Madison City (part 11 of 20)

Chancellor Barnard was unable to attend to the duties to which he had been called, thus the scheme which was to have united the University with the normal school system of the state failed completely. Eventually, in consequence of continued ill health, his resignation was accepted in January, 1861. The civil war, and the stress upon every department of the state, joined to the diminution of the number of students, rendered a reduction of expenditures inevitable. Pro!

Jolm "W. Sterling was made deau of the faculty, with the powers of chancellor, and schemes of retrenchment were adopted which enabled the University to continue its operations, without asking aid from the legislature, during the war. The University was largely represented in the army, and a military company was formed among the students, which has eventuated in the establishment of a military department, giving effect to an excellent suggestion made to the regents by the faculty. The drill undertaken to secure military efficiency has conferred mental as well as physical vigor. In the year 1864, all the class was in the field, and for the first time during ten years, there was no commencement.

A normal department was opened in 1863, under the care of Prof. C. H. Allen, and the result was in every way satisfactory. The apprehension commonly expressed, that the introduction of ladies would lower the standard of culture, has been proved groundless. Prof. Pickard succeeded to the control of that department in 1866, when the "female college" was established, which continued until 1873, since which time all departments of the University have very properly been thrown open to both sexes, without those invidious distinctions, which too long have evidenced the want of genuine culture among men.

Gifts made to the institution by generous citizens, have done much to increase its efficiency. Gov. Jas. T. Lewis made a donation to enable the board of regents to bestow an annual prize. The amount was only $200, but the regents having invested the fund, were enabled in June, 1874, to offer a prize of $20, which sum is to be awarded every year, under the name of " the Lewis prize," to the writer of the best essay, received in the competition of that year. The Scandinavian library, known as u Mimers library," was a contribution from private individuals in 1868, through the agency of Prof. B,. B. Anderson. The collection now aggregates about one thousand volumes of Scandinavian literature, and its value can hardly be stated. The world-famous Ole Bull was induced by Mr. Anderson to increase the library fund by giving a concert in the assembly chamber, and the sum thus obtained was very advantageously expended in Norway by the professor, who made a voyage thither in 1872 for the purpose, and procured at the same time valuable contributions from some of the ablest professors and most distinguished Norwegian scholars. The books obtained by the several means indicated render the Scandinavian library one o'f the best in the United States. The " Johnson student's aid fund " was in part due to the same agency. The sum given by the Hon. John A. Johnson, some time senator for this district, is $5,000, the interest of which is to be applied from the time of the donation, 1876, until the end of the present century, to assist indigent Scandinavian students, with sums not to exceed $50 per annum in any individual case, nor to aggregate more than $200 in the aid afforded to one person; with this further proviso, that in every case the student assisted shall understand that the advance is a loan, and not a gift, and that whenever it may be in his power, he shall be expected to repay the sum to the fund, to increase its efficiency for future operations. On and after the end of this century the fund will be available for all students, irrespective of nationality, on precisely similar terms. Clearly, the object of the donor is to break down whatever barriers may at present exist, to the complete unification of the Norse element in our population with the great body of the people, made up of all the nations of the world. It would be difficult to imagine a form in which enlightened munificence can more elegantly express itself, than by such contributions to the improvement of the State University, and it is gratifying to observe that other persons are preparing to follow in the path thus nobly indicated. Most of the universities and scholastic institutions in Europe have been enriched by just such acts of individual munificence, generally by way of bequests, taking effect upon the death of the donor. The state bestowed upon the University the building which had been occupied as the soldiers' orphans home, with the intention that it should be used as the location for a medical school or department; but for many reasons it was found inexpedient to carry out that design, and the regents having memorialized the legislature to that effect, have been permitted to sell the structure and grounds for $18,000. The Norwegians, who have made the purchase, will establish an academy and theological seminary in the building,

Returning now from a prolonged digression on the subject of gifts, to resume the narrative temporarily broken, we may say, that in June, 1865, the war having come to an end, it was thought advisable to reorganize the State University, but in consequence of an offer of the chancellorship having been declined, Prof. Sterling continued in his position until the following year. The increase of students and the improving aspect of affairs generally, so far as the University was concerned, led to a reconstruction, which was aided by a vacation of all the chairs in 1866, whereupon Pres. Paul A. Chadbourne was called to the management of the University from the agricultural college of Massachusetts. Prof. Sterling alone, of all the old faculty, was retained and reelected.

The change made in 1866 entitled the Universitv to the advantages accruing under the act of congress, which granted lands for agricultural colleges. The alterations necessary were embodied in an act, which was approved on the 12th of April, 1866, and thereupon the county of Dane issued bonds to the amount of §10,000 for the purchase of lands for an experimental farm contiguous to the university grounds. The requisite funds were provided and the farm procured, but two professors in turn declined the nomination as president, and the members of the old faculty were recalled for another year. After certain amendments had been made in the regulations, as to the several departments being open to both sexes on precisely similar terms, Prof. Chadbourne accepted the presidency in 1867, and the work of reconstruction proceeded.

Since that time, the state has pursued a more liberal and enlightened policy towards the University. The educational power of the institution has been felt in the community, in the presence and force of men trained therein, or in kindred establishments, and now editing the leading journals of the state, or filling other responsible representative positions. The secretary of state, in his report for 1866, recognized the fact, that Wisconsin had not appropriated one dollar toward the support of the University, but had absorbed from the endowment given by the general government, sums aggregating more than $10,000, in the form of charges for taking care of the lands, besides reducing the value of the property in question, so that the fund arising from the interest had decreased $7,000 per annum in less than two years. The action of Dane county in affording substantial help was speedily followed by compensatory measures in the legislature. In the year 1867, an appropriation of $7,303.76 per annum was made for a term of ten years, and it was supposed that a like amount would be granted in perpetuity as an act of simple justice; but, as will be seen, a much more generous arrangement has been effected. The charge unwisely levied by the state upon the University, property for taking care of its lands, was at the same time abandoned.

Three years later, in 1870, a sum of $50,000 was appropriated to erect a female college, that being the first sum actually granted by Wisconsin in aid of her own University. In the year 1875, upon proper representations as to the necessity for additional buildings, the legislature appropriated $S0,000 to enable the regents to proceed with the erection of Science Hall, which is now fully complete; and still later, in the winter of 1876, an act has been passed repealing all other measures of appropriation touching the revenues of the institution, and giving, by way of liberal acquittance for every error in the past, an annual tax of one-tenth of a mill on the dollar, on the valuation of the state, upon the condition, that from and after July, 1876, all tuition shall be free to every citizen of Wisconsin. The line of policy thus indicated, places the State University on a sound basis, and will not fail to establish the character of our people thoughout the union. The struggle for life has ended, and the munificence of the legislature, expressing the will of the community, will materially aid in developing the resources of the state. The line of conduct pursued in the beginning was an aberration, such as we are not likely to see repeated.

A desire to narrate in the proper order, and in a connected way, the several items of financial policy which, since 1866, have characterized the legislature, has led to a deviation from the straight course in describing the steps by which the regents and the faculty have discharged their duties; but allowances can be made for that offense in the presence of such admirable provocation. There will be no further need to break the continuity of the narrative.

The University has now a department of engineering and military tactics, to ' which has been added a department of civil and mechanical engineering and military science. Mining, metallurgy and engineering as connected with mines, have also received attention; and the department of agriculture, a branch of training second to none in importance, is very slowly advancing in appreciation as well among the people as in the minds of the regents. Efforts have been made to render this branch of education effective, but up to the present time there have been no agricultural students. The Law Department, under the able Dean of the Faculty, Prof. J. H. Carpenter, aided by the best authorities in the state, deserves the very highest encomiums.

President Chadbourne's labors, under the reconstructed board, and the better tone of public opinion, gave an impetus to educational effort. The University became more worthy of support, a better exponent of scientific culture; and the leading minds in the community recognized its higher usefulness. The increase of students consequent upon those improvements, rendered additional buildings necessary, and the want has been in part supplied, but the requirements of the institutioii will continue to increase with the growing importance of the community. There cannot be finality in supplying the wants of an intellectual people whose numbers and demands in tlie realm of knowledge are daily expanding. Already there are murmurs because of the want of an observatory and astronomical instruments. There can be no question that these requirements will be supplied.

President Chadbourne was obliged to retire in consequence of ill health in 1870, and his place was temporarily supplied by Yice President Sterling, during whose incumbency, at first as a matter of necessity, and afterwards as a matter of principle, young women were admitted to recite with any of the classes. The change has proved beneficial. President Twombly, D. D., was elected in 1871, and continued in office until 1874, when President Bascom, LL. D., D. D., was called to the work. Under the two officers last named in succession, but more especially under President Bascom, the institution has grown in usefulness and in public favor, and there is no reason to doubt that the good understanding, fully established, will be maintained.

The income of the University from all sources, now amounts to about $80,000 per annum, and with the growth of the state generally, the prosperity of the institution will steadily keep pace. Henceforth there will be no reason why every young man and young woman in AVisconsin, having an ambition to possess the advantages of complete training, should not cultivate the powers with which God has blessed them, in the development of their intellectual faculties.

History Of Madisok. S3 State Historical Society

The state library dates from the earliest clays of our existence as a territorial government, the first purchase of books having been made in 1837, since which time the collection has been largely increased. The State Historical Society was organized on the 30th of January, 1849, and its treasures now comprise by far the best collection of materials for northwestern history that can be found anywhere in this western country. There was at one time a superior collection in Chicago, but the great fire unfortunately destroyed that, among other priceless treasures. The organization of the society was suggested in the Mineral Point Democrat of October 22, 1845, by Chauncy C. Britt, but notwithstanding the support given to the project by the whole of the press, it was not found possible to carry it into effect until the date mentioned, more than three years later. Even then it was not a vigorous existence, upon which the association entered. Events called off the attention of some, sickness and misfortune impeded others, and the act of incorporation was not procured until March, 1853, when there were not fifty volumes in the library. In the month of January following, a com- plete reorganization having been effected, a vote of $500 per annum was subsequently procured from the legislature to assist in attaining the objects aimed at by the promoters ; and the first annual report for the year 1854 showed very considerable progress. There were already more than one thousand volumes in the library and promises of assistance and cooperation had been received from numerous societies on this continent and in Europe, as well as from American authors whose names are to-day more honorable to the nation than our material riches. Collections of autographs, portraits, and life sized pictures had already been commenced, including mementoes of our worthiest men, and those lines of effort have been persevered in with great success to the present time, until the gallery of the Historical Society has become singularly complete. With the report for 1854 were presented many valuable and interesting documents forming parts of the contemporary and more remote history of the northwest, in a striking way illustrating the importance of the society. One paper was a translation from the French, setting forth the policy which the soldiery of that nation should pursue toward the Chippewas and Foxes; another an English record of the days when the British forces had taken possession of Green Bay and other frontier posts, soon after the reduction of Canada by the English, and a very interesting appendix consisted of Jas. W. Biddle's recollections of Green Bay in 1816-17, about the time that this country really passed under Amer- ican rule. The discriminating reader is of course aware that although the British should have surrendered this country in 1783, there were excuses made for the retention of Detroit and other posts until Jay's treaty was made, and that even after that date it was not until the end of the war of 1812 that the English authorities abandoned their manipulations with the Indians in this territory. The conduct of the Chippewas in hoisting the English flag at Sault Ste Marie in 1820, and defying Gov. Cass, was an event of still later occurrence, and the courage with which the old General tore down the insolent bunting, in the face of the Indians, won for him honest admiration. James Duane Doty, who was then travel ing in the suite of Gov. Cass, assisted in hoisting the Union colors, and thereby increased his favor with the governor of Michigan. The drain on the material resources of England, caused by long continued wars against Napoleon, ended by the banishment of that ruler to St. Helena in 1815-16, made it inexpedient for the nation to continue its system of annuities to Tomah and the Menomonees, as well as to other Indian allies. The change was announced in 1817, and Mr. Biddle's recollections embrace that period and event, as well as much other matter that deserves recapitulation. The customs of Green Bay as to limited marriages, and transfers of marital engagements, among the voyageurs, fur traders and their semi Indian squaws, read like the records of South Sea Island life, with a few business like variations. There had not been a priest in Green Bay for some time, and Judge Reaume, whose commission was said to have been given by Gen. Harrison, or earlier by the British, was for many years the only justice. Nobody could say when his authority first claimed recognition, but on the other hand nobody presumed to question its potency. "The Judge's old jack knife," sent by the constable, was a sufficient summons for any real or assumed offender, and the judgment of the bench could be influenced by a present, so that in one respect he resembled Lord Chancellor Bacon; but like the more celebrated man last mentioned, he was not without many excellent points, and his usefulness was beyond question. Gov. Cass recognized the substantial worth of Judge Reaume and gave him an appointment as associate justice, toward the end of his career, after the organization of the territory of Michigan.

The state will not readily comprehend how much is due to the labors of the Historical Society, and to its corresponding secretary, Lyman C. Draper, in the procurement and preservation of the treasures amassed by the society; but the Union and the reading world will some day recognize their worth, and this city cannot fail to reap honor in having been the birthplace of the institution.

Col. "Whittlesey's "Tour Through "Wisconsin in 1832," written in 1838, gives a vivid and life-like description of the Black Hawk War, but our space will not allow of such extracts as might be desired, and it is to be hoped tliat some person favored by the society, will embody in a few volumes the choicer matter in its priceless collection. For the present it is impossible even to enumerate the contributions that lie before us, and it is necessary, to confine ourselves to a bare mention of only a few of the chief items of interest. Major H. A. Tenney, whose services to the community in many ways have been beyond praise, has given an admirable precis of "Early Times in Wisconsin," written in this city in 1849, after he had succeeded in buttonholing Col. Brigham, and had collated the information thus obtained, with knowledge from innumerable other sources. The first settler in Dane county was not inclined to write his recollections, but in his manly and genial way he was induced to talk of his early experiences, and currente calamo, Major Tenney converted his veracious words into history, which must always be the foundation of "Wisconsin's records.

The second annual report showed that the Historical Society had increased its store by 1,065 volumes during the year 1855, and that in every other respect it was growing in usefulness, with experience. The picture gallery then consisted of twenty-five paintings, besides which the likenesses of numbers of local and national celebrities had been promised as additions to the collection. ]STo less than forty-seven portraits, chiefly of pioneers and friends of Wisconsin, had then been engaged, nearly all of which were afterwards supplied. We are almost entirely at a loss in general lii story, when we attempt to recall the features of thousands of men and women with whose deeds the world may be said to be familiar, yet " the counterfeit presentment" is often the best commentary upon the actual career of a person. Could we only be sure as to which of the several pictures, busts and casts, said to have been made at various times and places, of the player and poet, William Shakspere, was really taken from his features, in life or in death, it would be much easier to pronounce upon the question whether the wool-comber's son, who married Anne Hathaway, was truly the writer of the plays and sonnets that bear his name, or only the stalking horse of a still greater personage, the founder of our modern system of investigation. The pictures then in the gallery of the society were particularized, and where possible and necessary, as in the case of Black Hawk, the prophet, and in other such, certified to by the then librarian, Prof. S. H. Carpenter, in an excellent report on his particular branch of the society's possessions. The library has gone on increasing in every feature with accelerating rapidity every year, so that in 1S57 the volumes aggregated 3,122, exclusive of pamphlets and unbound newspapers; in the year following, 4,146; in 1862 there were 14,400 volumes ; in 1866, when the change was made from the basement of the Baptist Church to the suite of rooms in the capitol now occupied, there were 21,000 volumes and documents; in 1868, the Tank Library donation added 4,812 volumes, and the number of books, bound and unbound, had increased to 31,505, which in 1872, when the last publication appeared, showed a total of 50,530. The supplementary catalogue, in August, 1875, showed a further expansion to 65,000, and the gratifying increment goes on with continuous energy.

There are now in the galleries more than one hundred oil paintings of noteworthy men, a feature of surpassing value. The cabinet of pre-hrstoric relics contains nearly ten thousand specimens of the tools, ornaments and weapons of the stone age, in many respects second to none in the world. The copper era is illustrated by even a still more valuable collection, which has latterly been transferred to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, an assemblage of celts, spearheads and knives, in unalloyed copper, such as all Europe cannot equal. The maps and other valuables which are preserved in this institution would alone repay all the outlay that the state has incurred in supporting the invaluable movement, with which it is an honor to have been associated, as even the humblest pains-taking assistant.

The Tank collection above mentioned deserves more detailed notice. One of the earliest pioneers in Wisconsin was Otto Tank, whose widow, the daughter of a clergyman in Zeist, in Holland, inherited from her father his exceedingly choice collection of works, amounting to more than 5,000, inclusive of pamphlets, and this great treasure was by Mrs. Tank freely given to the State Historical Society, the cost of removal from Holland to this country being covered by a legis- lative appropriation. In tlie next year a full set of Patent Office Reports, which cost the donors no less than $12,500 gold, and which covers the whole range of invention since the year 1617, the year following the deaths of Shakspere and Cervantes, were presented to the Historical Society by the British government, through the intervention of the Hon. Charles Francis Adams, late minister to the court of St. James. The favor thus conferred does not end with the donation named, as the society will continue to receive the series of publications from the Patent Office in London, at the rate of about one hundred volumes per year, and thus the inventive genius of this state will continue to be stimulated by the opportunity at all times to inspect what has been accomplished and attempted, and what is still within the range of tentative effort among our brethren on the other side of the Atlantic. Like donations may be expected from every other European government, when the purposes of the institution are made known in the proper cpmrters.

To continue such an enumeration would prove tedious to the average reader, and in consequence, we refer our friends for more complete details to the reports and catalogues of the society, and the rooms in the state capitol, which already are too small to do justice to an alwavs increasing literary, archaic and artistic treasure. Mr. Draper has proved himself, in an exceptional degree, " the right man in the right place," one of those whose deeds will live after them, and to him more than to any other individual, the state and this City owe the wonderful growth which we have utterly failed to chronicle according to its merits. Those who have been associated with him best know his peculiar fitness for the task to which his life has been devoted, and none of them will grudge the patient and modest worker the credit to which he is honestly entitled. His name has been the open sesame to numerous collections, and to innumerable pockets, from which the resources of the society have been enriched, and his zeal has contributed to induce the legislature to assist the movement by ajDpropriations which, without great economy, must still have been wholly inadequate, while his example has induced hundreds to become willing laborers in the good cause.

Before us, on the desk, lie the volumes of Halliwell's Shakspere, a costly and rare luxury, originally published at $800 per copy, beyond our reach in any other wTay. The Historical Society enables us to see all that is known about the man with whom the greatest treasure of poetry on this earth is associated. Here are fao similes of his writing, and of his father's mark. The deeds and acquittances, and unhappily, also the writs, which tell of the poverty that fell upon the poet's home. Here are figured, as though in Arery fact, the original documents as they were presented to his eyes, letters and memoranda in which Shakspere and his immediate surroundings moved, in their daily lives.

The state library has been already named, as its chronological right demanded, seeing that it came into being before the capitol was planned. Apart from that feature, it is of great merit as a law library, hardly second to any in the west, and the completeness of the collection long since suggested to the managers the transfer of all its miscellaneous works to the shelves of the Historical Society. The courtesy of the librarian, the perfect order prevailing in the department, and the extensive as well as excellent assortment of . works, combine to render the state library, in every sense, an honor to its promoters and to this city. The location occupied by this department in the capitol, adjoining the supreme court and the chambers of the legislature, renders it easy of access to all who are concerned in its advantages.

The city library, in City Hall, and the library at the University, deserve more lengthened notice than our space will permit, seeing that the witchery of books would infallibly cause an overrunning of our limits, " contrary to the statute thereunto made and provided." Before ending this chapter, it becomes our imperative, as well as our pleasant duty, to acknowledge the manifold kindnesses of Librarian D. S. Durrie, whose own labors as a writer have made him apt to render aid to every one toiling with pen or pencil. His merits need no eulogy, but this word of recognition is due to ourselves.

Churches And Pastoes

The supposed first attempt at church organization was named in our pioneer sketches. Many similar works followed. Any preacher was welcomed in Mr. Ream's, Madison House. Bishop Kemper was a visitor there, and Father Quaw, from Canada. Col. Slaughter and Mr. Ream were vestrymen. The last named gentleman was in request as a singer, when services were held hy any denomination. Rev. ~W. Philo was the minister of the " Apostolic Church ': for twelve months. " Dominie Philo " was sentimental in his references to the other sex, and that fact provoked laughter, but, on the whole, he was much respected. When Mr. Toots in " Dombey and Son," was crossed in love, he told Miss Dombey, " It's not of the slightest consequence." It was otherwise with Mr. Philo. There was no Susan Nipper to give him consolation. He took to it kindly, and became sentimental. Probably some eastern belle had declined to share his missionary privations, and he knew that " the course of true love never did run smooth." There was a donation party for the good man on Christmas Eve, 184:0, and he was made rich in creature comforts; but he was suspected of shedding tears, as he reflected on the happiness that Dulcinea had lost. Ready to take part in any ameliorating effort, we find him conducting the religions exercises of the celebration, July 4th, 1841, when Mr. Slingerland of the Dutch Reformed Church was the orator. He, however, ultimately found him a helpmate, and lived to be the father of a family.

Rev. Richard F. Cadle, his successor, had lived fourteen years in the territory. He came to Green Bay as a missionary to the Indians. One hundred and twenty-nine children, Indian and mixed, at one time were taught by him and his assistants, industrial habits and the elements of a good English Christian training; but the effort died out after sixteen years. Mr. Cadle was chaplain of the fort at G-reen Bay and taught school. Many of the early teachers were men and women of good standing. He removed to Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, in 1830, being chaplain and teacher there for five years, until he came as pastor of the Apostolic Church, to this village.

Rev. Albert Slino-erland's Dutch Reformed Church was a heterogeneous combination. There was an understanding among the nine members, that name and creed should remain subject to the will of the majority. The congregation was organized in 1840. The preacher officiated twelve months from the preceding June. He was indefatigable, lecturing on temperance as well as preaching, from Sun Prairie to Prairie du Sac. Col. Brigham was the ruling elder. Eventu- ally his followers came under the pastorate of Rev. J. M. Clarke, having joined the Presbyterian and Congregational convention. Rev. S. E. Miner, now a prosper ous business man in Kansas, next preached under the auspices of the Home Missionary Society. Eben Peck's log house was their temporary church until a commodious barn had been erected. A better edifice was raised in 18-16 on Webster street, block 108, lot 10, that seated 250. Rev. Chas. Lord came in 1846, and continued until 1S54, when, his eyesight failing, he resigned. Rev. H. K. Eggleston, his successor, was very popular. When he left, there came near being a permanent split in the congregation.

There is a general impression that whisky drinking was very common among the pioneers. Mr. Slingerland, in 1840, said that intemperance was not so prevalent as in New York, but Sabbath breaking and profanity impressed him strongly. Some preachers have preserved the best chronicles of the time. Rev. Dr. Branson gives a lively picture of the various uses of the capitol for " courts, plays, shows, and worship," as well as legislation. Faro banks and the " Tiger ,! were excluded, but there were signs of the credit raobilier. The murder of C. C. P. Arndt on the eleventh of February, 1842, gave a terrible completeness to the catalogue of deeds possible in the capitol. J. R. Vineyard, from Grant county, terminated a dispute of his own beginning by shooting his fellow member through the heart, in the council chamber. The him from the legislature, but the courts acquitted him of manslaughter. The funeral services in the chamber were very impressive, and Arndt was interred at Green Bay. Vineyard went to California. Considering the excitment, it is a wonder that he was not lynched. C. C. P. Arndt's father was in the assembly when his son was shot, having been invited, from Green Bay to a social gathering which had been enjoyed the night before. The Arndts, father and son, were beloved, and the murder was unprovoked.

The erection of a Catholic church was resolved on in 1845, and commenced in the following spring. The church on Morris street was built in 1850, and three years later the foundation stone of the Catholic cathedral on Main street was laid by Bishop Henni. The consecration of St. Raphaels, in 1866, was a grand ceremonial, as was also the dedication of " The Church of the Holy Redeemer " in 1860. The storm of 1874 injured the steeple of the cathedral, so that it was taken down, but the structure will be improved greatly in consequence.

The first sermon was preached in Madison by the Rev. Salmon Stebbins, M. E., as presiding elder of the Milwaukee district, in the Illinois conference. He came on the 28th of November, 1837, and upon the invitaton of Col. Bird, converted the bar room of his brother's house into a tabernacle. The elder, a vigorous preacher at Kenosha, says: "I preached to an interested and interesting congregation." There was no collection, but the men made up a purse of

$11. There were few inhabitants between Madison and Jefferson. He came through Kenosha - then Southport - and by way of Milwaukee, through the counties of Washington, Manitowoc and Sheboygan, to Green Bay and Fond du Lac - a formidable journey over such roads. Milwaukee was the first location made in this territory. Solomon Juneau was in his prime, a prosperous Indian trader, founding a city. Root River Mission was formed with Rev. Samuel Pillsbury in charge. He was our second preacher, and is now editing a paper. Col. Bird thought that Elder Stebbins' sermon was preached in September, but the money entry in the diary of the Elder fixes the date of the service. The foundation of the capitol was completed in November, and the men waited for Eben Peck to return from Green Bay. Mr. Woolcox of Jefferson says: "Peck had to swim the rivers and the money was wet, so we waited until it was dry to get our pay. About the end of November we started." Mrs. Marion Starkweather, Col. Bird's daughter, says that Mr. Pillsbury came in March, 1838, and held services afterwards once every month. Col. Bird provided a barn for him, where Kentzler's stables are now standing. There were few white settlers; Col. Bird, with four children, Chas. and ¥m. Bird, and Dr. Almon Lull were present when he first preached, but the outside attendance was large. About four hundred Indians surrounded the building, but would not enter. Mr. Pillsbury was a frequent visitor. He assisted in opening the capitol when the first session was held in the unfinished building. Mr. Hyer mentions the habits of the Indians in his notice of " Covalle the trapper." His Indian wife and her children would gather to observe the Sunday meetings, and the proceedings of settlers in their homes, but would rarely enter. Dr. Joseph Hobbins says, that an Indian and his squaw dined with him and his family, behaving with exemplary decorum during the repast; but after leaving the table they asked for every article that caught their fancy; considering that fact, their backwardness was a blessing.

The Methodists did not recruit rapidly. In September, 1838, Rev. John Hodges was appointed here and to Fort Winnebago, now Portage. The first three members in Madison were Ruth Starts, Benjamin Holt and his wife. Dr. Brunson was a member of the legislature in 1840, and he rallied the Methodists, assisting the chaplain, Jas. Mitchell, in occasional services. He thinks that Mr. Fullerton was here in 1841. S. P. Keyes was here next year; then Jesse L. Bennet in 1843, and Mr. Stebbins afterwards. The several preachers cannot be mentioned, but Jonathan Snow is a piece of our history. He became eccentric and nearly killed the church by harsh discipline in 1851. He was summarily removed and is remembered as "The Snow Storm." Gen. Samuel Fallows was the junior preacher in 1858-9, and in 1864 the chaplain of the 3d Wisconsin supplied the pulpit. Rev. E. D. Huntly is now the pastor and is working strenously to complete the edifice almost ready for dedication. The little church was once a great improvement on former experiences, but the new building will be an ornament to the city. When the " Little Brick" school house, on Washington avenue, became too small, Damon Y. Kilgore removed his pupils to the basement of the Methodist church. Even there 250 pupils in one room must have required good stowage and little fuel in winter.

"Chief Justice" Seymour was reflected upon in a public meeting during the pastorate of Mr. Philo, because, he being a justice of the peace, did not " kill the tiger" that was being "fought"' by many citizens. The respected "dominie," never suspecting a joke, drew up a resolution exculpating the squire as a " good and sufficient justice," and the audience, which had assembled in indignation, broke up in laughter. There were hard cases in the settlement, compared with whom Covalle was a marvel of civilization. Pinneo, a " shingle weaver," attended church one day when Mr. Philo was preaching, and he astounded the congregation by saying very seriously, " That's so, Mr. Philo, that's so, Butterfield's got to be saved; just hold on 'till I bring him in." Pinneo did not return. His absence was, in an olfactory sense, a pleasure. He claimed to be a down east Yankee, but that was the only sign of good lineage. He was indispensable as a maker of shingles, and when sober, had a laugh and a joke for everybody, but people kept to windward of the unwashed man. He was summoned to serve on a jury in Judge Irvin's court, and the judge was scrupulously clean, while Pinneo was dirty as was possible to a life divorced from soap and water. The court was adjourned to enable Pinneo to wash and procure clean clothes, after listening to a diatribe against filth; but he survived the affliction, and was burned to death at last in a drunken orgie.

Covalle conformed to the usages of civilization, attended church, was orderly, took physic with praiseworthy resolution, gave it to his half-breed children, made them wear the garments of white folks, and attend the ceremony of his marriage to their mother, before a justice. He had been married according to the usages of the country. He traced his line to the trappers on Hudson's Bay, and when Col. Bird came here, Covalle was the only white man on the site. He led a blameless life, being cleanly, sober and obliging. Better conditions supervened. Rev. Stephen McHugh was called by the Episcopal church in 1845, having become known during attendance to deliver a Masonic oration on the anniversary of St. John. He organized Grace Church parish, and the ladies raised funds to purchase the land occupied by the church. A brick parsonage, commenced in 1850, was occupied on Christmas day when the Rev. "W. H. "Woodward was pastor. The next rector was the Rev. Hugh M. Thompson, followed by Mr. Powers. The sound of the church-going bell in the village was due to Squire Seymour. Meetings, social, political and religious, were repeatedly delayed because no two clocks or watches agreed, and the variations extended over two hours. Somebody suggested a bell; Seymour drew up a subscription paper, ordered the instrument, and on its arrival procured the first peal from its clapper, utilizing the astonishment of the audience by carrying round the hat. The bell was the common property of all the churches and every organization.

Rev. J. B. Brittan came in 1855, and funds were raised to build a church, which was not finished when Mr. Brittan became chaplain of a regiment. There had been an outlay of $22,000, but the tower was incomplete and the basement was not ready for occupancy. Rev. Jas. L. Maxwell came next, remaining until 1S67. Before he resigned, a very handsome organ had been built at a cost of $2,500. Under the rectorship of the Rev. H. W. Spaulding, the building was completed in 1872. When the Rev. Dr. Spaulding removed to Pittsburg, the Rev. John Wilkinson, of Chicago, the present incumbent, succeeded hiur* winning the good opinion of all classes. A chime of nine bells was placed in the tower in April, 1874. The bishop's bell, in memory of Bishops Kemper and Armitage, the largest in the chime, was purchased by general contributions, as also was the seventh, the rest being donated in memoriam of the departed, whose names they bear.

The Congregational Church eventuated from Mr. Slingerland's labors, and we have followed the organization to Mr. Eggles ton's ministry. The people were attracted by Mr. Eggleston, and Bacon's Commercial

Iiistoky Of Madison

College was used while a "brick chapel was building on Washington avenue. Mr. Eggleston was succeeded by Rev. James Caldwell in 1858, and in the following January a church was specially organized to receive Mr. Eggleston as pastor, to be known as " The Union Congregational Church and Society of Madison." Eventually all reunited. Revs. L. Taylor and Lewis E. Matson bring us to the present incumbent, Rev.

Chas. H. Richards, whose talents and good qualities have made him a gain to the community. Arriving in March, 1867, he has assisted in the later developments of the church, amono- which must be noted the elegant edifice, capable of seating one thousand persons. The bell in the tower was given by Mrs. L. A. Richards, and was at that time the heaviest in the city; but the "Bishops' Bell," in Grace Church chime is five hundred pounds heavier.

The Presbyterian Charcli was at first identified with other organizations. Rev. H. B. Gardiner was retained by the congregation in 1851 at Lewis Hall, The building since used as a bakery by Mr. Miner, at the corner of Mifflin and Carroll streets, was next occupied, and in 1853, the church moved into the frame building, corner of "Wisconsin avenue and Johnson street. The several pastors have been the Revs. Win. L. Green, Edward G. Read and Richard V. Dodge, until we reach the pastorate of the Rev. L. Y. Havs, who has served since 1873, maintaining unabated popularity and usefulness, and taking a praiseworthy part in many movements outside the church.

The First Baptist Church was organized in December, 1817, by the Rev. H. W. Read, his successors being the Revs. John Williams, S. S. Whitman, M. D. Miller, James Cooper and Wm. R. Brooks, whose pastorate ended in 1858. There were many preachers for brief terms. In the summer of 1860, Rev. W. II. Brisbane became pastor, but resigned to become chaplain of the first Wisconsin cavalry regiment. Rev. J. E. Johnson assumed pastoral charge in 1863, and he was followed in succession by Revs. J. C. C. Clarke, Mr. Paige and Thomas Bright, who came to the city in 1873, and rendered acceptable service until his lamentable sudden death in the pulpit, in September, 1876.

Miller, having- found German families in Madison, held service in their houses. The whole of Wisconsin was his parish, and his salary was $41 in 1845, increasing to $47 the second year. His successors were the Revs. J. Eply and M. Howard, hut Mr. Miller was still a frequent visitor. Revs. C. Sclmake and W. Strasberger commenced a church building between Broome and Bassett streets, which was finished by Mr. Miller in 1856. The church oa-Pinckney street, corner of Mifflin, was built in 1865, under the pastoral charge of the Rev. W. F. Schneider, succeeded by the Revs. C. F. Finger and Chas. Schneider.

The German Lutheran Church has erected two buildings, the first on Main street, in 1858, near the railroad depot, on block forty-four; the second, ten years later, on Washington avenue and West Canal street. The organization dates from 1856. Rev. H. Yogel, was pastor until 1872, when he was succeeded by Rev. Christian Wilke.

The Hebrew Congregation Schaare Schoymayn, of which the Rev. J M. Thuringer is Rabbi, hold services every Saturday at 10 A. M., in the Synagogue on Washington avenue, between Henry and Fairchild streets.

Chapter Viii Newspaper History

A Scotchman who had seen the Stuart dynasty sung from a throne, said: "Let me make a nation's ballads, and who will, may make its laws." Newspapers have superseded ballads. Journalism, the popular voice in type, is the foe of usurpation. The growth of our press has been wonderful. While Captain Carver diplomatized among the Indians here, the newspaper advanced from an advertising sheet to a political power. Before King' George rewarded Carver with a grant, the press had defeated the monarch. The stamp act might have been fought in vain, but for our journals. Henry would have roused a small circle, but there would have been no national soul. Journalism was the bond of union that saved the colonies. Charles Carroll, in the Maryland Gazette, indorsed Patrick Henry, and every liberal sheet responded. The Gazette, in Pennsylvania ; the Newport Mercury, R. L, answered the call, and the Mercury was suppressed in vain. Charleston papers took up the strain ; New York sons of liberty shouted for freedom. The Boston Gazette echoed the words of Henry, backed by Adams, and a pamphlet in London disseminated that utterance, in spite of the British government. Within one year the king was discom- fited, the stamp act repealed. That was the beginning, and the end was near. "I am the State," said Louis XIV. With greater truth the press could have said, "I am the Evolution." The newspaper was the weapon, without which there had been no Bunker Hill, no world renowned Declaration.

The Enquirer, published by Noonan, was small, but it had power. His share in the transaction appears elsewhere. George Hyer, who set the first type, lias been mentioned with honor. The partnerships of Sholes, Noonan, Hyer and Judge Ivnapp, are stories often told. Heed changed the sheet from Democratic to Whig, and in 1844, the changeling died. Politics, in the early settlement, were for and against the commissioners. When the capitol ceased to supply pabulum, a Democratic pioneer says, " we went where we belonged."

Party lines were observed when the Wisconsin Express appeared, in 1839. Wyman sold the paper to D. At wood and Royal Buck, who afterwards consolidated with the Statesman. Its politics were Whig. Wyman was a hard hitter. When Ream and Clark were candidates for the office of register, the former winning by two votes, Wyman made affidavit and published, that the canvassers had suppressed returns. Ream confirms that statement, saying: "I found myself elected by two votes, which much surprised me .... until" .... a friend explained .... after

Knapp and Delaney brought out the Wisconsin Democrat in 1812, which died eighteen months later, in the hands of J. P. Sheldon and Geo. Hyer. The same name was used for a paper in 1816, by Beriah Brown. That organ combined with the Wisconsin Argus. "While two papers were running, both offices wanted the government printing. The Argus, some months older than the Democrat, rested on its antiquity. Beriah Brown relied on shell fish, and the wire puller won. A caucus being called to settle the question, a member unseared by corruption, said: " "We have eat Brown's oysters and drinked his liquor. We can't go back on Brown." Beriah succeeded in taking the Argus, as well as the patronage.

The Wisconsin Argus was published by S. Mills & Co., with John Y. Smith, editor. H. A. Tenney joined, when the firm of Tenney, Smith & Holt was established. Two of the firm sold to S. D. Carpenter, and Mr. Tenney remained until 1852, when the consolidation followed. " Old Hunkers " and " Tadpoles," the divisions of the Democratic party, took their " feast of reason " in one sheet. Mr. Carpenter retired, and Beriah " played it alone " until July, 1851, when E. A. Calkins, since of the Milwaukee News, joined the staff. Calkins & Proud fit became proprietors. Two years later, J. K. Proudfit sold to Mr. "Webb. The paper suffered from tightness of the i.hest, and Beriah Brown was called in, but after three months vigorous treatment there were no signs of increasing vitality. Brown left Webb & Calkins, and the paper breathed its last. There was a resurrection, but Calkins & Cullaton could not make it 2:0. Calkins sold out, other editors gave vigorous support to the war policy of Lincoln, but the paper would not live.

"VVyman brought out the Statesman in 1850. "William Welch was one of its editors. Wyman & Bugh assumed the management in 1851, and at last consolidated with the Express. The Wisconsin State Palladium resulted. Atwood, Wyman & Buck did not harmonize, and the paper was suspended. The State Journal made its appearance, with David Atwood as editor and proprietor, in September, 1852, the Republican party accepting the Journal as its organ. Several additions and alterations have worked no change in the politics of the paper. Mr. Rublee, Mr. Gary, Mr. Reed and Mr. Culver have supported the venture, making it one of the best journalistic properties in the state; with one of the most complete printing offices west of Chicago.

Earlier phases of newspaper activity are illustrated by a sketch from the State Journal. Mr. D. E. Tenneyls identified with this city, and the phrases of Col. Bird are true to life:

" Twenty-six years ago, Dan. K. Tenney put up at the " United States Hotel," with two " bits " in his pocket. Col. A. A. Bird was landlord. Said Dan, " Two bits sizes my pile; but I'd like to stay here over night and see what I can do to-morrow." The Colonel (good old soul as ever lived) looked at his new guest, and replied: "O Gael, yes; stay as long as you like, hoy! Have some supper? O, Gad, yes; come in. Stay as long as you please." Dan had supper and a night's lodging, and in the morning struck a printing office, and secured a " sit." Getting a little money, Dan next turned up in the University. He got as much as they could spare in that institution and returned to the printing office (the Journal, a wee hit of a paper then), working along, until toil and no fortune seemed foolishness. One day, all hands were " jeffing"on the stone to see who should get a pail full of whisky, when Dan. spoke up: " Who the d - I's got any money- in this crowd?" Nobody, of course; and the " devil "' had to go down and " stand off" old " Jackknife " Robinson for a couple of quarts. After this amount had been disposed of, it struck Dan that printers were fools to be pulling hand press and sticking small pica, so he remarked: "Good bye, boys; you are all condemned fools if you stay here? I'm going to study law and make something." Dan started for Portage, where he met his brother H. "W. " I've come up to study law with you, by thunder." H. \Y. replied sharply, "You have? You are a darned fool; you'd better stick to printing. You'll cut a hog in twTo studying law? But if you are bound to stick to law, you can see what you can do turning those eighty acres of mine into city lots, and selling them." This was Dan's first job. He succeeded, stuck to the law and kept out of a printing office, except when briefs and other jobs were required. We don't know how Dan counts his thousands in Chicago, but he has just erected a handsome block, on the spot where Col. Bird, twenty-six years ago, took him in, with only two " bits," in his pocket. (

There were wild jokers in the printing offices, men for whom a hen-roost had no sacredness; fellows as full of deviltry as Falstaff on Gad's Hill, but more courage. One of the Tenney's possessed a choice assortment of poultry. One night, when the devil failed to scare np copy, that power of darkness found occupation for idle hands, purloining capons from the foreman to make a feast for the father of the chapel. There were two Tenneys in the business, but II. A., to whom the poultry belonged, warmly approved the banquet. He said the foragers should revisit the hen roost, and they did so. There may be no truth, but there is poetical justice in \hefowl invention. D. K. Tenney says: "Have not all my happy days for twenty-six years been spent in Madison?" Was the happiest day that night? The boys cleared his brother's hen-roosts like the grasshoppers scooped Kansas?

The Wisconsin Patriot has more than one eventful history. Gathered to "the tomb of the Capulets," it is still a power. The first number appeared twentytwo years ago. The proprietors and editors were J. T. Marston and H. A. Tenney. Tenney sold to S. D. Carpenter, who subsequently bought out Marston.

The firm of S. D. and S. H. Carpenter ran for some time, bnt after many changes, S. H. Carpenter, our much respected "Professor of Logic and Literature," sold to Mr. Law, who was associated with S. D. Carpenter about a year. The Patriot saw many changes which would be tedious to narrate. The management at the present time is in the hands of II. A. Tenney and S. D. Carpenter, but their business arrangements are not matters of history. Two men so intimately identified with the press of this city, deserve a notice embracing more than their Madison engagements. Major Tenney, from whose sketches we have freely quoted, came in 1845, but went to Galena, and did not buy into the Wisconsin Argus until 1846. He was government printer in 1847 and the following year. When the constitutional convention assembled, he was reporter, and again in 1848. Directly and indirectly he was state printer until 1852, when ill health compelled his retirement from the Argus. The Major, one of the founders of the Patriot, sold out to his old partner. Mr. Tenney's services to the University are matters of history. His position as assistant state geologist, enabled him to aid the University collections largely. In 1857, he was a member of the legislature, and introduced the bill for the new capitol. In the following year he was comptroller of state, and one of the regents of the university. His services at Camp Kandall need not be enumerated, nor his appointments in the U. S. A. He was special agent of the P. O. department until 1864. In

1869-70, lie was associate editor of the Chicago Jiepublican, moving to similar duties on the Post, and on the St. Paul Pioneer in 1872. He became clerk of the railroad commission in 1874, is the oldest Madison editor surviving in "Wisconsin, and not yet tired of the drudgery of the press. When he began there were but nine exchanges, few of which have survived. Mr. S. D. Carpenter settled in Madison in 1850, and was identified in succession with the Argus, and the Argus and Democrat, from which having retired he devoted his genius for mechanics, to invention. The pump, to which he is indebted for a pseudonym, was invented in 1853, and he sold rights to the extent of nearly $35,000. Qnce more in newspaper life, Mr. Carpenter became editor and proprietor of the Patriot. Its politics were eventually war democratic. The well known claim for damages against the state, dates from 1864. During that year Mr. Carpenter devised a power press, on the model now largely used, feeding from paper in the roll, and he claims to have originated that plan. The invention of an automatic grain binder employed nine years, and about $40,000. It is claimed that every device now operating for that purpose, took its rise in Mr. Carpenter's ingenuity. His inventions were sold to McCormick & Co., because a fortune was wanted to establish his rights, and furnish machines. His veneer cutting and other inventions cannot be glanced at; suffice it to say that few men have excelled him in variety and originality of design for labor-saving machinery.

The Daily Capitol, published by W. J. Park & Co., with Col. Calkins as editor, appeared on the day on which President Lincoln was shot. It was a racy, nonpartizan daily, eventually incorporated with the Democrat, which was established in 1865, by Hyer & Fernandez, and bought by A. E. Gordon. The title was then changed from Wisconsin to Madison Democrat. Mr. Bajmier is now editor and proprietor, having succeeded the firm of J. B. Parkinson & Co., which purchased from Gordon.

The Journal of Education originated in Janesville, but was transferred to this city. Col. J. G. McMynn, afterwards state superintendent, was its editor, succeeded by A. J. Craig, also state superintendent. Itev. J. B. Pradt is now one of the editors. Discontinued in 1865, in consequence of a withdrawal of state support, it was resumed when partial aid was afforded. Several substitutes started elsewhere, but they do not come within our limits. "When Gen. Fallows succeeded as state superintendent, upon the death of Mr. Craig, he revived the Journal, and Superintendent Searing continues the publication.

The Wisconsin Farmer, commenced under another name in Janesville, was removed to this city in 1855, the interest of one proprietor being purchased by E. W. Skinner and D. J. Powers. The paper was conducted with great energy by Dr. J. W. Hoyt, assisted by the skillful pen of his wife. The paper died after twenty years of struggle, beaten by extensive capital in such enterprises in eastern cities. The Norse press has had severe vicissitudes. Many courageous efforts have failed; none conducted with first class talent, nearly all have been respectable. The names of some failures are given, but some may have escaped notice: De Norskes Ven, Friend of the Norseman; Den Norshe Amerikaner, American Norseman; the Nordstjemen, Northern Star; Immigranten; Billed (or illustrated) Magazine; Imigranten; Den Liberale Democrat, and Wisconsin Banner, have all perished. There remains only to-day the JVordvesten,. a liberal democratic weekly, edited and published by L. J. Grinde. The JVordvesten deserves success. Ole Torgerson's De Norskes Ven was the first paper in a foreign tongue in this county. It was whig in politics, and appeared in 1850, but a few months ended its career. Den JVorske Amerikaner appeared in December 1854, and died in 'May, 1857. "The Scandinavian Democratic Press Association " brought out the JSfordstjernen in 1857. Their effort was not successful, although changes of management were tried. The JEmigranten was brought to this city from Immansville, Rock county, but after years of partial success, that also was gathered to its fathers. There have been several fugitive periodicals of a religious character.

The German population supports the Wisconsin Botschafter, started by Porsch and Sitzman in 1869. There have been several German papers, but none have prospered. The Staats Zietung, democratic, edited by August Kruer, continued two years. The

The Madison Capitol was started in 1855 by J. Nolan. The True American, edited by an association, appeared during the same year. The Western Fireside, by S. H. Carpenter in 1857. The Higher Law, by Herbert Reed, in 1861; and the Soldier's Record, by S. W. Martin in 1864. Our educational interests were served by the Northwestexn Journal of Education, Science and Literature, in 1850, under the editorship of Prof. O. M. Conover, and by the Free School Journal, edited by J. L. Enos. Of Dr. Hunt's ephemeral, the " Old Oaken Bucket," a temperance paper, we can only say, Requiescat in pace. The Student's Miscellany was commenced during the session of 1857, and its tone reflects credit on the management. The Home Diary is a sparkling occasional paper edited by Y. J. Welch, which deals vigorously with every topic that is touched. A paragraph, denouncing the shortcomings of Park & Co., in selling a copy of Burns' poems without " Holy Willie's Prayer," is a favorable specimen of the style, which we subjoin:

"Friends! be cautious in buying Burns' poems. We were saddled with a copy recently in which " Holy Willie's Prayer " was omitted. Park sold it to us. He is a Scotchman. He is one of the " presbyt'ry of Ayr."

Chapter Ix Merchants And Bankers

Gkeat changes have come since Madison was settied by four housekeepers, who procured supplies from the peddler's cart and the post office store. There were bright fellows in the settlement, but they dispensed with much that we deem essential. Tom Jackson, the Scotchman, whose whip-saw cut lumber for the capitol, before Wheeler was ready, was almost a manufactory. Tom illustrated the possibility of doing without indispensables, but not as they do in some parts of Scotland. His old log house was on fire, and the last glass had dulled his wits. Tumbling out of bed, Tom, who was called Jack for brevity, pushed his lower limbs through the sleeves of his jacket, and with many an adjective declared that " some fellow had cut off the legs of his pantaloons." The better appliances of life were more remote than the seedy unmentionables of Tom Jackson. Everything was in the rough. The park was the forest primeval. Prairie fires annually crossed from marsh to marsh. Game was abundant. Prairie chickens and quail were shot in the village, where bears, wolves and deer were not strangers. Many years later Col. Bird's hotel stood in an unbroken forest, and trees that now ornament the park were planted at the instance of Judge Knapp, who risked having to pay for the improvements. The woods abounded with game, and deer were particularly plentiful until 1849, when the Winnebagoes killed 500 near the Asylum. They would have cleared the country, but the settlers interfered. The supply was important, when any man might depend on his skill for a dinner. The commissioners' store was not the pioneer. Simeon Mills was deputy postmaster and storekeeper before July, 1837. Mr. Catlin, his partner, says that barrels of salt and flour, hauled from Galena, were then worth $30 and $20 each. " Wild cat currency " was the circulating medium, and the notes of Judge Doty were at a premium. The legislature, during the session of 1838-9, passed a "stay law " against recovering debts. The predominant sentiment of the community was hatred of banks. 'Squire Seymour says that in 1839 there were two stores, three groceries, a steam mill, three public houses, and in all thirty-five buildings. Dr. Chapman mentions, in 1846, Shields & Sneden, Finch & Blanchard, and E. B. Dean & Co., as the storekeepers of the village. Fairchild's store came next. The population had increased from 62 to 283. The doctor was told there were 400 inhabitants, but many farmers were looked on as village residents. Messersmith's house, on Pinckney street, was in full blast, with a "wet grocery" down stairs and "the tiger" above.

invested money and energies in permanent imj)rovements. His fortune was not large, and part was invested elsewhere, bnt he brought the reputation of wealth, and turned it to excellent account. He systematically made known the beauties and excellences of the locality, and induced others to invest. His coming gave an impetus, labor acquired value, real estate changed hands, roads were opened and cleared; the press all over the union had paragraphs about Madison. We were no longer out of the world. The marks left by Farwell can be seen in our growth.

Until the capital was permanently located there was little progress. Lobbyists hoped that another site would be chosen when the constitution was adopted, and Milwaukee wooed the legislature. Fixity of tenure could alone justify expenditure on property. Hence the slowness observable in every branch of enterprise. That period of doubt had passed when Mr. Farwell came and invested in real estate in 1848. The business advantages and beauty of Madison were his constant themes, and he spared no expense in giving them publicity. Remunerative works on a large scale were undertaken. Mendota was dammed at its outlet, increasing the fall two feet, and Monona, lowered by the removal of an old obstruction, made a further improvement. Farwell became more beneficially associated with the growth of Madison than any of its pioneers. The inexhaustible reservoir, thus turned to account for industrial enterprise, created a demand for workmen. The lakes unfolded a promise of wealth. "When H. A. Tenney came, lie was introduced by J. A. Noonan to all the celebrities in a few minutes. The little coterie in 1845 numbered few besides Governor Dodge, Secretary Floyd, Judges Dunn, Irvin and Miller, George P. Delaplaine and Mr. Mills. Manufactures and enterprise changed the aspect of society. Until Mr Farwell came, the place had never been thought worthy of a circus. When that distinction was attained the legislature adjourned to see the show. The villagers had depended on each other for amusements, but there had been ample leisure.

Improvements were made rapidly, and golden visions were common. The circuitous Yahara was superseded by a straight canal. At the outlet of Mendota a long building contained a saw and grist mill. Tibbits and Gordon built their brewery below the mill, and the court house was commenced in 1849. The old jail, once let as a shoemakers' shop, no longer met the wants of the community. Farwell started, his grist and flouring mill in 1850, and opened two roads across the Yahara. The first dormitory at the university was erected in 1850, in a thicket remote from the village, hardly approachable. Prominent citizens began more beautiful homes and other improvements. Men became speculative. Ditching, planking and planting Washington Avenue, by Mr. Farwell, was an act that found no competitors, but in other ways his conduct provoked a spirit of emulation.

The years 1851-2 were prolific in the erection of business blocks. Public houses were found inadequate and the Capital House was commenced by associated effort. Messrs. Yilas, Fairchild and Farwell bought the venture in 1853, and the hotel was completed before the fall. Madison was a paradise for builders. The best positions were rapidly occupied for business. The Presbyterian church was finished, the foundations of the Catholic church laid, and the Milwaukee and Mississippi railroad company commenced building their depot in a growth of coppice wood on the spot occupied by the successors of that company. Early in 1851 the depot was ready, the bridge constructed and the first train of passenger cars arrived. The celebration took place on Tuesday, May 23, 1851. That was a great day for Madison and the surrounding country. Other works were undertaken during the year, including a fire-proof structure for the safe keeping of the state registry, a new bridge across the Yahara, a brick church for the Baptists, the second dormitory of the university, the extension of Washington Avenue, specially due to the liberality of Ex- Governor Farwell, and the commencement of the asylum for the insane. Men assumed that there would be a population of ten thousand here within two years. There was a woolen factory, a flouring mill, a grist mill, two saw mills, an oil mill, a mill for sawing stone, foundry and machine shops, two steam planing mills, besides other extensive undertakings, three daily papers and five weeklies, and a sale of more than $500,000 worth of produce during 1854-5. Seymour's Madison Directory, in 1855, gave excellent grounds for anticipating rapid growth. The population was nearly seven thousand. Ex-Governor Farwell was offering desirable lots, with credit, extending ten years if required, provided that purchasers should occupy and improve. Telegraph lines connected Madison with the whole circle of civilization. Goods could he purchased at little advance on the charges in any metropolitan city, and some storekeepers said much cheaper. The American Express Company had an office, the Madison Mutual Ins. Co. had entered upon its successful career, and other companies had opened agencies. The State Agricultural Society had rooms in Br uen's Block, and there was every facility for coming into the world with the aid of science, remaining, with all the graces that art and dry goods could afford, and at the last being undertaken for, in a style replete with grace and finish, so that the end crowned the work. There were banks, a water cure, and it is difficult to imagine a want which Madison had not appliances for immediately satisfying. Over three hundred and fifty houses were built in 1851.

The Madison Hydraulic Company, to supply water from Lake Mendota, was a failure; there was a difficulty in procuring capital. The Gas Company seemed to be in danger, but the secretary, B. F. Hopkins, leased the works, and made the enterprise a success. In the same year, Ex-Governor Farwell commenced the residence, which was purchased as a

"Hospital for wounded Soldiers," next occupied by the " Soldiers' Orphans," then given to the State University, and since sold to be used as a Theological Seminary and College, by the Norwegians. Rapidly as the building mania spread, every new comer was forced to build, if his means would permit, so continuous was the demand. Trade prospects grew more encouraging, school houses were required, and churches well sustained. Madison became a city on the fourth of March, 1856, and Colonel Fairchild was its first mayor. The necessity for school houses was recognized by the city council, and $24,000 appropriated to erect schools. The City Hall was commenced in 1857, and the main building of the University was awarded to contractors, to be finished before November, 1858. The log house erected for Eben Peck was saved from falling by being torn down, after twenty years' service. About the same time, as if the old " tavern stand " must be identified with the capital, there was a new proposition to remove. The capitol was dilapidated, and rivals said that as a new structure must be raised, the time was favorable for a transfer. The city authorities met the difficulty by donating $50,000 in bonds, towards erecting the present edifice. That settled the question. "While affairs were thus progressing, came the financial crisis of 1857. The crash was disastrous to Madison. Milwaukee availed itself of the confusion, to renew the attempt to remove the seat of government. Upon the third reading of the bill, there was a tie vote; but by an adroit movement, the measure was killed for the session; delay, meant death. Many associations of public value date from this time, among which, we note: "The Capitol Hook and Ladder Company, Ko. 1;" "Mendota Fire Engine Company, No. 1;" '-Madison Engine Company, No. 2; " the " Governor's Guards;"' the "Madison Guards; ': and the

The postoffice had long been established, and well served, but railroads had given greater completeness. Pioneers remember when the nearest postoffice was at the City of the Four Lakes, from which village there was a road partly cleared to Fort "Winnebago.

When Jolm Catlin and liis deputy got into working order, things were better. Darwin Clark remembers the mail for the village being brought in a handkerchief. Newspapers increased the bulk, but for some months there was only an occasional copy of the Cooperstown Freeman's Journal, which had a wonderful circulation from hand to hand. There would have been more newspapers, as there were few books, and whisky drinking was not universal; but there was a strike among the hands. The men that came with Colonel Bird signed articles, with the understanding that their pay, $2.25 per day, would commence with the journey, but a proviso, that if they left within three months, there were to be deductions. The transit from Milwaukee commencing on Wednesday, ended eleven days later, on Saturday, so that there would be a large drawback on every man's pay, if he should quit the work prematurely. The trouble arose on the questions that still agitate the Union - paper money and resumption. The commissioners were said to have been paid the amount of the congressional vote, in specie, which they had deposited in the bank at Green Bay, the bills of which establishment were used for wages. The notes could be used with little loss in the territory, but every removal cost a " shave " of from ten to fifteen per cent., and even then the exchange might be made in " wild cat " paper, that would speedily lose all value. Hence the workmen demanded specie payments, and the commissioners deferred that operation. Many would have left at once, but for the three months' proviso. A large proportion did leave as soon as that time had expired. There was little difficulty in supplying their places. There was not much employment in Wisconsin. Several strikes occurred. The stone cutters, at Stone Quarry Point, now McBride's, combined to get higher wages.

The prices charged for everything were enormous, and there was little margin, unless men limited themselves to bare necessaries. A man could get board for $5.00 per week, and lodge in the dormitory near the east gate of the park - the club house, sleeping apartment and literary assembly. But as soon as ambition suggested the desirability of personal adornment, or outlay for any other purpose, money took wings. Would the workman build a log house to prepare for matrimony? The barrier was not only that better halves were scarce and that the cost of calico was prodigious. Pinneo and Butterfield would have their own price for shingles, and the customer must wait until there was no whisky to be had on credit. Nails cost three shillings per pound; the brownest of brown sugar fetched a like price; a pound of sperm candles cost one dollar, and every article was proportionately dear. No wonder men struck for higher wages. * Speaking of prices, we may revert to the charges preferred against the old commissioners and their contractor-partner, " Uncle Jim " Morrison. The amount of the two votes from congress - not from the territorial legislature, for that body had no money to appropriate - was $40,000; and when the territorial authorities brought suit against Morrison, it was proved by measurements and vouchers that the basement alone cost $13,000. Moses M. Strong was the attorney for the territory, and Mr. Fields conducted the case for Morrison, so that there was no lack of zeal or ability on the side of the government, but the action was a failure. When the population had settled down to industrial pursuits, upon the return of the citizen soldiers, a directory was published, in 1866, by B. W. Suckow. John Y. Smith was the historian. Many prominent business men, in the record of 1855, did not survive the crash of 1857. Those who had invested in real estate, found that item the least real among their assets. Ex-Gov. Farwell had specially devoted himself to that branch. It would be an endless task to name the failures, therefore one instance may suffice for many. Tibbits and Gordon, a short time before the crisis, could have realized $60,000 beyond paying every cent; and when the storm burst, so hopeless was every effort, they could not pay fifty cents on the dollar. Gov. Farwell's ruin called forth much sympathy. He had built up the community, spending his own money in a liberal spirit and inducing others to invest. Men thrown out of their customary labor could remember the generous employer who had given work to hundreds. A policy less open handed might have enabled him to tide over the panic, but the village would have been much slower in becoming a city.

The crisis destroyed the value of real estate, closed up stores, factories, workshops and offices, threw men out of their gainful avocations, and brought gaunt famine near to many doors which had been fondly thought secure from its dread approach.

After the crisis, some mills were resumed, and in 1866, the manufactories of the city included the flouring mill built by the ex-governor, owned by Mr. Briggs; a woolen factory, the steam flouring mill of Maiming and Merrill, and the iron foundry commenced by E. ~VV. Skinner in 1851, on the corner of State and Gorham streets, sold in succession to W. S. Huntington in 1859, and to Andrews & Co. in 1864. The foundry of E. W. Skinner & Co. occupied the building raised by Gorham for a steam saw mill. The mill changed hands, and was made into a foundry by I. E. Brown. P. H. Turner bought the property in 1859, when the country was recovering from the crash, and Mr. Skinner became the proprietor, adding to his firm O. S. Willey and S. D. Hastings. That establishment,- in lS65-'6, employed fifty men, besides canvassers all over the northwest. Beginning with one sorghum mill in 1861, it extended its opera tions to eleven in 1862, one hundred in the following year, and in 1865 more than five hundred. The Cap ital Iron Works, owned by J. E. Baker and operated by Mr. Stillman, had been entered upon in 1865 There were, besides, two planing mills, three cabinet ware manufactories, and great hopes that the peat beds would become factors of immense prosperity.

The Agricultural Society, a young institution when Mr. Seymour published his directory, had grown strong, and the old rooms were to be given up for the better location in the capitol. The patriotism of the society in vacating its grounds for military use rendered it impossible to hold exhibitions from 1S61 to 1863; but in September, 1864, Camp Randall having well nigh completed its military avocation, was available for the arts of peace. The value of the institution is beyond praise. It has stimulated agricultural and inventive industry and skill, largely to the advantage of our city and state. Abraham Lincoln, then not dreaming of the presidency, honored the society on one occasion by delivering the annual address. Other orators, well worthy of being particularized, are omitted for want of space.

The State Hospital for the Insane was commenced under an act passed by the legislature when Gov. Barstow was in office, in 1854, but in consequence of a misunderstanding, the contractor, Andrew Proudlit, did not proceed. There was no blame attaching to him, and he recovered damages. Two years later the scheme was revived, but the original name of Lunatic Asylum was changed to the title now in use. The contractor, in 1857, was compelled to abandon the enterprise, but the building was made ready in 1860. Col. S. V. Shipman was the architect; additions were made in 1861. Dr. Clement was medical superintendent in 1860, and Dr. Favill assistant. In 1864, Dr. Yan Norstrand became medical superintendent, and

The fact that the capitol graces Madison is due to the business tact of the citizens. The grant of $50,000 in city bonds has been mentioned. The east wing was undertaken in 1857, and the legislature occupied the building in 1859. The west wing was commenced in 1861, amid the discouragements and financial pressure incident to civil war, and that wing was finished in 1S63. The north wing, the south wing, and the rotunda followed in the order named, the dome being completed before the commencement of this decade. The material is not so good as the beauty of the structure demanded, but the commissioners did the best possible under the circumstances. The internal finish is admirable, and the conveniences afforded for the several departments are all that can be desired. Few persons visit Madison without mounting the wide iron stairs that lead from the upper floor to the second, in which are found the chambers of the senate and assembly, the supreme court, the state library, and the still more attractive collections of the state historical society.

The State Bank, on Pinckney st., between Tenney's and Bruen's blocks, was opened in January, 1853, with a capital of $50,000, under the direction of President Samuel Marshall and Cashier J. A. Ellis. The Bank of the West began on the second floor of Bruen's Block, in March, 1854, with a capital of $100,000, and the officers were Samuel A. Lowe, President, and Wm. L. Hinsdale, Cashier. The Dane County Bank, in the same block, began its operations in October, with a capital of $50,000, the officers being Levi B. Vilas, President, Leonard J. Parwell, Yice President, and N. B. Yan Slyke, Cashier. There was, in addition, in 1855, a bank of discount and brokerage on Morris street, of which J. M. Dickinson was manager and owner. Catlin, Williamson & Barwise advertised as bankers and land agents, dating their establishment from 1836, just a little before Madison came into existence. The Merchants Bank of Madison was organized in 1856, and commenced business in July. A. A. Bliss, of Ohio, and C. T. Flowers were president and cashier. The Wisconsin Bank of Madison, with M. D. Miller, President, and Noah Lee, Cashier, was also organized in 1856. The Bank of Madison began in April, 1860, with a capital of $25,000. The president was Simeon Mills, and the cashier, J. L. Hill. The First National started into vigorous existence in December, 1863. The board of directors consisted of L. B. Vilas, S. D. Hastings, N. B. Van Slyke, George A. Mason and Timothy Brown. The directory of 1866 only showed four banks in operation: The Farmers' Bank, the First National, the Madison, and the State Bank. Many of the leaders had entered into new combinations; some had disappeared altogether; N. B. Van Slyke had become president of the First National. The State Bank retained its first president, but procured a new cashier, L. S.

Hanks, who still remains. The Farmers' Bank had offices next door west of the State Bank, and J. 11. Slavan was its cashier. Brainard's city directory foils 75 showed a total of five banks, comprising in addition to two of the four last named, the German Bank, on King street, near Main, the Bark Savings Bank, and the State Savings Institution, the last of which has since ended in disaster. The Bank of Madison failed for a considerable amount. The loss fell heavily upon all classes because of the faith reposed in the financial strength of some few names. The banks now operating in the city are, The First National, with a capital of $150,000; the president, N. B. Yan Slyke, deserves mention for the care with which he has presided over the finances of the State University; The State Bank, with President Marshall and Cashier L. S. Hanks; The German Bank of J. J. Suhr, on King street, and The Park Savings Bank, which commenced in November, 1871, and has transacted a business quite as large as circumstances warranted the proprietary in anticipating. Capital, $50,000. The president is Dr. J. B. Bowen, and the cashier, Dr. Jas. E. Baker, the offices being at the corner of Washington avenue and Pinckney street, in a handsome block, the property of Dr. Baker.

The time in which banks were dreaded by the poorer class and distrusted by the leaders of public opinion has, we may hope, passed for ever. Failures are inevitable; misfortune will overtake individuals; but the banker per se is one of the most useful citizens. He is the medium by which wealth, which would otherwise be wastefully hoarded, can be brought from its hiding places to multiply the riches of a nation.

The post-office, once a small log house, is now one of our handsomest buildings. The United States courts are held in the same elegant structure, on the third floor. Business keeps pace with increased accommodation. There are 2,400 boxes in the post-office. The offices of the United States marshal; the assessor and collector of internal revenue; the pension agent; as well as those of the clerks of courts, the judges and the postmaster, are conveniently grouped under one roof. The structure forms one of our illustrations. Postmaster E. AV. Keyes has marked individuality. For eight years he has served as chairman of the Republican State Central Committee with such good fortune, that, when recently assailed, his vindication was welcomed by men of every class. Upon his return from Washington, his welcome home was an ovation in which judges and others, dissevered from him in political life, bore a conspicuous share. Mr. Keyes studied law under George B. Smith, and is a member of one of our most respected legal firms. His father was a pioneer of note in the early days of Wisconsin. Madison must feel pleased that the executive ability of the party which has so long controlled the state has, from the beginning, been vested in a prominent Madisonian.

Hausmann and Hess are the brewers; there are five carriage and wagon building firms; two bookbinderies; four book and job printers, English, and one German; seven carpenters and builders; one distiller and rectifier; thirteen dry goods houses; two express agencies; five furniture warehouses and factories; two founders and three machinists; three grain dealers; thirty-three grocers; six dealers in hardware; twenty-six hotels, including the Park, the Yilas, the Capitol and the Kasdall, which are the principal in the order in which they are named ; the Madison Mutual and the Hekla are home insurance companies, and there are many agencies; there are four livery stables well appointed; manufacturers of and dealers in tobacco are six in number; there are fifteen merchant tailors; two omnibus lines; three daily papers, five weekly, one tri-weekly, one semi-monthly, and four monthly; we have one plow manufactory; two makers of pumps and windmills ; one reaper factory ; two sash, door and blind factories; two restaurants and thirty-one saloons; a soap and candle factory; a stereotype foundry; a soda water factory, and the Madison Woolen Mills. We have in all 450 business houses. The city has not reached the limits of its prosperity. Our agricultural resources are boundless, and the water powers have not been utilized to more than a tithe of their capacity. One man, whose name carries weight, says that we must not look to manufactures for a success, which will come much more surely and speedily to Madison as a watering place,

"With proper deference, we look to both sources for a great prosperity in the future. The beauty of Madison is unsurpassed, but she must also grow rich by her factories.

The railroads in operation are, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Northwestern. The traffic is extensive. The demand for hotel accommodation is so large that years since that fact was advanced as a reason why the government should be located elsewhere. Several prominent citizens procured the incorporation of a company to erect and furnish the elegant building which is now our leading hotel. The enterprise was completed in 1871, being opened in August. The Park Hotel arrangements for the comfort of visitors have not been surpassed in the west, and for the number and variety of beautiful views from every window, the whole world hardly contains its superior. The first lessee, Mark II. Irish, commenced his tenancy in August, 1871, ending in the corresponding month of this year. He has been succeeded by Mr. A. II. "West. The extensive frontage on Main street is ninety-five and on Carroll street one hundred and sixteen feet. The building consists of four stories above the basement, and is seventy feet high, built of Milwaukee pressed brick, containing one hundred and eighteen sleeping rooms, twelve private parlors, one reception room for ladies only and one for ladies and gentlemen, a general dining room and a ladies ordinary, general and private offices, bathrooms and suites of apartments with bathrooms attached. It is no disparagement to the other hotels in the city to say that the Park is the best. Capital, sufficient for such a building, could only be obtained by cooperative effort, and the support afforded from the beginning has been quite satisfactory. Mr; D. K. Tenney says, very wisely, as to the charms of this locality: " Madison and its surroundings are the handsomest on the face of God's green earth. This is our capital and should be turned to profitable account. JSTo other place in the west possesses it. For all the purposes of pleasure seekers, for rest and recreation, for quiet, beauty and delight, for sporting and fishing, for sailing and swimming, for the intoxication and relief of all the higher senses, Madison has no equal; none to approach her west of the sea side. Madison, says a writer, ' rises between her beautiful lakes, like a gem pillowed on the bosom of a queen.' But thousands who ought to know our attractions are ignorant of them. Twenty years ago, Madison was written up, and people were acquainted with its charms but could not get here. A dozen fresh crops of tourists have sprung up since who have never heard of us; a new crop is on the road every year. Thousands would come to us for recreation, and spend their money here to the reviving of every channel of trade and prosperity."

Chapter Schools, Literature And Art

Those who came to build the capitol and make homes in its vicinity were mainly from eastern states where they had enjoyed the advantages of school training. Many had taught school, and it was a privation to he removed from books and other intellectual delights. Schools for the young were provided in due time, but the first want was an association for adult culture. Whist, euchre and " old sledge," were diligently pursued by skillful amatuers, who straddled a fallen tree all Sunday, engaged in that absorbing occupation; but the pasteboard ministers of pleasure would not supply all demands. The pioneers established a debating society with stated meetings, chosen subjects formally announced, and a regular organization, that afforded better employment for leisure. The log shanty sleeping room in the park, already named, thirty feet by twenty, wTas the hall in which the weekly tournaments of wit and wisdom were provided. The club house athenaeum was a popular rallying place, and few lyceum courses have proved more interesting. There were no attractions elsewhere to militate against the popularity of the movement. The summer of 1837 saw the debates in full swing, and they continued until November, when all the workmen except Darwin Clark were paid off. During the winter there were no meetings, because the debaters and audience had cone to Milwaukee, and the understandings of the minority were exercised in a dancing academy, the members of which celebrated Madison's first New Year, with two days devotion to Terpsichore. The zeal of the devotees may be gathered from the fact, that on the second day, shoes were dis pensed with. Mr. Turveydrop would perhaps have found fault with such freedom of deportment.

There was a renewal of the debating society in the spring of 1838, and many new members joined. "Work did not absolutely cease the next winter, and the meetings continued. When the legislature held its first session in the village, home talent in the log shanty was pitted against imported eloquence, in the frozen capitol, and the more dignified assemblages were not always the winners. Sheriff Childs stirred up Morrison's pigs in the basement of the capitol, to drown the voices of some of his associates, but in the little athenseum, there was choicer music, as well as more courtesy. The leaders in literary debate were not called on to compete with vivacious porkers. There was an idle time in the summer of '39, work was scarce, and the weekly meetings tended to become permanent clubs, for retailing stories. Some of the master spirits of the " Thousand and one " were on hand. One of the latest efforts under the old auspices was George Stoner's interesting lecture on phrenology, il- lustrated by phenomena. The lecture was published. The lecturer may again be heard from. His younger brother, James Madison Stoner, was the first white boy born in the village. The Madison Institute was an outgrowth of the minds that originated the debating society, an intellectual successor. Incorporated in 1853, its rooms were in Bruen's block, now Brown's; and the leading paj:>ers and magazines with some few books were procured for members and visitors. The winter of '51-5, was signalized by a course of lectures in which Horace Greeley, James P. Lowell, Bayard Taylor, Parke Godwin and John G. Saxe appeared. The library had then one hundred volumes, and other collections made up a total of about 13,000 in the hands of the state, the executive, the university, the state superintendent, the historical society, the agricultural society, the natural history association, the district school, and Mr. Draper, the invaluable collector and corresponding secretary of the historical society. The library of the Institute has largely increased, and is now located in the city hall, where it is open every afternoon, and on Saturday evenings. Some years have elapsed since the last course of lectures was undertaken by the society, and it is time to fix a date for resumption.

The first schools have been named elsewhere. Miss Pierce taught the girls in a building near the site of Dean's Block in 1840. There were then only thirteen pupils in the village. Mr. Searle opened his school for boys in 1839, and was succeeded by Mr. William- son. David Brigham, <Tas. Morrison and Burk Fairchild, as school commissioners in December, 1841, set off school district No. 1, which was subsequently enlarged, including a wide area besides the village of Madison. In the next year, Mrs. Gay opened a select school for young ladies. Two years later, the public schools were so crowded that tuition was . kept up all the year to meet the demand. Four months had been the maximum. David H. Wright was the first teacher to carry out the extended term. The school room had a kind of shelf, called a gallery, on which the smaller pupils were placed when the more advanced scholars required the floor, and ventilation, on any principle, was neglected as an extravagance. Miss Smedley taught during 1845, and a larger building was found indispensable. The " Little Brick," school house on Butler street was a palatial structure in its day, but that also became too small. Jerome R. Brie-ham and