Zanesville City (part 1 of 5)

Zanesville City

Ebenezer and Elizabeth Zane, of Wheeling, Virginia, on December 19, 1800, for and in consideration of $100.00 granted, bargained and sold to Jonathan Zane and John McIntire, 640 acres of land "on the Muskingum river, in the County of Washington and Northwest Territory," and stripped of all verbiage respecting metes, bounds and courses was for the following tract of land: Beginning at a point intersected by a line drawn 49% feet east of the west line of Seventh street and another line drawn 33 feet south of the north line of South street; thence west 5,940 feet to a point in Natchez, west of Pine street : thence north to a point in an east and west line running twentyfive feet south of the north line of Adair avenue. extended west; thence east to a point in the bottom lands south of the Monroe street bridge until it is intersected by the line drawn 49% feet east of the west line of Seventh street, and thence by that line to the place of beginning. P

The town was laid out at the southeast corner of the tract, and is more minutely described under "Town Plat." Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio says: "In 1799 Zane and McIntire laid out the town, which they called Westbourn, a name Which it continued to bear until a postoffice was established by the postmaster general, under the name of Zanesville, and the village soon took the same name." This allegation has been accepted Without question, and has been repeated so often, by subsequent writers, that it is necessary to submit proofs of its positive inaccuracy.

When the contract between the postmaster general and Convers was made, in 1708, for the latter to carry the mail from Marietta to the Muskinguin ferry, as related under "U.S. Mail." the object was to afford the Marietta settlement mail facilities by meeting, at the Muskingum ferry, the mails between Virginia and Kentucky, and not to supply the settlement at Zanesville, because none was here, and to designate the northern terminus the postmaster general called it Zanetown. January 1, 1801, William McCulloch, the ferryman, was appointed postmaster, not because an office was necessary, but for the reason that mails had to be assorted and the statutes required it to be done by the postmaster of a distributing postoffice, and the commission was issued to the postmaster at Zanesville. Springfield, or Putnam, was platted first, and the plat was recorded July 27, 1801; upon it are delineated not only the streets and lots of the village but the course of the river, with its several rapids, or "'falls,'"' and on the opposite side Zanesville is marked. The plat of Zanesville was not filed for record until April 28, 1802, and is recorded in volume seven, page one hundred forty-five, of the records of Washington county, and the town is therein designated as Zanesville; a map by Gen. Rufus Putnam, surveyor general, of 1804, designates the town as Zane-ville, and the General Assembly, in 1804, named the town of Zanesville as the temporary county seat. The name of Westbourn does not appear in any public record nor in any private correspondence of the period, and \Ir. Howe is therefore incorrect in asserting that the place was known as Westbourn; the place was not platted in 1799, nor did the postmaster general's designation supersede that given by the proprietors. The date of the change from Zanetown to Zanesville has not been discovered, but it probably occurred when McCulloch was appointed postmaster, January 1, 1801. The act to incorporate the town of Zanesville was passed January 21, 1814, and specified "that all that part of the town of Zanesville, in the county of Muskingum, included in the original plat thereof, now on record in the county of Washington, together with all additional lots since added thereto on the east side of the river Muskingum, and now on record in the county of Muskingum, be and the same is hereby erected into a town corporate and shall henceforth be known and distinguished by the name of the Borough of Zanesville, subject however, to such alterations and regulations as the legislature may, from time to time, think proper to make." Other sections of the act provided for the election of officers and the manner of conducting elections, the powers of the corporation and the duties and authority of its officers, and stipulated that no laws should be made "subjecting cattle or hogs, not belonging to the inhabitants of said borough, to be taken up and sold for coming within the bounds of said corporation." It is evident that the legislators of the period did not appreciate the nuisance that existed in a town by permitting stock to run at large.

County

The first election for officers for the town of Zanesville was held April 2, 1814, and resulted in, the choice of William Craig, mayor; William Blocksom, recorder; Samuel Frazey, treasurer; Ezekial Bassett, appraiser; Peter Mills, George Reeve, Nathan C. Findlay and James Hampson, councilmen. Findlay refused to serve and John Hamm was chosen to fill the vacancy. The mayor-elect was an Irishman, and carpenter by trade, who came to the town in 1805, and with Thomas Moorehead erected the first Methodist church, in Second street; he was a devout Methodist and had the confidence of his neighbors, but had an insatiable ambition to hold public office; his elevation to the mayoralty caused him to aspire to gubernatorial honors and he became a candidate ; fifty-one votes were cast in his favor in Muskingum county, and none elsewhere, but he was ever after called '""Governor,'' and was pleased with the sobriquet. In 1817 he was appointed collector of county taxes and absconded with the money, located near St. Louis, where his wife joined him and where his investments in real estate made him very wealthy. His bondsmen were James' Mc- Guire, who was bankrupted; James Linder, who was nearly ruined; and James Herron and James Hampson, who were able to sustain the loss without injury.

July 2, 1819, the County Commissioners created Zanesville township, beginning on the Muskingum river on the line dividing the twelfth and thirteenth ranges; thence north to the military line; thence east to the line dividing the sixth and seventh ranges; thence north with said line to the line dividing the second townships of ranges six and seven; thence west to the Muskingum river and down it with the meanderings to the place of beginning. This tract embraces nearly all of what is now Wayne and Washington townships and the present city east of the river; Washington township was cut off June 5. 1822, and Wayne, \larch 6, 1826. Several amendments to the original act were made and March 19, 1850, an act was passed creating the city of Zanesville, which was to comprise so much of the county of Muskingum as was embraced within the limits of and designated in the records of the county as Zanesville township. The act divided the city into four wards, the east and west line of division being the center of the National road from the eastern boundary of the township to the intersection with the center of Fountain alley, and from that point with the center of the allev to the river; the north and south division line was the center of Cypress alley, from both sides of the city. The First ward was the southwest corner of the city as so divided: the Second ward, the northwest corner ; the Third ward, the southeast corner and the Fourth ward, the northeast corner. The mayor was to be

This division existed until March 23, 1868, when six wards were created; the First was that portion west of Sixth street and south of Fountain alley; the Second, that portion north of Fountain alley and west of the center of Sixth street to Howard, north of Howard and west of Seventh street; the Third, all lying east of Sixth street and south of South street extended to the eastern limits of the city; the Fourth, all east of Sixth street embraced in lines projected from the centers of Market and South streets to the eastern limits of the city; the Fifth, all north of Market street extending to the eastern limits of the city, east of Sixth to Howard, and east and north of a line drawn through the center of Howard, Seventh, Kelly, Underwood and Spring to the city limits; the Sixth, all north of the Fifth and east of the Second wards.

February 28, 1870, the council passed an ordinance requesting the County Commissioners to authorize the annexation of Natchez, which was described by metes and bounds, and May 18, 1870, the Commissioners agreed thereto and filed a transcript of their action with the council, June I, 1870, and August 15 the territory was annexed and made the Seventh ward.

An ordinance was passed August 31, 1868, to submit to the voters, at the election, October 13, 1868, the question whether Putnam and West Zanesville should be annexed and the proposition carried in the city, but failed of approval in the villages ; January 3, 1870, a similar ordinance for the election, April 4, 1870, was passed which carried in the city, but failed in the villages ; September 8, another ordinance was passed for an election on the same question at the October election, and the West Zanesville proposition was carried in both municipalities, but the Putnam people again refused to annex. October 22, 1870, W. M. Shinnick, John M. James and Elias Ebert, on behalf of Zanesville, and Austin Berry, S. Jacobs Moore and W. W. Wimmer, on behalf of West Zanesville, agreed upon conditions which embraced the extension of the public water service, the erection of fire plugs and a hose house equipped for fire protection, and that gas be furnished for street lighting. The council ratified the agreement, which became effective November 10, 1870, and January 27, 1871, West Zanesville was erected into the Eighth ward.

February 26, 1872, an ordinance was passed to again submit the question of the annexation of Putnam, and it carried in both municipalities at the April election; April 22, Peter Black, Austin Berry and Thomas Griffith, representing Zanesville, and A. A. Guthrie, Henry Jones and James

C. Gillespie, on behalf of Putnam, agreed upon terms among which it was stipulated that city water should be furnished, a hose house erected, and a carriage supplied, and, gas be introduced as speedily as possible, and on that date an ordinance was passed annexing Putnam, and May 17, 1872, it was created the Ninth ward.

The Eighth ward was divided September 20, 1886, and the Tenth ward created of the territory lying north of a line commencing at the intersection of the center of Park street with the Muskingum river, and running through the center of Park street, Moorehead, Blue and Washington avenues to the west corporation line.

As the voting population increased, voting precincts were created but no change in ward lines was made until March 2, 1896, when a republican 'majority, led by office seekers, created each of the precincts of the Seventh and Ninth wards into wards, as the Eleventh and Twelfth, and created the Thirteenth ward from portions of the Eighth and Tenth wards by placing the territory north of 'Keen street, from the Muskingum to the Licking and south of LaSalle place, Linden avenue, Ball street, Maple, Converse, Granger and Adair avenues to the Licking, in the last named ward. The legality of the proceedings was carried into the courts and was declared illegal, and the tricksters were ousted from their positions, and it may not be irrelevant to state that the writer is a Republican.

When the new Municipal Code became operative, the number of wards was fixed by statute at four, and the former First, Third and Fourth wards were made the new First; the former Second, Fifth and Sixth were consolidated as the new Second; the former Seventh and Ninth were joined to make the new Third, and the former Eighth and Tenth resumed their first unit formation as the new Fourth ward.

Market House

June 5, 1814, the town council considered the expediency of erecting a market house, and made application to the County Commissioners for permission to occupy the public square, where the court house and jail were erected; the request was refused and it was built in Market street, east of Court alley, on the site of the present structure, with a frontage of thirty-five feet on Market and a depth of forty-three feet; the building was frame, supported on square wooden posts, the upper portion weather-boarded, and contained three stalls on each side; it was very frail and the contract price for construction was only $150.00. With nearly fiftv vears' service it was unable to sustain the weight of a very heavy fall of snow in January, 1863, and during the market hours,

Past

The council met the same evening and considered a proposition to repair the portion of the building still standing, and clear the ground of the debris; January 26 three contractors were present and represented that the builaing coula be repaired, and by a vote ot five to three it was decided to do so, but an additional resolution demanded that a certificate should be presented, signed by ten or twelve respectable builders, when the repairs were completed, affirming that the repaired structure was perfectly safe, beyond all doubt or question, and that such certificate should be printed and posted in all public places. Whether this was offered in good faith or to kill the repairs is unknown, but the result was the same - no one would accept the conditions and January 29 the action was rescinded.

March 16, the committee on Public Buildings, was authorized and instructed, by a vote of seven to one, to secure plans, specifications and estimates of the cost for a new market house, one story in height, on the former site, at a cost not exceeding $12,000.00, and proceeded, without delay, to contract for its erection, and June 8 the committee reported the award to Charles McDill for $11,- 600.00, the structure to be completed February 1. 1864.

July 20, it was announced that considerable dissatisfaction existed among the people respecting the site selected, and an election was ordered to be held the first Monday in August to determine the question, the tickets to read "Old Site," and "New Site;" it does not appear that the election was held, and old citizens do not remember one, the site was not changed, but September 14 a lengthy petition was preserted asking that the building be two stories, and September 21 a twostory building was ordered. These interruptions delayed the work and Julv 4, 1864, instructions were given that the lower floor should be fitted with stalls for butchers and heavy produce and the upper for light produce, and although no revocation of these orders is recorded they were not executed, and the building was made into a citv office and market house. August 15 the stone and brick work were reported completed and September 15, 1864, the building appears to have been completed. *

City Prisons

The city building, which formerly stood at Fourth street and Fountain alley, is described under the head of the Fire Department; the date of its erection has not been ascertained but probably occurred during the twenties ; when the court house of 1874 was erected the county paid the city to vacate and as officers of the city were accommodated in the market building a city prison had to be provided. A lot was purchased at the southwest corner of Fountain and Potter alleys, and August 24, 1874, bids for the construction of a two story, brick building, were opened and the contract was awarded to T. B. Townsend for $4,199.00.

During 1884, the proposition to erect a joint county and city workhouse was agreed to and the comely and commodious two story brick building, at the southwest corner of Fourth and South streets was erected, in which the Mayor's office, Police Court room, dwelling for the superintendent of the workhouse and offices for its officers are located, with the city jail and joint workhouse in the rear.

In June, 1800, a canoe, carrying five men, a woman, a young girl and a two-year-old child, while ascending the Licking, capsized opposite the site of the Infirmary and one man, the woman, girl and child were drowned. The body of the latter was found and buried near Duncan's Falls, but the other three were found near the site of the present B. & O. railroad bridge, across the Licking, and were buried on the banks of the stream, at high water mark, enclosed in bark, peeled from trees, and lined with leaves and grass.

Thus the first burial at Zanesville, was a triple interment and the early visit of the Grim Reaper to the young settlement appears to have directed attention to the necessitv of providing a burying ground, and McIntire, ever awake to the emergencies of the place, and disposed to supply all demands, set apart a tract of ground in what is now North Sixth street, and at present occupied by the plant of the Zanesville Gas Light Company. A number of bodies were interred there, the last being that of James Filley, in 1806, when the Hill burying ground, at the head of Main street, was set apart, McIntire forbid any more interments in the Sixth street lot, and a number of bodies were removed to the new ground, but many were not disturbed and when the gas plant was erected several skeletons were exhumed, but the bones were carefully collected, placed in a box and decently reinterred in the yard. Not many vears ago, the skeleton of a woman was found in the yard, only two feet below the surface; the hair was bright red, plaited and well preserved, and the remains were respectfully reburied where found.

The Hill Burying Ground

ing the body of Elijah Hart, on Sunday, March 18, 1807; no system was observed in digging graves, no record was kept, and each person selected the spot most desired; wooden markers were used, which soon rotted and were displaced, so that the identity of the bodies was lost. Often the grave digger uncovered remains while excavating for a grave, and when this occurred, they were concealed with a few shovelfuls of earth. The city took charge of the grounds in 1816 and appointed a sexton, but when the grounds were abandoned, the location of hundreds of bodies was unknown, and when Main street was graded through the hill a number of unidentified skeletons were exhumed, raked together, shoveled into a cart, hauled to Greenwood and cast into one common excavation, and as there was no record, perhaps among them were the relics of some once prominent citizens,

The Zanesville City Cemetery

The Zanesville City Cemetery was laid out in 1835, the original tract being slightly less than seven and one half acres, which was purchased March 5, 1835, for $476.00; the first burial was the body of Sarah Ann, wife of Jacob Stout, Sunday, October 24, 1835; the second, Lott Barr, a carpenter, and the third, James Durban, grandfather of F. A. Durban. Bodies were removed in large numbers from other grounds and reinterred; during 1852 three tracts of over thirteen acres were added and from time to time additions have been made until the area at present is about one hundred acres. At a meeting of the cemetery trustees, June 22, 1887, attended bv Messrs. Lindsay, Hahn and Stolzenbach, on motion of the latter it was unanimously resolved,

"That the name of the cemetery known as the City Cemetery, he changed, and that said cemetery shall be named and_ hereafter called Greenwood." For beauty of landscape, natural and ornamental, neatness in apnearance, thoroughness in management and universal adornment by lot owners, it is not surpassed by any similar private or public burial place in the state; its avenues are never free from visitors, strangers mix with residents in viewing the wealth of color which devoted friends daily place upon the resting place of their departed relatives, evincing their regard for the dead and appreciation of the efforts of the officials to invite the living to remember those who have gone before.

In 1850, a charter was secured for the proprietors of Woodlawn Cemetery, and fifty-five and one-half acres were purchased for $4,358.00 from Dr. Increase Mathews; August 5, eighteen gentlemen, each of whom had paid $50.00 for a lot, met at the office of C. C. Convers, at Zanesville, and organized the company; the directors were: Richard Stillwell, Charles B. Goddard, C. C. Convers, Hugh J. Jewett, Henry Blandy, E. Buckingham, and A. A. Guthrie, and the board organized by electing A. A. Guthrie, president; C. C. Russell, secretary, and Daniel Applegate, treasurer. The grounds were improved, during 1852, with walks and avenues, and in 1853 the cemetery was publicly dedicated ; the property was not self sustaining and early in 1896 a proposition was made to the city council to accept the ground as city property, and April 13, the proposition was accepted, and April 20, 1896, an ordinance accepting the deed from the corporation for the premises was passed by a vote of fifteen to one.

Quaker Burying Ground

In 1810 John Dillon donated an acre of ground, near the mouth of Timber Run, which was designated as the Quaker Burying Ground; the first interments were three men, laborers at Dillon's Furnace, at Dillon's Falls, who died in 1815, of what was called the cold plague, and soon after a William Tudor and family were buried there.

The first Catholic cemetery was in the rear of the lot now occupied by the St. Thomas church, in Fifth street, and the first person buried was John S. Dugan, who was accidentally killed near Cumberland, Maryland, March 11, 1825; when the new church was erected in 1842 the bodies were exhumed and reinterred in the new Catholic cemetery, in Greenwood avenue, near the "city" cemetery, containing a fraction less than two acres, purchased August 14, 1835, for $160.00, and dedicated by Bishop Purcell.

The Mt. Calvary cemetery originated at a meeting held at the law office of Hollingsworth and McDermott, December 16, 1881, which was attended by Revs. Francis J. Dunn and C. VY. Metzgar, and Messrs. Edward P. Bloomer, John S. Hollingsworth, L. H. Dennis, John C. Sullivan, Thomas S$. Murphy, Henry J. Dennis, Mathew A. Kernan, Dennis Hayes, Philip Mourin and Thomas McCormick. Articles of association were drafted and signed by all of the foregoing named, and a certificate of incorporation was issued by the State of Ohio, December 24, when the following officers were chosen: Rev. F. J. Dunn, president; E. P. Bloomer, treasurer; John C. Sullivan, secretary; H. J. Dennis, Thomas S. Murphy, Dennis Hayes, M. A. Kernan, J. S. Hollingsworth and Philip Mourin, trustees. 60.76 acres of land on the National road, adjoining the city on the west, were purchased from C. W. Potwin, for $7,500.00, and the surface has been graded to form a pleasing landscape; avenues, drives and paths have been platted and constructed; a receiving vault and frame sexton's residence erected, and the grounds are maintained at the high standard of symmetry and beauty which are so characteristic of the Zanesville cemeteries. FIRE DEPARTMENT.

For nearly twenty vears after the settlement at Zanesville the protection against fire consisted solelv of the bucket brigade, and during 1819 a movement was inaugurated to secure an organization and mechanical appliances for such emergencies ; the Zanesville Express, of December 22, 1819, contained a notice that ""The subscribers to the Fire Engine Company are requested to meet in the court house on Thursday, December 22, at two o'clock p. m., for the purpose of organizing, electing officers and transacting such other business as may be necessary." Fortv members of the first fire company were enrolled as The Union Fire Engine Company, among whom were Michael and John Dulty, Adam and John Peters, Nathaniel and Charles Wilson, Richard and George Reeve, William Twaddle. Joseph Church, Nathaniel Spragtie, S. Deffenbaugh and James Culbertson. and it was alleged they "'were all property holders and business men, and that thev put out the fires - with as little water as possible." The equipment consisted of a hand engine and suction carriage, some ladders and two buckets for each member; the latter bore the name of the company and were kept at the members' homes, and were carried to a fire when an alarm was sounded; the remainder of the equipment was sheltered in a two-story brick building, at the southeast corner of Fourth street and Fountain allev, consisting of two fronts for fire companies; a central hall led to the prison city which extended across the rear of the two fronts; in the second story was the council chamber on one side and the Mayor's office or police court, on the other. The engine and suction were hauled to a fire by ropes carried by men, and when the suction could not be used lines of men. women and children were formed who passed buckets of water to and from the supply and the engine.

February 14, 1840, the General Assembly passed an act incorporating the Union Fire Company of Zanesville, with succession for thirty years, the incorporators being James Raguet.

Daniel Brush, Anthony Wilkins, D. J. Culbertson, William Schultz, Isaac Campbell and their associates and successors, and the membership was very large and contained the names of the most prominent and influential citizens. The council chamber was their club room, in which they had an extensive library and the current periodicals, and where games were played and a strong social feeling was cultivated; a feature of the amusements was a mock court before which a member was liable to be presented for imaginary or ridiculous offences. The last meeting of this popular organization was held June 12, 1874.

November 19, 1836, the Merchants' Fire company was organized with one hundred members, among whom were Col. John T. Fracker, Bernard Van Horne, Elias Ebert, Isaac Campbell, Daniel Brush, James Raguet, Anthony Wilkins, Samuel Clark, Daniel Applegate, Horatio J. Cox, George Rishtine, Josiah S. Copeland, William Blocksom, E. T. Cox, John D. Dare. Each wore a red badge with M. F. C. in gold letters upon it, and they occupied the public building, but they did not continue many years and appear to have been more an auxiliary to the Union than an independent company.

January 10, 1839, a meeting was held in the Senate Chamber and the Relief Fire Company was organized with such men as Robert Hazlett, G. L. Shinnick, N. G. Abbott, James Sheward, Robert Lashley, John Printz, Horace Granger, Zeph. Clements, John Galigher, Thomas F. Nevitt, John Launder and many others whose names were prominent in their generation. The equipment consisted of a larger engine than the "Union," which was styled "Little Old Hydraulic'" and a suction, and occupied the south half of the public building.

These two companies comprised the fire department for many vears, the building and equipment being owned by the city, the members being volunteers and serving from patriotic motives; it was a frequent practice for the companies to have competitive drills to determine which could prepare for service in the shortest time and throw the stream the greatest distance, and as the power was human muscle, with one row of men on the deck of the engine and another on the ground, their movements were controlled by the foreman, who encouraged or denounced them, and shouted instructions through the large brass speaking trumpet, the contest being witnessed py the assembled crowds with as much interest and "rooting" as the more modern ball games. When the water works were erected the engine and _ suction carriage became obsolete, those of the Union being sold and a two wheeled hose cart being substituted ; later the "Union boys" procured a four wheeled carriage by private subscriptions. The Relief engine and suction remained in the house, and the former was later the nucleus of a fire company in West Zanesville, but a hose cart was never supplied the Relief company, and the organization became dormant. As there was practically only one fire company in the city the Hope Hose Company was organized May 5, 1851, with a very large membership, and one of the members, Matthias Hanniss, was presented with a silver medal for saving the court house from destruction by fire. The company's first shelter was in a small frame on the south side of Market street, between Court alley and Fourth street, but the frame blacksmith shop at Sewer alley and Market street became its first home; the equipment was a two wheeled hose cart purchased at Cincinnati, and the city erected the two story, brick hose house still standing at the corner of Market and Sewer alley, when they were furnished a four wheeled cart. When the paid fire department was inaugurated the Hope hose house became headquarters until the erection of the Central building on Sixth street, and company No. 1 of the paid department occupied this structure.

At the organization of the Star Hose Company, May 1, 1852, sixty members were enrolled and their first home was on the east side of Seventh street, near Elm, and the two-story brick hose house was built nearly opposite; a two wheeled cart was the first equipment but later a fourwheeled one was supplied, built on the model of the Union; upon the creation of the paid department the building was the station of the second company.

Fifty members were enrolled at the formation of the Eagle Hose Company, May 10, 1852, and they were stationed on the north side of Marietta street, near Eighth, and later were housed in the two story, brick house built by the city on the south side of the street and which was razed in 1go4 to permit the erection of a modern station for the paid department company, which had occupied the original structure. The first equipment of the Eagle was an old two-wheeled cart, but later a four-wheel carriage, on the model of the Union, was supplied, and upon the organization of the paid department the building was the station of Company No. 4.

In 1852 there were four companies, the Union and Hone near the center of the city, the Star in north Seventh street, and the Eagle in Marietta street, and as the ladders owned by the first named were too heavy for efficient service in emergencies, a number of old hose company menbers withdrew and formed an independent company, with forty members, as the Rescue Hook and Ladder Company, No. 5, composed of merchants, bankers, professional men and clerks ; their social standing secured for them the sobriquet of "silk stockings." but they were not afraid of fire or water, and were efficient fire Ahehters notwithstanding their occupation. The company was organized about 1858, and purchased truck and ladders at Baltimore, Maryland, which were paid for by private funds, and when it arrived was housed in one of the store rooms in the new Masonic Temple, at Market and Fourth streets. The County Commissioners gave a free use of ground on the public square, on the east side of Fourth street, about midway the block between Fountain alley and Main street, and upon it an ornamental two story, brick building was erected, with buttressed pilasters on the front and corners, and gothic doors and windows; the building cost $2,875.00, of which sum the city contributed $1,000.00, the remainder being donations from the members and their friends, which was augmented by dances and other entertainments; the second story was fitted as a reading room and place of assembly and amusement, and the organization proved more social than the Union. Each member provided, at his own expense, a leather hat, belt and water proof cape, and when the war came the company was in debt the small sum of $250.00 on the building; thirty-four of the forty members volunteered and before the war closed nearly ever man was in the army; the company was practically dormant, and the city council refused to protect the property for the absent soldiers, who offered it to the city on condition that the debt be paid; judgment was taken, the truck was sold and the city took possession of the building under its contribution and rented it to the county for use of the Auditor and Treasurer. August 12, 1867, D. Foerster, C. W. Fletcher, H. C. Lillibridge, Hugh Dunne, W. H. Nevitt, Willis Bailey and Jacob Swarts represented to council, in a communication, that they were members of the Rescue Hook and Ladder Company and had a $600.00 interest in the building, which the city had ceased to use for fire purposes, and offered to release their claim upon it to the city if the latter would pay the amount to the Children's Home, which was accepted by a vote of seven to one.

Upon the annexation of Natchez, West Zanesville and Putnam five new hose companies were created, and the city erected houses for the organizations. The Muskingum Fire Company was organized June 1, 1853, with fifty enrolled members and the engine of the Relief Fire Engine Company, of Zanesville; it declined, and when annexation occurred was reorganized with a membership of forty, in 1871, as the Reliance Hose Company, which name was. later changed to the Relief and occupied the two-story brick hose house, in Keene street: the volunteer company disbanded April 1, 1878, and the station became Company 3, of the paid department. June 30, 1870, Relief Hose Company No. 7 was organized in Natchez, with forty members, and occupied the two-story brick hose house at Pine street and Muskingum avenue; December 29, 1874, a reorganization was made as Rescue No. 7, and became the home of paid Company No. 6 upon the dissolution of the volunteer department. The 76 hose company was organized April 15, 1872, equipped with a reel purchased at Philadelphia, and located in the new hose house built for the purpose in Monroe street, but the company disbanded June 1, 1874. The Neptune Hose Company was formed May 17, 1872, with thirty members, as an independent reserve, to attend all fires in the Fourth ward, and large fires beyond those limits; the city accepted the organization May 25, 1872, and located them in the house at Main and Ninth streets. The Niagara Hose Company was organized July 5, 1872, with fiftyeight members and occupied the new building at Putnam avenue and Madison street; it disbanded March 27, 1876, with twenty-two active members, and paid Company No. 5 was assigned to the building.

During 1874 the necessity for a better organization of the firemen became apparent; the volunteers were allowed $150.00 per annum by the city for furniture, etc., for the halls on the second floors of the hose houses, and all other expenses for social purposes were paid by the members: the service was excellent for a village but the demands of a city rested too heavily upon volunteers, and the industrial conditions made a change essential. June 1, 1874, the Fire Committee of Council reported that during May a new company of twenty-four men had been enrolled and accepted, and July 13 they again reported that they had attended called meetings of ail the companies except the Reliance, in West Zanesville, and that a general conference of the entire department had been held June 8, at which the Union, Neptune, 76, Relief. Reliance and Niagara had agreed, conditionally, to serve under a fire chief, and the Hope, Eagle and Star had positively refused, and only two companies were willing to do so unconditionally. The committee recommended that the Union, Hope, Eagle, Star, 76 and Reliance companies be disbanded, and new ones formed to serve under a chief, and the opinion was expressed that a paid department should be inaugurated. July 20 an ordinance creating the office of fire engineer and assistant fire engineer was adopted by a vote Ora etal, and all the regulations creating and governing volunteer companies were repealed.

The formation of fire companies was vigorously conducted and August 24 report was made that a company with twenty-one members in West Zanesville, oe with twenty-three members at the Marietta street station and one with twentynine members at the 76 station had been formed and accepted, and September 7, 1874, John W.

McCormick was confirmed as Chief of the Fire Department. December 28, 1874, the Fire Committee reported that it had "lost all hope of organizing volunteer companies in the Second and Fifth wards," and had under consideration the unprotected condition of the First, Second and Fifth wards with three men at Hope and two at Star houses, with insufficient force to get a hose carriage to a fire, and recommended that the fire engineer be instructed, without delay, to have two of the hose carriages fitted to attach a horse, purchase horses and harness and consolidate the force at the Hope house; January II, 1875, the report was agreed to except that the companies were maintained at the two houses.

August 21, 1876, the ordinance of July 20, 1874, was repealed and the office of Fire Engineer was created and September 23 an appropriation of $1,000.00 was made to inaugurate a telegraphic fire alarm system; May 26, 1879, an ordinance was passed to regulate the formation and government of fire companies, which prescribed that each should have two fully paid firemen and one runner, with a horse to be attached to each reel, or hook and ladder truck, and its adoption sounded the death of the volunteer fire department. The system has grown until the city possessess a department of which it has great reason to be satisfied. In 1890 the present handsome "Central" fire station was erected in Sixth street near Main, and made the headquarters of the department. The Chief, Assistant Chief and six men are assigned to man the chemical engine, hook and ladder truck and chief's wagon, at this station, for whose use five horses are maintained. The appointments at each of the other stations consist of three men, two horses and one reel, located as follows: No. 2, at Monroe street; No. 3, Keene street; No. 4, Marietta street; NGass; Putnam avenue; No. 6, Pine street. The fire alarm telegraph has been developed until all parts of the city are covered and sixty-three boxes are in circuit.

Water Works

In May, 1816, the town council granted the privilege to Wyllys Silliman and David J. Marple, of constructing a reservoir and laying water pipes in the streets and alleys; work was begun in 1817 by the construction of a cut stone reservoir, puddled with clay and arched with brick; it was only a large cistern, 25 by 75 feet, 9 feet high, erected upon the surface of the ground near the corner of Underwood street and Fountain alley. The springs in the surrounding hills were very strong, on account of the dense forests and their flow was conducted to the cistern in pipes; iron was impossible of procurement and elm, poplar and oak logs, in short sections, were used with holes ranging from two and one-half to three and one-half inches in diameter bored through them; joints were formed by driving tapered ends into each other, and the preparation of the pipe was conducted on the lot at south-east corner of Market and Sixth streets.

The main was laid in Fountain alley to Third street, with branches on the cross streets, but the pipes froze quickly in cold weather, and the flavor of the wood was so freely imparted to the water that it was unsuited for drinking or culinary purposes. Hydrants were constructed of smaller wooden pipe, about seven feet in length, driven into the main, the upper end plugged and a wooden or brass faucet inserted in the side. As the reservoir was only slightly above the elevation of the hydrants, pressure was lacking and when one hydrant was open on the line water could not be drawn from those beyond it. The minimum price for a family was $5.00 per annum, but the projectors never collected a cent from the users and the entire enterprise was a failure and a loss to the owners. In 1831 the reservoir was sold and the stone used for building purposes.

A quarter century elapsed before an effort was made to supply the town with water and on June 14, 1841, the City Council appointed a Water Works Committee of three members, with James Crosby as secretary. Two of the committee were instructed to visit Wheeling, Steubenville and Pittsburg and report a system of public water supply adapted to Zanesville; June 29 their report was submitted and the expense of the trip was given as $54.00; when it is recalled that railroads were not then in existence and the trip was made by stage, the promptness with which they discharged their duty was not only commendable, but the economy exercised is worthy of record and emulation at this later day; the expense is in contrast with bills for similar services rendered in these days of rapid transit, parlor cars and palatial hostelries.

The Council was not dilatory in acting and July 24 approved a plan to construct a power house on the canal embankment, "fifty feet from north to south and forty feet from east to west ;" the lower story walls were ordered to be constructed of Lock masonry, twenty-two feet in height, the first ten feet to be five feet thick; the upper story to be of brick, eight feet high; the pump chamber to be ten feet in the clear and the force pump to be twelve inches in diameter and have a stroke of four and one-half feet.

A contract was made July 6 and amended August 2 for the excavation of a reservoir on the town lot, on Harvey's hill, the center of the lot "to be the center of the west line of said reservoir, extending thence north sixty-five feet and south an equal distance; the east line of said reservoir to be of the same length, and the north and south sides to be sixty feet each, making an oblong square of 130 by 60 feet; the reservoir to be sunk ten feet below a level 180 feet above low water mark at the lock at the canal." The reservoir was lined and paved with brick and November 9 a contract was made for an enlargement, the whole to be completed by April 1, 1842. The stonework for the power house was contracted September 7, 1841, and October 18, 1841, F. J. L. Blandy contracted to make iron pipe at the following prices: three-inch, forty-two cents; fourinch, fifty-five and one-half cents; six-inch, eighty-one and one-third cents; seven-inch, ninety-four and one-half cents; eight inch, $1.08; ten-inch, $1.50 per foot.

Work was not commenced during the autumn of 1841 and the record of April 16, 1842, reads: "The board met agreeably to appointment on the embankment of the canal, above the lower (Third street) bridge; present, Trustees Davidson, Adams and Galigher, and agreed unanimously to locate the power house on said embankment, having the south wall sixty feet above the lower bridge." The structure thus authorized is now occupied by Abel's box factory; the power was water moving a wheel supplied by a race and corebay from the canal, the intake pipe being in the river. The contract for the brick work of the power house was let March 29, 1842.

The main supply pipe was laid in Fountain alley, with branches at each street intersection, and July 22, 1842, fire plugs were ordered placed at each street intersection from Seventh to Second streets, and blanks at the alley crossings. The date of the opening of the works is not recorded and is indefinite; the first collections for water rent were made May 18, 1843, for the preceding six months ; a memorandum of the period during which water was used for pumping, made when the station was abandoned, fixed the commencement at July 9, 1842, and it is very probable that the service began in October or November, 1842, as the first rates were determined October 6, 1842, for three families:

The next day barber shops were rated at $6.00; private baths, $1.00; shops, stores and warehouses, $2.00; smith shops, each fire, $2.00; horses, 50 cents; manufacturers, on a moderate scale, $10.00 per annum. The provision for private baths in families, sixty years ago, indicates that the comforts of life were not unknown in Zanesville at that day, but it appears that the water was heated and poured into the tub, the attachments now so familiar and essential in such apparatus being unknown.

Although he had been dead a quarter century, McIntire enabled the city to erect the works upon easy terms; $30,497.05 was borrowed from the Zanesville Canal and Manufacturing Company, the executors of his estate, at six per cent. interest for a period of twenty-four years from January 1, 1842. The improvement was called Belleview Water Works, and the aggregate cost to April 1, 1844, was $39,066.40, of which sum the reservoir cost $5,672.01. The public system was not generally used, however, and the report for the year ended March 31, 1846, showed an ageregate possible revenue of $1,483.51, of which $1,406.80 was collected, $16.96 was rebated as corrections and $59.75 was lost as delinquencies and removals.

In 1852 a new reservoir was constructed on Harvey's hill at a cost of $9,952.10, but the necessity for additional storage was soon apparent and July 30, 1863, it was decided to ascertain the price at which land could be secured on water works hill for reservoir purposes; the values which property acquires when needed for public purposes was known at that day, as it was reported August 7th that one lot of .85 acre would cost $2,850.00, and a tract of three acres, north and east of the reservoir, would be discounted to the city for $5,896.00 cash. The prices were considered unreasonable and the solicitor was instructed to condemn, but no action was taken and October roth the price of vacant lots south was ordered to be ascertained but no report was made.

The lessees of the public works permitted the canal to be obstructed with washings and the supply of water was inadequate for pumping purposes; January 10, 1867, the trustees had a conference with the lessees to effect a cleaning of the head of the canal, "in order that the superintendent may be able to run the water wheel." but slight satisfaction was given and the president was directed to visit Pittsburg and procure the services of the superintendent of the water works of that city to make plans and _specifications for erecting steam power, the city council having agreed to borrow money to erect a steam plant; jater Mr. Francis Wedge submitted a plan and he and Mr. Ruth were instructed, February 18, 1867, to submit it to the Pittsburg superintendent.

March 9, 1867, authority was given to purchase a lot at the foot of Fourth street upon which to construct a steam power station, and a portable engine was ordered to be attached to the water power plant to supply water during the summer months; March 18th, plans for a steam power plant were ordered to be secured, but friction occurred between the trustees and_ the council, by reason of a resolution of the latter body, April rsth, to the effect that all moneys in payment for the improvements must be drawn on the order of the finance committee of the council; the next day the trustees protested that the council's action took from them the control of the work and it was incompatible with their duty to enter into any further contracts until the council should signify its intention to place the funds under the control of the trustees. An adjustment of the differences was effected, but the troubles of the trustees multiplied and August 7th they were obliged to cancel the contract for the erection of the power house, as the contractors were unable to complete it. January 11, 1868, the cost of the improvements aggregated $54,- 294.02, and council was asked to increase the issue of bonds to $75,000.00. Service by the steam plant began early. in 1868 but the date is not recorded.

The annexation of Natchez and West Zanesville having been accomplished, on July 12, 1871, propositions were considered for 720 feet of flexible pipe to be laid across the river, and August 22d a contract was executed for a submerged pipe from the foot of Market to the foot of Lee street, which cost $66,008.66, Natchez being supplied by a pipe across the Licking; the annexation of Putnam required the introduction of the city water and April 29, 1872, the trustees considered propositions for a supply of pipe for the extension to that portion of the city. This river connection cost $59,976.56 and was laid during an extremely low stage of water, plows being used to turn furrows in which to lay the pipe, and a large saving in both labor and material was thereby effected; in 1873 a main was laid to Natchez from Putnam by way of the Dug Road, at an expense of $5,053.22.

The increased demand for water compelled the trustees, May 18, 1872, to order an engine, boiler and pump for the old power house, and to take action for increasing both pumping and storage facilities. The location of the pumping' station below the outlets of the sewers suggested that additions to the existing plant were not desirable, and May 30, 1872, an order was given for brick for additional reservoirs on Blandy and Water Works' hills; June 17th the immediate construction of the reservoirs was ordered and estimates were directed to be obtained for the cost of new power houses; on the succeeding day the board viewed the Blandy hill site and visited the Mill Run bridge site of the proposed power house, both of which were approved and orders were given for the acquisition of the needed land ; a month later the power houses and equipment were ordered and August 3d a stand pipe was located. March 23, 1873, the Mill Run power house was contracted for at $7,250.00, and the power house on the hill for $4,227.00. The new plant was put in operation November 7. 187%, and in 1875 the power plants on the canal were abandoned, the city having paid the state $7,586.70 for water power from July 9, 1842, to November 1, 1875, or on an average of $19.00 per month. Later a larger stand pipe was erected to supply the distant elevated portions of the city.

Mayors Of Zanesville

The first election under the revised city charter occurred April 15, 1850, and the city elections were held in April until the new municipal code became operative in 1903, and after the first election the spring elections were abolished.

The municipal code of 1903 provided for so many radical changes in the city organization that the ticket of 1903 presented several new officials; the first election under the code resulted as follows:

Mayor, Wm. B. Deacon; president of council, F, S. Gates; city auditor, H. H. Kennedy; board of public service, H. Eugene Printz, C. A. Barton, J. E. Crotzer; police judge, G. L. Foley; councilmen at large, Albert E. Boone, Charles E. Swingle, Wm. R. Galigher; ward councilmen, ist, F. A. Bohn; 2d, Wm. Reich, Jr.; 3d, Daniel B. Gary; 4th, C. H. Flesher.

The second election was held in November, 1904, when the following were elected: Councilman at large, Wm. R. Galigher; ward councilmen, Ist, F. A. Bohn; 3d, Daniel B. Gary.

A Rhyming Mayoralty Report

fines and licenses during the quarter ended December 31, 1865, aggregating $1,033.25, and with it a special report which the record states, on motion of Mr. Applegate, '"'was accepted and the thanks of the council tendered the mayor, marshal and policemen." Those who knew Mr. James will be surprised as much by the humor as the versification, as his austere exterior gave no indication of so much "'goodfellowship."'

Lutheran

EDUCATION, COMPRISING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. COMMERCIAL COLLEGE. PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. THE PARISH SCHOOLS ARE DESCRIBED UNDER THE ST. THOMAS AND ST. NICHOLAS ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES AND THE TRINITY EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN.

The first school within the present limits of the city of Zanesville was opened by David Harris, in 1800, in a log cabin on the river bank, between Licking river and Lee street, in West Zanesville, that settlement containing nearly all the children of school age; the attendants from Natchez came in canoes and those from Zanesville waded the stream in low water. The first school in the original city was held by Joseph Jennings, in a log cabin on the west side of Second street, between Main street and Fountain alley, but the attendance was small and the greater number cafhe from Natchez, West Zanesville and the country. The next school was opened by Daniel Dimmick, in 1804, in a cabin on public ground on Putnam Hill and was plainly seen from the Zanesville side of the river. The alternation occurred in 1805, when Zanesville's first school house was erected of logs, with a dirt floor, at northeast corner of Market street and Potter alley, and was conducted by Samuel Herrick. In 1808 the school house on Putnam Hill was again occupied by Charles Roberts and from this time mental training does not appear to have been unattended to; succeeding schools were conducted in a log cabin on the site of the present Kirk House; northeast corner of Sixth and North; in the old frame court house, where the higher branches, including Latin and Greek, were taught; in Frazey's tavern, at Sixth street and Locust alley; Seventh street and Fountain alley; and by "Mother Goff" at northeast corner of Main street and Cyprus alley. Books were rare and expensive and soon wore out and she constructed a paddle, with the alphabet on one side and spelling lessons on the reverse, which was more durable, and legend asserts that she employed it for other than strictly intellectual purposes. Indeed, the ancient pedagogues acted upon a literal interpretation of a paraphrase of a familiar quotation :

A system of bonding, or bailing, prevailed among the early teachers with respect to girls; a boy was permitted to become security for the good behavior of a girl, and the punishment for infraction of rules, which otherwise would have been inflicted upon her, was imposed upon the boy hostage; the rule required that the substitute should be held by another boy while submitting to the chastisement, but legend affirms that the instances in which a girl forfeited her bond were exceedingly rare.

Zanesville Academy

When Zanesville was platted the proprietors devoted the west half of two lots at northeast corner of Market street and Potter alley to educational purposes, and in 1818, after the death of McIntire, the surviving partner, Jonathan Zane, executed a deed for the ground to Daniel Convers and others, for school purposes. Mr. Convers and thirty others organized an association, limited to fifty-three shares, at $25.00 each, which were all subscribed, and the Market Street Academy was erected. In consideration of the use of the third story for lodge purposes, the lodge of Amity of the Freemasons contributed one-third of the cost of constructing the threestory brick building which still stands in Market street, immediately west of the former Masonic hall. The first school was opened in February, 1822, and each stockholder was privileged to send a pupil for each share of stock; the building became city property in 1858 and was maintained for school purposes until about 1885.

Mcintire School

John McIntire provided, in his will, that if his daughter should die without children, his entire estate should be devoted to the "use and support of a poor school,' which his executors should "establish in the town of Zanesville, for the use of the poor children of said town." The Mc- Intire Academy, northeast corner of Fifth and North streets, was erected and opened in April. 1836, to carry out the designs of the testator, and was maintained by the McIntire Board until 1856, when the graded schools were so well established that it was thought the purposes would be most successfully accomplished by placing the school under the control of the City Board of Education. Two influences operated to bring about this action; the public schools were much preferred by parents, because there was no implication of "poor children" in attending them, and the McIntire Academy had, in consequence, not been successful; and circumstances made it undesirable to comply with the letter of the will respecting investments, and the transfer of the building to the control of the city was regarded as a satisfactory, temporary measure, the Mc- Intire Board agreeing to sustain the expenses of the school until the tedious process of litigation to procure an interpretation of the will could be followed to a conclusion. Suit was instituted but a decision was not reached until 1868, when the Supreme Court decreed that the administrators "must discontinue the present plan of applying a portion of the proceeds of said trust funds in aid of the common or public schools of Zanesville."

Q& PASDy As DD PES ean was John M. Howe, who had previously conducted a private "Seminary" at North and Seventh streets, and continued as principal for a decade or more. He was assisted by A. E. Howe and George Miller, and later by Thomas H. Patrick, and the curriculum included Latin, Greek and other advanced branches. Theodore D. Martindale succeeded Mr. Howe, with Mr. Patrick and two female assistants, and he was superseded by Joseph Davidson; the last principal, under the McIntire exclusive direction, was thomas H. Patrick.

The \eclIntire contributions had been exceedingly helpful to the city schools and after the decision of the court, in 1868, the Board of Education inquired of the McIntire Board whether any legal method could be devised whereby the \cIntire money could be continued, and was informed that if a statute could be enacted authorizing the plan the McIntire Board would be satisfied with the following: The Board of Education to place in charge of the McIntire Board as many schools as the McIntire fund would support, and the latter would make rules and appoint and pay teachers for the same, and admit thereto children who were not classed ''poor ;" the Board of Education to act as the agent of the estate, conduct the schools and admit "poor children" to the other schools. The desired statute was passed May 5, 1868, ana six schools, known as the John McIntire schools, were opened and conducted under the agreement until 1880.

September 12, 1873, the McIntire Board voted $800.00 per vear for books and clothing for poor children, to be distributed by the Board of Education through teachers appointed by the Mc- Intire Board. January 21, 1877, a special additional donation of $200.00 was made and May 24, 1878, the aggregate donation was $1,800.00. May 19, 1880, the contribution was reduced to $800.00; increased to $1,200.00 January 4, 1881, and reduced to $1,000.00 in 1882. October 7, 1885, an extra donation of $630.00 was made, and December 8, 1893, another $400.00 was added. January 2, 1894, the annual sum was fixed at $1,300.00, and March 26, 1898, a special appropriation was made in aid of flood sufferers. April 7. 1902, the last appropriation of $1,300.00 was made and the Board of Education informed that the income of the estate would not permit further donations.

A sunmiary of the amounts contributed by the MeIntire estate exhibits the princely liberality of Zanesville's founder. The cost of constructing and maintaining the McIntire Academy to the time it was placed in charge of the City Board of Education was $47,288.44, and the expenses paid and contributions made until the cessation in 1902 was $220,856.00, an aggregate of $268,- 1450:

Aluskringcain Gor Mey General School Law'S

The first general school law was enacted by the General Assembly in 1824-5 and provided for three directors in each school district, and the Zanesville schools were conducted in accordance therewith, and were of the same ungraded character as rural schools. - At the call of the school directors of the Zanesville district, a citizens' meeting was held in the Senate chamber, December 29, 1838, and a committee appointed to draft a bill for the better regulation of the city schools, and another committee to "lobby."' February 13, 1839, the special bill for the "Support and Better Regulation of the Schools of the Town of Zanesville' became a law, and provided that on or before the first day of the succeeding April six school directors should be elected, two for one year, two for two years and two for three years, and annually thereafter two to serve for three years, but only freeholders, householders and heads of families were permitted to vote; the clirectors were to determine "the number and description of buildings necessary for school purposes in said town and report the same in writing to the council," and 'that thereupon it shall be the duty of said council, at the expense of said town, to purchase said site or sites and cause to be erected thereon, under the supervision of said board, such school building, or buildings, as may be described in said report." The board was authorized, "when the public money was insufficient, to supply the deficiency by a tax upon the parents and guardians of pupils attending, in proportion to the time of their attendance, and to exempt from such tax such parents or guardians as, in the opinion of the board, were unable to pay it, and were not entitled to send to the Mc- Intire school.

April 1, 1839, the election was held and April 6th the board organized and selected locations and opened schools in rented buildings as follows: Market and Fifth streets; Fifth street, between Main and South streets; Sixth street, near Marietta; old Methodist church, between First and Second streets ; first and second floors in the Market street academy; basement of the Market Street Baptist church; Harris' school room, in Third street.

February 15, 1840, the erection of the first school house was ordered on the hill at the head of Main street, opposite St. Nicholas' church, and familiarly known as the old high school, The contract for the construction was awarded March 12th, at $3,750.00, and it was completed and occupied November 6, 1840, when several rented rooms were vacated and other changes made in their arrangement. December 9, 1841, the John Ml. Howe "Seminary" building, at Seventh and North streets, was purchased for $1,500.00 and occupied April 1, 1842, and with this event the history of the graded schools in Zanesville begins. In September, 1842, the organization, as completed, was the male seminary installed in the new brick hill school. building, and the female seminary occupying the Howe seminary building. Each was divided into a senior and junior department, with a principal in each and a sufficient number of assistants. The income from taxation was insufficient to maintain the organization and tuition fees of $1.00 per quarter, in the junior, and $1.50 per quarter, in the senior department, were charged against residents, and $3.00 and $4.00, respectively, per quarter against non-residents. A serious historical loss was sustained April 7, 1845, in the destruction by fire of the records of the schools in the burning of the residence of the secretary of the board.

First Superintendent

In February, 1852, \Ir. George W. Batchelder was chosen superintendent of all the schools, at a salary of $1,000.00, and twelve teachers constituted the corps of instructors. In May, 1852, the female seminary was destroyed by fire and the schools were reopened in the basement of the Seventh Street Methodist Episcopal church and the \larket street academy; the loss stimulated the board to provide permanent and more suitable accommodations for the schools, and a committee was named to select sites for four ward buildings and a high school. The council authorized the issue of bonds to an aggregate of $25,000.00, and in April, 1853, lots for the Center and Harvey street buildings were purchased, and the superintendent sent to Cleveland, Sandusky and Columbus to inspect the school buildings and advise the board upon the most desirable plans. In July, 1853, contracts were awarded for the erection of the Center and Harvey streets buildings, at $7,645.00 each, exclusive of the stone work, and they were completed in April. 1855; at the same time the building on the hill was ordered placed in condition for high-school purposes. In the spring of 1853 the first school for the education of colored children was established ; the law then in force required a separate board of directors, elected by the colored people, and the cost of the school was met by taxes levied upon the property of the colored people.

In October, 1854, Mr. Batchelder resigned and the records bear witness to his efficiency in adapting the means at his command to the inauguration of

The Graded School System

Mr. Almon Samson became superintendent in April, 1855, and Mr. Charles W. Chandler, principal of the first high school; the city school system was then organized into departments - the Primary, with a course of three years; the Secondary, of three years; Senior, of three years, and High-School, with courses of two, four and five years, respectively. Mr. Samson resigned at the close of the school year in July, 1857, when there were thirty-one teachers and one high school, two Senior, five Secondary, ten Primary, one unclassified and one colored school; the white enumeration in attendance being 1,500.

During 1856 ground was bought for the Rural school, in the northeast portion of the city, and the building was erected and the school opened during the school year of 1857-8.

Mr. M. D. Leggett succeeded Mr. Samson, as superintendent, at a salary of $1,200.00, and in his first report commented upon the simplicity and thoroughness of the work planned by his predecessor, and remarked that "there are in the city but very few patrons of our schools who would be willing to have any material alteration made. either in the course of study or classification." Night schools were maintained from November to March and the schools progressed favorably. January 7, 1862, Mr. Leggett resigned to accept the colonelcy of the Seventy-eighth Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry, a regiment which earned honor for itself and the county from which it was recruited.

Mr. Charles W. Chandler, principal of the high school, was chosen superintendent at a salary of $1,000.00, but the exigencies of the times made economy essential and at the close of the school year the superintendency was abolished, and a reduction made in salaries; reports are very incomplete, and at the close of the year there were thirty-five teachers and an enrollment of 2,110 pupils.

In June, 1865, Mr. Chandler resigned as principal of the high school, and Mr. A. T. Wiles was elected at a salary of $1,000.00: no official changes occurred until the close of the school year 1869-70, when the office of superintendent was revived and Mr. Wiles placed in charge of the schools at a salary of $1,500.00, and Miss Margaret Stults selected as principal of the high school, at a salary of $1,000.00. During this scholastic year the Stemler building, in Marietta street, had been erected and occupied and the Presbyterian Mission Sunday School building, in Monroe street, had been purchased for public school purposes.

During 1870 Natchez, or South Zanesville, was annexed and with it came the Pear street building, and later in that year West Zanesville was added to the city and placed the Moore building, a four-room brick structure, in charge of the Zanesville Board. During 1872 Putnam was annexed, with the two-room brick building, in Woodlawn avenue, and the four-room brick build-

100 PAS ing, at Madison street and Moxahala avenue; only a nominal control of the Putnam schools was exercised until the close of the year that the schools might not be impaired by a change in the midst of the course. By these additions the teaching corps was increased from forty-five to sixty persons; Rev. R. S. James succeeded Miss Stults, as principal of the high school during ley2

During 1873, at the request of the Board of Education, the City Council erected the six-room brick building in Monroe street; a four-room brick building in Columbia street, and added two rooms to the Moore building, at Park and Amelia streets, the cost of the improvements being $30,000.00.

The special law for the Zanesville schools, of 1839, made no provision for a levy by the Board of Education, but directed that the City Council should annually appropriate a sufficient sum to meet the expenses of the schools. In 1849 the law was amended which authorized the Board of Education, in certain cities, to determine the levy for the maintenance, but did not vest them with the power to make a levy for the purchase of sites and the erection of buildings. In 1851 this provision was, by special enactment, extended to Zanesville and the Board of Education could levy for contingent expenses, but was dependent upon the council for improvements. The several statutes were conflicting and inconsistent, and at times it was difficult to determine the authority of either body, under complex conditions. The general school law of 1873 removed all doubts by vesting in the Board of Education the title of all property formerly held by the City Council, and authorized the former to provide for all expenses, by a levy of not exceeding seven mills, and when necessary, to borrow money on bonds for sites and buildings.

At the opening of the school year, 1875-6, Mr. W. D. Lash succeeded Rev. R. S. James, as principal of the high school, and September 27, 1875, a four-room brick building was ordered erected in Jackson street at a cost of $5,525.00.

May 9, 1876, two petitions were presented from citizens, asking economy in the operation of the schools, and the subject was referred to a committee who recommended that district principals be abolished, and the school organization be revised, but the proposition was not agreed to, and salaries were revised.

June 12, 1878, a two-room addition was ordered erected to the Rural building, and the contract was awarded, July 17, at $1,182.00, and a tworoom brick building was ordered built on Moxahala avenue. Mr. Wiles resigned as superintendent, and Mr. W. D. Lash was chosen as his successor and Mr. H. A. Axline as principal of the high school.

The increase in the colored schools and the demand for more advanced courses caused the inauguration, at the beginning of the school year 1878-9, of a colored high school in a building on Ninth street, and Mr. Charles S. Harrison, a colored man of high attainments, was appointed principal, at a salary of $600.00. The demand for more room for both white and colored schools was very great and the solution was beyond the ability of the board with the resources at its command.

December 29, 1879, Mr. H. A. Axline resigned as principal of the high school and Mr. C. R. Long was elected to the vacancy. In May, 1880, lots were purchased in the "old Seventh ward" for $800.00 and a two-room brick building was erected at a cost of $2,800.00, and is now known as the Munson building; during 1880-1 a remodelling and enlargement of the Madison street building was effected at a cost of $4,000.00, the crowded condition of the schools in that neighborhood rendering the action a positive necessity. June 28, 1881, the district principal was abolished and the entire supervision placed in charge of the superintendent, and some modifications made in the government of the buildings, in consequence of the innovation.

The isolation and elevation of the high school building; the dilapidated condition of the Market street academy ; the unsanitary surroundings and accommodations in the Masonic building, and the inadequate provisions for the colored schools on the east side of the river, made a large central building essential, and that the problem was complex the records of the board fully attest. June 20, 1881, the purchase of the lot on east side of Sixth, between North and Center streets was ordered, and January 14, 1882, the plans and specifications for a three-story, twelve-room brick building were approved, and the handsome high school building was constructed and completed for the opening of the schools for the year 1883-4, at a cost of $38,801.83. The old high school was at once put in good repair for the use of the colored schools on the east side of the river, and the colored schools opened there in September, 1883, and the former buildings in Ninth street sold as unsuited for educational purposes. At the close of the year in June, 1884, Mr. C. R. Long resigned the principalship of the high school and Mr. J. M. Seright was chosen, and at the close of the school year, 1885-6, he resigned and was succeeded by Mr. L. L. H. Austen.

During 1886-7 an addition of two rooms was made to the Columbia building, at an expense of $3,000.00; during this year the colored schools were closed, by reason of a statute which required the admission of colored pupils to the white schools, a measure which has been unfortunate in its results, as colored graduates are

July 30, 1888, Mr. Willis M. Townsend succeeded Mr. Austen as principal of the high school. February 27, 1888, the site for the Lincoln building, in Sheridan street, was purchased ; June 3, 1889, the plans were approved, and August 20, 1889, the contract for a four-room, brick building was awarded at $9,971.83. July II, 1893, a two-room, brick addition was ordered to the Columbia building at a cost of $3,187.00.

The classes graduating from the high school had been increased in numbers very rapidly, and as the custom had prevailed of having each graduate read an essay, the programme became exceedingly tiresome when two score or more pupils were graduated; afternoon and evening sessions were held with unsatisfactory results, and with each succeeding vear the exercises became more uninteresting. The request of some graduates to be excused from reading was promtly granted, but the number desiring an active part was still too great, and to add to the embarrassment, each class manifested a desire to outshine its predecessor in the appointments of the occasion: the facility with which the pupils requests were granted developed a_ sentiment among the graduates that the board was an agent to execute their wishes, and they were accustomed to indicate what should or should not occur. The members of the board finally evinced an appreciation of the dignity of their position and September 5, 1893. adopted rules governing commencement exercises, and July 22, 1895, made still further rules, declaring that the number of active participants should be limited to nine, three to consist of the three graduates whose averages were the highest; three to be chosen by the class and three to be chosen by the faculty; but no substitutes to be allowed in case of failure to participate.

To encourage pupils in the Grammar grade, who had no intention of entering the high school, to complete the Grammar course, it was decided, April 16, 1894, to issue diplomas of graduation from the Grammar grade, and to hold graduating exercises, during which the diplomas would be formally presented by the superintendent. The first Grammar school commencement was held in Memorial Hall, at the conclusion of the school year, in June, 1894. and at once became very popular.

July 10, 1895, a lot at Luck avenue and Belknap street was purchased for $4,000.00, and August 5 a contract was awarded for the erection of a four-room brick building, for $15,438.00, and was named Garfield; on the same dates five lots fronting on Fair Oaks Park, and two lots on Putnam and Moxahala avenues, adjoining the first named, were purchased for $4,675.00, and contract for the erection of a four-room brick building, at $15,550.00, to be known as Grant; August 12, 1895, a contract was awarded at $6,295.00 for a four-room addition to the Lincoln building.

July 13, 1903, the McIntire school lot, bounded by North, Fifth, Center and Sixth streets, was purchased for $25,000.00; on the same date a communication was read from James Buckingham stating that the trustees and legatees under the will of Mrs. Eunice Buckingham proposed an absolute donation to the Board of Education, of the library so long kept at the Putnam Female Seminary, the same to be known as the "Eunice Hale Buckingham Collection," and to be used as a school library, to be managed by the board so 'as to make said collection as useful to the public, in the cause of education, as it is and shall be possible and practicable." The valuable collection was accepted with grateful acknowledgements, and August 24th rules were adopted for its management.

During November, 1903, a fire seriously damaged the Lincoln building, and only two rooms were uninjured and fit for occupancy; the grammar grades were provided for in the high school, Euclid Avenue Methodist Episcopal church and council chamber, and the primary schools suspended until repairs were made.

May 4, 1904, a committee from the Zanesville Atheneum appeared before the board and _ provosed to convey to it the real estate and library of that venerable institution, which was agreed to May 16, in accordance with the provisions enumerated in the sketch of the Atheneum. July 1, 1904, Willis Mf. Townsend resigned as principal of the high school and AIr. Charles 8. Hoskinson was elected to the position.

The provisions of the new municipal code haying been extended to the school boards, and three members having been determined upon as constituting the Zanesville board, the members were chosen at large at the election held in November, 1904, and the last meeting of the old board was held January 2, 1995. mee it formally adjourned sine die. The new members were then qualified and organized by electing Frederick Geiger. president; Gilbert Snyder, vice president, and Le Ps Humphrey, clerk.

1839-40. Richard Stillwell, president; John A. Turner, secretary, who died and was succeeded by Horatio J. Cox: Charles G. Wilson, treasurer ; Hugh Reed, George W. Manypenny, Allen Cadwallader, who resigned in July, 1840, and was succeeded by Uriah Parke.

102 PAST "AND (PRESENT Hugh Reed, Horatio J. Cox, George W. Manypenny; Mr. Stillwell resigned November 27, 1841, and was succeeded by Jesse Keene.

1841-2. George W. Manypenny, president; Uriah Parke, secretary ; Charles G. Wilson, treasurer; Hugh Reed, Horatio J. Cox, Jesse Keene, who was succeeded by J. W. Foster.

184234. Horatios Js Cox, presidents. Uriah Parke, secretary; Charles G. Wilson, treasurer 5 Mark Loudan, Adam Peters, John W. Foster, succeeded in April, 1843, by E. E. Fillmore.

Vans Anid Present

1889-90. J. S. Haldeman, M. D.. president: William Al. Shinnick, jr., clerk; Jacob Zinsmeistem, treasurer: 1. jbarton, M8D.,lames Pealrvine, Charles J. Brenholts, George Rishtine, Theodore D. \leCaddon, resigned May, 18go, and was succeeded by Louis F. Smith, Samuel L. Wiles, Albion J. Andrews.

18y1-2. George Rishtine, president; William Ml. Shinnick, qr. oe Rect) Zinsmeister, treastrera leafs barton, Al. james T. Irvine, Fi FAchauer, [ances N- aes i Piczo Mitinsent, Si, We, Wiles, J. Hope Sutor.

A political trick was plaved to maintain control of the city government by dividing three republican and one democratic wards in a manner to make five certain republican and one uncertain ward; the question of the legality of the proceedings was carried into the courts. and in. November, 18y6, the Circuit Court declared the creation

1899-1900. H. F. Achauer, president: G. W. Kennedy, vice-president; S. S. Morrison, clerk; W. AMI. Shinnick, treasurer; B. F. Templeton, MM. D., A. J. Christman, Milo E. Dunn, resigned November 20, 1899, and was succeeded by Gilbert snvder, E. F. Mull, William M. Dodd, Karl Kappes.

The new municipal code, which destroved former ward lines, made no provision for the election of school boards, and state authorities decided that old boards would hold over until legislation could be had. .

Tile Meredith College

Commercial colleges were conducted in Zanesville "before the war." In April; 1866, Small's Business College was opened on the third floor, at the southeast corner of Main and Third streets, by J. C. Small and J. J. Dinsmore, and about two years later was purchased by J. W. Roll and F.

M. Choguill, who changed the name to the Zanesville Business College. April, 1876, Choguill became sole proprietor, with H. B. Parsons as assistant, and in 1880 Choguill sold to Parsons; C. C. Kennison became a partner, and W. G. Gay bought Parsons' interest, which he sold to ©. S. Johnson; Kennison retired and a partnership was formed by Johnson with Miss Emilie B. Saumenig and Frank E. Strough, who had conducted a similar school in the Memorial Hall, and the business was consolidated at Main and Third streets. Strough died and Johnson retired, and Milo E. Dunn was associated with Miss Saumenig for about a year, when he was succeeded by P. W. Fredericks. In the spring of 1895, Miss Saumenig became sole owner, and April 1, 1895. R. L. Meredith became manager and remained in charge until April 1, 1900, when the business passed to W. C. Howey, who soon after closed the school.

Mr. Meredith opened the Meredith College April 1, 1900, in the Schultz Building, southwest corner of Main and Fifth streets, and during the five vears, ended April 1, 1905, had enrolled 1,174 pupils; from the small beginning, the college now occupies the four upper floors, as class rooms, in addition to the general offices on the second floor. May 20, 1903, the college was incorporated under the Ohio statutes, with power to confer degrees and issue diplomas, and the present directors are: R. L. Meredith, president and business manager; C. M. Shafer, vice-president; B. P. Leister, secretary and treasurer; J. H. Shipps, H. F. Rohrman, L. B. Poe and Irwin G. Jennings, with Mrs. R. L. Meredith, corresponding secretary.

New Concord And Roseville Papers

NEWSPAPERS, COMPRISING THE MUSKINGUM MESSENGER, THE DEMOCRATIC UNION, AURORA, CIT= IZENS PRESS AND SIGN.AL, THE MUSKINGUM EX= PRESS, AND DEVELOPMENTS INTO THE COURTER, THE CULY TIMES Nip eh ais RECORDER, ZANESVILLE SUNDY NEWS, ZANESVILLE PENNY PRESS: WEEKLY VISITOR AND HOME MONITOR, LABOR JOURNAL, WEEKLY ADVOCATE, ZANESVILLE POST, WESTERN RECORDER, EPHEMERAL ZANESVILLE PAPERS, DRESDEN, FRAZEYSBURG, A\DAMSVILLE, NEW CONCORD AND ROSEVILLE PAPERS.

Muskingum Messenger

The first newspaper published in Muskingum county was the Muskingum Messenger, which made, its first appearance in February, 1810, as an advocate of democratic principles and _policies, as defined by Thomas Jefferson, the opposition being stvled federalists. George Washington Was not a partisan but the supporters of his ad- ministration were federalists, and although Jefferson was a member of the cabinet he was not in accord with the President, and his political school was called republican, or democratic republican. John Adams was the only federalist president and Jefferson was the first democratic president.

White and Sawyer were the first publishers of the Muskingum Messenger, but shortly after it began David Chambers, a later prominent politician and Representative to Congress, purchased White's interest and about 1812 became sole proprietor, and made it one of the most prominent and influential journals of the State; during the war of 1812-14, it was an able and efficient supporter of the war, and the administration. About 1815, Josiah Heard became editor and proprietor and continued until 1818. In February, 18109, Ezekial T. Cox became owner and continued the publication until February, 1822, when he transferred his interest to his brother, Horatio J. Cox. who reconveved it in February, 1824, to Ezekial T. and Samuel J. Cox; in 1825 the latter became sole owner and editor, and in \lay, 1828, sold the paper to Thomas Anderson, because he could not support Jackson for the presidency. Anderson supported the administration until the South Carolina nullification episode, when he espoused the Calhoun doctrines and lost prestige with the body of the party. In 1837, Joseph \oorehead and Michael P. Brister became owners, but being whigs the paper ceased to be esteemed as a democratic journal and soon became extinct.

When the J/uskingiwn Afessenger ceased to be the regular democratic organ, Charles B. Flood and Frederick W. Dekrufft, in 1833, established the Democratic Union; William Crosby succeeded them and changed the name to the Aurora, and soon after sold to David Robb, and he to Jacob Glessner, January 1, 1838; after six years of vigorous political warfare he sold the paper in 1244, to John Brandt, and within a few years it was owned successively by McCann and Camp, Chauncy Bassett, Henry Beard, Roberts and Adams and again by Henry Beard. August 18, 1852, Beard sold to R. W. P. Muse, and November 15, 1853, Albert O. Wagstaff purchased a one-third interest, and remained one year; January 2, 1854. Muse and Wagstaff began the Dai/y Commercial Aurora, which continued for about three vears, and July 1, 1855, Lewis Baker purchased a onethird interest and held it until July 1, 1857, and retired. Julv 16, 1856, Muse sold his interest to James W. Gally and when Baker retired Gally became sole proprietor and publisher until April 13, 1860, when he sold to Thomas W. Peacock. November 23, 1860, Joseph McGonagle became associated and November 13, 1862, his interest was purchased by the Ohio Farmer's League, and the latter was merged with the Aurora.

MUSKINGUM COUNTY. 105 In 1860 the Aurora supported Douglas for the presidency and Samuel Chapman and Anthony Deffenbaugh, in September, started the Citizens' Press, in support of Breckenridge, and developed into a seditious sheet when its candidate became a foe to his country, and the paper was mobbed by the indignant loyal men of Zanesville; July 9, 1863, it was merged with the Aurora, and William Ewing became associated with Peacock, and January 1, 1864, purchased Peacock's interest. and February 4, 1864, he sold to J. Mulholland and Company, who discontinued the Aurora, and began the Ohio Signal, the first number of which was issued February 11, 1864, but after a few weeks the names of the publishers were withdrawn and during the year Daniel B. Linn became proprietor. During 1865 an association and not an incorporation was formed by prominent democrats, in the city and county, under the name of the Signal Printing Company, with D. B. Linn, Elias Ellis, William Pringle and Gemmill Arthur as trustees, Mr. Linn being the sole manager. In August of that year, with an entirely new equipment of type, steam power, Hoe press, and jobbing outfit, the Zanesville Daily Signal, with a weekly edition, was commenced, with Mr. Linn as editor and Mr. Arthur as business manager. Mr. Linn's election to the Ohio Senate was disastrous to his business interests and Mr. James T. Irvine purchased the plant and took possession June 10, 1867; the dailv edition was continued until January 1, 1870, when it was suspended.

In November, 1883, Thomas \I. and Daniel H. Gaumer purchased and became publishers of the Sicnal, and an May. 1887:-Aire Irvine took itr. Thomas \I. Gaummer's interest, which was acquired by Mr. D. H. Gaumer, January 16, 1889: his energy as sole proprietor made the property very valuable, and it was removed from its former rooms on the third floor of the building. northwest corner of \ain and Fourth streets, to the basement, and first and second floors of the rooms in the Opera block. southeast corner of Fifth street and Fountain alley; the daily was reestablished, and the proprietor having entered politics, was successively Representative and Senator to the General Assembly and Postmaster of the city; his labors were in excess of his physical strength and February, 1898, he died, as so many other Americans, of overexertion. In October, 1898, the paper was purchased by Henry E. and James R. Alexander, under whom it has had still greater success and is now published in the commodious quarters at southeast corner of Main and Second streets.

The Courier

The federalists were weak and uninfluential in the west, and the democrats were supreme, but shortly after the appearance of the Muskingum Messenger, in 1810, the Muskingum Express was presented by J. H. Putnam and Company, as a federalist organ; the field was uninviting and the publishers were doubtless satisfied with the experience, and in 1812 sold to O'Hara and Bennett, who published the Express and Advertiser, which was changed December 30, 1812, to the E.vpress and Republican Standard, and was continued under that title until 1823, when the name was changed to the Ohio Republican, by its new owners, David Chambers, editor, and Adam Peters, publisher, in advocacy of the election of Henry Clay to the presidency. July 22, 1824, Chambers retired and Peters conducted the paper alone until January 5, 1825, when William C. Pelham purchased an interest, but resold to Peters, August 3, 1833. In 1842 Peters sold the establishment to Lambert O'Hara and John A. Beatty, the latter retiring in the following vear, when H. P. Bristow became part owner, and November 11, 1845, David H. Lyman became owner and on that day discontinued the Ohio Republican and presented the Zanesville Courier, which soon became one of the leading journals of the State. Beginning March 31, 1846, the Tri-Weekly Courier was published and was discontinued June 21, when the Daily was issued; this was not successful and November 1, 1847, the Daily was suspended and the Tri-Weekly was. resumed. October 19, 1849, Edward Ball and Imri Richards became proprietors and December 16, 1850, resumed the publication of the Daily, which has regularly appeared ever since. The gentlemen were not successful and transferred the business to W. H. Ball, William Buell tin). Mercercand Jaiarrel,ewho,in turn; in 1852, conveyed it to George Weaver and N. S. Kaufman.

About 1830 Uriah Parke had established the Zanesville Gasette, and March 4, 1858, it was consolidated with the Courier, by U. P. Bennett, its proprietor, purchasing Weaver's interest, and while the Daily maintained its title the weekly edition was issued as the Courier and Gazette, but December 18, 1868, 'Gazette' was dropped. In August, 1859, C. H. Upton and J. T. Shryock became owners and June 21, 1861, Shryock became sole owner and for the first time the paper was a financial success. When Gen. M. D. Leggett and Col. J. C. Douglass returned from the army they purchased the Courier, and took possession November 15, 1865; T. J. Newman secured a one-third interest, July 1, 1866, and in May, 1868, Gen. Leggett sold his interest to John H. Dodd,. the firm being Douglass, Newman and Dodd. January 1, 1872, Newman and Dodd purchased Col. Douglass' interest upon his appointment as city postmaster, and this firm continued the publication until 1876, when R. B. Brown purchased a portion of Dodd's interest, and the firm of Newman, Dodd and Brown were publish- ers until 1889 when the Courier Company was incorporated and organized with T. J. Newman, president; L. E. Dodd, vice president; J. H. Dodd, secretary and treasurer; R. B. Brown, business manager.

For many years the office was in a three-story brick building, in the rear of the building at the northeast corner of Main street and Court alley, and upon the completion of the Opera block the plant was moved to the basement and the first and second floors of the rooms at the southeast corner ot Fifth street and Fountain alley, and in 1889 moved into its own building at the northwest corner of Fourth street and Locust alley. The present directors of the company are: John Hoge, president; Rk. B. Brown, secretary and treasurer; Joseph Shaw, G. A. Stanbery and ©. F. McKinney.

The City Times

September 1, 1852, Jacob Glessner and John b. Roberts began the issue of The Citv Times, ina frame building on the east side of Fifth street, midway of the block from Main street to Locust alley ; the paper was a non-partisan, weekly folio, printed on the first steam press brought to Zanesville, and between the words of the title was displayed a view of the "Y" bridge. In 1853 Alr. Roberts was appointed postmaster, and \Ir. Glessner became sole proprietor, and in 1857 moved to the southeast corner of \lain and Fifth streets; in 1864 he sold to George H. Logan, who was shortly after joined by John H. Dodd, and after a little more than a year they sold to Cooper. Evans and Ehrman; a similar interval witnessed the succession of "Governor" John Greiner, who transferred the property to a \lr. Lee and he to R. C. Brown; W. W. Pyle obtained title from Brown, and published the paper about five vears, and was succeeded by FE. Z. Hayes, the publication, in the meantime, having been moved to the \laginnis block, and latter to a frame building at the corner of Fountain and Court allevs.

During the spring of 1876 the Weekly City Times was discontinued and The Sunday Times was issued until November, when the Daily Times was presented; in February, 1877, the paper was suspended by reason of the destruction of the buildine by fire, and June 12, 1877, The Daily Morning Times was resumed by a cooperative association of practical printers, composed of W. W. Pyle, E. R. Sullivan, D. P. and Edward Mercer, Alonzo Shoemaker and Harry MM. Parsons, under the name of the Times Publishing Company; Pyle was editor and Sullivan was business manager, and August 16, the weekly edition was resumed, A non-partisan policy was pursued until the gubernatorial campaign of 1879, when the republican cause was espoused with such energy that the former democratic majorities in the county were eliminated and the party became conscious that a new and aggressive champion had appeared in its behalf. D. P. Mercer, Shoemaker and Edward Mercer successively sold their interest to Sullivan and Parsons, as partners, and in October, 1881, Pyle, as the only independent interest, retired.

In 1883, the publication was transferred to a company composed of W. E. Krebs, W. H. Cunningham, jr., Thomas Campbell and Thomas E. Taylor, who issued the paper until January 1, 1885, when Jesse Atwell, who held a chattel mortgage on the property, consolidated the Daily and Weekly Times with the Weekly Recorder, published by Edward Spencer, and the Weekly District Visitor, published by Rev. W. Al. Acton, the consolidation being issued as The Daily Times- Recorder, and the H'eckly Times Recorder and Visitor. In less than a month Atwell and Acton withdrew, and January 1, 1886, a stock company, stvled The Times Recorder Company, purchased the establishment, and Spencer was made editor and D. J. Richards, business manager, and the word Visitor dropped from the weekly. January 1, 188g, Spencer severed his connection, and the financial acumen of Richards became manifest; under his able management the paper was installed in permanent rooms in south Fifth street, nearly opposite where the City Times was first issued, now more than half a century ago, and the plant has been equipped with modern machinery and devices to produce a first class morning paper.