavern in a frame building as early as 1815. He was succeeded in this enterprise by a Mr. Cuberday, and during his occupancy the building was burned. Robert Linn opened his house for the accommodation of the public about 1820. There was no professional blacksmith in the township until 1810, when Jerry Joseph came. The next disciple of Vulcan was William Moore, known as "Old Bung My

Eye." from a song he often sang. Dr. Daniel Bliss, the pioneer physician, came in 1812. Salt Creek Baptist church was organized in 1 8 1 1 . The first church was of hewn logs and had the dignity of two stories and a gallery. The Methodist Episcopal church at Mansfork, grew out of a class organized as early as 1812 by Rev. James Watts. William Knox began his labors at Chandlersville in 1816. Chandlersville and Sugar Grove appointments were formerly in Norwich circuit, and in 1869 were joined with Fairview and Duncan's Falls appointments, and known as the Duncan's Falls circuit. Presbyterianism took root here in 1814, when the first organization was formed. A small frame house was the first edifice of this denomination at Chandlersville. The present brick church was built in 1834. The United Brethren church dates its organization back to 1857-1858.

It was about the year 1805 that John Chandler, third son of Captain Chandler, still quite a young man, erected, or caused to be erected, the first mill in the township. Its site was on the creek about a mile below the salt works. As the mill stones were procured in the neighborhood and it contained no bolting chest, its use consisted principally in grinding corn. This was an important event in the history of the neighborhood.

The Chandlers conducted the business of salt manufacturing for the period of between six and seven years after they first came into possession of the works. They then disposed of the same to John, Peter and Thomas Sarehett. On the 15th day of February, 1809, the General Assembly of Ohio passed a law creating or appointing an agent to superintend and lease these works. Previous to this date no such officer existed. Accordingly under that acta lease of the works for the period of three years was effected with the Sarehetts. Again on the 20th day of February, 1812, the general assembly of the state passed an act authorizing the further leasing of the works to the same parties for the period of seven years, granting to the lessees the additional privilege of enclosing 80 acres of land adjoining for pasture and fuel purposes. On the expiration of this lease no further action was taken by the state looking to its renewal. Owing to the fact that in numerous other localities, by boring wells deep into the rocky strata salt waters of much greater strength and in much larger quantities had been secured, these works as property possessed little value. For this and other causes they were abandoned.

Creek township was described in the United the county commissioners of the date of March States surveys as ''Township 13 of Range 12, of 6th of that year, so much of the said orginally lands of the United States situate in the State of Ohio," and as such passed into the market as other Congress lands. Section 31 was situated on the south of the river and on it the village of Taylorsville now stands.

As the end of the first decade approached, the inhabitants residing on this territory began to discuss the subject of a township organization. Accordingly on the 9th day of March, 1808, as the journal of the commissioners of Muskingum county discloses, sundry petitions were presented the board of county commissioners then in session, asking for the creation of certain townships. Among those petitions so presented was one from citizens of Salt Creek township according to the established survey. The journal says "the boundaries of the townships were established and the townships received." No time was fixed for the election of township officers as the statute required, and no election of officers ordered. Under this order of the commissioners it cannot be found that any further action was taken. Again, December 12th, 1808, it appears in the journal entry of that date, that "the petition of sundry inhabitants of Township 13, Range 12, was presented the board, praying an election be ordered to elect three trustees and a treasurer of that township." The journal says in response to this petition, "granted and order for election sent out by John Chandler." This was still an incomplete order and it does not appear that any action was taken looking to its execution. Again, March 8, 1815, more than six years after the last proceedings were had, this journal entry again appears: "A petition from a number of inhabitants of Salt Creek township was presented praying that the original surveyed Township number 13, Range 12 be erected into a township to be called and known by the name of Salt Creek township, and it is ordered the above township be established." Although this last order was incomplete, looking to what were the requirements of the statute in relation to the organization of townships, as no further action upon the subject seems to have been taken by the commissioners, it may be taken that this concluded all that was done towards the erection and establishment of this township; and that its civil and political existence may be regarded as commencing on this last date.

The first mutilation of the territory of Salt Creek township as created in March, 1815, grew out of the establishment and organization of Wayne township in 1826. By the action of surveyed Township number 13, Range 12, as was contained in sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 29, 30 and 32, were detached from Salt Creek township and became a part of Wayne township as created of the date last aforesaid. This action of the commissioners was a matter of deep interest to all the people residing on the territory so detached, and by the most of them the action so taken was asked. Again, by the action of the county comissioners of the date of the 20th day of December, 1839, section 13 of Salt Creek township, as before stated, situated west of the Muskingum river and embracing the village of Taylorsville, was detached from said township and made a part of Harrison Township. This action of the commissioners was also asked by the citizens of the detached territory for the reason they were separated from the township to which they belonged by the river, and were further cut off from their own township by a portion of Wayne that formerly belonged to Salt Creek township. These are all the territorial changes in the township from what it contained as first established.

Hitherto, previous to entering on the second decade of the settlement, the daily routine in each family, year in and year out, had been much the same. But now visible changes began to be more and more apparent. The single room cabin with its outer wall decorated with the skins of the coon, fox, wolf, deer, bear, and other wild animals, began to disappear. It was fast beingsupplanted by the new two-story hewn log dwelling. Residences of a still more pretentious character also appeared, and before this second decade had closed, stone, brick and frame dwellings, of six, eight and ten rooms each, could be seen in several parts of the township, farm houses that would to-day be creditable to any portion of Muskingum county.

New industries other than farming began to spring into being. Trades, though on a somewhat small scale, yet adequate to the demand of the community, were introduced. The first mill erected was enlarged and improved by the aid of new machinery, so as to convert it into a general flouring mill, and a saw mill attachment added. Two tanneries were put in operation, one a half mile north of the present village of Chandlcrsville by a man named James Austin, and the other, the pioneer of the tannery, conducted in the present stone building in the village, by Samuel Chandler. Other smaller trades, in those days conducted in rural communities, followed, but they no longer exist.

It was during this, the second decade of the settlement of this township, that the people were first enabled to introduce somewhat the habits and customs that attach to social life; habits and customs that belonged to the communities whence they came. That complete isolation to which they had been subject only now existed to a limited extent. These pioneers were an intelligent body of men and women. They mingled together on occasions varied and numerous. They were friends, sympathic and helpful. The same spirit of sociability dominated old and young. The outgrowth of all these new conditions became manifest. During the decade there were no less than eighteen marriages in the township. The contracting parties were in every instance the son and daughter of a pioneer and were themselves pioneers. This, too, was a period of great material prosperity among all the people of the township, and this fact, coupled with what has just been narrated as having taken place, afforded " confirmation strong " of the correctness of the Malthusian theory as to population.

The early pioneers and settlers of Salt Creek township were for the most part a religious people. They had been religiously educated. They had been accustomed during the years of their childhood and later on in early manhood and womanhood to attend upon church services, and many of them had been church members. Those who came from the New England states were all of Puritan stock, and had been educated in the Congregational faith and mode of worship. But as the religious faith and the politics of the church were quite different things, they cared little for the latter, so they could entertain their convictions as to the former. Those who came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey were generally Presbyterians, or had been so educated, and as their doctrinal belief was much the same as that of the Congregationalists of that day there was no difficulty in the two assimulating under the Presbyterian faith and mode of worship. Other denominational creeds and beliefs were represented among the first pioneers. Of course coming into a new country where such a thing as the stated preaching of the Gospel was unknown, all naturally became luke warm and apparently somewhat indifferent to their church vows. But withal, the religious impressions they had received in their earlier years could not be wholly eradicated, and these had the effect to restrain and hold in subjection the passions that otherwise, under the circumstances, might have gained the control of their action. Hence the Sabbath was distinctively observed as a day of rest if not of worship, more so than in densely populated communities. The desecration of its sacred hours, no matter how, was rarely known, and when known the entire community would frown upon the act. Whenever it was announced there was to be preaching in the neighborhood, no difference by whom or of what denominational creed, all made it a business as well as a duty to attend the services. And until churches were organized such continued to be the custom of the neighborhood.

Of the soldiers of the war of 1812, the writer has only been enabled to obtain the following names: Samuel Chandler, John Clapper, William Cunningham, Joseph Linn, Samuel Bliss and Dr. Daniel Bliss. The latter engaged in the service as surgeon for a limited time only and until another could be secured to take his place. Bliss, (Samuel,) was discharged at the end of two months because of sickness. Cunnighamwas killed by the Indians in the battle of Mississinawa on the Wabash. Chandler in this engagement exhibited so courageous and conspicuous a daring, that on the close of the war he was tendered by the department at Washington the office of Major in the regular army of the United States. This honor he declined. The others on the expiration of their respective terms of service returned to their homes.

The pioneers of Salt Creek township took a large interest in the establishment of schools and the education of the youth of the neighborhood. To nothing can their descendants point with a greater degree of pride than to the high character these schools maintained. The first brick school house in Muskingum county was erected in this township. It was a large and commodious structure capable of comfortably accommodating sixty to seventy pupils and provided with desks and other necessary appendages of the school room equal to any of the present day. The first five male teachers, commencing with the winter of 1823- 24, who conducted schools successively in this building were all graduates of American colleges. The structure was erected and finished throughout by private subscription. The first circulating library in Muskingum county, containing about 150 volumes at first organization, for that matter, with two exceptions, the first in all southeastern Ohio, was established in this township, and so this organization was kept up until the establishment of Sunday school libraries about 1830.

account of the principal events in pioneer life in Salt Creek township. Of what has subsequently occurred it is not sufficiently known, at least to the present inhabitants, to render any narrative thereof in this connection unnecessary. The population of the township at the different decennial periods since its organization, and the names and dates of the commissions of the several postmasters may be a subject of interest and are herewith given. Population 1820, 967; 1830, 1,190; 1840, 1,252; 1850, 1,215; i860, 1,158; 1870, 1,138; 1880, 1,141; 1890, 1,148. Postmasters, Salt Creek, John

Chandler, Octoberi, 1814; John Stevens, January 31, 1829; Nathaniel Chapman, August 3, 1832. Name of the office was changed to Chandlersville January 12, 1843. Chandlersville, Nathaniel Chapman, January 12, 1843; Isaac Brittain, December 3, 1845; Llewellyn Pierce. Tune IQ. 1840: Isaac Brittain, "July 16, 1853; Thomas W. Crumbaker, May 31, 1861; William E. Ferguson, March 27, 1869; Israel C. Robinson, August 9, 1869; O. H. P. Crumbaker, October 19, 1870; John W. Ludman, September 27, 1889. Duncan's Falls P. O. was established July 24, 1837.

Source changes here: from Past and Present of the City of Zanesville and Muskingum County, Ohio, by J. Hope Sutor, published 1905; 67,776 words in this source stream.

Zanesville City

Ebenezer and Elizabeth Zane, of Wheeling, Virginia, on December 19, 1800, for and in consideration of $100.00 granted, bargained and sold to Jonathan Zane and John McIntire, 640 acres of land "on the Muskingum river, in the County of Washington and Northwest Territory," and stripped of all verbiage respecting metes, bounds and courses was for the following tract of land: Beginning at a point intersected by a line drawn 49% feet east of the west line of Seventh street and another line drawn 33 feet south of the north line of South street; thence west 5,940 feet to a point in Natchez, west of Pine street : thence north to a point in an east and west line running twentyfive feet south of the north line of Adair avenue. extended west; thence east to a point in the bottom lands south of the Monroe street bridge until it is intersected by the line drawn 49% feet east of the west line of Seventh street, and thence by that line to the place of beginning. P

The town was laid out at the southeast corner of the tract, and is more minutely described under "Town Plat." Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio says: "In 1799 Zane and McIntire laid out the town, which they called Westbourn, a name Which it continued to bear until a postoffice was established by the postmaster general, under the name of Zanesville, and the village soon took the same name." This allegation has been accepted Without question, and has been repeated so often, by subsequent writers, that it is necessary to submit proofs of its positive inaccuracy.

When the contract between the postmaster general and Convers was made, in 1708, for the latter to carry the mail from Marietta to the Muskinguin ferry, as related under "U.S. Mail." the object was to afford the Marietta settlement mail facilities by meeting, at the Muskingum ferry, the mails between Virginia and Kentucky, and not to supply the settlement at Zanesville, because none was here, and to designate the northern terminus the postmaster general called it Zanetown. January 1, 1801, William McCulloch, the ferryman, was appointed postmaster, not because an office was necessary, but for the reason that mails had to be assorted and the statutes required it to be done by the postmaster of a distributing postoffice, and the commission was issued to the postmaster at Zanesville. Springfield, or Putnam, was platted first, and the plat was recorded July 27, 1801; upon it are delineated not only the streets and lots of the village but the course of the river, with its several rapids, or "'falls,'"' and on the opposite side Zanesville is marked. The plat of Zanesville was not filed for record until April 28, 1802, and is recorded in volume seven, page one hundred forty-five, of the records of Washington county, and the town is therein designated as Zanesville; a map by Gen. Rufus Putnam, surveyor general, of 1804, designates the town as Zane-ville, and the General Assembly, in 1804, named the town of Zanesville as the temporary county seat. The name of Westbourn does not appear in any public record nor in any private correspondence of the period, and \Ir. Howe is therefore incorrect in asserting that the place was known as Westbourn; the place was not platted in 1799, nor did the postmaster general's designation supersede that given by the proprietors. The date of the change from Zanetown to Zanesville has not been discovered, but it probably occurred when McCulloch was appointed postmaster, January 1, 1801. The act to incorporate the town of Zanesville was passed January 21, 1814, and specified "that all that part of the town of Zanesville, in the county of Muskingum, included in the original plat thereof, now on record in the county of Washington, together with all additional lots since added thereto on the east side of the river Muskingum, and now on record in the county of Muskingum, be and the same is hereby erected into a town corporate and shall henceforth be known and distinguished by the name of the Borough of Zanesville, subject however, to such alterations and regulations as the legislature may, from time to time, think proper to make." Other sections of the act provided for the election of officers and the manner of conducting elections, the powers of the corporation and the duties and authority of its officers, and stipulated that no laws should be made "subjecting cattle or hogs, not belonging to the inhabitants of said borough, to be taken up and sold for coming within the bounds of said corporation." It is evident that the legislators of the period did not appreciate the nuisance that existed in a town by permitting stock to run at large.

County

The first election for officers for the town of Zanesville was held April 2, 1814, and resulted in, the choice of William Craig, mayor; William Blocksom, recorder; Samuel Frazey, treasurer; Ezekial Bassett, appraiser; Peter Mills, George Reeve, Nathan C. Findlay and James Hampson, councilmen. Findlay refused to serve and John Hamm was chosen to fill the vacancy. The mayor-elect was an Irishman, and carpenter by trade, who came to the town in 1805, and with Thomas Moorehead erected the first Methodist church, in Second street; he was a devout Methodist and had the confidence of his neighbors, but had an insatiable ambition to hold public office; his elevation to the mayoralty caused him to aspire to gubernatorial honors and he became a candidate ; fifty-one votes were cast in his favor in Muskingum county, and none elsewhere, but he was ever after called '""Governor,'' and was pleased with the sobriquet. In 1817 he was appointed collector of county taxes and absconded with the money, located near St. Louis, where his wife joined him and where his investments in real estate made him very wealthy. His bondsmen were James' Mc- Guire, who was bankrupted; James Linder, who was nearly ruined; and James Herron and James Hampson, who were able to sustain the loss without injury.

July 2, 1819, the County Commissioners created Zanesville township, beginning on the Muskingum river on the line dividing the twelfth and thirteenth ranges; thence north to the military line; thence east to the line dividing the sixth and seventh ranges; thence north with said line to the line dividing the second townships of ranges six and seven; thence west to the Muskingum river and down it with the meanderings to the place of beginning. This tract embraces nearly all of what is now Wayne and Washington townships and the present city east of the river; Washington township was cut off June 5. 1822, and Wayne, \larch 6, 1826. Several amendments to the original act were made and March 19, 1850, an act was passed creating the city of Zanesville, which was to comprise so much of the county of Muskingum as was embraced within the limits of and designated in the records of the county as Zanesville township. The act divided the city into four wards, the east and west line of division being the center of the National road from the eastern boundary of the township to the intersection with the center of Fountain alley, and from that point with the center of the allev to the river; the north and south division line was the center of Cypress alley, from both sides of the city. The First ward was the southwest corner of the city as so divided: the Second ward, the northwest corner ; the Third ward, the southeast corner and the Fourth ward, the northeast corner. The mayor was to be

This division existed until March 23, 1868, when six wards were created; the First was that portion west of Sixth street and south of Fountain alley; the Second, that portion north of Fountain alley and west of the center of Sixth street to Howard, north of Howard and west of Seventh street; the Third, all lying east of Sixth street and south of South street extended to the eastern limits of the city; the Fourth, all east of Sixth street embraced in lines projected from the centers of Market and South streets to the eastern limits of the city; the Fifth, all north of Market street extending to the eastern limits of the city, east of Sixth to Howard, and east and north of a line drawn through the center of Howard, Seventh, Kelly, Underwood and Spring to the city limits; the Sixth, all north of the Fifth and east of the Second wards.

February 28, 1870, the council passed an ordinance requesting the County Commissioners to authorize the annexation of Natchez, which was described by metes and bounds, and May 18, 1870, the Commissioners agreed thereto and filed a transcript of their action with the council, June I, 1870, and August 15 the territory was annexed and made the Seventh ward.

An ordinance was passed August 31, 1868, to submit to the voters, at the election, October 13, 1868, the question whether Putnam and West Zanesville should be annexed and the proposition carried in the city, but failed of approval in the villages ; January 3, 1870, a similar ordinance for the election, April 4, 1870, was passed which carried in the city, but failed in the villages ; September 8, another ordinance was passed for an election on the same question at the October election, and the West Zanesville proposition was carried in both municipalities, but the Putnam people again refused to annex. October 22, 1870, W. M. Shinnick, John M. James and Elias Ebert, on behalf of Zanesville, and Austin Berry, S. Jacobs Moore and W. W. Wimmer, on behalf of West Zanesville, agreed upon conditions which embraced the extension of the public water service, the erection of fire plugs and a hose house equipped for fire protection, and that gas be furnished for street lighting. The council ratified the agreement, which became effective November 10, 1870, and January 27, 1871, West Zanesville was erected into the Eighth ward.

February 26, 1872, an ordinance was passed to again submit the question of the annexation of Putnam, and it carried in both municipalities at the April election; April 22, Peter Black, Austin Berry and Thomas Griffith, representing Zanesville, and A. A. Guthrie, Henry Jones and James

C. Gillespie, on behalf of Putnam, agreed upon terms among which it was stipulated that city water should be furnished, a hose house erected, and a carriage supplied, and, gas be introduced as speedily as possible, and on that date an ordinance was passed annexing Putnam, and May 17, 1872, it was created the Ninth ward.

The Eighth ward was divided September 20, 1886, and the Tenth ward created of the territory lying north of a line commencing at the intersection of the center of Park street with the Muskingum river, and running through the center of Park street, Moorehead, Blue and Washington avenues to the west corporation line.

As the voting population increased, voting precincts were created but no change in ward lines was made until March 2, 1896, when a republican 'majority, led by office seekers, created each of the precincts of the Seventh and Ninth wards into wards, as the Eleventh and Twelfth, and created the Thirteenth ward from portions of the Eighth and Tenth wards by placing the territory north of 'Keen street, from the Muskingum to the Licking and south of LaSalle place, Linden avenue, Ball street, Maple, Converse, Granger and Adair avenues to the Licking, in the last named ward. The legality of the proceedings was carried into the courts and was declared illegal, and the tricksters were ousted from their positions, and it may not be irrelevant to state that the writer is a Republican.

When the new Municipal Code became operative, the number of wards was fixed by statute at four, and the former First, Third and Fourth wards were made the new First; the former Second, Fifth and Sixth were consolidated as the new Second; the former Seventh and Ninth were joined to make the new Third, and the former Eighth and Tenth resumed their first unit formation as the new Fourth ward.

Market House

June 5, 1814, the town council considered the expediency of erecting a market house, and made application to the County Commissioners for permission to occupy the public square, where the court house and jail were erected; the request was refused and it was built in Market street, east of Court alley, on the site of the present structure, with a frontage of thirty-five feet on Market and a depth of forty-three feet; the building was frame, supported on square wooden posts, the upper portion weather-boarded, and contained three stalls on each side; it was very frail and the contract price for construction was only $150.00. With nearly fiftv vears' service it was unable to sustain the weight of a very heavy fall of snow in January, 1863, and during the market hours,

Past

The council met the same evening and considered a proposition to repair the portion of the building still standing, and clear the ground of the debris; January 26 three contractors were present and represented that the builaing coula be repaired, and by a vote ot five to three it was decided to do so, but an additional resolution demanded that a certificate should be presented, signed by ten or twelve respectable builders, when the repairs were completed, affirming that the repaired structure was perfectly safe, beyond all doubt or question, and that such certificate should be printed and posted in all public places. Whether this was offered in good faith or to kill the repairs is unknown, but the result was the same - no one would accept the conditions and January 29 the action was rescinded.

March 16, the committee on Public Buildings, was authorized and instructed, by a vote of seven to one, to secure plans, specifications and estimates of the cost for a new market house, one story in height, on the former site, at a cost not exceeding $12,000.00, and proceeded, without delay, to contract for its erection, and June 8 the committee reported the award to Charles McDill for $11,- 600.00, the structure to be completed February 1. 1864.

July 20, it was announced that considerable dissatisfaction existed among the people respecting the site selected, and an election was ordered to be held the first Monday in August to determine the question, the tickets to read "Old Site," and "New Site;" it does not appear that the election was held, and old citizens do not remember one, the site was not changed, but September 14 a lengthy petition was preserted asking that the building be two stories, and September 21 a twostory building was ordered. These interruptions delayed the work and Julv 4, 1864, instructions were given that the lower floor should be fitted with stalls for butchers and heavy produce and the upper for light produce, and although no revocation of these orders is recorded they were not executed, and the building was made into a citv office and market house. August 15 the stone and brick work were reported completed and September 15, 1864, the building appears to have been completed. *

City Prisons

The city building, which formerly stood at Fourth street and Fountain alley, is described under the head of the Fire Department; the date of its erection has not been ascertained but probably occurred during the twenties ; when the court house of 1874 was erected the county paid the city to vacate and as officers of the city were accommodated in the market building a city prison had to be provided. A lot was purchased at the southwest corner of Fountain and Potter alleys, and August 24, 1874, bids for the construction of a two story, brick building, were opened and the contract was awarded to T. B. Townsend for $4,199.00.

During 1884, the proposition to erect a joint county and city workhouse was agreed to and the comely and commodious two story brick building, at the southwest corner of Fourth and South streets was erected, in which the Mayor's office, Police Court room, dwelling for the superintendent of the workhouse and offices for its officers are located, with the city jail and joint workhouse in the rear.

In June, 1800, a canoe, carrying five men, a woman, a young girl and a two-year-old child, while ascending the Licking, capsized opposite the site of the Infirmary and one man, the woman, girl and child were drowned. The body of the latter was found and buried near Duncan's Falls, but the other three were found near the site of the present B. & O. railroad bridge, across the Licking, and were buried on the banks of the stream, at high water mark, enclosed in bark, peeled from trees, and lined with leaves and grass.

Thus the first burial at Zanesville, was a triple interment and the early visit of the Grim Reaper to the young settlement appears to have directed attention to the necessitv of providing a burying ground, and McIntire, ever awake to the emergencies of the place, and disposed to supply all demands, set apart a tract of ground in what is now North Sixth street, and at present occupied by the plant of the Zanesville Gas Light Company. A number of bodies were interred there, the last being that of James Filley, in 1806, when the Hill burying ground, at the head of Main street, was set apart, McIntire forbid any more interments in the Sixth street lot, and a number of bodies were removed to the new ground, but many were not disturbed and when the gas plant was erected several skeletons were exhumed, but the bones were carefully collected, placed in a box and decently reinterred in the yard. Not many vears ago, the skeleton of a woman was found in the yard, only two feet below the surface; the hair was bright red, plaited and well preserved, and the remains were respectfully reburied where found.

The Hill Burying Ground

ing the body of Elijah Hart, on Sunday, March 18, 1807; no system was observed in digging graves, no record was kept, and each person selected the spot most desired; wooden markers were used, which soon rotted and were displaced, so that the identity of the bodies was lost. Often the grave digger uncovered remains while excavating for a grave, and when this occurred, they were concealed with a few shovelfuls of earth. The city took charge of the grounds in 1816 and appointed a sexton, but when the grounds were abandoned, the location of hundreds of bodies was unknown, and when Main street was graded through the hill a number of unidentified skeletons were exhumed, raked together, shoveled into a cart, hauled to Greenwood and cast into one common excavation, and as there was no record, perhaps among them were the relics of some once prominent citizens,

The Zanesville City Cemetery

The Zanesville City Cemetery was laid out in 1835, the original tract being slightly less than seven and one half acres, which was purchased March 5, 1835, for $476.00; the first burial was the body of Sarah Ann, wife of Jacob Stout, Sunday, October 24, 1835; the second, Lott Barr, a carpenter, and the third, James Durban, grandfather of F. A. Durban. Bodies were removed in large numbers from other grounds and reinterred; during 1852 three tracts of over thirteen acres were added and from time to time additions have been made until the area at present is about one hundred acres. At a meeting of the cemetery trustees, June 22, 1887, attended bv Messrs. Lindsay, Hahn and Stolzenbach, on motion of the latter it was unanimously resolved,

"That the name of the cemetery known as the City Cemetery, he changed, and that said cemetery shall be named and_ hereafter called Greenwood." For beauty of landscape, natural and ornamental, neatness in apnearance, thoroughness in management and universal adornment by lot owners, it is not surpassed by any similar private or public burial place in the state; its avenues are never free from visitors, strangers mix with residents in viewing the wealth of color which devoted friends daily place upon the resting place of their departed relatives, evincing their regard for the dead and appreciation of the efforts of the officials to invite the living to remember those who have gone before.

In 1850, a charter was secured for the proprietors of Woodlawn Cemetery, and fifty-five and one-half acres were purchased for $4,358.00 from Dr. Increase Mathews; August 5, eighteen gentlemen, each of whom had paid $50.00 for a lot, met at the office of C. C. Convers, at Zanesville, and organized the company; the directors were: Richard Stillwell, Charles B. Goddard, C. C. Convers, Hugh J. Jewett, Henry Blandy, E. Buckingham, and A. A. Guthrie, and the board organized by electing A. A. Guthrie, president; C. C. Russell, secretary, and Daniel Applegate, treasurer. The grounds were improved, during 1852, with walks and avenues, and in 1853 the cemetery was publicly dedicated ; the property was not self sustaining and early in 1896 a proposition was made to the city council to accept the ground as city property, and April 13, the proposition was accepted, and April 20, 1896, an ordinance accepting the deed from the corporation for the premises was passed by a vote of fifteen to one.

Quaker Burying Ground

In 1810 John Dillon donated an acre of ground, near the mouth of Timber Run, which was designated as the Quaker Burying Ground; the first interments were three men, laborers at Dillon's Furnace, at Dillon's Falls, who died in 1815, of what was called the cold plague, and soon after a William Tudor and family were buried there.

The first Catholic cemetery was in the rear of the lot now occupied by the St. Thomas church, in Fifth street, and the first person buried was John S. Dugan, who was accidentally killed near Cumberland, Maryland, March 11, 1825; when the new church was erected in 1842 the bodies were exhumed and reinterred in the new Catholic cemetery, in Greenwood avenue, near the "city" cemetery, containing a fraction less than two acres, purchased August 14, 1835, for $160.00, and dedicated by Bishop Purcell.

The Mt. Calvary cemetery originated at a meeting held at the law office of Hollingsworth and McDermott, December 16, 1881, which was attended by Revs. Francis J. Dunn and C. VY. Metzgar, and Messrs. Edward P. Bloomer, John S. Hollingsworth, L. H. Dennis, John C. Sullivan, Thomas S$. Murphy, Henry J. Dennis, Mathew A. Kernan, Dennis Hayes, Philip Mourin and Thomas McCormick. Articles of association were drafted and signed by all of the foregoing named, and a certificate of incorporation was issued by the State of Ohio, December 24, when the following officers were chosen: Rev. F. J. Dunn, president; E. P. Bloomer, treasurer; John C. Sullivan, secretary; H. J. Dennis, Thomas S. Murphy, Dennis Hayes, M. A. Kernan, J. S. Hollingsworth and Philip Mourin, trustees. 60.76 acres of land on the National road, adjoining the city on the west, were purchased from C. W. Potwin, for $7,500.00, and the surface has been graded to form a pleasing landscape; avenues, drives and paths have been platted and constructed; a receiving vault and frame sexton's residence erected, and the grounds are maintained at the high standard of symmetry and beauty which are so characteristic of the Zanesville cemeteries. FIRE DEPARTMENT.

For nearly twenty vears after the settlement at Zanesville the protection against fire consisted solelv of the bucket brigade, and during 1819 a movement was inaugurated to secure an organization and mechanical appliances for such emergencies ; the Zanesville Express, of December 22, 1819, contained a notice that ""The subscribers to the Fire Engine Company are requested to meet in the court house on Thursday, December 22, at two o'clock p. m., for the purpose of organizing, electing officers and transacting such other business as may be necessary." Fortv members of the first fire company were enrolled as The Union Fire Engine Company, among whom were Michael and John Dulty, Adam and John Peters, Nathaniel and Charles Wilson, Richard and George Reeve, William Twaddle. Joseph Church, Nathaniel Spragtie, S. Deffenbaugh and James Culbertson. and it was alleged they "'were all property holders and business men, and that thev put out the fires - with as little water as possible." The equipment consisted of a hand engine and suction carriage, some ladders and two buckets for each member; the latter bore the name of the company and were kept at the members' homes, and were carried to a fire when an alarm was sounded; the remainder of the equipment was sheltered in a two-story brick building, at the southeast corner of Fourth street and Fountain allev, consisting of two fronts for fire companies; a central hall led to the prison city which extended across the rear of the two fronts; in the second story was the council chamber on one side and the Mayor's office or police court, on the other. The engine and suction were hauled to a fire by ropes carried by men, and when the suction could not be used lines of men. women and children were formed who passed buckets of water to and from the supply and the engine.

February 14, 1840, the General Assembly passed an act incorporating the Union Fire Company of Zanesville, with succession for thirty years, the incorporators being James Raguet.

Daniel Brush, Anthony Wilkins, D. J. Culbertson, William Schultz, Isaac Campbell and their associates and successors, and the membership was very large and contained the names of the most prominent and influential citizens. The council chamber was their club room, in which they had an extensive library and the current periodicals, and where games were played and a strong social feeling was cultivated; a feature of the amusements was a mock court before which a member was liable to be presented for imaginary or ridiculous offences. The last meeting of this popular organization was held June 12, 1874.

November 19, 1836, the Merchants' Fire company was organized with one hundred members, among whom were Col. John T. Fracker, Bernard Van Horne, Elias Ebert, Isaac Campbell, Daniel Brush, James Raguet, Anthony Wilkins, Samuel Clark, Daniel Applegate, Horatio J. Cox, George Rishtine, Josiah S. Copeland, William Blocksom, E. T. Cox, John D. Dare. Each wore a red badge with M. F. C. in gold letters upon it, and they occupied the public building, but they did not continue many years and appear to have been more an auxiliary to the Union than an independent company.

January 10, 1839, a meeting was held in the Senate Chamber and the Relief Fire Company was organized with such men as Robert Hazlett, G. L. Shinnick, N. G. Abbott, James Sheward, Robert Lashley, John Printz, Horace Granger, Zeph. Clements, John Galigher, Thomas F. Nevitt, John Launder and many others whose names were prominent in their generation. The equipment consisted of a larger engine than the "Union," which was styled "Little Old Hydraulic'" and a suction, and occupied the south half of the public building.

These two companies comprised the fire department for many vears, the building and equipment being owned by the city, the members being volunteers and serving from patriotic motives; it was a frequent practice for the companies to have competitive drills to determine which could prepare for service in the shortest time and throw the stream the greatest distance, and as the power was human muscle, with one row of men on the deck of the engine and another on the ground, their movements were controlled by the foreman, who encouraged or denounced them, and shouted instructions through the large brass speaking trumpet, the contest being witnessed py the assembled crowds with as much interest and "rooting" as the more modern ball games. When the water works were erected the engine and _ suction carriage became obsolete, those of the Union being sold and a two wheeled hose cart being substituted ; later the "Union boys" procured a four wheeled carriage by private subscriptions. The Relief engine and suction remained in the house, and the former was later the nucleus of a fire company in West Zanesville, but a hose cart was never supplied the Relief company, and the organization became dormant. As there was practically only one fire company in the city the Hope Hose Company was organized May 5, 1851, with a very large membership, and one of the members, Matthias Hanniss, was presented with a silver medal for saving the court house from destruction by fire. The company's first shelter was in a small frame on the south side of Market street, between Court alley and Fourth street, but the frame blacksmith shop at Sewer alley and Market street became its first home; the equipment was a two wheeled hose cart purchased at Cincinnati, and the city erected the two story, brick hose house still standing at the corner of Market and Sewer alley, when they were furnished a four wheeled cart. When the paid fire department was inaugurated the Hope hose house became headquarters until the erection of the Central building on Sixth street, and company No. 1 of the paid department occupied this structure.

At the organization of the Star Hose Company, May 1, 1852, sixty members were enrolled and their first home was on the east side of Seventh street, near Elm, and the two-story brick hose house was built nearly opposite; a two wheeled cart was the first equipment but later a fourwheeled one was supplied, built on the model of the Union; upon the creation of the paid department the building was the station of the second company.

Fifty members were enrolled at the formation of the Eagle Hose Company, May 10, 1852, and they were stationed on the north side of Marietta street, near Eighth, and later were housed in the two story, brick house built by the city on the south side of the street and which was razed in 1go4 to permit the erection of a modern station for the paid department company, which had occupied the original structure. The first equipment of the Eagle was an old two-wheeled cart, but later a four-wheel carriage, on the model of the Union, was supplied, and upon the organization of the paid department the building was the station of Company No. 4.

In 1852 there were four companies, the Union and Hone near the center of the city, the Star in north Seventh street, and the Eagle in Marietta street, and as the ladders owned by the first named were too heavy for efficient service in emergencies, a number of old hose company menbers withdrew and formed an independent company, with forty members, as the Rescue Hook and Ladder Company, No. 5, composed of merchants, bankers, professional men and clerks ; their social standing secured for them the sobriquet of "silk stockings." but they were not afraid of fire or water, and were efficient fire Ahehters notwithstanding their occupation. The company was organized about 1858, and purchased truck and ladders at Baltimore, Maryland, which were paid for by private funds, and when it arrived was housed in one of the store rooms in the new Masonic Temple, at Market and Fourth streets. The County Commissioners gave a free use of ground on the public square, on the east side of Fourth street, about midway the block between Fountain alley and Main street, and upon it an ornamental two story, brick building was erected, with buttressed pilasters on the front and corners, and gothic doors and windows; the building cost $2,875.00, of which sum the city contributed $1,000.00, the remainder being donations from the members and their friends, which was augmented by dances and other entertainments; the second story was fitted as a reading room and place of assembly and amusement, and the organization proved more social than the Union. Each member provided, at his own expense, a leather hat, belt and water proof cape, and when the war came the company was in debt the small sum of $250.00 on the building; thirty-four of the forty members volunteered and before the war closed nearly ever man was in the army; the company was practically dormant, and the city council refused to protect the property for the absent soldiers, who offered it to the city on condition that the debt be paid; judgment was taken, the truck was sold and the city took possession of the building under its contribution and rented it to the county for use of the Auditor and Treasurer. August 12, 1867, D. Foerster, C. W. Fletcher, H. C. Lillibridge, Hugh Dunne, W. H. Nevitt, Willis Bailey and Jacob Swarts represented to council, in a communication, that they were members of the Rescue Hook and Ladder Company and had a $600.00 interest in the building, which the city had ceased to use for fire purposes, and offered to release their claim upon it to the city if the latter would pay the amount to the Children's Home, which was accepted by a vote of seven to one.

Upon the annexation of Natchez, West Zanesville and Putnam five new hose companies were created, and the city erected houses for the organizations. The Muskingum Fire Company was organized June 1, 1853, with fifty enrolled members and the engine of the Relief Fire Engine Company, of Zanesville; it declined, and when annexation occurred was reorganized with a membership of forty, in 1871, as the Reliance Hose Company, which name was. later changed to the Relief and occupied the two-story brick hose house, in Keene street: the volunteer company disbanded April 1, 1878, and the station became Company 3, of the paid department. June 30, 1870, Relief Hose Company No. 7 was organized in Natchez, with forty members, and occupied the two-story brick hose house at Pine street and Muskingum avenue; December 29, 1874, a reorganization was made as Rescue No. 7, and became the home of paid Company No. 6 upon the dissolution of the volunteer department. The 76 hose company was organized April 15, 1872, equipped with a reel purchased at Philadelphia, and located in the new hose house built for the purpose in Monroe street, but the company disbanded June 1, 1874. The Neptune Hose Company was formed May 17, 1872, with thirty members, as an independent reserve, to attend all fires in the Fourth ward, and large fires beyond those limits; the city accepted the organization May 25, 1872, and located them in the house at Main and Ninth streets. The Niagara Hose Company was organized July 5, 1872, with fiftyeight members and occupied the new building at Putnam avenue and Madison street; it disbanded March 27, 1876, with twenty-two active members, and paid Company No. 5 was assigned to the building.

During 1874 the necessity for a better organization of the firemen became apparent; the volunteers were allowed $150.00 per annum by the city for furniture, etc., for the halls on the second floors of the hose houses, and all other expenses for social purposes were paid by the members: the service was excellent for a village but the demands of a city rested too heavily upon volunteers, and the industrial conditions made a change essential. June 1, 1874, the Fire Committee of Council reported that during May a new company of twenty-four men had been enrolled and accepted, and July 13 they again reported that they had attended called meetings of ail the companies except the Reliance, in West Zanesville, and that a general conference of the entire department had been held June 8, at which the Union, Neptune, 76, Relief. Reliance and Niagara had agreed, conditionally, to serve under a fire chief, and the Hope, Eagle and Star had positively refused, and only two companies were willing to do so unconditionally. The committee recommended that the Union, Hope, Eagle, Star, 76 and Reliance companies be disbanded, and new ones formed to serve under a chief, and the opinion was expressed that a paid department should be inaugurated. July 20 an ordinance creating the office of fire engineer and assistant fire engineer was adopted by a vote Ora etal, and all the regulations creating and governing volunteer companies were repealed.

The formation of fire companies was vigorously conducted and August 24 report was made that a company with twenty-one members in West Zanesville, oe with twenty-three members at the Marietta street station and one with twentynine members at the 76 station had been formed and accepted, and September 7, 1874, John W.

McCormick was confirmed as Chief of the Fire Department. December 28, 1874, the Fire Committee reported that it had "lost all hope of organizing volunteer companies in the Second and Fifth wards," and had under consideration the unprotected condition of the First, Second and Fifth wards with three men at Hope and two at Star houses, with insufficient force to get a hose carriage to a fire, and recommended that the fire engineer be instructed, without delay, to have two of the hose carriages fitted to attach a horse, purchase horses and harness and consolidate the force at the Hope house; January II, 1875, the report was agreed to except that the companies were maintained at the two houses.

August 21, 1876, the ordinance of July 20, 1874, was repealed and the office of Fire Engineer was created and September 23 an appropriation of $1,000.00 was made to inaugurate a telegraphic fire alarm system; May 26, 1879, an ordinance was passed to regulate the formation and government of fire companies, which prescribed that each should have two fully paid firemen and one runner, with a horse to be attached to each reel, or hook and ladder truck, and its adoption sounded the death of the volunteer fire department. The system has grown until the city possessess a department of which it has great reason to be satisfied. In 1890 the present handsome "Central" fire station was erected in Sixth street near Main, and made the headquarters of the department. The Chief, Assistant Chief and six men are assigned to man the chemical engine, hook and ladder truck and chief's wagon, at this station, for whose use five horses are maintained. The appointments at each of the other stations consist of three men, two horses and one reel, located as follows: No. 2, at Monroe street; No. 3, Keene street; No. 4, Marietta street; NGass; Putnam avenue; No. 6, Pine street. The fire alarm telegraph has been developed until all parts of the city are covered and sixty-three boxes are in circuit.

Water Works

In May, 1816, the town council granted the privilege to Wyllys Silliman and David J. Marple, of constructing a reservoir and laying water pipes in the streets and alleys; work was begun in 1817 by the construction of a cut stone reservoir, puddled with clay and arched with brick; it was only a large cistern, 25 by 75 feet, 9 feet high, erected upon the surface of the ground near the corner of Underwood street and Fountain alley. The springs in the surrounding hills were very strong, on account of the dense forests and their flow was conducted to the cistern in pipes; iron was impossible of procurement and elm, poplar and oak logs, in short sections, were used with holes ranging from two and one-half to three and one-half inches in diameter bored through them; joints were formed by driving tapered ends into each other, and the preparation of the pipe was conducted on the lot at south-east corner of Market and Sixth streets.

The main was laid in Fountain alley to Third street, with branches on the cross streets, but the pipes froze quickly in cold weather, and the flavor of the wood was so freely imparted to the water that it was unsuited for drinking or culinary purposes. Hydrants were constructed of smaller wooden pipe, about seven feet in length, driven into the main, the upper end plugged and a wooden or brass faucet inserted in the side. As the reservoir was only slightly above the elevation of the hydrants, pressure was lacking and when one hydrant was open on the line water could not be drawn from those beyond it. The minimum price for a family was $5.00 per annum, but the projectors never collected a cent from the users and the entire enterprise was a failure and a loss to the owners. In 1831 the reservoir was sold and the stone used for building purposes.

A quarter century elapsed before an effort was made to supply the town with water and on June 14, 1841, the City Council appointed a Water Works Committee of three members, with James Crosby as secretary. Two of the committee were instructed to visit Wheeling, Steubenville and Pittsburg and report a system of public water supply adapted to Zanesville; June 29 their report was submitted and the expense of the trip was given as $54.00; when it is recalled that railroads were not then in existence and the trip was made by stage, the promptness with which they discharged their duty was not only commendable, but the economy exercised is worthy of record and emulation at this later day; the expense is in contrast with bills for similar services rendered in these days of rapid transit, parlor cars and palatial hostelries.

The Council was not dilatory in acting and July 24 approved a plan to construct a power house on the canal embankment, "fifty feet from north to south and forty feet from east to west ;" the lower story walls were ordered to be constructed of Lock masonry, twenty-two feet in height, the first ten feet to be five feet thick; the upper story to be of brick, eight feet high; the pump chamber to be ten feet in the clear and the force pump to be twelve inches in diameter and have a stroke of four and one-half feet.

A contract was made July 6 and amended August 2 for the excavation of a reservoir on the town lot, on Harvey's hill, the center of the lot "to be the center of the west line of said reservoir, extending thence north sixty-five feet and south an equal distance; the east line of said reservoir to be of the same length, and the north and south sides to be sixty feet each, making an oblong square of 130 by 60 feet; the reservoir to be sunk ten feet below a level 180 feet above low water mark at the lock at the canal." The reservoir was lined and paved with brick and November 9 a contract was made for an enlargement, the whole to be completed by April 1, 1842. The stonework for the power house was contracted September 7, 1841, and October 18, 1841, F. J. L. Blandy contracted to make iron pipe at the following prices: three-inch, forty-two cents; fourinch, fifty-five and one-half cents; six-inch, eighty-one and one-third cents; seven-inch, ninety-four and one-half cents; eight inch, $1.08; ten-inch, $1.50 per foot.

Work was not commenced during the autumn of 1841 and the record of April 16, 1842, reads: "The board met agreeably to appointment on the embankment of the canal, above the lower (Third street) bridge; present, Trustees Davidson, Adams and Galigher, and agreed unanimously to locate the power house on said embankment, having the south wall sixty feet above the lower bridge." The structure thus authorized is now occupied by Abel's box factory; the power was water moving a wheel supplied by a race and corebay from the canal, the intake pipe being in the river. The contract for the brick work of the power house was let March 29, 1842.

The main supply pipe was laid in Fountain alley, with branches at each street intersection, and July 22, 1842, fire plugs were ordered placed at each street intersection from Seventh to Second streets, and blanks at the alley crossings. The date of the opening of the works is not recorded and is indefinite; the first collections for water rent were made May 18, 1843, for the preceding six months ; a memorandum of the period during which water was used for pumping, made when the station was abandoned, fixed the commencement at July 9, 1842, and it is very probable that the service began in October or November, 1842, as the first rates were determined October 6, 1842, for three families:

The next day barber shops were rated at $6.00; private baths, $1.00; shops, stores and warehouses, $2.00; smith shops, each fire, $2.00; horses, 50 cents; manufacturers, on a moderate scale, $10.00 per annum. The provision for private baths in families, sixty years ago, indicates that the comforts of life were not unknown in Zanesville at that day, but it appears that the water was heated and poured into the tub, the attachments now so familiar and essential in such apparatus being unknown.

Although he had been dead a quarter century, McIntire enabled the city to erect the works upon easy terms; $30,497.05 was borrowed from the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company, the executors of his estate, at six per cent. interest for a period of twenty-four years from January 1, 1842. The improvement was called Belleview Water Works, and the aggregate cost to April 1, 1844, was $39,066.40, of which sum the reservoir cost $5,672.01. The public system was not generally used, however, and the report for the year ended March 31, 1846, showed an ageregate possible revenue of $1,483.51, of which $1,406.80 was collected, $16.96 was rebated as corrections and $59.75 was lost as delinquencies and removals.

In 1852 a new reservoir was constructed on Harvey's hill at a cost of $9,952.10, but the necessity for additional storage was soon apparent and July 30, 1863, it was decided to ascertain the price at which land could be secured on water works hill for reservoir purposes; the values which property acquires when needed for public purposes was known at that day, as it was reported August 7th that one lot of .85 acre would cost $2,850.00, and a tract of three acres, north and east of the reservoir, would be discounted to the city for $5,896.00 cash. The prices were considered unreasonable and the solicitor was instructed to condemn, but no action was taken and October roth the price of vacant lots south was ordered to be ascertained but no report was made.

The lessees of the public works permitted the canal to be obstructed with washings and the supply of water was inadequate for pumping purposes; January 10, 1867, the trustees had a conference with the lessees to effect a cleaning of the head of the canal, "in order that the superintendent may be able to run the water wheel." but slight satisfaction was given and the president was directed to visit Pittsburg and procure the services of the superintendent of the water works of that city to make plans and _specifications for erecting steam power, the city council having agreed to borrow money to erect a steam plant; jater Mr. Francis Wedge submitted a plan and he and Mr. Ruth were instructed, February 18, 1867, to submit it to the Pittsburg superintendent.

March 9, 1867, authority was given to purchase a lot at the foot of Fourth street upon which to construct a steam power station, and a portable engine was ordered to be attached to the water power plant to supply water during the summer months; March 18th, plans for a steam power plant were ordered to be secured, but friction occurred between the trustees and_ the council, by reason of a resolution of the latter body, April rsth, to the effect that all moneys in payment for the improvements must be drawn on the order of the finance committee of the council; the next day the trustees protested that the council's action took from them the control of the work and it was incompatible with their duty to enter into any further contracts until the council should signify its intention to place the funds under the control of the trustees. An adjustment of the differences was effected, but the troubles of the trustees multiplied and August 7th they were obliged to cancel the contract for the erection of the power house, as the contractors were unable to complete it. January 11, 1868, the cost of the improvements aggregated $54,- 294.02, and council was asked to increase the issue of bonds to $75,000.00. Service by the steam plant began early. in 1868 but the date is not recorded.

The annexation of Natchez and West Zanesville having been accomplished, on July 12, 1871, propositions were considered for 720 feet of flexible pipe to be laid across the river, and August 22d a contract was executed for a submerged pipe from the foot of Market to the foot of Lee street, which cost $66,008.66, Natchez being supplied by a pipe across the Licking; the annexation of Putnam required the introduction of the city water and April 29, 1872, the trustees considered propositions for a supply of pipe for the extension to that portion of the city. This river connection cost $59,976.56 and was laid during an extremely low stage of water, plows being used to turn furrows in which to lay the pipe, and a large saving in both labor and material was thereby effected; in 1873 a main was laid to Natchez from Putnam by way of the Dug Road, at an expense of $5,053.22.

The increased demand for water compelled the trustees, May 18, 1872, to order an engine, boiler and pump for the old power house, and to take action for increasing both pumping and storage facilities. The location of the pumping' station below the outlets of the sewers suggested that additions to the existing plant were not desirable, and May 30, 1872, an order was given for brick for additional reservoirs on Blandy and Water Works' hills; June 17th the immediate construction of the reservoirs was ordered and estimates were directed to be obtained for the cost of new power houses; on the succeeding day the board viewed the Blandy hill site and visited the Mill Run bridge site of the proposed power house, both of which were approved and orders were given for the acquisition of the needed land ; a month later the power houses and equipment were ordered and August 3d a stand pipe was located. March 23, 1873, the Mill Run power house was contracted for at $7,250.00, and the power house on the hill for $4,227.00. The new plant was put in operation November 7. 187%, and in 1875 the power plants on the canal were abandoned, the city having paid the state $7,586.70 for water power from July 9, 1842, to November 1, 1875, or on an average of $19.00 per month. Later a larger stand pipe was erected to supply the distant elevated portions of the city.

Mayors Of Zanesville

The first election under the revised city charter occurred April 15, 1850, and the city elections were held in April until the new municipal code became operative in 1903, and after the first election the spring elections were abolished.

The municipal code of 1903 provided for so many radical changes in the city organization that the ticket of 1903 presented several new officials; the first election under the code resulted as follows:

Mayor, Wm. B. Deacon; president of council, F, S. Gates; city auditor, H. H. Kennedy; board of public service, H. Eugene Printz, C. A. Barton, J. E. Crotzer; police judge, G. L. Foley; councilmen at large, Albert E. Boone, Charles E. Swingle, Wm. R. Galigher; ward councilmen, ist, F. A. Bohn; 2d, Wm. Reich, Jr.; 3d, Daniel B. Gary; 4th, C. H. Flesher.

The second election was held in November, 1904, when the following were elected: Councilman at large, Wm. R. Galigher; ward councilmen, Ist, F. A. Bohn; 3d, Daniel B. Gary.

A Rhyming Mayoralty Report

fines and licenses during the quarter ended December 31, 1865, aggregating $1,033.25, and with it a special report which the record states, on motion of Mr. Applegate, '"'was accepted and the thanks of the council tendered the mayor, marshal and policemen." Those who knew Mr. James will be surprised as much by the humor as the versification, as his austere exterior gave no indication of so much "'goodfellowship."'

Lutheran

EDUCATION, COMPRISING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. THE PARISH SCHOOLS ARE DESCRIBED UNDER THE ST. THOMAS AND ST. NICHOLAS ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES AND THE TRINITY EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN.

The first school within the present limits of the city of Zanesville was opened by David Harris, in 1800, in a log cabin on the river bank, between Licking river and Lee street, in West Zanesville, that settlement containing nearly all the children of school age; the attendants from Natchez came in canoes and those from Zanesville waded the stream in low water. The first school in the original city was held by Joseph Jennings, in a log cabin on the west side of Second street, between Main street and Fountain alley, but the attendance was small and the greater number cafhe from Natchez, West Zanesville and the country. The next school was opened by Daniel Dimmick, in 1804, in a cabin on public ground on Putnam Hill and was plainly seen from the Zanesville side of the river. The alternation occurred in 1805, when Zanesville's first school house was erected of logs, with a dirt floor, at northeast corner of Market street and Potter alley, and was conducted by Samuel Herrick. In 1808 the school house on Putnam Hill was again occupied by Charles Roberts and from this time mental training does not appear to have been unattended to; succeeding schools were conducted in a log cabin on the site of the present Kirk House; northeast corner of Sixth and North; in the old frame court house, where the higher branches, including Latin and Greek, were taught; in Frazey's tavern, at Sixth street and Locust alley; Seventh street and Fountain alley; and by "Mother Goff" at northeast corner of Main street and Cyprus alley. Books were rare and expensive and soon wore out and she constructed a paddle, with the alphabet on one side and spelling lessons on the reverse, which was more durable, and legend asserts that she employed it for other than strictly intellectual purposes. Indeed, the ancient pedagogues acted upon a literal interpretation of a paraphrase of a familiar quotation :

A system of bonding, or bailing, prevailed among the early teachers with respect to girls; a boy was permitted to become security for the good behavior of a girl, and the punishment for infraction of rules, which otherwise would have been inflicted upon her, was imposed upon the boy hostage; the rule required that the substitute should be held by another boy while submitting to the chastisement, but legend affirms that the instances in which a girl forfeited her bond were exceedingly rare.

Zanesville Academy

When Zanesville was platted the proprietors devoted the west half of two lots at northeast corner of Market street and Potter alley to educational purposes, and in 1818, after the death of McIntire, the surviving partner, Jonathan Zane, executed a deed for the ground to Daniel Convers and others, for school purposes. Mr. Convers and thirty others organized an association, limited to fifty-three shares, at $25.00 each, which were all subscribed, and the Market Street Academy was erected. In consideration of the use of the third story for lodge purposes, the lodge of Amity of the Freemasons contributed one-third of the cost of constructing the threestory brick building which still stands in Market street, immediately west of the former Masonic hall. The first school was opened in February, 1822, and each stockholder was privileged to send a pupil for each share of stock; the building became city property in 1858 and was maintained for school purposes until about 1885.

Mcintire School

John McIntire provided, in his will, that if his daughter should die without children, his entire estate should be devoted to the "use and support of a poor school,' which his executors should "establish in the town of Zanesville, for the use of the poor children of said town." The Mc- Intire Academy, northeast corner of Fifth and North streets, was erected and opened in April. 1836, to carry out the designs of the testator, and was maintained by the McIntire Board until 1856, when the graded schools were so well established that it was thought the purposes would be most successfully accomplished by placing the school under the control of the City Board of Education. Two influences operated to bring about this action; the public schools were much preferred by parents, because there was no implication of "poor children" in attending them, and the McIntire Academy had, in consequence, not been successful; and circumstances made it undesirable to comply with the letter of the will respecting investments, and the transfer of the building to the control of the city was regarded as a satisfactory, temporary measure, the Mc- Intire Board agreeing to sustain the expenses of the school until the tedious process of litigation to procure an interpretation of the will could be followed to a conclusion. Suit was instituted but a decision was not reached until 1868, when the Supreme Court decreed that the administrators "must discontinue the present plan of applying a portion of the proceeds of said trust funds in aid of the common or public schools of Zanesville."

Q& PASDy As DD PES ean was John M. Howe, who had previously conducted a private "Seminary" at North and Seventh streets, and continued as principal for a decade or more. He was assisted by A. E. Howe and George Miller, and later by Thomas H. Patrick, and the curriculum included Latin, Greek and other advanced branches. Theodore D. Martindale succeeded Mr. Howe, with Mr. Patrick and two female assistants, and he was superseded by Joseph Davidson; the last principal, under the McIntire exclusive direction, was thomas H. Patrick.

The \eclIntire contributions had been exceedingly helpful to the city schools and after the decision of the court, in 1868, the Board of Education inquired of the McIntire Board whether any legal method could be devised whereby the \cIntire money could be continued, and was informed that if a statute could be enacted authorizing the plan the McIntire Board would be satisfied with the following: The Board of Education to place in charge of the McIntire Board as many schools as the McIntire fund would support, and the latter would make rules and appoint and pay teachers for the same, and admit thereto children who were not classed ''poor ;" the Board of Education to act as the agent of the estate, conduct the schools and admit "poor children" to the other schools. The desired statute was passed May 5, 1868, ana six schools, known as the John McIntire schools, were opened and conducted under the agreement until 1880.

September 12, 1873, the McIntire Board voted $800.00 per vear for books and clothing for poor children, to be distributed by the Board of Education through teachers appointed by the Mc- Intire Board. January 21, 1877, a special additional donation of $200.00 was made and May 24, 1878, the aggregate donation was $1,800.00. May 19, 1880, the contribution was reduced to $800.00; increased to $1,200.00 January 4, 1881, and reduced to $1,000.00 in 1882. October 7, 1885, an extra donation of $630.00 was made, and December 8, 1893, another $400.00 was added. January 2, 1894, the annual sum was fixed at $1,300.00, and March 26, 1898, a special appropriation was made in aid of flood sufferers. April 7. 1902, the last appropriation of $1,300.00 was made and the Board of Education informed that the income of the estate would not permit further donations.

A sunmiary of the amounts contributed by the MeIntire estate exhibits the princely liberality of Zanesville's founder. The cost of constructing and maintaining the McIntire Academy to the time it was placed in charge of the City Board of Education was $47,288.44, and the expenses paid and contributions made until the cessation in 1902 was $220,856.00, an aggregate of $268,- 1450:

Aluskringcain Gor Mey General School Law'S

The first general school law was enacted by the General Assembly in 1824-5 and provided for three directors in each school district, and the Zanesville schools were conducted in accordance therewith, and were of the same ungraded character as rural schools. - At the call of the school directors of the Zanesville district, a citizens' meeting was held in the Senate chamber, December 29, 1838, and a committee appointed to draft a bill for the better regulation of the city schools, and another committee to "lobby."' February 13, 1839, the special bill for the "Support and Better Regulation of the Schools of the Town of Zanesville' became a law, and provided that on or before the first day of the succeeding April six school directors should be elected, two for one year, two for two years and two for three years, and annually thereafter two to serve for three years, but only freeholders, householders and heads of families were permitted to vote; the clirectors were to determine "the number and description of buildings necessary for school purposes in said town and report the same in writing to the council," and 'that thereupon it shall be the duty of said council, at the expense of said town, to purchase said site or sites and cause to be erected thereon, under the supervision of said board, such school building, or buildings, as may be described in said report." The board was authorized, "when the public money was insufficient, to supply the deficiency by a tax upon the parents and guardians of pupils attending, in proportion to the time of their attendance, and to exempt from such tax such parents or guardians as, in the opinion of the board, were unable to pay it, and were not entitled to send to the Mc- Intire school.

April 1, 1839, the election was held and April 6th the board organized and selected locations and opened schools in rented buildings as follows: Market and Fifth streets; Fifth street, between Main and South streets; Sixth street, near Marietta; old Methodist church, between First and Second streets ; first and second floors in the Market street academy; basement of the Market Street Baptist church; Harris' school room, in Third street.

February 15, 1840, the erection of the first school house was ordered on the hill at the head of Main street, opposite St. Nicholas' church, and familiarly known as the old high school, The contract for the construction was awarded March 12th, at $3,750.00, and it was completed and occupied November 6, 1840, when several rented rooms were vacated and other changes made in their arrangement. December 9, 1841, the John Ml. Howe "Seminary" building, at Seventh and North streets, was purchased for $1,500.00 and occupied April 1, 1842, and with this event the history of the graded schools in Zanesville begins. In September, 1842, the organization, as completed, was the male seminary installed in the new brick hill school. building, and the female seminary occupying the Howe seminary building. Each was divided into a senior and junior department, with a principal in each and a sufficient number of assistants. The income from taxation was insufficient to maintain the organization and tuition fees of $1.00 per quarter, in the junior, and $1.50 per quarter, in the senior department, were charged against residents, and $3.00 and $4.00, respectively, per quarter against non-residents. A serious historical loss was sustained April 7, 1845, in the destruction by fire of the records of the schools in the burning of the residence of the secretary of the board.