Zanesville City (part 4 of 5)

Lutherans, and did not draw the line on color, as the children of several colored families attended. It was more a temporal than spiritual school, as the originators were practical and not theoretical Christians, and desired to supply the means of acquiring the primary branches of an English education and with them instill the principles of Christian morality. The fees for tuition in the day schools were high and a heavy tax on parents with large families; where the labor of the children was needed during the week they were growing up in ignorance and it was hoped to remedy this by the Sunday instruction. The sessions lasted from 8 to 10:30 a. m. to permit church services after school, and about thirty attended the first assembly; the teachers alternated each Sunday and those not teaching went about the town persuading children to attend; the exercises opened and closed with prayer, and singing was taught as an accomplishment as well as an auxiliary. The only books were Bibles, Testaments, Watts' Hymns and the New England Primer.

Some of the more severe Presbyterians were very much opposed to the school, which they regarded as a desecration of the day, but as its beneficial effects became apparent the denunciations changed to encouragement, and another class of objectors alleged that the school was designed for poor children and some of the most indigent parents withdrew their children from what they feared was considered a pauper school. The loafers at the tavern, on the Clarendon site added their sarcastic remarks about it and cultivated a low grade of wit in deriding the pupils and teachers, but several men who subsequently achieved some prominence in the community obtained their lift, from darkness to light, in the Union Sunday school.

In March, 1817, the school was reorganized in a frame dwelling at the northeast corner of Third street and Fountain alley, and a regular Sunday school was formed, and two years later, on \ay 2, 1819, the classes assembled in the court room and marched down Fourth street to the new Presbyterian church, at Fourth and South streets, and occupied seats in the gallery.

A semi-centennial celebration of the establishment of Sunday schools in Muskingum county was held at Zanesville, March 23, 1867, at which time A. A. Guthrie delivered an address and detailed the origin of the various schools from the first held in the garrison at Marietta, in 1791.

Second Street Methodist Episcopal

through the center, which stood in South Third street, where the foundry is now located; when it became too small for the growing congregation services were held in the old frame court house; the Commissioners' journal, dated December 6, 1810, records that the Methodists were given permission to hold their regular services in the old court house, but the quarterly meetings could be held in the new, or old, 1809; the Presbyterians were given permission to meet in the new building, and each society was required to keep the room clean, and like permission was given any other Christian denomination.

The first church building was erected in 1813, on the ground now owned by the church; the structure was built by Thomas Moorehead and William Craig, and was a plain, one-story, frame, forty by sixty feet, with the gable towards Second street, and four large hewn posts supported the roof and ceiling. In the east end were two doors hung upon heavy, iron strap hinges and opened with wrought iron thumb latches; each opened upon an aisle and a partition, lengthwise the middle of the room, separated the sexes, as was the custom of the period. Seasoned lumber for the floor could not be obtained and the green supply for the purpose was piled in the west end of the room, to season, and upon it a plain, fourlegged table was placed as a pulpit, behind which was a plain, wooden chair for the minister; the congregation sat upon the flat upper surface of the sills of the building, with the feet upon the ground, but during the ensuing year the interior was finished. The land was conveyed February 2, 1814, by Jonathan Zane and John McIntire and wives, for a consideration of one hundred dollars, to Christian Spangler, Samuel Frazey, Jesse Miller, James Vickers, Joseph Hamilton, John Spry, and Barney \lunro.

In 1826, a Sunday school was opened in the Market street academy, and in 1830, the coneregation having prospered and increased, removed the old building and erected one of brick, one story in height, and of the rigidly plain, oldfashioned, box stvle of architecture: in the east end were the two doors, the north for the men, and the south for the women, in the north and south sides were four windows, and in the west two, with the pulpit between. The present twostory brick edifice was erected in 1860, and during its construction the congregation occupied a building formerly standing on the site of the South Street A. \L. E. church.

For many years the location of the church had been undesirable, by reason of the conversion of the neighborhood into business houses, and particularly on account of the three lines of railroad in Second street. In 1905, a lot, 140 feet square, at southeast corner of Fifth and North streets, was purchased and the Trinity congregation united with the Second street in the erection of a sanctuary commensurate with the wealth and proportions of the consolidated congregations. Monday, May 15, 1905, about five hundred members of the churches assembled on the new site, formerly dedicated the premises to sacred purposes, the officiating clergy beings Revsy |B, D. (Evans, of .Trimity pak. M. Courtenay, of Second Street; Franklin McElfresh, presiding elder, and Bishop D. H. Moore, a former pastor of the Second Street church. TRINITY METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

The congregation of the Second Street church having outgrown the capacity of its building, in September, 1840, at the annual conference held at Zanesville, the excessive clerical duty of the Second Street pastor was represented, and the necessity urged of an additional minister; it was deemed more expedient to divide the congregation, and two preachers were assigned, the new congregation occupying the second story of the McIntire Academy building, at Fifth and North streets, bv permission of Z. C. & M. Co.

In 1841, a lot opposite North street, in Seventh street, 66 by 124 feet, was purchased, and on January 6, 1843, an additional width of 18 feet was secured, the title being given to Daniel Brush, Thomas Moorehead, Samuel J. Cox, John Dillon, Levi Chapman, James Mills, James Henderson, Samuel Howard, and Horatio J. Cox, trustees. The stone basement was erected by Daniel Price, in 1841, and in the following year the brick work was contracted by Daniel Price and John T. Thorpe, and the house enclosed in 1842; the basement was finished and the opening service held there in June, 1843.

The Sunday school was organized shortly after the church was formed, and the Second and Seventh street congregations were regarded as one station, the ministers alternating, but in 1845, Seventh street was made a station, and in September, 1845, the church was finished, and dedicated in 1849; during the pastorate of Rev. B. F. Jackson, about 1891, the name was changed to Trinity.

In 1905 there is prospect that the city will condemn the church to open Gilbert street through to North, and the indications point to the early abandonment of the structure.

Euclid Avenue Methodist Episcopal

The formation of this congregation and its successful efforts to surmount difficulties is a narrative of perseverance, pluck and not a little of the original Adam, which is essential for human endeavor. In 1889, there were four Methodist Episcopal stations in Zanesville, and many members thought a new one in the old Eighth and

Tenth wards would relieve the over-crowded city churches and add new members to make it prosperous. Accordingly, during the summer of that year a meeting was held in the parlors of the Second Street church, and a branch of the Methodist Episcopal Extension Society was organized, consisting of Rev. T. C. Read and John W. King, of Second Street; Rev. D. N. Stafford' and' J. Nv Carr, of Trinity ; Rem C3 c. Elson and W. A. Weller, of South Street, and Rev. B. F. Stubbins and J. P. Curtis, of Moxahala Avenue, with Rev. Isaac F. King, presiding elder, ex-officio president; J. N. Carr was chosen secretary and W. A. Weller, treasurer.

A portion of the old Boggs residence was occupied as a dwelling and the Extension Society purchased and converted it into a church building, the two lower rooms being thrown into one, and the upper ones used for a Bible class and the infant class; a Sunday school was organized, an organ purchased from the proceeds of a strawberry festival, and chairs were donated by friends. Forty members, principally from Trinity, were enrolled, but the members of other churches. while willing that others should unite with the new church, did not manifest any disposition to do so themselves, and maintained their former affiliations; there was no enthusiasm for the new church, and the Extension Society became lukewarm and rendered no aid. Rev. T. F. Garrett had been assigned to the charge, which had been named "Euclid Avenue," and upon becoming acquainted with the conditions, concluded that if the new church must take care of itself, it were better to assert its independence of its pretended guardian, and during the winter of 1892-3, so informed the Extension Society, which surrendered the property to the original owner, with the loss of the advances thereon. The congregation continued the occupancy, but during the spring of 1893, purchased a lot, northeast corner of Euclid avenue and O'Neill street, for $1,600.00, paid $300.00 thereon, gave a mortgage for the remainder, and placed the title in Jeremiah Vroom.

Meantime, Rev. Thomas W. Locke was assigned to the station and trustees were selected and confirmed as_ follows: Rev. T. W. Locke, president; William Curtis, treasurer; Samuel Oldham, secretary; John McCaslin, J. R. Saunders, A. S. Mitchell, Jeremiah Vroom, and John Shainholtz. The contract for the erection of a frame church was awarded October 22, 1894, and it was completed and furnished May 18, 1895, at a cost of $3,000.00. The following day it was dedicated bv Bishop Willard F. Mallalieu, assisted by Rev. T. F. Miller, presiding elder, and Rev. J. C. Arbuckle, pastor of Second Street.

selected as incorporators and the property placed in their possession, and during the pastorate of Rev. P. Drumm, 1901-4, the debt was extinguished and the prosperous and harmonious coneregation enjoys the possession of a religious home acquired by untiring personal effort under discouraging conditions.

South Street Methodist Episcopal

A mission Sunday school was organized in 1865 in the southeastern section of the city, and became the nucleus of this congregation; by the liberality of Rev. David Young a lot was purchased at Seventh and South streets, fronting one hundred feet north on Seventh street, and east to the alley on South street, and upon it, in 1869, a small brick chapel was erected at the corner of the allev. Mr. Young made further bequests in his will, and in 1887, the present beautiful brick building was erected at the corner of the streets, at a cost of $9,000.00.

During the spring of 1889, about half a dozen gentlemen met at the office of T. C. Connar, county surveyor, at the court house, and organized a congregation, which was established as a mission of the United Presbyterian church. Services were held in the old Universalist church, in Zane street, for about six months, when a removal was made to the Knights of Pythias hall, in the Shinnick block, where they remained about eighteen months, and where a Sunday school was organized. The mission was organized by Rev. Spencer, of Muskingum College, and in 1890 was accepted as a church, with mission help, and in 1892 a brick church was erected in Pine street, near Main, with a seating capacity of three hundred. and at a cost of $7,500.00. Rev. D. A. Sleeth was first pastor, succeeded in 1896 by Rev. J. H. Hutchman, who resigned in 1905.

First Presbyterian Church

About 1807, the pastor of the Presbyterian church, at Lancaster, passed through Zanesville, and was persuaded to remain over Sunday, that the seven persons of that communion might enjoy a service; they assembled in Taylor's tavern, at Fourth and Main streets, on the site of the present Clarendon, where a sermon was preached and the communion administered.

A Congregational congregation had, been, organized in Putnam a short time previously, at the residence of Benjamin Tupper, with five persons, which was soon increased to eight, but they were too feeble to employ a minister, and they united with the Zanesville Presbyterians to form the United Presbyterian church, of Zanesville and Springfield, in 1809, and a pastor was installed, in Putnam, December 26, 1809. Services were held in private houses, taverns, the old log jail, and sometimes in a small frame building on Putnam Hill, and, during the summer, in barns and groves. After the completion of the court house, in Zanesville, and the stone academy, in Putnam, the congregation alternated between the places and crossed the river in skiffs and by ferry. Once during service in the court house, the building was struck by lightning and several persons were stunned, but none seriously injured.

In 1817, the erection of a two-story, brick church building was begun on elevated ground, at the northeast corner of South and Fourth streets. The first story was finished for a store room and the rent given the sexton for his services; the auditorium had a gallery on three sides and an aggregate seating capacity of 600 or 700. Money was obtained by the sale of pews, a deed being given to the purchaser for the land covered by the pew, which title could be sold as property. The building was dedicated August 28, 1817, and President Monroe and party, being in the city, attended the service.

Musie was furnished by stringed instruments, and once during the absence of the regular pastor, a Scottish Covenanter occupied the pulpit; not approving of such auxiliaries he announced: 'We will fiddle and sing the psalni'% Air. L. P. Bailey, an elder of the church, was a builder of organs, and, in 1827, had made one which the party had failed to accept. when completed ; the members on both sides of the river were anxious to secure it for the church, but the pastor feared some one might be offended; finally, a member offered to sustain the expense of changing the gallery to admit the organ, and it was set up. The instrument was 11 feet high, 7 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, and on the first Sunday remained silent, and many looked quietly and disapprovingly at the innovation; on the second Sunday it was played while the Sunday school children assembled, but closed when the church service began; later it was played as the congreeation was dispersing, and next as they assembled: some weeks elapsed before it was used in the regular service, and inquiry has failed to elicit an earlier use of an organ by an American Presbyterian congregation.

About 1840, the walls showed weakness, and as the town had grown away from the church and the Presbyterian church, in Putnam, had been formed, a more central point was desirable, and a lot was purchased on Fifth street, now occupied by the Second church, which was exchanged for the present site on Sixth street,

This congregation is the mother of the Presbyterian churches in the county, the direct descendants being the Newlin church, in 1820, Putnam, in 1834, and the Second, in 1852, which organized with forty-six of the members and the pastor of the First church.

Second Presbyterian

In response to the petition of twenty-seven persons, the Presbytery, on September 7, 1852, authorized the formation of the Second Presbyterian church of Zanesville, and it was organized October 9, 1852, twenty-three additional signatures to the petition having been affixed before the organization. Rev. M. A. Hoge was pastor of the First church at the time, and by act of the Presbytery, October 22, 1852, he was assigned to the new congregation.

The two congregations occupied the same building until the spring of 1853, when the Second church rented the assembly room of the Odd Fellows' hall, and held services there until January I, 1854, when the Lutheran church building, Sixth and South streets, was leased for a year; January 1, 1855, the Odd Fellows' hall was again secured and retained until the present structure was finished, in August, 1855.

January 2, 1854, Peter Black, W. A. Graham, John A. Adams, R. P. Robinson, Adam Peters, and A. McFadden were appointed to secure funds to procure a lot and erect a church building; they reported March 2, 1854, that they were successful, when E. Buckingham, Adam Peters, John A. Adams, L. P. Bailey, John S. Black, and W. A. Graham were empowered to transact all the business necessary to erect the church. The brick building, now standing in Fifth street, between Market street and Fountain alley, was the result of this movement, and cost $15,000, and was completed August 11, 1855; in 1874, an addition for Sunday school purposes was erected on the rear of the lot.

The Sunday school was organized while services were held in the Odd Fellows' hall, and has been maintained since at a high standard of efficiency.

First Methodist Protestant

Records do not exist to support the assertion but a Methodist Protestant congregation must have been formed as early as 1835-40; the Rev. Cornelius Springer was editor and publisher of the Western Recorder, an organ of the church, and was published at Meadow Farm, from 1833 to 1845, being moved to Putnam in the latter year; Mr. Springer was active in evangelical, as well as editorial work, and it -is improbable that he would have neglected so fruitful a field as Zanesville, while forming congregations throughout the county. That a church building was in existence in 1850, is asserted by a lady still living in the city, who states that she was baptised in it in 1851, being then a girl of eight years, and that she heard her father speak of the building frequently as having been built for some years before, and places the erection at a year in the early forties. The church stood in South street, at corner of Potter alley, where the present African Methodist church is now erected, and was known, locally, as the "Radical ;" it was a two-story, brick structure, with several stone steps leading to the level of the auditorium in the second story, the basement being used as a wareroom by Daniel Applegate, and other merchants engaged in the New Orleans trade.

About 1865, the African Methodists bought the edifice, and the Methodist Protestants bought a lot at northwest corner of Underwood and Center streets, upon which were a_ dwelling, which was rented, and a store room, which was used as a church, but the worshippers were annoved by the noise of boys playing in the streets, decided to secure a location on a side street, and sold the property. Services were held in Trinity church until the erection of the present brick building, in Beaumont street, which was constructed about 1871, during the pastorate of Rev. John Burns. The original building was a plain, two-story house; the basement being fitted for Sunday school and prayer meeting purposes, with the auditorium, on the second floor, with a seating capacity of from 350 to 400 persons. During 1889 an ornamental front, with a tower, was added at a cost of $2,000,

First Baptist

In the fall of 1820, George C. Sedwick left Winchester, Va., for a trip to the West, and at Zanesville discovered one Baptist, held a service and delivered a sermon; his journey was continued through Kentucky and Indiana, and several requests, from strong congregations, were made to him to remain with them as pastor, but his impressions of Zanesville were so favorable that he returned in 1821, and held services in the court house and private houses, and February TI, 1821, baptised three men; June 16, he organized a church and was chosen pastor, and August 22, reported thirty-seven baptisms and four admissions by letter. In August, 1822, the membership was eighty-three, and in 1825 it had increased to one hundred and four.

In the fall of 1823 the present one-story brick church building, forty by sixty feet, in Sixth street, near South, was completed, and the dedicatory services were held November 15, and the first regular service held December 15, 1823. In May, 1826, the Ohio Baptist State convention was organized in this church and the two succeeding annual sessions were held in it.

During the pastorate of Rev. I. B. Conyers, 1856-59, sixty-four members withdrew and organized the Sixth Street church, which after struggling for a time united with the Market Street church. While Rev. J. B. Sharp was pastor. 1865-6, seventy-seven members withdrew and organized Berean church, which subsequently disbanded, some of the members returning to the First and others uniting with the Market Street church. Rev. W.G. Pratt, 1866-8, adjusted the differences between the members, which had been the causes of contentions, pruned and excluded a large number, and succeeded in having the "brethren dwell together in unity."

A Baptist Sunday school was organized in 1822, in a small frame, on the river bank, east of the approach to the Third street bridge, and upon the completion of the church building it was removed to that structure.

Marked Street Baptist

During the vear 1832. a Baptist congregation was formed in the Academy building, a threestory brick still standing in Market street, immediately west of the former \asonic temple, at Fourth and Market streets. Services were held there for a short time. and the court house was obtained for the purpose, and later in a small building on South street, near Seventh. In 1833, a room in the "bottoms" was rented and a Sunday school started, and when the congregation was strong enough, it was moved to the Academy and placed under the care of the church, and has ever since been conducted and is now one of the most prosperous and enthusiastic schools in the city.

In 1835, a movement was inaugurated to erect a church building, and "'Father Mills" donated the lot on the east side of Sixth street, south of North, and August 5, 1837, the corner-stone of a brick edifice was laid, and the building completed in 1839; as the name of Market Street church had become endeared to the congregation, it was retained.

The growth of the congregation had made the church building inadequate, and during 1904-5 the question of a new structure was agitated, and determined upon; plans were prepared, and May 11, 1905, farewell services were held in the old church, and Monday, May 15, the demolition of the structure was commenced, arrangements hav-

The location of the corner-stone of the original church had not been designated in the records and the workmen engaged in razing the building were instructed to look for it; May 29, 1905, it was uncovered and opened and its contents found in a good state of preservation; they consisted of six copies of the city papers from August 2 to August 5, 1837, a declaration of Baptist faith, dated May 11, 1835, the hymn book in use at the time, a Bible, and a map of the citv; it is purposed to place the box and contents in the cavity of the corner-stone of the new church.

Fair Oaks Baptist

The Market Street Baptist church opened a mission, October 6, 1889, in a store room in Putnam avenue, which was so successful that a lot was purchased at the corner of Woodlawn and Maysville avenues, and a small frame chapel erected, and dedicated December 28, 1890. For a couple of vears the work was continued almost exclusively by laymen, and in the fall of 1892, \lr. E. U. Smith, of the senior class in Denison University, was engaged as a supply. February 3, 1893. a complete church organization was effected with thirtv-seven members, and having been officially accepted as a congregation, Mr. Smith was offered the pastorate, and was ordained March 24. The chapel proved too limited for the congregation, and a handsome frame church was erected on the chapel site, and dedicated October 14, 1894. Mr. Smith severed his pastoral relations February 28. 1895, and his successors have been Revs. E. M. Lake, J. A. Snodgrass, W. L. Lemon, J. Ernest Reynolds. and J. W. Ely, the present pastor, who assumed the charge May I, 1904.

Brigiiton Presbyterian

About 1848, Booker Terrell, Ann Jane Terrell, George Roots, - - Harris, Mrs. Catherine Cook, Ann Alexander, Elizabeth P. Parrott, and others formed a Baptist congregation, which met in the second story of the First Masonic hall, in Market street, the birthplace of the Market Street Baptist church, and from there moved to a frame building in Putnam; the coneregation appears to have been later divided, purely from motives of convenience, between the Zion and Third Baptist churches.

February 4, 1859, the Zion Baptist church was incorporated, under Ohio statutes, and the first regular business meeting was held in Nevitt and Dixon' s hall, northwest corner of Main and Seventh streets, March 5, 1859, when twenty-seven members were enrolled. In June, the trustees purchased for $300.00, a one-story frame, the property of the True Wesleyan church, near the Blandy works, and the first service was held therein July 2, 1859. In January, 1863, the building was vacated, and a room secured in the Nevitt 'and Dixon building, and in August, 1866, a lot was purchased on the east side "of Eighth street, between Alain and South streets, for $800.00, upon which a one-story frame was erected, and the first service held in it November 3, 1866.

August 29, 1863, the Third Baptist church was organized in the old brick school house, in Moxahala avenue, Putnam, by Rev. Isaac Jones, who served as pastor ten years, and in 1870, a onestory, frame church, 24 by 4o feet, was erected in Moxahala avenue, between Harrison and Prerce streets, atria cost' of $2,500.00, which was sold and the proceeds placed in the Union church upon the consolidation of the congregations to form the Union Baptist church.

The original building, in Eighth street, proved too small to accommodate the growing congregation and a new one-story frame, 30 by 40 fect, was erected on the site, at a cost of $1,500.00, and dedicated May 5, 1872, but this was inadequate when the union was effected, and in 18093 the present graceful, two-story brick, 35 by 60 feet, was built. The basement and auditorium each contain an organ, and a Sunday school has been maintained from the beginning of each of the original congregations.

St. James Protestant Episcopal Church

There may be one older parish in the State of Ohio, but certainly there is none in the diocese of Southern Ohio, than St. James.' At a meeting held in the Senate chamber of the old court house, October 17, 1816, pursuant to public notice, with Horace Reed, M. D., as chairman, and John Gordon as SECTETATT it. was unanimously resolved to fornt a church organization, to be called "St. James'. and the following officers were chosen:

D., and Seth Adams. wardens; Jetfrev Price, Moses Moorehead, E, 2. Sct Can wane Calin, Caynarity dileal se vestrvinen : Alexander Harper. treasurer: Samuel Burnham, AL. D., lay reader. Rev. Joseph Doddridge, MM. I).. was chosen Des and the first service was held in the Senate chamber, but in jungiensirz and for some. time thereafter, they were condueted in the Methodist church, which we as loaned for the purpose. The first class for confirmation comprised twenty-five persons, and the rite was administered May 23, 1819, by Bishop Chase, in the Presbyterian church, at Fourth and South streets.

Aticust 30, 1830, G. A. Halland" John i, Fracker, as building committee, awarded a contract for the erection of a brick church building at the southeast corner of South and Sixth streets; many of the members were affiliated with the Freemasons, and desired that society to plant the corner-stone, but Mr. Hall protested so strenuously that no corner-stone was laid; the structure was very small and rigidly plain. By act of the General Assembly, January 31, 1833, the parish was incorporated and the church building having become too limited for the congregation, additions were made to the east and "south sides, which doubled the original capacity. In 1841, the building was sold to the congregation of St. John's English Lutheran church, and the erection of the present stone edifice was begun on the west side of Sixth street, near North, the corner-stone being laid June 24, 1841. The congregation occupied the Senate chamber during the construction, and the basement having been sufficiently finished, services were held therein on Easter Day, 1843. The completion of the auditorium having sufficiently progressed, a pipe organ was purchased i in 1851, and both basement and auditorium having been completed, the building was consecrated September 7, 1853, the entire sanctuary representing an expenditure of $20,000.00. The tower was not finished until 1878, when the bell, weighing 2,000 pounds, was donated by Mrs. Julia Peabody Chandler, of Germantown, Pennsylvania, a former communicant of the church. The other private donations and memorials have been: The stained glass windows in the body of the church were furnished by James R. Cooper, in the early 'seventies; the altar was a memorial by her children to Mrs. lucy W. Hazlett; the stone front was the gift of the Shinnick family, the brass eagle lectern. i is a memorial of Charles W. Chandler by his widow, who donated the bell; the lectern Bible was donated by the Girls' society, October 4, 1882, and the service books, colored stoles. and festivai white altar hangings were the gifts of the Daughters of the King: the "kite heads" of the windows of the auditorium were mostly furnished by Rev. George W. Dubois; the chancel window is a memorial of William Shultz by his widow, and the cast window is a memorial of Alargaret Applegate Buell: the jewelled chalice and br ass itae cross were presented in 1893, by Alrs. Amanda A. Pratt. as. memorials of her son. Douglass Cassel.

In 1902, a parish house of brick was erected in the rear of the church, consisting of a basement, a Sunday school room, pastor's study, robing room, committee rooms, and kitchen, in which the business meetings and social gatherings of the congregation are held.

St. Thomas Roman Catholic Church

Prior to 1815 there was no Catholics in Zanesville, and the first of that communion was William C. Colerick, a printer, who came in that year to be associated with Dr. Reed, of Putnam, in a periodical enterprise, which did not materialize. In 1817, John S. Dugan, wife and child, and brother, Peter, and in the succeeding year his widowed sister, Mrs. Harkins, with nine children, arrived, and these fourteen persons comprised the first congregation which assembled in Zanesville for services, according to the Roman ritual, which were held in a frame building at the southwest corner of Market and Fifth streets. John S.' Dugan was proprietor of the tavern at the corner of Main and Fifth streets, and in 1819, the first service by a priest in Zanesville was conducted in his hotel, by Father Young. of Somerset, and in the same year. in the Burnham tavern, in Putnam, but the complaint was made that the latter room was so large that the small! congregation was lost in it. Father Young made semi-annual visits and as more Catholics settled the subject of a church building was considered. and during one of the Father's visits he and Dugan selected a one-story, brick warehouse, 20 by 50 feet, at the northeast corner of Fifth street and Locust alley, as capable of being adapted to the purpose: Dugan purchased it for $3.9000.00, November 20, 1820, and when the pastor returned in the spring of 1821, he found a church, which he dedicated, and which was known locally as "Trinity" church, and as the "brick chapel: semi-monthly visits were then made until Father Young's home duties prevented, and Father Stephen H. Montgomery arrived in 1823 as the first stationed pastor.

In the spring of 1824, Dugan purchased a lot fronting 134 feet on Fifth street, at its intersection with Spruce alley, which he donated to the congregation, and contributed liberally to the erection of anew stone and brick church, the plans and specifications for which were donated by a New York architect. The corner-stone was laid March 4, 1825, for a building 40 by. 70, tee, 35 feet high, and July 2, 1826, it was dedicated to St. John, the Evangelist, and opened by Rt. Rev. Edward Fenwick, first Bishop of Cincinnati, and called the St. John's Roman Catho- other than the house of God, and the gates of heaven," and above it, "I. H. S." During the summer of 1827, while Father Montgomery was in France, he procured a bell, which was suspended over the entrance, from a horizontal beam supported by two others, one end resting upon the ground and the other against the building; in 1829 a steeple, in spiral form, 100 feet high, was erected with a copper ball surmounted by a cross, and shortly after a two-story frame pastoral residence was built, adjoining the church, on the north. Upon the authority of the venerable Father Lynch, it is stated that the averment that the church was called St. Patrick is untrue; when the German members withdrew and formed St. Nicholas church, the congregations were designated as the German and Irish Catholics; as the titular designation of the original church was seldom mentioned, the logical conclusion was that as the German church was St. Nicholas, the Irish must be St. Patrick.

When the church became too small the Germans withdrew and the English-speaking members recognized the necessity of a larger building. and Patrick Keely, of Brooklyn, New York, donated the plans and specifications for a new church. A brick structure was contemplated and Mr. John P. Howard offered Father Charles P. Montgomery, the pastor at the time, all the stone required for the erection of a stone church at the cost of quarrying and hauling, and the offer was accepted, and from the time the St. John structure was razed until the new building was completed. the congregation met in the third story of the Blocksom building, at the northwest corner of Main street and Sewer alley. The cornerstone was laid March 17. 1842, the black walnut door and window frames were made by Isaac Dillon at his saw mill, at the mouth of Licking: the bell was purchased at Cincinnati, and donated by William Mattingly at a cost of $1,200.00; its weight is 2,000 pounds, height three feet one inch, and diameter three feet ten inches. December 4, 1854, Rt. Rev. Bishop Purcell consecrated St. Thomas' Catholic church, and it was generally known at the time, and is repeated as history, as the only concecrated edifice in the diocese, except the Cathedral at Cincinnati: the structure is a large and beautiful one, 60 by 120 feet, and cost $40,000.00.

Sunday evening, July 14, 1901. the jubilee celebration was begun by a procession from St. Thomas' to St. Nicholas' church and return, in charge of Father Farmer, the present pastor, and led by the venerable Father Lynch; first were the small school boys and girls: next, single and married women, followed by the men, in all about 1,250 persons.

Parish School

The parish school, attached to St. Thomas' church, was established in the basement of old St. John's church, in 1838, by Father Wilson, the pastor, and was maintained there until the removal of the building, in the spring of 1842, to erect the new church; the school was then conducted in an old building, opposite the church, at the southwest corner of Sewer and Spruce alleys, on the rear of the lot lately known as the "hay market.'' It remained there only a short time, as Father Montgomery, who became pastor, leased ground from the McIntire estate at southeast corner of Sixth and Center streets, where the High school now stands, and erected a parish school house of two rooms, which was occupied about ten years. May 3, 1854, the tier of lots from Spruce alley to North street, on the west side of Fifth street, was purchased from E. Buckingham, and in 1855, a two-story brick building was erected and occupied; in 1856, St. Columbia's Academy building, with basement and two stories of brick, was erected at the north end, and occupied as a young ladies' boarding school until 1873; in July, 1861, it was partially destroyed by fire, but was immediately rebuilt and a third story added. The school is taught by sisters of the order of St. Francis.

The St. Patrick's Benevolent Society was organized March 17, 1859, but is not now in existence ; when President Lincoln called for troops, in 1861, the society had $500.00 in the treasury and at once voted the entire sum to equip men for service. As the monev had been collected for charitable purposes and there was no necessity for the sacrifice, the contribution was declined with thanks and an expression of the appreciation of the patriotic motives which prompted the loyal Irishmen to vote their hard-earned savings to such a purpose.

St. Nicholas Catholic Church

In 1842 the male German communicants of the Catholic church, at Zanesville, forty-one in number, formed the congregation of St. Nicholas' church, and the original stone church, 45 by 60 feet, was dedicated December 1, 1842, by Rt. Rev. John Baptist Purcell, bishop, of Cincinnati. The first pastor was Rev. Joseph Galligher, who was instituted December 26, 1842. About 1860-1, an addition, thirty-six feet in length, was made, and during the pastorate of Rev. Magnus Eppink, in 1870, the brick school building, with five rooms, convent with six rooms, and pastorate, were erected. The original site was upon the brow of the hill at the head of Main street, but in 1885 the lot between Main and Silliman streets, extending to Greenwood avenue, was purchased and terraced, forty stone steps erected to the front of the church, and the building given extensive repairs, and December 6, 1892, the golden jubilee of the church was celebrated.

The present pastor, Rev. A. L. Leininger, came December 6, 1893, and when Main street and Greenwood avenue were graded and paved, a meeting of the congregation was held January 16, 1897, and it was decided to grade the church lot, and the succeeding day men and teams were at work; during the following year a meeting of the congregation was held to devise methods for erecting a new church building. The entire charge of the work was placed in the pastor's hands, and his fidelity and adaptability for the commission is evinced in the beautiful structure which was erected under his supervision. The corner-stone was laid Sunday, July 10, 1898, by Rt. Rev. John A. Watterson, D. D.. bishop of Columbus, succeeding an imposing parade of resident and visiting church societies, and December rr, 1898, the same eminent prelate blessed a large bell, weighing 2,600 pounds, which was christened "St. Anthony," the gift of the tireless pastor.

The building is in the Romanesque style of architecture, similar to St. Peter's, at Rome, and St. Mark's, at Venice, and covers an area of 80 by 118 feet; the exterior finish is mottled brick with terra cotta trimmings, and a large semicircular panel, in inlaid mosaic, over the front entrance, representing the landing of Columbus, designed and executed by Zanesville manufacturers; a graceful dome crowns the structure, and the roof of the entire building is red slate; the floors are of tile and the lighting is by electricity. The stained-glass windows in the auditorium are gifts from church societies, or memorials of deceased pastors, members or relatives, and the figures portrayed are all life size.

The dedicatory services were conducted Sunday, August 27, 1899, by Rt. Rev. Leo Haid, D. D., O. B., bishop of North Carolina; the exercises were opened at 10:30 a. m., when the exterior walls were consecrated and when a similar rite had been performed for the interior walls the vast audience was admitted and high mass was celebrated by Father Leininger. At 2 p. m. a parade of the Catholic societies was had, the first division formed of un-uniformed and the second of the uniformed bodies.

The parochial schools are conducted by Sisters of St. Francis, and are in flourishing condition, the average attendance being about two hundred. The school was opened in 1842, in a small frame building, upon the site of the present structure.

St. John'S English Evangelical Lutheran

There appears to be no real difference in the creeds of the three congregations worshiping at Seventh and Harvey streets, Seventh and South streets, and Sixth and South streets, but each holds to a different system or form of government; their festivals and observances appear identical to the layman not acquainted with the technical ecclesiastical distinction which may exist and which are comprehended by the adherents: at one period they seem to have been one organization and the inception of the St. John's congregation is more logically attributable to a desire on the part of the English-speaking members to conduct services in a familiar tongue.

The church fixes its origin at the time of the pastorate of Rev. Kaemmerer, who was pastor of the church at Seventh and South streets, in 1820, and who was in charge when the English members formed their congregation, in 1839, with sixty signers, and purchased, for $3,000.00. the brick church formerly occupied by the Episcopalians, at the southeast corner of South and Sixth streets. which was dedicated December 2. 1841.- with Rev. Amos Bartholomew as first pastor.

From September 30. 1855. to June I. 1870. there was no settled pastor. and the congregation was practically disbanded: the trustees held the church building, and in 1869 a traveling missionary learned of the conditions. organized a Sunday school. re-organized the congregation, and June 1, 1870. Rev. M. C. Horine was installed pastor: since then the congregation has been vigorous, and upon the death of Rev. Wutr: Ruthrauff. in 1876, Rev. Franklin Richards became pastor, November 26. under whose vigilance and prudence the church became prosperous. The old church had become dilapidated. and the corner-stone of a new one was laid June 2, 1878. and December I. 1878. the thirtv-seventh anniversary of the dedication of the first church. the present ornamental edifice was dedicated on the original site. In Igo04.a handsome brick parsonage was rected in South street. adjoining the church. and the sorrow of the congregation at the death of their venerable pastor. September 11, 1904. after nearly twenty-eight years' service, was shared by members of other congregations. who recognized in him one who practiced the precepts he so eloquently inculcated.

Trinity German Evangelical Lutheran

In 1844 Rev. George Bartels began his pastorate at Zanesville, and organized this congregation, March 16, 1845, with the names of thirty-two men attached to the first constitution. The original church, erected upon the present site, northeast corner of Seventh and Harvey streets, was enlarged, and in 1866 the present brick edifice was built, at a cost of $30,000.00, and furnished with a powerful pipe organ. Although the congregation is largely German, during recent years services have been frequently conducted in the English tongue. An effort was made in 1860 to organize a parish school, and after a brief existence it was discontinued by reason of the death of the teacher ; in 1866 it was re-opened, but was not successfully conducted until 1871, in which year the brick school house was built at a cost of $2.000.00. A local board of education, of which the pastor is ex-officio member, has charge, the expenses being met by subscription.

German Evangelical

Early in the last century Lutherans were accustomed to meet at private houss for religious service, the first of these "cottage meetings." as they were styled, being held at Fourth and South streets. An occasional itinerant preacher was secured, and in 1818 the congregation had grown sufficiently to enable the members to erect a small irame building, at the southwest corner of Seventh and South streets. in which was placed a pipe organ, made by L. P. Bailey, the famous organ-builder of the city. In 1864 the present brick structure was erected. and in 1904 the front was remodeled. a steeple added, stainedglass windows inserted, and other improvements made. at a cost of $4.000.00. The church does not maintain a parish school.

German United Brethren In Christ

The original congregation of this church consisted of nine persons, all from the families of Christian and Christopher Bischoff. Frederick Greul. and Henry Veit Bauer, who were formally organized at the home of Frederick Greul, in Eighth street, April 8, 1865. by Rev. Casper Streich, who had been sent for the purpose by the German Conference of United Brethren. The present brick church, 28 by 60 feet, with the pastor's residence in the rear, on the west side of Seventh street, between Market street and Fountain alley, was built in 1866, at a cost of $4,000, and until its erection the congregation met at each other's houses. The present membership is one hundred and thirty-three, and a Young People's society has an enrollment of seventy-five ; a large Sunday school has always been maintained and possesses a good library. The church has no debt and plans are being considered for remodeling the building.

The Church Of Christ

During the initial period of the formation of this congregation the members met at each other's houses, and in 1870 an organization was effected and meetings were held in Haver's hall, in Putnam avenue, for a few years, and later in a small hall in Fifth street; there was no pastor, but occasional meetings were held by evangelists, and the membership was gradually increased. Worrell's hall, at the corner of Linden avenue and Lee street, was obtained and the social meetings, with occasional preaching and evangelistic services, were held, and a Sunday school organized. It was then determined to erect a permanent religious home, and the lecture room of the church building, at the northeast corner of Amelia and Park streets, was erected and evangelistic services were conducted in it during February and March, 1888, which added so many to the church and so strengthened its vitality that the completion of the church was determined upon and the structure completed in June of that vear, during the pastorate of Rev. E. S. DeMliller, its first pastor, the dedicatory services being conducted June 29, by Rev. Robert Moffett, of Cleveland. Twelve pastors succeeded, with occasional short periods, when the congregation was without a head, until July 13, 1902, when the present pastor, Rev. Asa MeDaniel, began his labors, during which the church has been repaired interiorly, and the society brought to a condition of financial freedom and comfort.

Congregation Alism

First Congregational church. During 1884 a number of persons met at the home of L. D. Dillon to consider the expediency of forming a new religious society: two succeeding meetings were held at the residence of W. E. Atwell, nines and November 13 a fourth was held at Mr. Dillon's; at a meeting one week later, an invitation was extended to Rev. E. I. Jones, of Newark, to address a meeting in the probate court room, November 28, which he complied with, and after an explanation of the doctrines and usages of Congregationalism, it was unanimously evening preached in the probate court room; temporary officers were chosen and the home of Mr. Dillon was selected for weekly praper and business meetings. The first Sunday services were held January 4, 1885, at 10:45 a. m., and January 7 permanent officers were chosen and the

February 24, which was attended by six clerical and four lay delegates, when Dr. G. M. Weller stated the reasons for desiring the organization of a Congregational church and the action already taken thereon; the council unanimously approved the action, and the new church began with forty members. Services were held in Odd Fellows' hall, Black's Music hall, a room over Weller's drug store, Second Presbyterian church, and in a room in the market house. Rev. George D. Herron, D. D., was first pastor, and two vears later was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Clayton, under whose pastorate a lot was purchased at the southwest corner of Sixth street and Cyprus alley, and a brick church building erected in 1888, at a cost of $6,500.00. Succeeding pastors have been: Revs. D. I. Jones, Carlos H. Hanks, J. Addison Seibert. J. Alexander Jenkins, and Charles H. Couch.

Second Congregational church was organized about 1898, in the Union Sunday School building, at Wortley's station, on the Adamsville road, and was disbanded in \arch, 1905, with a membership of about forty members. Services were held in the Sunday School building under Revs. Fred. C. Smith and Charles E. Keller, but the neighborhood was unable to sustain the organization.

Weslexan Atethodist Church

The African Weslevan \lethodist church was organized July 24, 1875. and occupied a frame building i in Moorehead avenue, east of Blue avenue, erected in 188 87: when the congregation dissolved it came into possession of the Weslevan Methodists, and is known as the "Union Mission." It has no connection with the Salvation Army, but its labors are in the same field of evangelical work.

Free Methodist

Tent meetings were held in the Seventh ward, and the number of accesions was so encouraging that in tgot a combined frame church ancl pastor's residence was erected in Clover street.

Hebrew Congregations

Jacob Shonfield, Benjamin S. Dryfus, Herman Weber, Jacob Wollner, Simon Goodman, L. Kraus, A. Kohn, Adolphus Hartman, W. Freedman and L. Freedman assembled at Nevitt's hall to form a Hebrew congregation. Wolf Drvfus presided, and B.S. Dryfug acted as secretary ; M. Steinfeld and B. S. Dryfus were appointed to draft a constitution and by laws, which were re- ported September 27, and adopted, and a permanent organization effected with Wolf Dryfus, president; MM. Steinfeld, vice president; Max Cahen, treasurer: B. S. Dryfus, secretary; W. Freedman, J. L. Dryfus and R. Shonfield, trustees.

In March, 1869, a teacher was obtained and in August the society was incorporated, and October 5, 1873, became, a member of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. Meetings were held in_ the Nevitt building, northwest corner, and "the Stevens building, southwest corner of Main and Seventh streets, and at present assemblies are held in the hall in east end of second floor of the Richards' building. corner Market and Fourth streets. The Society is owner of the Hebrew cemetery, three miles west of the city, on the National road.

>eth Abraham, the Hungarian Benevolent Society was organized in 1874, and met at Main and Seventh streets: about 1895-6 it was converted into a religious body, and erected a frame tabernacle in north Sixth street, near Howard, which 1s known as Beth Abraham.

Rodef Sholom is an orthodox Hebrew coneregation which was organized about 1882, and maintains the strict Mosaic practice, and holds its meeting at Main and Seventh streets.

Episcopal

The organization of this congregation 1s attributable to Henry -\dkinson and Samuel Gazawav: the former was a minister, and lived on the east side of Seventh street, between Market street and Fountain alley. adjoining the home later occupied by one Fielding. at whose home the society is alleged to have been formed. Fielding was a runaway slave, not interested in church work and was not a resident of the city when Adkinson and Gazaway organized the congregation in 1822-3. -Adkinson's name appears prominently and frequently in the early records of the A. A. E. church, but Fielding's never. Shortly after organization, services were held in a small building in Canal street, and the first church was a small brick, near the river bank, between Sixth and Seventh streets: the congregation then moved to the frame school house, on Putnam Hill, and from there into a frame erected in Ninth street, near South, where a Sunday school was organized; a few years later the small brick church, formerly occupied by the \fethodist Protestants, or Rad- 'cals. at the northeast corner of South street and Potter alley, was purchased and upon this site, in 1876, the present brick building forty-five by sixty-five feet, was erected, at a cost of $7,000.00.

African Wesleyan Methodist

Sixteen members of the above mentioned congregation withdrew and organized the African Wesleyan Methodist church, July 24, 1875, by authority of the Miami conference. The first religious meetings were held in the Seventh ward school house, from which a removal was made to Best's hall, northwest corner of Main street and Potter allev, and later a frame was built, twentytwo by thirty feet, in the Seventh ward, at a cost of $600.00; the last pastor was Joseph Bane, who died about 1885.

Enitial Industries

It is not contemplated, nor is it possible or practicable. to enumerate the inception and development of each industrial and commercial enterprise which has been conducted in the city. Lack of authentic records, space and interest to the reader preclude such statistical compilations, and only a brief summary will be presented of the pioneers of the more essential and important handicrafts and occupations. Muskingum county began its corporate existence March 1, 1804, and the most reliable sources of information at command show that the following industries were practiced in the town during the ensuing fall:

Blacksmiths. Jacob Funk arrived in 1802, and established himself at the northeast corner of \lain and Court alley, and in 1804 was succeeded by Solomon Groves: Christian Spangler came in 1803, and located at the northeast corner of Main and Third streets.

Brick. In 1802 James Herron, at the head of \fain street, and Brazilla Rice, at the head of \larietta street, were engaged in manufacturing brick. and the latter followed the trade of bricklaver.

Carpenters. Lewis and Smith were employed by McIntire in May, 1801, but they do not appear to have remained, and Allen McLain, in 1804, was the first settler.

Coal. [frederick Betz arrived during 1804, and brought the first coal to Zanesville, with two horses and two oxen hitched together, wood having previously been the only fuel.

Gunsmith. [lijah Ross came during 1804, and located at Second street and Locust alley : he was drafted in 1812, but detailed to remain at home and repaired arms for the troops: in 1816 he removed to \West Zanesville, but returned in 1822. and resided in South Sixth street, and later in Alain street, near Seventh.

Hatters. In 1803 David and James Herron built a large log cabin in Mud Hollow, and made the first felt hats in the town: they quarreled, and the legal controversy which ensued was maintained for several years, rivaling. in local annals. the celebrated case of Jarndice vs. Jarnidice, and terminated in David wasting all his property.

Hotels, or Taverns. In t7yy John Melntire erected a large log cabin at Second and Market streets, and in the same year John Green built a story and a half double log cabin at the head of Main and opposite Silliman street: other hotels were; William Raynolds, at the southwest corner of Main and Seventh streets : John Cordery, at the northwest corner of Main and Sixth streets: in 1803 Robert Taylor opened a hotel in a large, hewed log house, at the southwest corner of Main and Sixth streets, which was known as the Rising Sun, and in 1808 was changed to the Red Lion, by Pratt, and in 1816 to the General \Washington, hy Flood; in 1800 David Harvey built a two-story log hotel at the southwest corner of Main and Third streets, and bought a right of way for a road to the lower ferry: this diagonal lane was known as Harvev's Bridle Path, and its course may still be seen in the private alley opening upon the north side of South street, immoediately west of Third: in (Rog Paul Hahn built a double cabin of one and one-half stories, at Fourth and Canal streets.

Masons. In 17ygg Melntire had a mason, named David Beam, to erect a chimnev at his cabin, but he does not appear to have become a resident, and in 1800 Ehenezer Buckingham arrived,

Alerehants. The first store was Opened in t8o0r, at the northwest corner of Main anil Third streets, by John and Inerease Mathews: their hook, still extant, was opened March 31, prices of numerous articles are stated, 57¢¢ pins, per paper, 37¢: muslin 7G¢

FOSS GEN TEAS Ip 2tes CAC Om alee muslin, SiQ3) nails) 25¢% stockings... Si6Ocius sari moved to Putnam, and the first resident merchant was. Jeffrey Price, whovarrived, in, 1802, id opened a store at southwest corner of First street and Fountain alley, and in t803 Monroe and Convers were at Alain and First streets,

A practical illustration of the difference between individual and corporate industry is furnished in the upbuilding of every pioneer settlement: each settler came with the expectation of improving his condition by personal effort ; there Were no corporations, and the largest aggregation of capital was the combined small savings of two or three men in partnership, each of whom worked for the common good. There could have been no settlement of the country without such personal incentive and effort; each man was master of his own little enterprise, and while some Were stronger in resources and credit than others. the opportunity for success was vastly superior than under combination conditions. The business enterprises of the early settlement succeeding those numerated when the county began were:

Bakery. In 1807 Mrs. Samuel Parker, Mrs. Christian Spangler and Alrs. Dr. Hillier baked bread and cakes, in dutch ovens, for home consumption and sale to travelers passing through; bread was a fip (64 cents) per loaf, and cakes ranged as high as a bit (25 centS)2 liathestee lowing year, L. Hatman opened a hake shop at the southwest corner of Seventh and Center Streets.

Bookbinding was inaugurated by J. S. Skinner and Company, in 1816, but in the following year the business was sold to A. S. Pennington and Company, and by them reconveyed to the original Proprietors in the succeeding reat... The Muskiggum j/essenger established a lindery, which was sold to E. T. Cox and Company, May 22, 1822,

Brewery, The name of the first brewer has been lost, but he began business at northwest corner of Fifth and South streets, and in 1807 sold to George Painter, who sold to Jacob Young. in ISt1, and the business was discontinued in 1815. In 1808 Spencer Lahew opened a brewery, but the site is unknown: November. 1813, William Marshall started in the business on the site of the present power house, whieh was sold in 1815 to Barton and \MeGowan, and changed into a disllery. Tn 1816 Joseph Lattimore ereeted a brewery, which passed to Ballentine and Company in 1820, who conducted it. six years and converted it intoa grist mill. Several similar ventures were made, but each proved unremunerative, possibly because the stronger beverage was so cheap and more adapted to the frontier palate. The first brewery that flourished was established by Chris-

Brick. Those used in the construction of the court house of 1809, were burned by John Lee, near Underwood street, and 1810 James S. Parkinson was extensively engaged in this industry on a farm two miles southeast of the city, in the Marietta road.

Butchers. When Michael Sockman arrived, in 1805, he opened a meat shop at the northeast corner of Fifth and South streets, his slaughter house being in the rear upon Mud Hollow, whose waters carried away the offal; later he had a shop in Court alley, where the Stolzenbach bakery is now erected.

Carpenters. During 1805 John Van Horne, William Craig, and Thomas Moorehead arrived ; in 1806, Daniel McLain, John A. Cochran and Samuel Chapman, and in 1808, Gilbert Blue and Joseph Hockney.

Carpet weavers. In 1812 carpet weaving was done in a room on Fourth street, and in 1818 James Covington engaged in the business west of town.

Chairs. John Arter arrived in 1806 and manufactured hard bottom chairs and spinning wheels : the latter were of the greatest value, as each housewife was obliged to spin, and female education was incomplete without such knowledge. Flax was sown and sheep were reared for the raw material: ready made clothing was unknown, and swains wagered upon the skill of their sweethearts. Arter's skill was, therefore, in great demand and his orders multiplied rapidly: people came from long distances and waited their turn for spinning wheels as they did at grist mills. In 1807-8 he erected a dwelling on the west side of Third street, north of Fountain alley, which was removed within a few years, in which was preached the first Lutheran sermon delivered in Zanesville.

Distillery. In addition to the converted brewery of Barton and McGowan, in 1815 Valentine Best, Joseph Sheets and John Sidell paid taxes as distillers, but the location of the plant is not given.

Edged tools. In 1818 John Mackey opened a shop for the manufacture of augurs, etc., near Market and Third streets, and in the ensuing year William McCurdy manufactured hoes, augers and similar tools at Fifth street and Fountain alley.

Engines. In 1830 John D. Dare and Elias Ebert built the first steam engine at Zanesville ; in 1832 Dare, Whitaker and Company were in the business and continued until 1837, when Ebert and Whitaker withdrew and erected new shops at Main and Sixth streets, which were operated until 1840, when Ebert and Mark Lowdan built on south Fifth street. They went into bankruptcy with others in 1857, and the plant passed to Griffith and Wedge in 1858.

Express. A pony express was inaugurated by the postoffice department, in 1836, for important mail and light parcels, the time between Columbus and Zanesville being five hours; in 1846 an express business was established by stage lines between Zanesville and Wheeling and July, 1854, the Adams Express Company acquired the business. The first exclusive express company was the American, which opened an office April 1, 1852, with A. C. Ross, as agent ; for many years the Adams had no competitor but the B. & O. contended for a share after 1880.

Files. Henry Rockwell established a file cutting in 1854, and continued the business, on the north side of Main street, near Eighth, until his decease some thirty years later.

Foundry. In 1819 Thomas L. Pierce established a foundry at Locust and Beach alleys, which was purchased in 1827 by Richmond and Bostwick ; in 1832 John A. Adams and Benjamin Wheeler succeeded to the business and moved it, in 1839, to the site of the present Third street foundry: in 1848 the firm became Gilbert and Wheeler, and in 1863 Sullivan and Herdman became owners: in 1866 Charles H. Jones joined the firm, and in 1871 Charles H. Abbott came in and the business was conducted by Jones and Abbott until 1903, when Jones became sole proprietor.

In 1826 William Blocksom and John T. Fracker erected a foundry in Fountain alley, between Seventh and Underwood streets, from which Fracker withdrew in 1833, and George Wand, A. P. Blocksom and Henry Blandy came in, and the firm became Blocksom, Blandy and Company. The furnace and forge at Dillon's Falls, were leased until 1835, and in 1838 a new partnership was formed under the old name and operations continued until 1840, when Blandy withdrew. For a number of years the plant was idle, and January 1, 1866, William H. Shinnick, Daniel Hatton, George D. Gibbons and W. J. Woodside as Shinnick, Hatton and Company, took possession and enlarged the works; in 1870 the name was changed to Shinnick, Woodside and Gibbons, and later incorporated as 'Whe Shinnick, Woodside and Gibbons Company, and as the Union foundry the business was continued until 1902, when the plant was closed.

In 1839 John T. Fracker and Son opened a small foundry at the southwest corner of Sixth street and Locust alley, for small castings, which was conducted under several names until 1870.

furnace, and the enterprise passed through various stages of financial difficulty until July 3, 1857, when The Ohio Iron Company was incorporated, with a capital of $75,000.00, with Henry Blandy, president; C. W. Potwin, secretary; Samuel Baird, treasurer ; E. B. Greene and E. E. Fillmore, directors, took over the property. In 1859 The Zanesville Furnace Company was organized to manufacture pig iron and in 1862 was absorbed by the Ohio Iron Company. This enterprise was very prosperous for many years, but changes in management and lack of changes in operation to keep pace with improvements in the methods of production, caused retrogression, and it was frequently closed in recent years; a portion of the plant was sold at commissioners' sale in 1904, and the remainder is not in operation.

Glass. The White Glass Works were incorporated, by the General Assembly, May 13, 1815, with a capital stock of $50,000.00, and a plant was erected at the southwest corner of Market and Third streets, with Samuel Sullivan, president, and John Hamm, secretary, the blow pipes being made by Elijah Ross. The plant was successively operated by Thomas Mark, Rev. Joseph Shepherd, Charles Bostwick and James Crosby until 1839, when it was closed. In 1842 six practical glass men purchased the plant, but each withdrew as he could until, in 1848, only one remained and he abandoned the business.

In 1816 James Taylor, Peter Mills, James Hampson and Alexander Culbertson built a green window glass and bottle works on a hill a short distance south of Slago run, which was operated until 1823, when Culbertson, who had managed the plant, died.

In 1852 W. C. Cassel and William Galigher built a flint glass house at the foot of Main street, and in 1860 George W. Kearns, Noah Kearns, and Joseph Burns, leased and later purchased the works. In 1863 a new plant was built adjacent to the old, at the mouth of the canal, and the old one was used as a warehouse, and upon the death of Burns his heirs withdrew. In 1864 the Kearns built a window glass works at the southwest corner of Main and First streets, and both plants were operated until 1868, when James Herdman and Joseph T. Gorsuch came in and in 1874 W. T. Gray became a member of the firm; in 1877 G. W. Kearns withdrew and erected the bottle works in the 'Seventh ward." In 1872 a plant was built in First street which was destroyed by fire March 2, 1902, and when the Mc- Intire homestead was purchased, in January, 1887, the original plant in First street, which had been a pot furnace, was enlarged and changed to a tank, ;

In 1891-2 the window glass plant passed to a syndicate and after periods of intermittent operation for a couple of years, the plant was abandoned and the site improved, the wholesale grocery house of Baker Brothers occupying a portion of the ground. In 1904 a warehouse was built north of the plant in First street, which is regarded as fire proof. :

Hats. James Culbertson, in 1805, made wool hats and fur caps at the southwest corner of Market and Fifth streets, and produced the first silk hat in the town. In 1811 Richard Galigher had a shop at the southwest corner of Fifth street and Locust alley, and opend a store on the site of the present Galigher's hat store ; he was succeeded by his sons, as Galigher Brothers, and later by John Galigher, and the present firm is John Galigher's Sons. The original building was razed when the Central Block was built, and this sterling house is the oldest in continuous business in the city, having existed ninety-four years and occupied the same site, and with but one change of building.

In 1817 Walter McKinney had a hat store at old No. 171 Main street: in 1820 James Dutro sold hats and furs in an old frame at No. 202 Main street, and in the same year Mathew Fereuson was in business, and in 1827 J. B. Allen also sold hats.

Hotels. In 1806 Isaac Van Horne erected a two-story frame at the northeast corner of Fifth and Main streets, which was opened by Benoni Peirce; shortly after it was kept by James Reeve and called the Western Star, and afterwards the Wickham, and further reference is made under the caption, "Zane House."

In 1808 a frame hotel was erected on the Clarendon site, and kept by Robert Taylor, as the Orange Tree, and later was called the Green Tree: in 1817 it was operated by J. S. Dugan, and called Dugan's Hotel: in 1842-3 Dr. Hamm built a threestory brick hotel, on the site which was kept by Joseph Stacy, as Stacy's Hotel, and the name was successively changed to Winslow, \[cIntire and Mills houses, and in 1878 was rebuilt as the present four-story, brick Clarendon, which has been maintained as the peer of any hostelry in the state.

A hotel was opened at the southwest corner of Main and Fourth street, by Wickham, and so called, and in 1823 Samuel Frazey built what is now known as the Kirk House, in Fourth street, north of Market.

Jeweler. In 1809 Richard and George Reeve sold jewelry and made grandfather's clocks on the site of Third street foundry, and about 1815 moved to Main street; in the same year Francis Cleveland and John Bliss were in the business in Main street, opposite the court house; Charles, or "Master" Hill, as he was called, was in their employ, and he was afterwards in business with A. C. Ross, and they engraved many of the copper plates from which the "shinplasters'' were printed, an art in which they were superior workmen.

Machinists. In 1829-30 Jeremiah Dare engaged in the manufacture of castings and machinery, at the northeast corner of Market and Third streets, which in later years developed into the once prominent shop of Duval and Company; a machine shop was opened in the third story of the woolen factory and mechanics were brought from the east who constructed machinery for a cotton factory, on the same site. Dare and Company operated the mill until 1832, when the lower story was turned into a machine shop for cotton and wool mill machinery, and the manufactured cotton yarn and batting were sold at the wareroom at the northwest corner of Main and Third streets.

Marble Works. In 1812 and prior thereto, Rev. Joseph Shepherd made tomb-stones, during the week, in Fifth street, near Market, and preached on Sundays. There was no marble in the market, and the sandstone and sometimes limestone was used. In 1847 S. G. McBride bought the business and introduced marble, and continued the business at the north end of Third street bridge, for many years.

Matches. In the early days fires were started with a flint and steel, and when the sun was shining, with a sun glass: the first matches were a piece of tape about six inches in length, with one end coated with combustible material, which ignited by drawing it through sand paper; these were put up in boxes, and later wood was substituted for tape, and being more convenient, the tape disappeared. latches were not only scarce but very expensive, as the article was an importation. In 1833 Dr. W. G. Thon:pson, a graduate of Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and Israel Hoge, father of John Hoge, arrived at Zanesville with a new stock of drugs and medicines ; among the goods were a few boxes of Blackwell's matches, of London, the composition of which Dr. Thompson enthusiastically declared he would discover. John D. Caldwell, the veteran Cincinnatian, was then a clerk in the store and for a couple of weeks was employed in experimenting, under the doctor's direction, until an explosion was secured in the mortar. The manufacture of friction matches was then begun by hand, in Market street, about a score of girls being engaged in dipping ; the process was extremely crude, and a few simple mechanical devices were contrived to facilitate the work; the matches were put up in boxes of 100, which retailed for twenty-five cents, and almost from the beginning the product was sent to New York, which appears to sustain the claim that the first friction matches made in the United States were of Zanesville manufacture. The engraved plate from which the label was printed is extant and reads: Improved Lucifer Matches, which instantly ignite on being briskly drawn through sand paper, and warranted to keep perfect. Manufactured and sold, wholesale and retail at Thompson & Hoge's Drug and Chemical Warehouse, Zanesville, Ohio.

Mills, Cotton. During December, 1846, subscriptions to an aggregate of $21,000.00 were made for the erection of a cotton mill, and the Zanesville Cotton Mill was constructed, with John A. Adams, president; D. H. Lyman, secretary: Richard Huff, general superintendent, which was reorganized in 1855.

In 1854 William Galigher built a large cotton mill at the southwest corner of Zane and Underwood streets, and made sheeting, batting and yarn until his death, February 17, 1860, when the machinery was sold to the Zanesville Cotton Mill, and the building remained unoccupied until opened by Mathews as a paper mill.

Mills, Grist. During the fall of 1799 John and George Mathews built the first floating mill in the country and anchored it at a point of rocks then in the river on the west side near the Third street bridge, where the current was swift. The mill was placed on a flat boat and a canoe, fastened at a distance from the side, supported the end of the shaft upon which the wheel revolved. the water passing between the boats. The mill was liberally patronized by the settlers throughout the valley, and customers came for miles around to have their corn ground. During a sudden rise in the river, in June, 1800, the anchors broke, and the mill floated to Duncan's Falls, and eight men were required to return it. The device was not satisfactory, as in 1803-4 John Mathews erected the first grist mill in the neighborhood at the falls of Moxahala, or Jonathan's Creek.

In 1818-19 James Granger built a three-story mill fifty by eighty feet, at what is now the head of the canal; it contained two run of stones, and had a daily capacity of one hundred barrels; in 1822 an addition, thirty by ninety-nine feet, was made and grain was bought for cash, and constituted the only market in southeastern Ohio; August g, 1829, the mill burned, and was not rebuilt.

In #825 George and Richard Reeve built a three-story mill, south of Main street, at the east end of the Y bridge, fitted with six run of stones, which they operated until 1830, when Richard withdrew and was succeeded by his nephew. George, Jr.. who was unsuccessful after several years "trial, and in 1848 a mortgage on the property was fore and the mill was idle until July, 1851, when William Sturges, James \leConnell and Charles Blandy, as \IeConnell and Blandy, purchased the plant for $18,000.00, remodeled and increased the capacity to four hundred barrels per day, and in 1855 sold to William Galigher for $21,000.00. At his death, in 1&6o, it was operated by Charles Galigher, who was unsuccessful and creditors took possession, As the property was in arrears for water rent the Board of Public Works seized it and leased it to Ball and Cassidy for thirty years, and they transferred the franchise to Paul H. Kaenmerer about 1870; the plant is now the property of the Muskingum Coffin Company.

In 1828 Cushing, Martin and Pierce built a mill on the north side of Main street, at the east end of the Y bridge, and in 1843 sold a half interest

W. C. Cassel, who built a brick addition, 1852-3, about which time the entire interest passed to him: in 1873 his widow operated the property until 1875, when it was leased to Pickering, Grant and Company, who managed it until November 1,

The Ballentine and Clark brewery, built in 1817, converted into a grist mill in 1835, and operated as such for about two years, stood idle until 1842 ; Willian Beaumont then leased it for one year, ancl 1845 1t was converted into a white lead works, and destroyed by fire in 1853.

Mlills, Saw. John MelIntire was the first to harness the water power at Zanesville: some of the land east of the river bank was low, and during high water much of it ran around the rapids. In 1800 he built a race from about the B. & O, bridge to below the C. & M. V. bridge: the head of the race was a short distance above the middle falls, and was protected by a wooden abutment, well braced with heavy logs interlaced and filled with stone and gravel; the logs were bound by heavy iron spikes, and iron gates protected the canal during high water. The race was about thirty feet wide along its course, but wider at the mill site, where a dam held the water at about the level above the falls: the the race were protected against washings by long poles planted at an angle of forty-five degrees, reinforced by longitudinal poles at the top and middle, and all fastened securely and closely together. The saw mill was located at about the site of Gary's furniture factory, and was operated by an overshot wheel. but so much sand was carried into the race that it had to be frequently shoveled out and the operasides of tion became so expensive that the enterprise was abandoned. The island formed by the race was a popular resort for young people in the evenings, and among housewives during the daytime: water was diffcult to procure at home for the family washings, and in the morning of the regular wash day boys carried tubs and clothes to the island and in the afternoon returned them to the homes; neighboring families were accustomed to wash at the same time and a sort of weekly picnic held, the kettles being left on premises.

In 1830 Nash & Company operated a steam sawnull at the north end of Third street which passed to the control of Hughes & Spruck until torn down, and in 1832 Jesse Dare and Alfred Printz erected a two-story sawmill north of Nash & Company, which was in operation until 1838.

Nails. John Hough was engaged in their manufacture at the foot of Main street in 1814, and in 1819 R. and G. Reeve were likewise employed in Main street near Sixth, and later at the bridge, street, and for many years it was a leading industry of the city: in 1830 Wright sold his interests to James L. Cox, and the firm of E. T. & J. L. Cox continued until \z ty 1, 1836, when the mill burned. A brick structure was immedi: itely built, the firm being Horatio Js and Jonaysis.

Cassel Flouring Mill Paste

Cox and they continued the business twenty years. When the telegraph was introduced telegrams were received upon a narrow strip of paper, in the code of signals, and the operator copied the message from this strip; the paper was cut by hand and this mill invented a method of preparing the paper by machinery which not only produced a more even reel but enabled them to undersell their competitors, and they had a monopoly of this trade, their product being shipped to European as well as American cities. About 1857 the property was assigned to David Hull, when George Rishtine, Charles R. Hubbell, Thomas Hubbell and William Nutt, as George Rishtine and Company, began the operation of the plant. The two last named retired within a vear and the others continued until April 1, 1859, when Hubbell sold to J. \L. Leonard, and soon after the property was conveyed to Mrs. E. MI. Cox: in 1860 she sold a half interest to John Gilbert and the firm of Cox and Gilbert operated until November 1, 1868, when Jacob Glessner, John Gilbert and Terry became owners: soon after Glessner and Gilbert were sole owners and continued the business until the manufacture ceased.

The idle cotton mill property, at the southwest corner of Zane and Underwood streets, was purchased by Edward Mathews and George Rishtine in 1865 and converted into a paper mill; the first product was coarse wrapping paper, but the quality soon developed into printing and manilla ; the firm dissolved in 1876, and Mr. Mathews continued the business until paper making proved unprofitable at Zanesville, and the plant was converted into an artificial ice plant.

Plasterer. James Lindsay in 1804 was employed to plaster the bar room at Harvey's Tavern, which was the first work of the kind done in the town.

Pottery. In 1808 Samuel Sullivan manufactured rough crockery in the form of plates, cups and saucers; in 1840 Bernard Howsen, John Hallam, G. W. Wheaton, and two others, were 1n business in south Seventh street, near the canal, and continued until the plant passed to Fischer and Lansing and became the initial plant of the American Encaustic Tiling Company. In 1849 George Pyatt produced Rockingham and yellow stoneware.

Rope. In 1811 James Kellar rope for the neighborhood; in Westbrook, next door to Dugan's hotel; in 1832, Abbott and Crane, on the river bank between First and Second streets; in 1833 Abraham Arter, on the north side of Main street, between Second street and Beach alley, continued the business until 1876; in 1835, George L. Shinnick and John R. Howard, at the northwest corner of Main and Second streets,

Saddler. In 1805 Samuel Frazey was engaged in the business in Mud Hollow, and in 1808 built a two-story brick, twenty by forty-five feet, in Sixth street, south of South.

Salt. In 1817 James Hampson made salt at the mouth of Mill Run until 1826; in 1818 Thomas L. Pierce and G. A. Hall sunk a well on the saw mill race, south end of Second street, and built a bath house over the well, with a saloon attached, but the enterprise was abandoned; in 1819 Alexander Culbertson, at the lower locks, and in 1823, N. C. Findlay, below Blue's tan yard, were similarly employed ; many persons invested in the business, but none seem to have been remunerated.

Shoemakers. The first sons of St. Crispin were two Irishmen, - Smith, who appeared in 1800, and John Cain, in 1801 ; there were no shops for the sale or repair of shoes, and the cobblers went from house to house with their kits and lasts in a wallet, and boarded with the family they were serving, a system which was called whipping the cat. Each member of a family was limited to one pair per year anda neat fit was neither anticipated nor secured. In 1807 Joseph Church came, and in 1808 opened the first store: in 1808 Solomon Deffenbaugh and Timothy Gaylord, and t810 David Anson, made the quartette who controlled the business until 1816. In 1814 they signed an agreement about prices, the first record of a combination of labor that has been discovered in the town: their figures were: top Cossack boots, $14.00; plain Cossack boots, $12.00; Wellington boots, $8.00; half soling, $4.87: ladies' laced boots, $4.50: ladies' broad, $3.00; in 1816 four additions were made to the craft and in 1817 fourteen more are recorded.

Soap. In 1811 Daniel Prouty began soap-making on the river bank, between Fifth and Sixth streets, and in 1815 N. and C. Wilson succeeded him and continued until 1847, when Hiram Rogers and Dr. A. H. Brown purchased the business. In 1848 Theodore Convers bought Rogers' interest, and in the following year secured Brown's and continued until 1853, when he conveyed the business to William Schultz for $7,000.00. In 1866 his son, Robert D., and his nephew, John Hoge, succeeded to the manufacture, as the firm of Schultz and Company, and made Zanesville famous as a soap manufacturing city ; in 1903 the plant, which had grown to immense proportion at Seventh and Marietta streets, was sold to the Proctor and Gamble Company at Cincinnati.

In 1815 Eber Merriam began the manufacture of soap at the foot of Market street. In 1818 a stock company was formed by Merriam, George Abbott, Ephraim Abbott and Nathaniel Wilson, as the Muskingum Manufacturing Company, and

172 PAST AND PRESENT moved to the foot of Fifth street. In 1835 David Hahn was with N. and C. Wilson, but in 1863 began the business on personal account.

Tannery. Moses Moorehead and Joseph Robertson, in 1806, established a tannery at the head of Main street, and in 1814 Moorehead bought the business, and April 24, 1832, sold to Thomas Moorehead; it was continued by various parties until 1866, when it was abandoned, and the land sold as building lots. In 1809 James Culbertson started a tannery at the northeast corner of Fifth and Market streets, which was continued until 1834-5, when the machinery was disposed of and the land sold for building purposes. In 1830 Doster and Darlinton established the largest tannery in eastern Ohio, near the junction of the National and Wheeling roads; it contained one hundred vats, and was operated until 1844, when it was closed, and the ground sold for building purposes ; in 1830 Gilbert Blue opened a tannery on the Marietta road, which was operated until 1876; in 1844 N. G. and Charles Abbott, near the Muskingum river, made a specialty of tanning sheep skins; sheep were bought and slaughtered, the hams cured for the eastern market, and the remainder of the carcass rendered into tallow for candles ; the business was discontinued in 1849.

Tobacco. The first tobacconist was J. L. Cochran, in 1817, whose store was at the northwest corner of Main street and Sewer alley, then called Mud Hollow, where cigars and chewing and smoking tobacco were manufactured; Daniel Christ came shortly after and located at the southwest corner of Market and Fourth streets.

It is related that Christ and Rev. L. Scheid were warm personal friends, and occasionally took sprees together; during one of these drinking bouts, in 1827-8, a discussion developed into a dispute which their friends cultivated into a quarrel, and the remarks exchanged were of a character which it was unanimously agreed could be atoned for only as was customary among gentlemen. The disputants were readily persuaded to meet on the field of honor, and the "crowd" at Galigher's hat store was active in arranging the preparations. William Galigher was chosen referee, and James Culbertson and Neville Thompson seconds; the formidable horse pistol of the period was the weapon, the third story of the hat store the place and the time "at once." The principals became serious as the gravity of the preparations dawned upon them, and that one or both might be removed as a corpse, but neither flinched as they had been convinced by their respective friends that any other course than the one pursued would be dishonorable and cowardly. The distance of twenty paces was measured, the length of the room; the weapons were loaded with pow- der and wads, and handed to the principals, who were placed at the proper distance apart with their backs toward each other. The parson knelt and made an eloquent prayer ; the directions were given that at the signal each was to turn and fire, and "One," "Two" and "Fire" were slowly and solemnly called ; Christ was anxious to get the first shot, and in his nervous condition fired his weapon as he turned and was at the mercy of his antagonist, who magnanimously fired at the ceiling ; the affair ended to the satisfaction of all, the friendship of the principals was restored as their friends were active in asserting that each had proven himself a man of nerve whose friendship it was an honor to possess.

Wagons. William Schultz came from Winchester, Virginia, in 1832, and opened a wagon works in which the coaches for the Ohio Stage Company were made.

Woolen Mills. A small building owned by J. R. Thomas at the lower end of Main street was fitted as a woolen mill and operated by Jeremiah Dare, who took his son, Jesse, into the business in 1822; in April, 1838, Thomas J., another son, purchased a half interest and eventually owned the whole; in November, 1840, the mill and contents were totally destroved by fire. A mill was immediately rebuilt at the head of the canal, between it and the river and north of where the B. & O. R. R. track now runs, where with new and improved machinery a prosperous business was begun in April, 1841, and continued for many years ; January 22, 1865, Thomas J. Dare died and the mill was operated by Jeremiah Z., Thomas J., Jr.. and Lewis Dare until December, 1878, when it was permanently closed.

Undertakers. Early burials in Zanesville were made in bark, peeled from trees, lined with leaves, and dried grass, and bound with withes or cord; the first ready made coffins were sold by James Cherry, at Putnam. For many years pall-bearers were active and not merely honorary attendants at funerals, and bodies were carried from the residence to the cemetery on a bier, and it is related that the procession was required to stop at times to rest the bearers, especially when the hill graveyard was used. The first hearse in the town was a plain, black, covered wagon, without lining or trimmings, and owned by John P. Stevens and Henry Mussellman. The first regular undertaker was Louis Brenholtz, who began business in 1837, and placed in service an ornamental hearse manufactured by William Schultz. In 1869 Jonathan Hatcher and Sons began the manufacture of coffins in the building on the canal bank, now occupied by the Zanesville Furniture Company ; this was the first factory of the kind in the city, and in 1879 was incorporated as the Zanesville Coffin Company, but went out of business.

Existing Industries

The existing industries of Zanesville are too diverse and numerous to describe, and the few which are enumerated were selected not because of uniqueness, but for their extent and prominence: others approaching in volume of business some of those named may be omitted, but the purpose has been to represent the city's manufactures, and not compile a directory.

That the manufacturing and commercial interests of the city are extensive is attested by the membership of Zanesville Council, United Commercial Travelers. which has 300 enrolled affiliates, as against 1.089 at Cincinnati. 857 at Columbus, 391 at Dayton, 341 at Toledo, and 333 at Cleveland. Eight entrances by steam railroads and one by electric interurban, with two more in development, and a navigable river, afford facilities for rapid, convenient and economical communication with the rest of the country. Anesville's department stores take rank with any in the State: its wholesale houses command a large territory and successfully compete with the business houses of the other cities; its hotels are ample for the needs of the city, and are famed for their hospitality : its markets are unsurpassed for the variety and fine quality of produce, and every natural and artificial condition is possessed for the development of a wealthy and populous city.

In 1874 F. H. Hall, then a resident of Zanesville, and possessing some knowledge of the quality of local clays, secured the attention of Mr. B. Fischer, of New York, to a project to manufacture encaustic tiling, which was at the time being imported as none was manufactured in the United States. Mr. Fischer and his business partner, G. R. Lansing, agreed to sustain the expense of experiments, and a beginning was made in a small brick building, on the canal bank, opposite Schultz's soap works, in south Seventh street. where the production of crocks and coarse kitchen ware had been conducted on a small scale. The first two years' results were devoid of satisfactory conditions, kiln after kiln were failures and discouragement was the only asset. During these experiments Mr. G. A. Stanbery was at home on vacation, and visited the plant and his inventive mind conceived mechanical devices which would overcome the difficulties encountered : Mr. Fischer was informed of the suggestions and Mr. Stanbery was engaged to carry his plans into execution. In 1876 Gilbert Elliott succeeded Hall and 1877 the firm of Fischer and Lansing furnished the tile for the floors of the new court house, at Zanesville, and nearly thirty years' wear attest their quality.

Having produced the first merchantable tile in America, a plant was needed to manufacture it and ground was purchased and a building, sixtyeight by one hundred and twenty-five feet, with six kilns, was erected; Mr. Stanbery was made superintendent and in 1878 a stock company was formed. The problem remained of proving to architects that the American product equalled the European in the qualities demanded for floor and mural purposes, and the company engaged in contracting to demonstrate the merit of the home material: success followed, additions were made to the plant, and March 1. 1879, Mr. Stanbery was made General Superintendent, and March 20 the American Encaustic Tiling Company was organized. The company soon outgrew its accommodations, and as the majority of the stock was held at New York the owners reasonably favored the erection of the needed new plant nearer home, and the market. and determined upon a location in New Jersey. John Hoge. R. D. Schultz and G. A, Stanbery, tne Zanesville stockholders, demurred. and the local board of trade was made acquainted with the situation, and the citizens pledged a bonus of $40,000.00 to retain the plant at Zanesville: a large tract of land was purchased on the west side of the river, north of the city, and bonds to the amount of $40,000.00 were voted by the citizens in aid of the enterprise, which was warmly supported by the officials of the C., C. Seise Rit.

The immense plant, the largest of its character 'nthe United States, was completed and ready for occupancy in April, 1892, and the occasion was made one of general celebration in the city. The ladies of the Women's Benevolent Society and the Hospital Association were placed in possession of the building for April 19, 1892. and conducted several attractions in aid of their institutions. Booths for the sale of refreshments, Jack Horner pies and souvenirs, an art gallery, and dancing hall were liberally patronized ; special trains were run on the railroads and Governor William Mc- Kinley attended and made one of his characteristic speeches upon the significance of the great plant and its benefits to the city.