Trempealeau County, Wisconsin - Biographical sketches, 1917 (part 4 of 20)

Levi L. Odell, a well to do citizen of Galesville, who is now living retired after a long and active career, which included military service in the Civil War, was born in Elizabethtown, Essex County, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1833, son of R. F. and Harriett (Lobdell) Odell. His parents were natives of New York state, the father being a son of Robert Odell, also a native of New York state, whose father, also named Robert, was born in Scotland and after coming to America took part in the Revolutionary War, as a member of the Continental army, which he joined from the colony at Albany, N. Y. Robert Odell. second, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, fought against Great Britain in the War of 1812. R. F. Odell, father of Levi, late in life migrated westward with his family, settling in Black Hawk County, Iowa, where he lived retired until his death. He and his wife were the parents of six children, of whom Levi L. was the third born. Levi L. Odell attended school for a limited period in Elizabethtown, N. Y. He resided at home until he was 21 years old, working in his father's iron business from the age of 14. On coming of age he began teaching school, receiving a salary of $16 a month, which was the highest paid in the county. He then went into a forwarding house in Westport, New York, handling expressage and doing similar work for eight months. He then came to Chicago, and, starting Dec. 1, 1854, drove from that city to Green Bay, Wis., passing through Milwaukee. After arriving there he worked in the pineries around Green Bay and in Marinette County until September, 1861, when he enlisted in Company F, 12th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, as a private, being one of 68 men who enlisted the same night. Mr. Odell was elected first lieutenant and for three years had command of the company's drill. He was never wounded or confined to the hospital, and up to the time of the surrender of Vicksburg had never been off duty. Mr. Odell continued his military career until December, 1864, when he was mustered out at Madison, Wis. His brother had purchased a farm for him near Galesville, Trempealeau County, and this he resided on from 1865 to 1889, engaged in agriculture. He was then appointed postmaster of Galesville and moved into the village, serving in the office until President Cleveland's second administration, when that administration going out he was superseded. Four years later, however, he was reappointed and served three terms longer. He has a comfortable home in Galesville, and still owns his farm of 160 acres. He belongs to the Grand Army of the Republic and has been a delegate to the Encampment. In early life Mr. Odell was a Whig, but later became a Republican, which he has since remained. He and his wife are the parents of one child: Harlan B., who is a railroad contractor, doing an extensive business in Ohio. He married Josie Bryant, and they have three children : Harlan W., Aulis L. and Robert E.

Thomas R. Hunter, one of the pioneers of Trempealeau County, who came here more than 60 years ago, was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, about eight miles from the city of Glasgow, Nov. 26, 1836, son of John and Agnes (Ferguson) Hunter, his parents being natives of the same locality. In 1842 John Hunter came alone to the United States, his family following in 1848. For about a year he operated a mine at Bloomsberg, Pa., then moved to Clinton County, Pa., and from there to Maryland, where he remained about 18 months. In the summer of 1853 he came to Wisconsin, locating in La Crosse County, where he remained about six weeks. He then came to Decorah Prairie, near Galesville, Trempealeau County, which locality was then, however, a part of La Crosse County. In the following year Trempealeau County was organized and John Hunter became the first treasurer of Gale Township. He had obtained land, which he set to work to develop and improve, and was thus engaged when his death occurred in 1864. He and his wife were the parents of ten childi-en, of whom the youngest and the only one now living is Thomas Russell, the subject of this sketch.

parents to Trempealeau County. He assisted his father on the farm until the latter's death and then became its owner, his father leaving it to him by will. Here he has since resided, carrying on general farming. He has 180 acres of highly improved land, all a part of the original homestead, which is now operated by his youngest son Robert. The nearest trading point when he came to this farm was La Crosse. The Indians frequently came to the vicinity, but never molested him. In fact he had some warm friends among them, frequently gave them shelter over night and was thanked by them for his favors. Mr. Hunter was the instigator and prime mover in having the bridge across Black River constructed, on the main Galesville-La Crosse road, this improvement being accomplished in 1895. It is known as "Hunter's bridge," this name being given to it by the La Crosse County board. When a young man living in the state of Maryland, Mr. Hunter was a member of the denomination known as Bible Christians. He has never joined any church in Trempealeau County, but for over 50 years has been connected with the Sunday school at Decorah Prairie. In politics he is independent. He was township chairman two years and was two years a member of the side board. Thomas R. Hunter was married Oct. 31, 1862, to Agnes Grant, who was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, May 28, 1842. When a child of six years she accompanied her parents to the United States, the family settling on Big Sandy River in Kentucky. After residing there until 1855 or 1856 they came to Wisconsin, traveling by rail to Prairie du Chien, from there by boat to Trempealeau, and by team to Gale Township. Here Mr. Grant bought land and engaged in farming. He died on his homestead about 1871 and his wife about 1877. They had four children, of whom their daughter Agnes was second in order of birth. Thomas Hunter and wife have 11 children: Walter, residing on an adjoining farm, who married Jeanette Oliver of Gale Township and has eight children : Elizabeth, wife of Andrew McCall, a farmer and extensive land owner in Rock Island County, 111., who has three children; Agnes, residing with her parents; Thomas, a resident of Galesville; John, living on an adjoining farm, who married Effie Bidwell, and has two children; Ellen, wife of Henry Shoffell, a farmer in Nebraska; Ruth, wife of Fred Docken, a farmer and ranchman in Montana; Mae, residing with her parents; Jennie, wife of Talmadge Vicery, a lumber dealer of Sheridan, Wyoming; Isabelle, residing at home, and Robert, who is operating the home farm.

Walter Hermann, a well known farmer in sections 27 and 28, Gale Township, was born in La Crosse County, Wis., July 8, 1884, son of Jacob and Augusta (Yootic) Hermann. The parents were natives of Germany, who came to the United States when children, the family of Jacob Hermann setthng at Smith's Cooley in La Crosse County. Wis., where he later engaged in farming. He continued there until 1908, when he retired and took up his residence in the city of La Crosse. He and his wife celebrated their golden wedding there in the fall of 1915. Of their family of nine children their son Walter was the youngest. Walter Hermann when a boy attended district school in Smith's Cooley, La Crosse County. He assisted his father until his marriage, and then located on his present farm in Gale

Township, which consists of 160 acres of highly cultivated land. Here he is engaged in general farming and dairying, also in raising pure-bred Guernsey cattle, his other live stock including hogs and horses. He is also a stockholder in a threshing outfit owned in the vicinity. Mr. Hermann was married, March 24, 1909, to Minnie Beyer, who was born in Smith Cooley, La Crosse County, July 7, 1883, daughter of August and Minnie (Hoffman) Beyer. Her parents were natives of Germany. Mr. Beyer came to the United States at the age of 7 years and mother came at age of 14. They are now retired from farming labor, but still reside on the farm. They had a family of 12 children, their daughter Minnie being the third in order of birth. Mr. and Mrs. Hermann have one child, Alice Dorothy, a bright girl, born Feb. 3, 1914. The family are members of the Lutheran Church. In politics Mr. Hermann is independent. He has never sought office, but has always taken an interest in good government and cast his vote accordingly. He has always, too, shown a willingness to support any practical movement for the general good of the community. He and his family are well known and respected in this part of the county.

Gilbert Olson Herreid, a pioneer settler in Ettrick Township, now deceased, was born in Hardanger, Norway, June 23, 1836. He was married in his native land to Ingeborg Torgersdater Twinde, who was born in Vosse Naugen, Norway, March 20, 1832, Mr. Herreid being then engaged in operating a rented farm in that county, near the village of Lodi. In 1863 he and his family started for Trempealeau County, arriving here with one of the first teams ever seen in the county, hitched to a home-made wagon. They settled on the farm now owned by their son Gilbert M., and on which the original log house is still standing. Mr. Herreid at once began clearing the land and was thus engaged when, in 1865, he was drafted to serve in the Civil War. He had only proceeded as far as Madison, however, when the war came to an end and he was allowed to return home. When he first arrived here he had but $6 in money and was destitute of provisions or supphes, but having an old army musket he made use of it to shoot prairie chickens and other game, on which he and his family chiefly lived for awhile. About a year after his arrival he bought a cow from his brother, but the animal was stolen before he had had a chance to milk it, the thief at the same time taking the halter of one of his horses and putting it on the cow to lead it away with. The cow was never recovered, nor ever afterwards heard of. At that time there were plenty of Indians in this vicinity, and they often came to the cabin begging, but were not unfriendly. Mr. Herreid worked hard and in course of time began to prosper. He increased the size of his farm until he had 360 acres of land in it, and from time to time made improvements in his buildings. That he was an enterprising man may be gathered from the fact that he bought the first steam engine used on any farm on Beaver Creek, with which he did work for others for a number of years. He also kept his eyes open for other opportunities, was a stockholder in the Hegg store, helped to organize the first creamery at Blair and also the Ettrick creamery. He owned stock in the first Norman horse ever brought to Ettrick Township, and assisted in organizing the Farmers' store in Blair, keeping up his varied activities until a year before his death, which took place Jan. 29, 1914, when he was in his seventy-eighth year. Although so active in business matters Mr. Herreid would never accept office of any kind. His wife assisted him not only in the household, but also practicing as a midwife throughout all this part of the county, and was so efficient in this profession that she was frequently called to render service not only in Galesville, Whitehall, Centerville, Blair, and other places in this county, but also sometimes in La Crosse. She is still living and makes her home with her son, Gilbert M. Herreid.

Gilbert M. Herreid, a prosperous representative of the agricultural interests of Ettrick Township, was born on his present farm, and in the same house in which he now lives, in section 16 E, May 10, 1872. His parents were Gilbert Olson and Ingeborg Torgersdater Twinde Herreid, farming people near the village of Lodi, who came to America, and settled in Ettrick Township, this county, in 186.3. Gilbert M. had limited educational opportunities, but in his boyhood attended school for awhile in Ettrick Township. Under his father's instruction he acquired a good knowledge of agriculture and began working for his father by the year when he was 21 years old, becoming a partner in the farm when he was 25. Jan. 1, 1906, he purchased the entire farm, which now consists of 160 acres, he having recently sold 40 acres. He is engaged in the breeding of registered Shorthorn cattle and since 1902 has also been breeding Poland- China hogs. Aside from his immediate farming interests Mr. Herreid is a stockholder in the Ettrick Creamery Company, the Co-operative Packing Company of La Crosse, the Farmers' Exchange at Blair, the Ettrick Telephone Company and the Ettrick & Northern Railroad Company.

Oct. 10, 1900, he was married to Ida Gilbertson, who was born at French Creek, Ettrick Township, daughter of Even 0. and Maria Antoinetta Gilbertson. The parents, natives of Biri, Norway, came to Ettrick Township at an early date and engaged in farming. Mr. Gilbertson, who was a brother of J. 0. Gilbertson, became a prominent citizen of the township, serving as chairman of the township board and a member of the county board and in other local offices. He was also president and secretary of the Scandinavian Insurance Company, a stockholder in the Ettrick Creamery, and as manager of a stock company organized here, bought two fine Clydesdale stallions, the first of the kind brought to Ettrick Township. He also took a prominent part in church work. His death occurred Sept. 26, 1913. His wife, who survives him, is a resident of CenterviUe, Wisconsin.

Mr. and Mrs. Herreid are the parents of two children : Eugene Guy, born Aug. 18, 1902, who is attending the agricultural college at Onalaska, and Irene Marcella, born May 31, 1905, who is attending school. Mr. Herreid is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America and of the United Lutheran Church, to which his family also belong. In politics he is a Republican, and while never ambitious to hold pubhc office, as a good citizen he has several times consented to serve, and was supervisor for three years and school clerk six years, after which he declined further service. A list of his parents' children, living and deceased, is as follows : Tosten G., born Oct. 31, 1857 ; Ole, born April 5, 1863 ; Thomas, born April 27, 1865,

Thomas Harmon. In i-eviewing the history of the notable pioneers of Trempealeau County those who have passed away must not be forgotten. Among them was Thomas Harmon, whom the older residents of Ettrick Township still remember as a good neighbor and reliable citizen, as well as the founder of one of the flourishing homesteads in the township. Mr. Harmon was born in County Louth, Ireland, in 1822, and was a young man when he came to the United States, being as yet unmarried. After a long voyage in a sailing vessel, he reached port. Landing at New Orleans his first work was turning a hand corn sheller at $3.00 a day, but on account of the cholera he removed to Illinois, where he worked in a factory. From there he proceeded to Walworth County, Wis., where, not long after, he was married at Lake Geneva to Julia Rafter, a native of Kilkenny, Ireland. About 1861 he came with his wife and two children, Andy and Katie, to Trempealeau County, making the journey in a covered wagon with ox team. Arriving here he located on land in Ettrick Township, which he owned in partnership with his brother John. Later he homesteaded 80 acres more. On his farm he built a frame shack and later a house of hewed logs, 16 by 24 feet, which was so well and substantially made that it is still occupied by the family. Here Thomas Harmon passed the rest of his life engaged in improving his farm, his death taking place May 3, 1887, when he had reached the age of 66 years. He served some time on the school board, and as a good Catholic helped to build the first church at Ettrick. His wife died March 6, 1904. Their children were: And], born, Sept. 14, 1857; Kate, now Mrs. James Kennedy of Morris, Minn.; James, born April 3, 1863; Mary, who is Mrs. S. Thompson and resides at Nome, Alaska; Bridget, wife of Tom Whalen of Ettrick Township, and Julia, who died Dec. 8, 1908. She always remained at home, assisting her mother, and after her mother's death she became housekeeper for the boys until her death. James and Andy are now the proprietors of the old homestead, on which they have made some valuable improvements, among other things erecting a good basement barn, 34 by 60 feet. Like their father, they are devout members of the Catholic Church. Neither have ever married.

Thomas P. Herreid, a farmer of section 14, E. Ettrick Township, is a native of this township, having been born near Hegg, Nov. 26, 1886. His parents, Peter 0. and Segried (Larsdatter) Herreid, were both born in Hardanger, Norway, and were married in that country, coming to America while still a young couple. After arriving in Trempealeau County, Wis., they resided with Peter Herreid's brother, K. 0., for one year. Peter then bought land in Ettrick Township and began farming, in which occupation he continued for the rest of his life, his death taking place in December, 1911. He had learned the trade of stone mason in his younger days and followed it here at times when work was slack on the farm. He was a member of the United Lutheran Church. His wife, who survived him, still

Thomas P. Herreid was educated in the district school at Hegg. At the age of 16 years he began working out on farms, and continued to work for others, besides assisting his father, until two years before he married. He then settled on the farm which he and his wife now own and which contains 180 acres of land. Mr. Herreid has added to the improvements and the property is now well supplied with suitable buildings and a good equipment of machinery and implements. It is registered as Meadow Brook Farm and is a good piece of agricultural property. Sept. 10, 1911, Mr. Herreid was married to Ella Amelia Augeness, who was born in Ettrick Township, where she now lives. Her parents were Peter J. and Martha S. (Nelson) Augeness, the former born in Hardanger, Norway, Feb. 28, 1864. Mr. Augeness came to this country two or three years before he was married, locating in Trempealeau County, Wis., and working at first for others. After his marriage he lived on the farm of his wife's father until his early death at the age of 27 years. His wife subsequently continued to reside with her parents until her own death, June 16, 1900. One year previous to that event the family moved from the farm to Ettrick, where the mother died. Mrs. Herreid was the first born of two children, and the only one now living. In her girlhood she attended the district school at Hegg, where her husband was a fellow pupil and a member of the same class, and subsequently her education was continued in the school in Ettrick Village and at Gale College, which latter institution she attended a part of a term only, being obliged to give up her studies on account of the illness of her grandmother. Simon Nelson, her grandfather, was one of the first settlers in Trempealeau County. She was reared in the faith of the Lutheran Synod Church. Mr. and Mrs. Herreid are the parents of one child, Stanley Mirald Palmer, who was born April 29, 1913. The family are members of the Lutheran Synod Church. Mr. Herreid is a Republican in politics, but takes no active part in township affairs, devoting his whole attention to the farm. He is a prosperous citizen and he and his family are well known and respected in this part of Trempealeau County.

La Verd Ernest Hardie, proprietor of a good farm in sections 20 and 29, Gale Township, was born at Mindoro, La Crosse County, Wis., Nov. 2, 1880, son of Andrew and Catherine (Becker) Hardie. The father, Andrew Hardie, who was born in Scotland, came to the United States in 1854, locating first in Maryland. He then came to Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, settling at Glasgow, Gale Township, where he engaged in farming. After residing there for a number of years, he returned to Mindoro, but later coming back to Trempealeau County, he settled in Ettrick Township. Still later he returned to the old farm in Glasgow and lived there until 1912, when he retired and took up his residence in Galesville, where he and his wife ai'e now living.

La Verd E. Hardie was the second-born child in a family of four. He attended school in Ettrick and Glasgow, and also was a student for two years at the State Agricultural College at Madison. He resided on the home farm until 1905, in which year he purchased his present property - a farm of 157 acres - on which he has made all the improvements now standing, having also brought the land into a high state of cultivation. In addition to general farming, he engaged in dairying, keeping high grade Guernsey cattle, which he breeds from pure-bred bulls. Mr. Hardie is also a stockholder in the Co-operative Packing Company of La Crosse and in the Farmers' Elevator Company of Galesville. He is a member of several fraternal orders, including the Beavers, Yeomen, Odd Fellows and Modern Woodmen of America. He was married June 5, 1907, to Sara F. Daniels, who was born at Plymouth, Pa., daughter of Frederick and Agnes (Noble) Daniels, her father being a native of Pennsylvania and her mother of Scotland. Frederick Daniels was connected with the coal mining business in his native state, and while employed as hoisting engineer was accidentally killed when his daughter Sara was a child of 14 months. His wife, the latter's mother, is still living and resides in Plymouth, Pa. The family stood high in the community in which they lived, Mrs. Daniels being superintendent of the Pi-esbyterian Sunday school. Mr. and Mrs. Hardie have many friends and acquaintances in this part of the county. They are members of the Presbyterian Chui'ch, and in politics Mr. Hardie is an independent Republican. He has never sought public office, but has always supported good candidates in the local field and been ready to lend his aid and influence to any movement calculated to advance the general interests of the community.

Christian J. Hogden, who is engaged in farming in Ettrick Township, having two farms of 80 acres each, in sections 26, 27, 15, was born in French Creek Valley, this county, Oct. 8, 1862. His parents were John Anderson and Oliva (Anderson) Hogden, born in Vardar, Norway, the father July 4, 1832, and the mother April 14, 1830. They were married in Norway and came to the United States in 1854, residing for about a year near Holmen, Wis., whence they removed to Trempealeau Valley. Three years later John A. Hogden and his family removed to the farm, where he now lives in section 23, Ettrick Township, having resided hei'e over 60 years. As a pioneer settler of the county he had to endure many hardships in early days, among other things being obliged to carry flour on his back from La Crosse to his home near Blair. The Indians were then numerous, and often came to his cabin begging. By humoring them and treating them in a friendly manner he got along with them without any trouble, and often traded with them for buckskins, blueberries or other wild products. His farm contained 120 acres, to which he later added 100 acres more. He engaged in general farming and stock raising and gradually became prosperous. He was one of the founders of the Lutheran Congregation Church in this valley, and also assisted in organizing the Ettrick Creamery Company. He was also a member of the township board in early days and assisted in organizing the schools and in building the first schoolhouse. Bearing in mind his own early difficulties and trials, he was always glad to extend a helping hand to new settlers, giving them food and shelter and showing them how to build their cabins, break their land and do other work to which many of them had been unaccustomed. During the Civil War he sent a substitute to serve for him, not being able to leave his family.

His wife died April 11, 1909, after many years of happy married life. Their family included eight children, as follows : Andrew, Carolina, John, Anna (deceased), Christian J., Peter, Julia and Ole.

Christian J. Hogden in his boyhood attended school in district No. 1, French Creek Valley, and resided at home until he was 21 years old. After that he worked two winters in the pineries. Being now ready to begin farming for himself, he rented his father's farm and operated it on that basis for three years. At the end of that time he purchased his fatherin-law's (Hans Madson) farm. He has since continued to reside here and has prospered. He has spent several thousand dollars in improving the place. The two parts of the estate, each consisting of 80 acres, are separated about a mile and a half from each other. They are provided with good buildings and are fully equipped for all the purposes of modern farming. Mr. Hogden is a stockholder in the Ettrick Creamery and also in the Farmers and Merchants' Bank at Galesville. He was also formerly interested in the Western Wisconsin Telephone Company, in which, however, he has sold out his stock. Mr. Hogden was first married. May 18, 1889, to Oleana Madson, who was born on this farm Oct. 30, 1864, daughter of Hans and Johanas (Olson) Madson. Her parents were natives of Norway and were early settlers in this township, coming here from Vernon County, where they had resided one summer. Both are now deceased. Mrs. Oleana Hogden died Feb. 19, 1899, leaving three children: Josephine, born April 5, 1890, wife of Gust Erickson (her issue, Kilmer, Oleana and Goodwin), a farmer residing one mile north of Ettrick ; Hans, born Feb. 5, 1895 ; Oscar, who is single and lives on the home farm ; and Clara Otillie, born June 17, 1897, residing at home. On Dec. 5, 1907, Mr. Hogden married for his second wife Miss Anna Larson, who was born at Hardie's Creek, Gale Township, this county, daughter of Matt and Agnes (Larson) Larson. Her parents, both natives of Norway, came early to Trempealeau County, settling on Hardie's Creek, where the father died, after a career of many years engaged in farming and stock raising. The widow still resides on the farm. They had ten children, of whom their daughter Anna was the third in order of birth. Of Mr. Hogden's second marriage there are no children. The family church is the French Creek Lutheran.

.Knudt P. Hallanger. Among the flourishing and well kept farms of Ettrick Township is that of the subject of this sketch, Knudt P. Hallanger, a practical agriculturist, who has achieved prosperity chiefly through his own efforts and is now numbered among the substantial citizens of this township. Like many other successful farmers of the county, Mr. Hallanger is of Norwegian birth, having been born in Handanger, Norway, July 31, 1860, son of Paul and Guri (Johnson) Hallanger, natives of the same country and locality, where Paul Hallanger was born Jan. 9, 1837, and his wife Nov. 2, 1834. On July 5, 1867, the family made their appearance in Beaver Valley, this county, locating on the farm now owned by Knudt P. Hallanger. It was not then a farm, however, but merely a tract of wild land awaiting the plow of the pioneer. With a pair of oxen Mr. Hallanger began the work of cultivation and for years thereafter he was an extremely busy man. The original tract consisted of 80 acres, and for awhile this was all he owned, but in time he doubled the size of the farm, so that it contained 160 acres at the time of his retirement in 1893. For a number of years he continued to use oxen for his plowing and other farm work, changing to horses as conditions improved and he became more prosperous, the horse being the less hardy animal. On retiring, as above mentioned, he took up his residence in Hegg, but after spending some years there he returned to the farm, where he died Jan. 19, 1913. He took no active part in town affairs, but was a man well known and respected for his industry, intelligence and good neighborly qualities. His wife survived him a little over two years, dying Feb. 2, 1915. They were the parents of eight children, four of whom are now living : Knudt P., who was the eldest ; Breta, wife of Eri'ick Sime, a farmer of Ettrick Township; Louisa, wife of John Shoblom, a farmer and ranchman in Montana; and Martin, who resides at Chippewa Falls, Wis.

Knudt P. Hallanger acquired the elements of an English education in the district school of his present neighborhood. Like other farmers' boys he had to make himself useful at an early age and was up in the morning doing chores long before the average city boy crawls reluctantly from bed. The hard work and fresh air did him no harm, however, but strengthened his lungs and his muscles, and at the age of 18 years he began to work in the woods during the winter time, resuming his farm work on the family homestead in the summer, and in this way he was occupied for eleven years. Later he purchased the old homestead, on which he has since resided and which now contains 140 acres of land. Here he carries on general farming very successfully and according to up to date methods, having good barns and all necessary buildings and equipment, and in 1915 he erected a new and handsome modern residence, which is the comfortable home of a large family circle. Though devoting all his business hours to his farm, he is a stockholder in the Ettrick Creamery Company, the Farmers' Exchange of Blair and the Ettrick Telephone Company.

Mr. Hallanger began domestic life on his own account over 25 years ago, when, April 20, 1891, he was united in marriage with Betsy Johnson, who was born in Franklin Township, Jackson County, Wis., daughter of Nels and Jorand (Erickson) Johnson. Her parents were born and married in Hardanger, Norway, and came to America in 1867, setthng in the location above mentioned, their dwelHng being near the county line dividing Jackson and Trempealeau Counties, so that it was not far from the Hallanger farm. Mrs. Johnson died when her daughter Betsy was a mere babe, her husband surviving her until 1901. Mrs. Hallanger was the youngest member of the family, the other children being: Lesa, wife of Andrew Lee, who resides in Frankhn Township, Jackson County; Aleck, also residing there, in a part of the old Johnson home; and Nellie, who is the wife of C. K. Lein, a farmer in Robinson, Kidder County, N. D. Mr. and Mrs. Hallanger have had a family of 13 children : Palmer Nicoli, Joseph Gilbert, Helmer and Christian, who are deceased ; Helmer Bertram, residing at home ; Cornelia, deceased ; Cornelia Martina, Elvin Sigvort, Evelyn Jose, Carl Johan, Bernice Louisa, residing at home, and Edward

Mr. Axij Mks. Km T K, Hallanger

Julius and Esther Juliet, who are deceased. The family are members of the United Lutheran Church. In politics Mr. Hallanger is a Republican. He has served 16 years as a member of the school board, was township assessor five years and was again elected in 1917, and has also served as school clerk and treasurer and as trustee of his church. As a man of varied activities he is energetic and I'esourceful, using good judgment in business matters and conscientiously performing every piece of work that comes to hand, whether it is for himself or pertaining to the community at large.

Knut K. Hallanger, one of the earliest settlers in Beaver Creek Valley, Ettrick Township, was born in Hardanger, Norway, in June, 1833. He came to the United States in 1854, settling on Koshkanong Prairie, near Stoughton, Dane County, Wis. In 1858 he located in Beaver Creek Valley, Ettrick Township, Trempealeau County, and engaged in farming, taking up government land and acquiring more by purchase. The land he obtained was wild, but he cleared and cultivated it, and after many years of hard labor had developed it into a good farm. It was his residence until 1910, in which year he retired and moved to Galesville, where he is now living in a comfortable residence which he bought at the time he left the farm. As one of the first settlers in Beaver Creek Valley, and a resident of it for more than half a century, Mr. Hallanger witnessed many changes and improvements in the township. For a number of years he served as postmaster at Hegg, being appointed in 1873 by President Grant. He was also for a number of years township assessor and for one term supervisor. A Lutheran in religion, he became one of the founders of the church of that denomination at Hegg, and assisted in building a number of other churches in the county. When he arrived here from Norway he could speak no EngUsh, but soon acquired such a good knowledge of the language that he used to act as interpreter for the early Norwegian settlers.

Knut K. Hallanger was married in Wisconsin to Symoa Bgotveit, who also was a native of Hardanger, Norway, and who died Oct. 22, 1906. They had a family of seven children : Alexander, John (first) and John (second) , who are deceased ; John B., a farmer of Hegg, Ettrick Township ; Helland Louis and Carl, both residing in Galesville, and Helena Bertina, who is now Mrs. C. G. Pains, of Ettrick Township.

John B. Hallanger, a well known farmer of Hegg, Ettrick Township, was born in this township, Feb. 5, 1866, son of Knut K. and Symoa (Bgotveit) Hallanger. He acquired a district school education in Ettrick Township and at the age of 18 years began to work out for others at threshing, sawing lumber and whatever he could find to do. He also spent some of his winters cutting timber in the woods, and with his brother operated the homestead farm for a number of years. In 1909 he made a trip to the Pacific coast, for pleasure only, spending the time in sightseeing. The following winter he bought his present farm at Hegg, consisting of 204 acres, in addition to which he has 20 acres of timber land lying six miles farther east. Mr. Hallanger, besides raising various crops, is engaged in dairying, keeping good cows for milking purposes, and is conducting his farm on a profitable basis. He is also a stockholder and director in the Ettrick Lumber Company, a stockholder in the Home Bank at Blair, the

Ettrick Telephone Company and the Farmers' Exchange at Blair. He belongs to the United Lutheran Church at Hegg, and in politics may be termed an independent Republican. He has never married.

George M. and Walter R. Hass, who together are operating a good farm in section 19, Gale Township, are sons of Samuel and Marie (Dieko) Hass, natives of Germany. The father, Samuel Hass, born in Pommern, Germany, Dec. 9, 1844, was the son of a clergyman, and came to this country when 12 years of age, settling in Mormon Coolie, La Crosse County, Wis. where he was reared to manhood. For many years the family lived near the city. In 1874 Mr. Hass was married to Marie Dieko, who was born in Germany, Jan. 9, 1845. He continued to reside in La Crosse County until 1905, in which year he moved with his family to Trempealeau County, settling on the Duncan Wright farm, where they lived and prospered, a happy, thrifty family, until Mr. Hass's death in November, 1910. Mr. Hass was a man of sterling character and was esteemed wherever known. While residing in La Crosse County, he served as assessor for nine years and as supervisor one year. He and his wife had eight children, seven of whom are now living: John and Mary Hass, Mrs. Anderegg and Mrs. Adolph Schilling live in or near La Crosse, George, Walter and Sophia are at home.

George M. Hass was born in Shelby Township, La Crosse County, March 18, 1875, being the third born of his parents' family. He attended district school No. 3 in his native township and the German school in that locality one winter. Until 1911 he resided at home with his parents and then he and his brother, Walter R., purchased the farm on which they now Uve, and which contains 155 acres of land. They are engaged in general farming and dairying, keeping a number of high grade cattle and various other kinds of stock. Their farm is well equipped with suitable buildings and is kept in excellent condition. The brothers also own a threshing outfit and engage in threshing and silo fiUing for others, devoting their eniSre time to agricultural work in its various branches. Their mother resides with them on the farm. The family faith is that of the Lutheran Church.

Walter R. Hass was boi-n Oct. 30, 1887, was educated in the rural schools of La Crosse County, resided at home until 1911, when as above stated he purchased with his brother, George M., their present farm. Sophia was born June 6, 1885, and attended the rural schools of La Crosse County and the La Crosse high school, and for six years was a proficient teacher in the rural school of La Crosse County. She is now keeping house for her brothers and mother.

Ole O. Helstad, a prosperous farmer of Ettrick Township, whose farm of 160 acres is located in section 11, was born in Norway. Jan. 15, 1856, son of Ole Larson and Bertha Simonson. There were 12 children in his parents' family : Christ, Martha, Sam, Lars, Mat, Sena, Bernt and Ole 0. growing to maturity and the others dying young. All the members of the family who survived came to the United States, but not all together. Sam was the first to emigrate, and was followed by the parents. Then Bernt and Sena came, and after them Ole O. ; then Martha and Mat and lastly Lars. The parents arrived in 1872, locating in Ettrick Township, Trempealeau County, on the farm now operated by their ijon Ole, and which contained 160 acres. The land had previously been pre-empted by Ole Halvorson, who had built a small log house on it, but as there was no barn Ole Larson built one of straw. He had little but his hands with which to begin work, and it was two years before he was able to obtain an ox team. Such merchandise as he needed he had to carry on his back from Galesville. The market was at Trempealeau and there was no road, the journey to Trempealeau with the ox team occupying two days. He had to use the jumper for a wagon, as he then had no wheeled vehicle. He succeeded, however, in getting a cow the first year. The rest of Mr. Larson's life was spent on this place, and he died in the old log cabin at the age of 84 years, his wife passing away at the same age. In early days their home was often the scene of religious meetings, the Lutheran congregation, then small, holding their services there. Later Mr. Helstad helped to build the church at French Creek, of which he was a member until his death.

Ole 0. Helstad, the direct subject of this sketch, was 18 years old when he came to the United States. For a number of years he assisted his father in clearing and improving the homestead, and finally, in 1881, bought the farm and cared for his parents until their death. The present frame residence was erected by him, also the basement barn, 34 by 64 feet in size, and other buildings. He is engaged in general farming and raises good stock, and his operations have resulted profitably. Like his father, he assisted in building the Lutheran Church, of which he has been a trustee for many years. He also served on the school board nine years as clerk. Mr. Helstad married Kittie Jorgenson, who was born in Norway and accompanied her parents to America at the age of two years. He and his wife have had 12 children: Bernt, who died at the age of 26 years; Nick ; Odell, who married Gena Olson and resides on the home farm ; Albert ; Olof, who married Siverna Redsten of Preston Township; Eiml; John; William; Carl; Gena, who married Christ Redsten of Ettrick Township; Clara, wife of Anton Nelsestuen of Ettrick Township; and Anna, who is the wife of L. 0. Belland of Los Angeles, Cahf.

Charles Francis Holmes, a pioneer, was born in Norway, Maine, Jan. 25, 1823, and spent his boyhood and young manhood in the New England states. In 1850, leaving his wife at Slaterville, R. I., he came west, looking for a new home. Reaching La Crosse, May 1, 1850, he came directly to Ti-empealeau Village, then called Reed's Landing, and after looking about for a while, secured a farm in Caledonia Township. In the spring of 1853 he returned to Rhode Island, where his young wife had died, and in the fall of that year came back to Trempealeau County, bringing with him his child Corintha that had been born during his absence, and his father, mother and two sisters. Some time later he married Lucy Atwood, who died in November, 1866, leaving two children: Herman and Arthur A. In 1868, Mr. Holmes sold his farm to his brother-in-law. Royal Atwood of Waupun, Wis., and took up his home with relatives in Trempealeau Village. While living here he was elected sheriff of the county. Late in the fall of 1874, when his term had almost expired, he went to Cahfornia. The next spring he came back, and continued to reside in the village until 1878. Then he purchased a farm in Trempealeau Township, where he followed agricultural pursuits until his death, Jan. 25, 1900.

Arthur Atwood Holmes, deputy state game warden and former sheriff of Treampealeau County, was born in Caledonia Township, this county, Feb. 23, 1862, son of Charles Francis and Lucy (Atwood) Holmes, natives respectively of Norway, Maine, and Addison, Vermont. He lost his mother as a boy of four years, and for several years was passed about among various relatives. For a time he lived with an uncle, Roj^al Atwood, in Waupun, Wis. Then he lived with Amos Whiting, another uncle, at West Prairie, Wis. For one year he was with Dr. Olson Atwood, an uncle living in Trempealeau. When about fourteen he went to Vermont, and lived with Norman Brooks, of the Brooks Edge Tool Company, Brooksville, manufacturers of fine tools. Then he came back to Trempealeau County, and after living in the village a while went on the farm with his father. Until 17 years of age he attended the Trempealeau Village schools, driving back and forth to the farm, or else riding a pony. After completing his schooling he remained on the farm until 1897, and then moved to Trempealeau Village, where he and his family took up their residence in the old home of Judge A. W. Newman, where they still live. After moving to the village, Mr. Holmes still continued to operate the farm for two years. For a time he served as deputy under Sheriff Elmer Immel, and on Jan. 1, 1903, became sheriff, an office he efficiently held for one term, during which time he lived at Whitehall. In the winter of 1905 he moved to Trempealeau. In 1907- 08-09 he was a member of the county board. His appointment to his present position as deputy state game warden dates from March 30, 1910. Mr. Holmes has a variety of interests and holds stock in the Citizens' State Bank of Trempealeau, the Western Wisconsin Telephone Company, the Arctic Spring Creamery of Galesville, Wis., and the Trempealeau Lime Products Company, of which last named company he is vice-president. Mr. Holmes was manned April 5, 1883, to Nettie E. Booher, daughter of William T. Booher, a general merchant of Trempealeau. This union has been blessed with four children, Cyril Theodore, Lucy, Charles Arthur and Harold Frederick. Cyril Theodore was born May 20, 1884, and was married June 11, 1912, to Zella Case, of Cashton, Minn. Lucy was born Jan. 9, 1887, and teaches in the Trempealeau schools. Charles Arthur was born Feb. 1, 1892, graduated from University of Wisconsin and is now a civil engineer. Harold Frederick was born Aug. 19, 1897, graduated from the University of Wisconsin, and is now a civil engineer.

Albert Halderson, a well known and respected resident of section 1, Caledonia Township, was born at Valders in the northern part of Norway, Nov. 25. 1847, son of John and Gertie (Olson) Halderson. The father was born in the same locality in 1817 and his wife in 1816, their marriage taking place in 1841. While in his native land John Halderson lived under a landlord named Eric Strand and worked a certain number of days in each property. Mr. Strand finally sold out all his interests in Norway and came to America, and by arrangement with Mr. Halderson brought him and his family with him. While on the journey between New York and Wisconsin the two men became accidentally separated, but in Dane County, Wis., Mr. Halderson subsequently learned through a cousin, Ole Brown of La Crosse, that Mr. Strand had located in Bostwick Valley, La Crosse County, and so he came on with his family. This was in 1858. To pay his indebtedness to Mr. Strand, Mr. Halderson, who was a carpenter by trade, worked for him in that capacity at intervals, Mr. Strand assisting him and his family when it was necessary until the account was settled between them. The first home of the Halderson family in Wisconsin was a dugout in the side of a hill in Bostwick Valley, and in this they lived for the first year or two. In 1860 Mr. Halderson bought 120 acres of wild land from the government, on which he built a two-room log house, and in 1870 he erected a more substantial and convenient log house, hewn inside and out, also sided and plastered. It was of two stories with basement and contained six rooms, and is today occupied by Knute Halderson, a brother of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Halderson, the father, cleared and developed all the plow land on the 120-acre tract, using oxen for his first team, the money for which he obtained by splitting rails at 75 cents per hundred. To accomplish this he had to walk three and a half miles every morning and back at night, working all day without dinner. Being a powerfully built man, Mr. Halderson was popularly known in the neighborhood as "Big John." In 1881 he sold this farm to his brother Knute, and moved to Coon Valley, Vernon County, Wis., where he bought an unimproved farm of 80 acres, this place being his home until the death of his wife Gertie in 1891. He then sold the farm to his son Peter and spent the rest of his life with his children, his death occurring Dec. 2, 1897, at the home of his daughter, Jane Nelson, near Viroqua, Wis. The children of John and Gertie Halderson were six in number: Jane, born in Norway, who resides in Spokane, Wash. ; Albert, whose name appears at the head of this sketch; Ole, born in Norway, April 8, 1853, who now resides in Willamette Valley, Oregon; Knute, born on shipboard while on the trip to America in 1857 ; Peter, born in Bostwick Valley, La Crosse County, in 1861, who died at La Crosse during the winter of 1915-16, and a daughter, born in Bostwick Valley, who died in infancy. Albert Halderson was brought up on his parents' farm and adopted agriculture for his occupation. He was married in 1868 to Mary Gaarder of Bostwick Valley, La Crosse County, Wis., of which union there was one son, J. 0. Halderson, now a furniture dealer in Galesville, Wis. Mrs. Mary Halderson died in August, 1873, at the age of about 26, she having been in Norway in 1847. Mr. Halderson contracted a second marriage with Rachael Larson, who was born in Norway Sept. 22, 1850. She was killed in the summer of 1886 in a runaway accident. Their children are: Melvin of Holmen, La Crosse County, Wis. ; Louis of Treampealeau County, Wis. ; Elmer and Frank, who reside with their father. Mr. Halderson was married the third time April 24, 1887, to Rosa Caswell. Their children are: Gertrude, resides at home; Raymond, county agent, living at Elkins, W. Va. ; Grace, a teacher at Bangor, Wis.; Carrol, a student at Galesville high school. The family church is the Methodist.

E. J. Hankey, who for a number of years was the leading merchant of Trempealeau Village, where he is now living retired, was born in Czarnikow, Province of Posen, Prussia, Germany, Nov. 17, 1844, and there resided until he was 10 years old. When he was 5 years old his father died, and about 1852 his mother married for her second husband a Mr. Maschke. In 1854 the family came to America, landing at Quebec, Canada, from which city they came directly to Wisconsin, locating at Beaver Dam, Dodge Countj'. Here Mr. Maschke found work at his trade of cabinet-maker, and was thus employed there for the rest of his life. When no longer able to work he went to live with his daughter Celia, who was the wife of Charles Owen, a farmer, living near Fox Lake, and there died about 1899, when 80 years of age. This daughter and her husband are still living, Celia being 58 years old. There was another daughter, Minnie, who died about 1892 or 1893, at Beaver Dam, Wis.

E. J. Hankey was the first-born son by his mother's first marriage. He attended common school in Germany from the age of 5 to that of 10 years, and being an apt pupil, was well advanced in the common branches for his years when he came to America. Subsequently he attended school at Beaver Dam, in which city he resided until he was 24 years old. At the age of 17 he began working as clerk for J. H. & D. Newman, who kept a general merchandise store in Beaver Dam, dealing, however, principally in dry goods, and he continued in the employ of this firm until he came to Trempealeau early in 1868. On arriving here he at once formed a partnership with Thomas Veltum, and under the firm name of Hankey & Veltum they started business on Front street, dealing in groceries, crockery and notions. This partnership continued until 1873, when Mr. Hankey sold out to Mr. Veltum. A year later, however, the partnership was renewed and continued until 1878, in which year the subject of this sketch bought out his partner, the latter going to St. James, Minn. Mr. Hankey remained on Front street until 1888, and then moved to a new store he had erected on the west side of Main street, one block north of the river. This was a twostory brick block, with basement, 34 by 70 feet in ground dimensions. It was built by Charles Thomas, of Trempealeau, and was the best and largest block in the village. While on Front street, however, Mr. Hankey had made a removal from his first location, a block east of the Melchoir place, to a double building about half a block further east, so that this was his second removal. When he took possession of his Main street store he enlarged his business, and it continued to grow during the many subsequent years that he was its proprietor. During the winter of 1913-14 Mr. Hankey's health began to decline, and as he no longer felt able to give that close attention to his business which he felt it required, he resolved to retire, and accordingly sold out in January, 1914, to the Trempealeau Mercantile Company, though retaining ownership of the building. Throughout his long commercial career he strove not only for personal success, but also to advance the general interests of the community, taking a leading part in every progressive movement, and it is largely owing to him and to a few other men of like public spirit that Trempealeau is today one of the most prosperous villages of its size in this part of the State. During his business career Mr. Hankey passed through two serious fires, having to move his stock both times, but sustained no material loss. He adheres to t)ie principles of the Republican party, but was never personally active in poHtics. As a good citizen, however, he rendered service for a number of years as a member of the board of education, and was its secretary at the time the high school addition was made to the village school.

Mr. Hankey was married, Dec. 16, 1868, to Mary Frances, daughter of Thomas and Caroline McCune, of Beaver Dam, Wis., at which place their wedding occurred. She was born there July 14, 1848, and died at Trempealeau, Wis., March 4, 1900, after a happy married life of over 31 years. After coming to Trempealeau, which they did immediately after their marriage, they boarded for a short time, subsequently beginning housekeeping on East Third street. They had two sons: WiUiam T., born Oct. 10, 1869, and Adelbert G., born Feb. 4, 1876. The latter died April 7, 1887. WiUiam T. is now engaged in the drug business in Cleveland, Ohio, to which city he went in 1894. He married Nellie Barker, of Cleveland, and has four children : Howard B., Ruth, Helen and William T., Jr.

Mr. Hankey was reared in the Lutheran faith, but is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, which he has served as trustee. He is a member also of Trempealeau Lodge, No. 117, A. F. & A. M., of Trempealeau, having joined the order while living in Beaver Dam. He resides with an adopted daughter, Mrs. J. W. Johnston, who is the wife of John W. Johnston, a pioneer in telephone construction work in western Wisconsin, their marriage taking place June 24, 1901. Mrs. Hankey during her life was very active in church work and benevolent enterprises, and was a woman loved and respected by young and old.

Iver Pederson, founder of Ettrick, merchant, manufacturer, Indian fighter and veteran of the Civil War, was a splendid example of the descendants of the Vikings who fought their way to America, and with no other assistance than their native ability and capacity for hard work established for themselves an enviable position in this new country. He was born in Biri, Norway, March 13, 1842. He was there reared amid rugged conditions, and acquired such education as the parish afforded. In 1859 he came to America and located in Westby, Vernon County, this State, where a number of his countrymen had preceded him. Only three years later, in 1862, he responded to Abraham Lincoln's call for troops to defend the Union and enlisted in the now-famous Company K, Twenty-fifth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, in which he served until the close of the war. Immediately after its organization the company was sent to the frontier to defend the white settlers against the Sioux Indians. In 1863 the regiment was sent to Columbus, Ky., and joined the expedition against Vicksburg under command of Gen. Jeremiah Rusk. From Vicksburg the regiment was sent to Jackson, Mo., later returning to Vicksburg, and from there being sent to join Sherman's army in its march to the sea. After the general review at Washington, Veteran Pederson returned to Vernon County. From there, a short time later, he moved to Coon Valley, La Crosse County. It was in 1867 that he began his career in Trempealeau

County by establishing a store at Frenchville in company with Ole Skow. Two years later he sold this store to Mrs. Skow and moved to what is now the village of Ettrick. After homesteading a farm, which now includes the village site, he opened a store in 1870 and engaged in the general mercantile business. Later he platted the village and increased its material prosperity by erecting a flouring mill and woolen mill and a creamery. Here he continued to spend the remainder of his life. After a long and useful career, in which he had done much to increase the material prosperity of his village and county, he died Sept. 29, 1914, and was sincerely mourned by a wide circle of friends and associates. Mr. Pederson was married at Ettrick to Mary Nelson, who was born in Biri, Norway, Nov. 15, 1852, and came to this county with her father in 1861. Mrs. Pederson, who proved a loyal helpmate and faithful mother, still resides at the family home at Ettrick. Their union has been brightened with five children. The oldest, Peder, died in infancy. Albert M. is still conducting the store and mill at Ettrick. Emma is the wife of P. M. Benrud, of Frenchville, Ida is the wife of Carl Aaby, who is associated with Albert M. Pederson in the mercantile business. Anna is the wife of Morris Berge, a druggist at Elk Mound, Wis.

Albert M. Pederson, merchant, miller and leading citizen of Ettrick, is a native of the village where he still resides, having first seen the light of day Aug. 27, 1874, in the home of his parents, Iver and Mary (Nelson) Pederson, the pioneers. As a boy he attended the school of his neighborhood, and later was accorded the advantages of a course at Galesville University, now Gale College. Still later he rounded out his education with a year at the Wisconsin State Normal School at River Falls. From his earliest boyhood he assisted his father in his numerous business ventures, and in 1898 became a partner in the business. After the father's death, the estate was incorporated as the Iver Pederson Company. The subject of this sketch is president and manager. This concern, which conducts the store and the flour and grist mill, is in a flourishing condition, and is one of the strong commercial assets of the village. In addition to its holdings in Ettrick, it owns various tracts of valuable land throughout the county, especially in the Ettrick Valley. Mr. Pederson is a public-spirited citizen, and is a stockholder in the Bank of Ettrick, Bank of Galesville and the Wisconsin Telephone Company. He has done valuable service as a member of the school board for twelve years, and has served on numerous committees and delegations. His fraternal association is with the Modern Woodmen of America. He and his family are staunch supporters of the Norwegian Lutheran church. Mr. Pederson was married May 17, 1898, to Emelia Evenson, also a native of Ettrick Township, daughter of Bernt and Lena (Ekern) Evenson, also natives of Biri, Norway, who came to America in the winter of 1868 and located in Gale Township, where Mr. Evenson is engaged in farming. Mrs. Evenson died in 1907, and Mr. Evenson now makes his home with his daughter.

Eugene A. Sorenson, dealer in leaf tobacco and inventor of the Victor Piston Ring, is one of the genial, energetic young men of Whitehall, and his work in developing the tobacco industry has been an important feature in the modern agricultural progress of Trempealeau County. He was born in Dane County, Wis., March 16, 1876, second of the six children of John and Ellen (Otteson) Sorenson, was reared on the home farm, and left school at the age of 13 years. Starting out for himself at the age of 22, he worked a little over a year for the Utica Creamery Co., Utica, Wis. ; about four years for the Wheeler Prairie Creamery at Stoughton, Wis.; and a little over two years for Jokum Johnson, general store keeper at Utica, Wis. It was in 1905 that he came to Whitehall and for five years was one of the firm of R. Holtan & Co., dealers in and packers of leaf tobacco. In 1910 he engaged in business for himself as buyer and packer, and two years later purchased the warehouse of the Home Tobacco Co. at Whitehall. In November, 1916, the business was incorporated under the name of the Mabbett Leaf Tobacco Co., with a capital of $30,000 and with W. F. Mabbett as president, E. A. Sorenson as vice-president, and C. W. Birkenmeyer as secretary and treasurer. The company has large warehouses at Whitehall and at Edgerton. Mr. Sorenson is in full charge of the large Whitehall warehouse. This establishment is fully equipped for the best work, employs from 30 to 40 people during the busy season, and has a yearly output of from 200,000 to 500,000 pounds. In addition to his position of honor in the tobacco world, Mr. Sorenson is widely known as the inventor of the Victor Piston Rings, for automobiles, aeroplanes, motorcycles, steam engines, marine motors, compressors, gas engines and pumps. The rings are manufactured by the A. E. White Machine Works, of Eau Claire, Wis. Mr. Sorenson was married Feb. 15, 1900, to Emma Johnson, daughter of Jokum and Aasil (Smithback) Johnson, born June 4, 1879. Mr. and Mrs. Sorenson have two children, Adehne, born Feb. 20, 1904, and Eldora, born Aug. 18, 1908.

Ludwig L. Solsrud, part owner of the Solsrud Mercantile Co. and president of the People's State Bank, both of Whitehall, was born in Christiania, Norway, Sept. 24, 1864, son of John and Anna 0. (Halvorsen) Solsrud, the former of whom died in 1900 and the latter in 1872. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in the old country. He came to America in 1883, locating in Spring Valley, Minn., June 9, of that year. A little over two years later, in December, 1885, he came to Whitehall. For a time he was variously employed. In August, 1900, he entered the store of his uncle, L. L. Solsrud. By attention to business and intelligent effort, he gradually mastered the business, and in 1895 became a partner, the firm at that time taking the name of Solsrud, Kidder & Co. In 1899 Mr. Kidder retired, and the firm became Solsrud & Solsrud, a name which was retained until the present name and organization was adopted in 1901. The building, which is of solid brick, two stories, with basement, is one of the sightly business houses of the village. It was erected in 1895. The firm carries a good stock, and does a large business, its reputation for fair prices, honest dealing and high quality having been deservedly gained through its many years of existence. When the People's State Bank was organized, Mr. Solsrud as one of the leading business men of the city was selected as its president, and in that capacity he has since continued to serve. A thorough believer in the brotherhood of man, Mr. Solsrud has allied himself with several fraternities. In the Masonic order he is a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, Consistory and Shrine. In the I. 0. O. F. he has passed through all the chairs of the lodge and is a popular member of the Rebekah degree. In the Independent Order of Foresters he is also a valued member. His public work has included efficient work on the village council for eight years. His religious affiliation is with the United Norwegian Lutheran church, in which he has been the treasurer since 1914. Mr. Solsrud was married June 9, 1897, to Lena Larson, who was born in Hale Township, Jan. 21, 187.5, daughter of Martin and Marie (Bjorke) Larson, the pioneers, the former of whom makes his home with Mr. and Mrs. Solsrud, and the latter of whom died in 1902. Mr. and Mrs. Solsrud have had five children: Mary (who died in 1909 at the age of 11 years), Louise, Alice, John and Dorothy.

John McKivergin, the efficient superintendent of the Trempealeau County Asylum, is a native of this county, having first seen the light of day in Preston Township, June 18, 1864, a son of James and Ann (Conway) McKivergin. He was reared on the farm, attended the district schools of his neighborhood, and thoroughly learned agricultural pursuits from his parents. After his father's death, he and his brother Thomas took charge of the old homestead. A few years later the two brothers, in connection with their farm work, began buying and shipping live stock, and this business grew to such proportions that in 1903 the subject of this sketch moved to Blair in order to devote his attention exclusively to this line of industry. In 1910, in company with W. E. Kidder, under the firm name of Kidder & McKivergin, he engaged in the hardware business at Galesville for several months, after which he assumed the duties of his present position. Under his administration the institution has undergone many improvements, and he has made it one of the model asylums of Wisconsin. Aside from his present position, Mr. McKivergin has seen considerable public service. For a time he was a member of the board of Preston Township, and for about ten years he was a member of the school board. His business holdings include stock in the Home Bank of Blair. His fraternal affiliation is with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. McKivergin was married Dec. 31, 1902, to Minnie H. Bigham, who was born in Arcadia Sept. 9, 1872, daughter of John and Grace (Gardner) Bigham. Mrs. McKivergin is a lady of many accomplishments and has ably assisted her husband in his splendid work at the asylum. She was educated in the Arcadia High School and the Winona State Normal School, and for some nine years was efficiently engaged as an educator, specializing in primary department work, at Arcadia and Galesville, in this county, and at Wadena, Minn.

James McKivergin, pioneer, was born near Banbridge, in the north of Ireland, in 1818, and came to America as a young man about 1839. After living in the Eastern States for a number of years, he came to Trempealeau County in 1862 and located on section 18, Preston Township, about three miles west of the present village of Blair. There he successfully farmed until his lamented death in 1886. A man of considerable ability, he possessed a strong influence over his fellow citizens, and did good service on the township and school boards. His wife, whose maiden name was

John Bigham, an eai'ly settler, was born in Brewsters, N. Y., and was there reared and educated. In 1855 he was brought to Wisconsin by his parents. For several years he worked as a stationary engineer in some of the pioneer mills of the county, and in 1859 homesteaded a tract of land about one and one-half miles southwest of Arcadia. He served during the Civil War, and after that conflict returned to his farm and devoted his life to agricultural pursuits until his retirement in 1899, when he moved to the village of Arcadia, where he has since resided. He was married Jan. 9, 1868, at Arcadia, to Grace Gardner, who was born in Indiana, Sept. 9, 1850. Their happy union was blessed with five children.

The Trempealeau County Asylum, widely famed as a model institution of its kind, is located in the town of Lincoln about one mile west of the village of Whitehall. Its story is told elsewhere. Buildings were erected in 1899, and the institution opened April 6, 1900. J. A. Johnson, the first superintendent, was succeeded by P. H. Johnson, who in turn was followed on April 1, 1911, by John McKivergin as superintendent, and Mrs. McKivergin as matron. The institution has accommodations for about 130, the average number of patients being about 112.

Darius D. Chappell, a pioneer of Trempealeau County, who for the past 18 years or more has resided in Galesville, was born in Warren County, Pa., Dec. 8, 1833, son of Chubil D. and Mary Ann (Palmeter) Chappell. The father, Shubil, son of a Revolutionary soldier, was a native of Herkimer County, N. Y., and a carpenter and joiner by occupation. With his wife, who was born near New York, he removed to Walworth County, Wis., in 1854, and engaged in contracting and building and also in farming. He remained in that locality until 1862, in which year, with his family, he came to Trempealeau County, locating in Caledonia Township, where the rest of his life was spent.

Darius D. Chappell, who was the eldest of ten children, in his boyhood attended school in Warren, Pa. He resided at home until he was 19 years of age, and then, with but little money, he came West to Wisconsin, locating in Walworth County. After working through the harvest season, he returned home for the rest of the family, and brought them to Walworth County. Here he worked for others and for his father, assisting the latter as carpenter, and in the winter worked in the Eau Claire woods. At the time of his marriage in 1857 he came to Trempealeau County, settling in Caledonia and entering into business as carpenter and builder, in which occupation he continued until the summer of 1862, when, on Aug. 15, he enlisted in Company C, Thirtieth Wisconsin Regiment, as a private. He was appointed first lieutenant and was later promoted to the rank of captain of Company E in the same regiment, and served as such until the close of the war. Though never wounded, he was seized with sickness and confined to his bed for several weeks at Fort Rice, where Bismarck, N. D., now stands. At the close of the war he was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., and returned to Caledonia Township, where he engaged in farming. This occupation he followed without intermission until 1898, when he purchased his present residence in Galesville and retired from active life. Previous to settling in the village, however, he, accompanied by his wife, took a trip to his old home in Pennsylvania, from which they made trips, visiting the battle grounds of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Chattanooga, Chickamauga and others, subsequently taking a far western trip to Tacoma, Wash., and California.

Mr. Chappell was married June 21, 1857, to CaroUne F. Fowler, who was born in Racine, Wis., before that town was named. Her parents were Benjamin and Martha (Kocher) Fowler, both natives of Pennsylvania, the father born in Harrisburg and the mother in Philadelphia. The former was a farmer, capitalist and real estate dealer who came to Wisconsin in or about 1833, settling on the site of the present city of Racine. Subsequently he sold his last business holdings to the J. L Case Company and moved to Walworth County, where he died Dec. 26, 1874. His wife died at Hart Prairie, Wis., in 1876. Mr. Fowler was a busy man during his active career and never sought to mix largely in politics, but at different times he held local office. He and his wife had a family of 13 children, of whom Caroline F. was the eleventh in order of birth. Mr. and Mrs. Chappell have three children: Elmer Elsworth, Ella Swarthng (an adopted daughter), and Daniel Earl. Ehner Elsworth, born July 8, 1861, died March 21, 1916, at Lawton, Okla., where he was engaged in business as a contractor and builder. He married Jennie Dunlap and left two children, Carrie E. and Carl D. Ella (Swartling) Chappell is now Mrs. Henry Marsh, of Caledonia Township, and has three children, Glenn, Ray and Ethel. Daniel Earl, born May 29, 1869, resides on the old home farm in Caledonia. He married Nellie Gilbert, and they have two children, Alice Myrl, a teacher at Kewaunee, Wis., and Giles Earl, residing at home. Mr. Chappell is the owner of considerable land in Trempealeau County. He belongs to Charles H. Ford Post, No. 258, G. A. R., of which he has been commander several times, and is a member of the county commission for the soldiers' indigent fund, which he has served as secretary since its organization. He and his wife have many warm friends throughout this part of the county. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of their wedding they were given a surprise party by about 200 of their friends, who presented them with many beautiful and costly gifts, and a similar event took place on their fiftieth anniversary. On the latter occasion Mrs. Chappell was presented with a gold-headed umbrella and Mr. Chappell with a gold-headed cane, a golden clock and other beautiful gifts. In thanking their friends Mr. and Mrs. Chappell said that they might have accumulated more of this world's goods, had they tried to do so, but they doubted if they would have seen so much real happiness and would not exchange the high esteem of their friends for all the gold in Alaska. Mr. Chappell is a Republican in politics and when a resident of Caledonia Township served as town treasurer for a number of years.

Glaus 0. Mitskogen is a native of this county, having been born in Lake's Coulie, five miles south of Blair, Jan. 6, 1873, son of Ole 0. and Lisa (Hendrickson) Mitskogen. The father, Ole 0. Mitskogen, was born in Sweden, in 1822, came to America in 1867, followed by his family in August, 1868, worked as a farm hand one year, homesteaded a farm in Lake's Coulie, section 2, range 8, township 20 (Preston), and there lived until his death in 1900. The mother, Lisa Hendrickson, was born in Sweden, in 1834, and died in the spring of 1914. Glaus 0. Mitskogen was reared on the home farm, and remained with his parents until 1896, when he purchased his present farm of l60 acres in section 34, range 7, township 22 (Preston). Since coming here he has made many improvements, and has d-^veloped as good a place as is to be found in the community. His home, a frame structure, two stories high, with eight rooms and a basement, was erected in 1908. The barn, 28 by 56 by 14 feet, with cement floors, and modern equipment, was erected in 1905. The farm is well fenced, and the implements, machinery and tools are of the best. In carrying on general farming, Mr. Mitskogen makes a specialty of raising a good grade of Holstein cattle for beef and dairy purposes. A prominent man in the community, Mr. Mitskogen has served on the township board, and has been a member of the school board since 1910. Since 1906 he has been secretary of the Synod Norwegian Lutheran church (now united). Mr. Mitskogen was married June 8, 1894, to Nellie Haug, who was born in Ettrick Township, Jan. 11, 1874, the daughter of John 0. and Nina Haug, and died Jan. 11, 1900. Odin, a child of this union, was born Oct. 15, 1897. Of the other two children, Olava died at the age of 2 years, and Julia at the age of 10 years. On May 4, 1901, Mr. Mitskogen married Amanda Anderson, who was born in Pigeon Township, Aug. 17, 1878, daughter of Halvor and Christian (Benson) Anderson, natives of Norway.

Moses E. Ladd, a well-known and respected resident of Whitehall, retired farmer, former county official, and now engaged in the insurance business, was born in Unity, N. H., July 2, 1843, son of Philander J. and Ruth (Adams) Ladd. Philander J. Ladd was born in New Hampshire, and in 1857 came to Trempealeau County, where he engaged in agriculture until his death in 1896 at the age of 75 years, his wife Ruth, whom he married in his native State, having died in 1886 at the age of 54. Moses E. Ladd was 14 years old when his father brought the family to Wisconsin. He worked as a clerk and bookkeeper at Trempealeau for four years and taught school an equal length of time, in the meanwhile improving his education by attending Gale College. Turning his attention to agriculture, he then engaged in farming in Caledonia Township until 1899. Appointed county treasurer. May 8, 1899, he moved to Whitehall and gave his attention to the duties of that office, in which he served so efficiently that he was elected in 1900 and served an additional term. In 1903 Mr. Ladd bought the insurance agency of Herman L. Ekern, of Whitehall, and has since carried on the business successfully, writing fire, tornado, automobile and accident insurance. For many years Mr. Ladd has given a considerable part of his time to public service. He was a member of the county board in 1896, 1897 and 1898, was township clerk of Caledonia Township for seven years, and clerk of his school board there a similar period. In Trempealeau Township he was township clerk for two years. Since coming to Whitehall he has been village clerk two years. While still farming, he was also one of the organizers of the Galesville Creamery, serving seven years as director. Religiously, he is affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal church, holding the ofRce of trustee and steward. For half a century he has been a member of the Masonic order. It will thus be seen that his life has been one of activity and useful effort in various directions, and in whatever position he has been placed he has shown efficiency and fidelity to his duties. Mr. Ladd was married, March 30, 1870, to Libbie J. Bagley, who was born in Hayfield, Crawfoi'd County, Pa., Oct. 26, 1849, daughter of Phineas and Phoebe (Williams) Bagley. Her father was a farmer who came to Trempealeau County in 1856, and died in 1892 at the age of 85 years, after a long and industrious career. Her mother died in 1890. Mrs. Ladd passed away April 22, 1917. An obituary notice said of her :

"Mrs. Ladd may well be called a pioneer of the county. In her girlhood days the life of Trempealeau did not have the comforts and blessings of the hfe of today. But it had a delightful and wholesome Christian atmosphere, and Miss Bagley early took advantage of this great blessing and took an active part in the church work of the neighborhood. At the age of 25 she joined the Methodist Episcopal church and has been a very faithful member ever since. After moving to Whitehall Mrs. Ladd became an important link in the social, civic and religious life of this village. She has been especially industrious in the temperance cause, church work. Ladies' Aid and in work of the relief corps. In the death of Mrs. Ladd her husband mourns the loss of a loving, devoted wife, and the community suffers the loss of a diligent worker for the higher things of life."

The Central Trading Association, of Whitehall, conducts the "Model" store, and handles general merchandise, shoes, clothing, dry goods, groceries, notions and the like. The store occupies the basement, first floor and part of the second floor of a sightly modern building which the company has remodelled. It is constructed in the shape of an "L," 30 feet wide and 120 feet long, with a rear of 60 feet in width. The company also owns two lots near the store, whereon have been built sheds for the accommodation of teams. The Association was incorporated Sept. 25, 1913, with a capital stock of $50,000. The first officers were : President, P. H. Johnson ; vicepresident, D. Wood ; secretary, C. P. Larson ; treasurer, C. B. Melby ; directors, P. H. Johnson, R. S. Cowie, C. P. Larson, C. B. Melby and F. D. Hopkins. Immediately upon organization, the company bought out the general store of Torgerson & Sons, and estabhshed its present business.

Peter H. Johnson, president of the board of directors of the Central Trading Association, conducting the "Model" department store at Whitehall, is a man of wide interests and varied experiences. Aside from his position with the Trading Association, he is vice-president of the John O. Melby & Co. Bank, of Whitehall, and a stockholder in the State Bank of Galesville, the Farmers' and Merchants' State Bank, of Stanley, the Western Wisconsin Telephone Company, of Whitehall, and the Farmers' Co-Operative Elevator Company, of Whitehall. He was born in Biri, Norway, April 2, 1862, second of the seven children of Hans and Martha (Halvorsdatter) Johnson. Hans Johnson came to America in 1864, lived in La Crosse County, this State, a year, homesteaded in 1865 a farm in section 5, township 19, range 7, Ettrick, and there farmed until his death in 1896, his good wife dying in 1894. Peter H. Johnson attended the common schools and Gale College at Galesville, taught school for a while, and helped his parents with the work of the farm. In 1884 he became grain buyer and bookkeeper for Wilson Davis, the Galesville miller. Ten years later, in 1894, he and J. E. Wilberg, under the firm name of Johnson & Wilberg, opened a hardware store at Ettrick. While still a member of this firm, he was elected county clerk in the fall of 1896, and took office Jan. 1, 1897. He was re-elected, and served until Jan. 1, 1901. March 1, 1901, he was named as superintendent of the Trempealeau County Insane Asylum, at Whitehall, and served in this capacity for ten years. Then he was idle for a while, and then became manager of the Farmers' Elevator Company, at Whitehall, assuming the duties of his present position Sept. 25, 1913. Aside from his business interests, Mr. Johnson is notary public and justice of the peace, and has served as court commissioner since 1914. Mr. Johnson was married June 13, 1891, to Mary 0. Heram, born in Norway, Feb. 16, 1862, daughter of Ole C. and Mary (Haakenson) Heram, who brought their family in 1869 to Trempealeau County, where the father still lives, the mother having died in 1914 at the age of 80 years. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson have three children, Hughitt, Mae and Miles. Hughitt is a student in the Chicago Dental College. Mae is studying music in the music department of the Lawrence University at Appleton, Wis. Miles is doing well at his studies in the Whitehall High School.

Henry A. Cox, a retired farmer residing on his old farm in section 11, Trempealeau Township, was born at Whitewater, Walworth County, Wis., Dec. 12, 1845, son of Jeffry and Elizabeth (Cox) Cox. His parents were natives of Somersetshire, England, and came to the United States in 1844, locating at Whitewater, Wis., where the mother died about a year after the birth of her son Henry. The father, who was born in 1798, survived his wife many years, dying in 1882 at the advanced age of 84.

Henry A. Cox was educated in the district school at Whitewater, Wis., which he left at the age of 15 years. At the age of 17 he enlisted in Company D, Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. He took part in several battles and his regiment was with the Union troops when they took possession of Little Rock, Ark., but Mr. Cox was in the hospital at that time. After serving three years and two months, he was mustered out at Brownsville, Tex., and returned to his home in Whitewater. In 1866 he came to Trempealeau Township, locating near Centerville, on a farm of 80 acres which he had bought of Hollister Wright, where he remained for five or six years, after which he sold that farm and bought his present home of 120 acres in section 11, on which he built a one and a half story frame house, together with a barn, silo and other necessary buildings. All the land is under the plow. In 1909 Mr. Cox turned over the farm to his son Frank, who now operates it. In the summers he resides on the farm and in the winters he lives with his son Clarence at La Crosse. In politics Mr. Cox has always been a Republican. He formerly served two terms as clerk of School District No. 13. His rehgious affiliations are with Centerville Methodist Episcopal church, of which he has been an active member for a number of years. He is a man highly respected throughout this part of the county as a reliable citizen and good neighbor. He was united in holy bonds of matrimony to Jennie Ladd, who proved a loyal wife and loving mother. She passed away Jan. 16, 1895, leaving the following children: George H., born in 1876, who is married and is engaged in farming in Iowa; Frank, born in 1879, who is also married and is operating the home farm, and Clarence, born in 1883, who is married and lives in La Crosse, Wis., where he is engaged in the hardware business.

Thomas P. Huleatt was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, the son of Thomas and Jane (Harden) Huleatt, who brought their family to America in 1850, and after iiving in Rock Island, 111., for a year, settled in Pepm County, this State, taking up their home in Bogus Valley. There the parents spent the remainder of their days, having achieved by hard work and frugality a position of influence and importance in the community. Thomas P. Huleatt spent his youth on the home farm, and as he grew to manhood determined to devote his life to farming. As a young man he acquired a good farm, which he successfully conducted for many years. He was well thought of in his neighborhood, and occupied a number of local offices in the county and on the school boai'd. After a long and useful career in Pepin County, he came to Whitehall, in 1899, and here resided until his lamented death in 1906. Mr. Huleatt was married, in 1865, at Pepin, Wis., to Maria A. Clarke, who was born in Pennsylvania, in 1845, and died in 1905. Mr. and Mrs. Huleatt had two children: Clarence F., a merchant of Whitehall, and Eva, the wife of Watson Leach, a carpenter at Zion City, 111.

Clarence F. Huleatt, secretary and treasurer of the Huleatt Mercantile Co., and a leading merchant of Whitehall, was born in Bogus Valley, near Pepin, Wis., March 30, 1866, son of Thomas P. and Maria A. (Clarke) Huleatt. He was reared on the farm, attended the district schools of Pepin County, and graduated from the River Falls State Normal School, in 1892. Thus prepared, he taught school for several years, part of which time he was principal of the Whitehall schools. In the spring of 1897 he and L. M. Ekern became owners of the hardware and furniture store of Peterson & Ekern, at Whitehall, under the firm name of Huleatt & Ekern. In 1899 Mr. Huleatt bought out his partner's interest, and with his uncle, Samuel Huleatt, established the firm of Huleatt & Huleatt. In 1900 the Huleatt Mercantile Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $6,000, the officers and owners being: President, Thomas F. Huleatt; treasurer, Samuel H. Huleatt, and secretary, Clarence F. Huleatt. Clarence F. Huleatt is now the secretary and treasurer, and his wife is the president. The firm does a large business in furniture, hardware and appliances, and has a large business in installing heating plants and doing general plumbing work. Mr. Huleatt also conducts a funeral directing department, having taken lectures on undertaking at Milwaukee and St. Paul under the leading embalmers of the country. The building, erected in 1900, occupies a prominent place on Main street, and is of modern construction, 30 by 80 feet. Mr. Huleatt has been a member of the village council for two years. He has passed through the chairs of the local I. 0. 0. F. Lodge. His religious affiliations are with the Whitehall Methodist Episcopal church, in which he is a trustee. Mr. Huleatt was married Dec. 23, 1896, to Mary E. Shane, of

Modena, county superintendent of schools, Buffalo County, Wis., born March 20, 1864, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (McEldowney) Shane, natives of Ireland.

Peter T. Herreid, a prosperous hardware merchant, of Blair, Wis., was born in Ettrick Township, Trempealeau County, Wis., Oct. 13, 1867. His parents were Thomas 0. and Brita (Bue) Herreid. The father was born at Hardanger, Norway, and came to America in 1854, locating in Dane County, Wis., where he remained until 1858. He then came to Trempealeau County and homesteaded a farm in Ettrick Township, which place was his home for the rest of his life. He died March 20, 1898, when 69 years old. His wife died Aug. 14, 1914, at the age of 87. Peter T. Herreid at 16 years of age began work as a carpenter in Pigeon Township and was thus occupied until 1893. In 1895 he bought the hardware store of A. B. Peterson, at Blair, being associated with his brother Thomas, under the firm name of Herreid Brothers. The firm has since continued in business and has built up a good trade. Their building is a one-story frame 24x100 feet. They carry a general line of hardware, operate a tinshop and conduct heating and plumbing departments of their business. Peter T. Herreid has been a member of the village council five years, having served as its president for two years. He has also served on the school board ten years. He is a stockholder in the First National Bank of Blair. His religious afliliations are with the United Norwegian Lutheran church, which he has served as treasurer since about 1900. He also had charge of the building of the church. December 27, 1895, Mr. Herreid was united in marriage with Hanna B. Hanson, of Blair, whose father, Martin Hanson Skyrud, was a pioneer farmer of Trempealeau County. To him and his wife five children have been born: Myron, Berdelle, Leon, Francis and Lyla. Myron is on the flagship Pennsylvania in the navy ; Berdelle is a proficient teacher ; Leon is with the L. C. Hyde & Britton Bankers, at Beloit, Wis. ; Francis and Lyla are at home.

John H. Crosen, an elderly resident of Trempealeau Village, one of the surviving veterans of the Civil War, was born in Wheeling, Va., Aug. 22, 1833. His parents were William and Adelaide (Israel) Crosen. The father, born in Virginia about 1790, learned the cooper's trade, which he followed in Wheeling for a number of years, and afterwards in Pittsburgh, Pa. He was of Dutch descent. His wife, Adelaide (Israel) Crosen, was born in Pennsylvania of Scotch descent, and was nearly 90 years of age at the time of her death.

John H. Crosen had but limited educational opportunities in his boyhood, attending the common schools during the winters from the age of 7 to that of 16 years. He remained at home until he was 18 years old, assisting his father in coopering, and then worked out to some extent on farms, though still assisting his father at times. It was his desire to learn the machinist's trade, but could find no one to take him as an apprentice on account of his slight build. Through the influence of an uncle, however, he found an opportunity to learn boot and shoe making, which he started to do at the age of 22 years, and he continued his apprenticeship until he could make any kind of footwear, pegged or sewed. Then he went to Alle-