Zanesville, Ohio - The Annexation Of Putnam To (part 7 of 8)

Iron ores, of excellent quality, are much more abundant in this county than was formerly supposed. These ores, with analysis of many, will be noticed in the detailed examinations of the townships.

The most interesting feature of the surface geology of the county, is the system of drift terraces along the banks of the Muskingum river, the materials of which have been brought from regions to the north. It is my opinion that much the larger part of the materials forming these terraces came down the Muskingum, and not down the Licking, but I may be mistaken in this.

Zanesville Corporation

The percentage of phosphoric acid 'is too large, and must contaminate iron made from this ore. An ore found on Marietta street, yielded only 12.56 per cent. of metallic iron.

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The observations of geologists have shown that the materials which compose the earth's crust form three distinct classes of rocks, the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Of these, the first class includes those that are the direct product of fusion. These are divided into two subordinate groups, volcanic and plutonic, of which the first includes such as are produced by volcanic eruption, lava in its different forms, pummice, obsidian, trachite, etc. The second class of igneous rocks, the plutonic, comprising those massive rocky forms which are without distinct bedding, have apparently been completely fused, and yet were probably never brought to the surface by volcanoes. Having consolidated under great pressure, they are dense and compact in structure, never exhibiting the porous and incoherent condition which is so character- The plutonic rocks are granite in some of its varieties, syenite, porphyry, and part but not all, of basalts, diorites.and dolerites (green stones. )

None of these igneous rocks are found in any place within the State of Ohio, though they exist in vast quantities in the mining districts of the West, and on the shores of Lake Superior. From the latter region, numerous fragments were brought to us during the Glacial period, and they constitute a prominent feature in the drift deposits that cover so large a part of our State.

Drirr. - After the valleys eroded as they now exist, many of them were filled with what is termed ''drift'' materials, which are chiefly water worn pebbles and bowlders, sand, and sometimes clays. The principal outspread of the drift, is in the northwestern part of the district in the Scioto Valley, and near the sources of the Hocking and Licking rivers. In this region, the surface of the earth is almost wholly covered with superficial deposits, brought from the north. Some of the materials are not found within the State, but come from beyond the lakes. Limestone bowlders and gravel show, from their contained fossils and lithographic character, that they originally came from the corniferous limestone, a formation well developed in the northern part of the State. All the streams which have their sources within the great drift region of the central and northern part of the State, have carried down more or less of the drift materials, and deposited them in sand bars and sandy flats. These now constitute the well known terraces of the Scioto, Hocking and Muskingum rivers. The Ohio river is also bordered by these terraces, the materials having been largely brought to it, by its northern affluents. The tributaries to the Ohio from the South; asthe Little and Great Kenawhas, have no suchterraces. Thesame is true of all the smaller Ohio tributaries, such as Raccoon, Little Muskingum and Duck Creek, which do not have their heads in the central drift region.

In the terraced drift we find two classes of materials, the hard and the comparatively soft. The former is composed of diorytes and granitoid forms, quartzites and other metamorphic rocks, and the cherty portions of limestones. The latter is made up of softer sandstones, slates and bituminous coals. I have-found small bowlders of fine grained Waverly sandstones, which, for fineness of texture, and softness under the chisel, and perfection of color, I have never seen surpassed. Their original home was in the Waverly formation, and not very far to the north, for such is the softness of the material, that they could not long have survived the friction of rolling in currents of water, surrounded by harder bowlders, much less the more wasting friction of Bogpulsies by glaciers, under enormous ice pressure. We sometimes find similar soft material only. very slightly eroded.

In the large terrace formed at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, on which the town of Marietta is built, we often find large quantities of pebbles of bituminous coal. Bushels could sometimes be taken from a single spot, of all sizes, from four inches in diameter downward. Bituminous coal being soft and easily. eroded, the coal of these pebbles must have been torn from its native seam at some point in our Ohio coal measures, but a short distance up the Muskingum, probably not above Zanesville. It has been estimated that the lumps of coal of medium size, dropped into the Ohio river from steamboats and barges, are worn away to nothing in rolling on the bottom, a distance of from fifty to one hundred miles. Pebbles and bowlders of Ohio coal measure sandstone are also often found in the drift terraces on the Muskingum. It will be remembered that this river holds its course chiefly within the limits of the coal formation.

The highest elevation on which I have found drift bowlders is on the summit of Flint Ridge, Licking county, which is 170 feet above the adjacent valley. To this add fifty feet as the estimated elevation of the base of the ridge above Newark, and we have bowlders 220 feet above Newark, and 374 above Zanesville, and 490 above Marietta, and 729 above Cincinnati.

The terraces in the olden time presented great attractions to the Mound Builder race. We everywhere find on them earth works, in the form of mounds, elevated squares, walls and ditches. Being dry and sandy, the surtace could be easily removed and accumulated in their various structures. To the profound questions of the ethnologist, who the mound builders were, whence they came, and whither they went. we can only reply that they once lived here, here cultivated the soil, here worshiped, perhaps with the solemn rites of human sacrifice, here planned and executed mighty works of organized labor. and then passed away. We find their temples, and fortresses, and tombs.

face, and it was brought into comparatively uneven condition. Whether the thin beds of the Maxville limestone were deposited before this erosion took place, and so shared in it as now to be left in isolated patches, or were deposited at first in limited basins, is as yet undetermined.

The transition from the Waverly to the coalmeasures, shows an entire change in the lithological character of the strata, and in the methods of distribution of the sedimentary materials. The Waverly materials were evidently derived from sameness, and they were spread with wonderful evenness upon the ocean floor. This floor was level to begin with, for it was formed by the evenly accumulated mass of semi-organic matter, which now constitutes the great Ohio black slate, or Huron shales. The materials of sand and clays would not, of necessity, be evenly spread, because their accumulation so perfectly balanced the general subsidence as to keep the incoming materials always in shallow water, and hence, just where the leveling power of the waves would be the greatest.

The conglomerate is, in Jackson county, a very remarkable deposit of sand and pebbles. In some places, it is over one hundred and thirty feet thick, resting upon the Waverly, and, in a short distance, it is completely thinned out to nothing. The pebbles are often a mass of white quartz, or perfectly pure quartzite, sometimes with a diameter of several inches. They tell a tale of rough water and powerful currents. But such deposits are local, and I find no proof whatever that a conglomerate stratum constitutes the regular and continuous floor on which the productive coalmeasures of the second district were laid. I find in Ohio, many conglomerates in the coal-measures at different horizons, none, indeed, so coarse © as the one sometimes found resting on the Waverly, but they all havea limited horizontal range.

They thin out and pass into finer sandstones, and often into shales formed of fine sedimentary mud. In the coal-measures of the second district, no sand rock, so far as I know, extends through the whole line of the out-crop of the formation. Both, conglomerates and finer grained sandstones, are very uncertain in their horizontal ranges. The same is true of the shales and clays. We have almost all possible forms of sedimentary materials, and in almost all possible conditions of deposition. Hence, frequent changes are to be met with along the same geological horizon. The only strata showing continuity over great horizontal spaces, are the coal seams, with their under-clays, and certain fossiliferous limestones. he unfossiliferous lime-stones of the productive coal-measures, which were deposited as a calcareous mud, are of very limited horizontal extent. The unusually thick group of limestones over the Wheeling coal, at Wheeling, West Virginia, and at Bellaire, in Belmont county, gum county, and to the southwest,.in Meigs county, they have no representative, whatever. We may find lime-stones of this class, from ten to thirty feet thick, im one place, and a few miles away, in the same horizon, there is not a trace of them to be found. They were formed of calcareous mud, and follow, in their distribution, the same laws of distribution of the other mud rocks of the coal-measures. None of them were of deep surface dried cracks, but they are found between, and in proximity to, seams of coal which were sub-aerial in their origin. All the various strata which constitute the filling in of the spaces between seams of coal, whether formed from gravels, sands, clays, or lirmestones, excepting three or four fossiliferous limestones, are subject to all those changes which would be expected in off shore deposits, where the not very far distant land afforded many kinds of materials, and where the waters, not very deep, were quiet in some places, and rough in others, and thus produced every possible variety of deposition.

The few fossiliferous lime-stones of the coalmeasures, of which the Putnam Hill, Ferriterous, Cambridge and Ames lime-stones are the most important and interesting, were all formed, I think, in quite shallow, and, at the same time, quiet waters, from the accumulation of lime-secreting animals. In each case there was, probably, an arrest of the progress of subsidence, long enough for the accumulation of calcareous organic matter to form the stratum of lime-stones, very much as in the formation of a seam of coal, there was an arrest of subsidence, and a pause long enough for the growth and accumulation of the vegetable matter constituting the coal. Some of these limestones were formed upon a sea-bed almost perfectly level and uniform, and show remarkable parallelism with each other, and with seams of coal. It is, however, the coal itself which presents the most interesting object of investigation in the second district, and it is to this subject I have devoted the most attention. I shall present some of the results of my own independent observations, relative to the origin, varieties and uses of coals, believing, however, that the views are in essential harmony with the accepted opinions

Notwithstanding the elaborate attempt of Bischoff, and others, to prove that coal is an accumulation of vegetable detritus, drifted by rivers and buried beneath accumulating sediment in the ocean, this view is not now accepted by any who have carefully studied the coal-seams in the coalmeasures in America. Mr. Leo Lesquereux and Dr.Dawson have shown,as the result of careful and extended observations,that the vegetation forming seams of coal grew where it is now buried, the only movement being downward in the general subsidence. Atter such subsidence, sedimentary materials were brought over the vegetable mass, filling up the water, so as to form, in time, a new sub-aerial surface, on which new vegetation took root and grew, to form, in time, when buried, another seam of coal. My own independent observations, continued through many years, convince me that in no other way are the seams of coal, in our coal-measures, formed. There is, moreover, every evidence that the vegetation grew upon marshy plains, more or less extensive, skirting the ocean, or, perhaps, often constituting low islands, not far from the ancient shore. This appears from the fact that slates and shales accompanying the coal, and in immediate proximity to it, often contain marine or brackish-water forms of later paleozoic life. These slates sometimes constitute partings in the coal-seam itself, and extend for miles, maintaining with wonderful exactness their stratigraphical position. These partings imply a temporary overflow of the ancient marsh, by the ocean, and an even distribution of sediment, which, when compressed, constitutes the thin layer of slate, or clay. Besides, we find in the very coal itself, and especially in the cannel portions of seams - for cannel coal is, so far as my observations go, only a local modification of a regular bituminous coal-seam - marine torms of ancient life, of which lingule and fishes are, perhaps, most common. We also find, in some seams of coal, the evidence of tidal or other overflow of the coal marsh, in beach-worn sticks, and various forms of wood, which now, changed to bi-sulphide of iron, are preserved in their original form, and lie in the coal as they were drifted into the old marsh. After the complete subsidence of the whole marsh, we often find the proofs that trees, as segzllaria lepidodendron, and taller ferns were broken down where they grew by the incoming waters, and buried on the spot by the sediments. I once traced the trunk of a szg7//ar7a in the roof of a Pomeroy seam of coal, for a distance of more than forty feet. Thousands of the trunks of what Mr. Lesquereux takes to be pecopfer7s arborescens are found in the slates over the same coal, lying in a horizontal burial, as they were bent or broken down by the waters, which also brought in their stormy winding sheet. In making almost thousands of geological sections in our coal-measures, I have found seams of coal always.

street. erection, is eighty-five by twenty-four feet, is substantially built, with ample room for numerous employes. None but the most practical machinery is used in the construction of winding and straight stairways. mental and durable iron fencing is made from special designs by Mr. Allen, and are covered by _ letters patent, under the firm name of Allen & Munson.

maintaining such relations to what were the ancient water levels, that I am fully convinced that, in every Case, the vegetation grew along the water line, and not far above it.

I have never found the slightest proof of the formation of a seam of coal over hills or high grounds. The parallelism of the seams, of which further mention will be made, forbids it. Doubtless, vegetation of certain kinds grew upon the higher grounds, but this vegetation did not constitute seams of coal. It is plain, that whatever vegetable matter there might be on a hill-side, would, in the subsidence of the land, present to the waves of an encroaching sea an easy prey, and the trees and humbler plants would be torn from the exposed moorings, and be drifted away to rot upon the' waters, or be buried in the sands of the beach.

Such drifted and buried trees are frequently found. Should there have been some high level plateau, upon which the vegetation grew, and which, in the subsidence, was let down. below the water so evenly as to prevent the waters from tearing the vegetable materials away, it is still doubttul whether, on such high and dry areas, there would have been any considerable accumulation of vegetable matter, the decay so equaling the growth that, in reality, there would have been no materials for a true seam of coal.

While in the vegetation forming the coal seams upon marshy savannahs skirting the ocean, we find constant proof that the continuity of the marsh was often broken by intervening water, so that the seam ot coal is frequently interrupted. In the subsequent subsidence, these water spaces were filled up with sands, or clays, which are now hardened and compressed into shales and sandstones. But, if we have a marsh at one point, which continued long enough to allow of the accumulation of vegetable matter sufficient for a considerable seam of coal, the presumption is, that, on that exact horizon, we shall find that there were other areas above the water, on which vegetation also grew, and thus, along one water line, there be for med a seam of coal, varying in its features of thickness and quality, ranging, with perhaps, hundreds of miles. A long period of rest from downward movement, such as the growth and accumulation of a thick seam of coal imply, almost necessitates the fact that, during that long period, wherever there were along the water line, areas of low land, whether insular or continental fringes, on which vegetation might take root and grow, there would be such growth, and, consequently , a seam of coal.

When the subsidence took place, by which the marsh, or marshes, of one horizontal line were lowered beneath the water, the presumption is, that such subsidence would be an even and regular one. Wecan hardly suppose that, within any limited area, there would be any considerable irregularity in the sinking - any irregular plunges downward, here and there, so as to tilt at various angles the plane of the coal. The subsidence was, of course, greater in some districts than in others.

In Nova Scotia, there are 14,570 teet of productive coal-measures, with over eighty distinct seams of coal. In Eastern Pennsylvania, 3,000 feet are reported; while in Southern Ohio, the highest coal seam yet found is about 1,500 teet above the Waverly sandstone, upon which, at places, a coal seam, with its under-clay, is tound to rest, with no intervening conglomerate. It is, also, entirely possible that, when any large areas of any one coal field are car etully inv estigated, it will be found that some portion of such large area may have had a somewhat more rapid subsidence than the rest. But, as a rule, the subsidence was so regular that two seams of coal, each formed in its water line, are found to present an almost perfect parallelism. For exan*ple, in Ohio, the Nelsonville seam of coal is found, in the vertical series, to be about four hundred and twenty: teet below the Pomeroy seam, the equivalent of the Wheeling and Pittsburgh seam. These two seams range through many counties, and everywhere the interval between them is the same. The same is true of all our other well defined and continuous seams. One careful measurement of the interval between two seams is so excellent a guide that, either seam being found, the place of the other can readily be determined. There may be difficulty in ascertaining the exact interval, because there may be considerable horizontal distance between the exposures of the seams, and calculations must generally be made for the dip, usually an unknown term; but when the measurements are accurate, the parallelism is perfect and beautiful. There is a little play of variation, sometimes, but it is generally very slight. In lmited areas, the downward movement could hardly be otherwise than uniform. Even in cases of earthquake action, we generally find the areas ot elevation or subsidence to be quite extensive. But there is no proof that, in the Coal Period, there was any intense earthquake action, nor any convulsive disturbances, which would give to the plane of a coal seam great irregularities in inclination. Itmust be remembered that the elevation of the Alleghanies, and the foldings of the Appalachian region, and all the thousand undulations given to the strata of our coal fields were subsequent to the formation of our coal-measures. The results of the most careful observations in all our coal fields, create a reasonable belief that the subsidence was semi-continental in character, and that the crust of the earth settled down in an even and dignified way.

So far as my observations go, I have never found an instance where two distinct seams of coal came together, or conversely, where a seam became divided and its parts continued to diverge for a long or indefinite distance. It is not uncommon to find, in a seam of coal, the proof that the coal marsh had in it local depressions, which were filled with sediment, making a soil on which new vegetation grew, and thus the seam shows two parts, separated by ftire.clay, sometimes several feet thick, but in every instance, when traced, I have found the parts to reunite. The two parts never diverge indetinitely.

From these statements, we may infer a general law of parallelism. Such law is in harmony with the belief of the most careful observers, that our productive coal period was characterized by great quietness and freedom from violent local disturbances.

''The only question open to discussion, (says Prof. Rogers,) is whether in an instance like that of the huge mass of the Summit Hill mines, and Panther Creek Tunnels, (in Pa.,) where the bed possesses very unusual thickness, the expansion of its size is caused by the merging into the principal bed of other adjoining coal seams through the thinning away of the dividing strata, or is merely a local enlargement of the one coal bed between the same roof and floor, arising from more active deposition at this spot of the vegetable materials which formed it. If we were in possession of any complete sections of the lower coal measures, such as those of Nesquehoning and Tamaqua coals, illustrative of the condition of things nearer to the Summit mine than those localities, we might, from such data, possibly determine the running together or not of some of those beds to form this great deposit, but no intermediate points have been developed, and the distance of the two localities named, one four and miles and the other five miles, is too considerable to permit us to institute any close comparison between the individual beds at either of them and that of the Summit. To explain the unusual thickness of the great bed by the coalescing of several large seams of the Nesquehoning group, we must assume, if we take the ''main lower coal'"' and the two next which overlie it, as those which have here come together, that there has occurred a total exhaustion of about 134 feet of included rock, or if we suppose only this ''main lower coal'? and the double or Rowland's coal to have united, we have still to conceive of the thinning out of seventy-seven feet of sandstone ina range of only four and a half miles. culty besets us when we consider the thick plates of sandstones and slate which we must assume as having disappeared between the Little Schuylkill and the Summit, if we would derive the great bed from the coming together of any two or more of the principal lower seams of that locality. Nevertheless, so much more uniform are the coal beds generally, than the mechanically derived sandstones - so much more easy is it when we advert to the respective circumstances, under which these two classes of deposition originated, to ascribe a rapid variation of thickness to the widely- | tion of the ancient carboniferous marshes - -that I strongly incline to that view which assumes the apparent alteration of thickness to be due to the thinning out of the arenaceous rocks."

From this language, it appears that no facts have been obtained by careful stratigraphical measurements to prove the actual coming together of the different seams of coal, but the

A like diffi- | | Causes might have combined to create the differthe coal at the Summit. This, of course, is only the opinion of Prof. Rogers, and is entitled to all the weight which the opinion of so eminent a geologist should receive. It is readily granted that sands are accumulated along shore lines with great unevenness. This depends upon the strength of currents and the quantity of material. Along a shore there are many places of comparatively quiet water, where finer sediments, now compressed into shales, are deposited, and we often find these shales alternating with sandstones. In Ohio, on the same horizon, I find sometimes sixty feet of sandrock, and a few miles away sixty feet of shales. The marginal area below the water must be filled up with something, and the unevenness of the resulting bedding of the sandrock, or shales, is not a matter of consequence, nor is it pertinent to the solution of the problem in hand, viz: The explanation of the universal thickening of a coal seam ata given point. The real difficulty is antecedent to sediments, it matters not whether by ''sand and pebbles widely strewn,"' or by mud gently dropped in more quiet water. How came apart of a marsh, with its coal-making vegetation, 134 feet below its original level, while the remaining part of the marsh maintained such a wonderful statical equilibrium just at the water liner I do not say that this is impossible, but it is not probable, indeed it is so improbable, that it may not be lightly inferred.

It is much easier for me to believe that in this famous Pennsylvania case, now made _ historical by Sir Charles Lyell, the conditions of accumulation of a large mass of vegetable matter, were more favorable in that part of the marsh now represented by the Summit Hill coal, than at other portions of the marsh. The conditions of growth might have been more favorable, or there might have heen less waste trom decomposition, or from mechanical removal. Indeed, all these ence in the thickness of the coal. In Ohio, I find a seam of coal from four to five feet thick, and evidently retaining its original and normal thickness, while three miles away the same seam is nearly thirteen feet thick. It is as easy for me to believe that a seam might, at Nesquehoning, be twenty-eight feet thick, as reported, and at the Summit Hill, be nearly fifty feet thick, as that a seam in Ohio, in a less distance, change from four to thirteen feet. * * * * * * * The buried vegetation of the coal marshes reappears after the lapse of long geological ages, in three pretty well marked varieties of coal, viz.: The more bituminous, or coking, the dry splint, and cannel, all grouped under the general head of bituminous, as distinguished from the metamorphic anthracite. The more bituminous, or pitch coal, appears to be the natural or normal form which the unaltered vegetation took when buried. Any one familiar with the details of our bituminous coal fields, has often seen the shales and slate films of this bright, resinous coal, where single trunks, or branches of szgz//arza, lcpidodcidron, or large ferns, like pecopterzs arborcescens, have been buried with an almost perfect exclusion of air. Such films of coal are derived from the bark layers, the interior portion of the tree always, in these cases, disappearing without adding to the quantity of coal. Dr. Dawson regards the mineral charcoal, common in most seams of coal, as the product of the partially decomposed inner bark, and the more woody portion of the tree, with portions of other vegetation. In some cases which have fallen under my observation, where there was reason to believe that the tree had been prostrated while a living tree,and buried without previous decomposition, both barks were converted into bright and resinous coal. From this we may, perhaps, infer that if the whole mass of vegetation forming a coal seam were completely buried, without any previous decomposition, we might expect the whole to be converted into bright coal.. Sometimes we find the coal very bright and_pitch-like in a considerable portion of the seam, showing scarcely any mineral charcoal, or those laminations of duller color, which are generally supposed to indicate-the more decomposed vegetable matter of leaves, fronds and smaller plants. Dr. Dawson thus writes: ''I would also observe that though in the roof shales and other associated beds, it is usually only the cortical layer of trees that appear ,as compact and bituminous coal, yet, I have found specimens which show that, in the coal seams themselves, true woody tissues have been converted into structureless coal, forming like the coniferous trees converted into jet in more modern formations, thin bands of very pure bituminous material.'' The probability is that the less the sub-aerial decay, the more perfectly bituminized and structureless becomes the resulting coal. Nothing would be so likely to prevent decay as immersion in water, and such immersion must play an important part in the formation of the more highly bituminous and caking coals. ''In the putrefaction of wood under water, or imbedded in aqueous deposits,"' says Dawson, ''a change occurs in which the principal loss consists in carbon and oxygen ; and the resulting coaly product contains proportionally more hydrogen than the original wood. This is the condition of the compact bituminous coal. * * The mineral charcoal results from subaerial decay, the compact coal from sub-aqueous putrefaction, more or less modified by heat and exposure to air." * * * * * * * CannEL Coat - We should expect that in the swampy flats of the coal period, there would be wet places filled with muck or vegetable mud, similar to those we often find in such swamps today. Inthe modern muck bog, the structure of the vegetation is almost entirely obliterated, and there results a fine, soft vegetable mud, which, when dried, forms a dark and almost impalpable powder. We find the proof of the existence of only wet places; (for what has already been said of the origin of the more bituminous, or pitch-like coals, implies the existence of much water) but they were the wet places in which the vegetation became so thoroughly decomposed, that when atterwards buried, compressed and bituminized, it was changed into a hard compact stratum of coul, showing little lustre, often no lamination, and breaking with conchoidal fracture. It is probable that there were vast quantities of vegetable mud formed which did not go to constitute seams of cannel coal, but were floated away by currents, and mingling with mineral sediments, settled in the more quiet waters of the shallows, thus forming strata of bituminous slates andshales. * * Every stratum of bituminous shale in our productive coal measures, implies the existence of the same proximate horizon of a coal marsh, and should always be noted and studied with this fact in mind. Whenin the mud forming bitumious shales, the carbonate of iron has been introduced, we have a stratum of black band ore, unless, as is more often the case, the iron is brought by the force of affinity into nodular masses.

In the water over the accumulating vegetable mud, fishes, mollusks and other forms of life sometimes abounded, and these were entombed in the mud.

In the ooze, the séigmarza almost reveled,penetrating it in almost every direction, and these curious vegetable forms, with their spreading rootlets are foundin greatest abundance in cannel coals, all flattened, but in exquisite preservation. The existence of so many stgmarzas in the cannel coals, the beds of which often extend for many miles, almost necessitates the conclusion that they grew 7m situ. Ifthe sttgmarza is always a true root of the szgz/larza, or other tree, as held by Dr. Dawson, and others, we must conclude that trees, having these roots attached, grew in the wettest parts of the marsh,which were, therefore, not open lagoons, as some have supposed. But Dr. Dawson asserts that ''szgzl/arza grew on the same soils which supported conifers lepidodendra, cordaites and ferns, plants which could not have grown in water." He also claims, that most of the under clays, which, so far as I know, universally contain rootlets of stzgmarza, ''are, in short, loamy or clay soils, and most have been sufficiently above water to admit of drainage."' These views require us to believe that the s¢zgmaria could not have grown where they are found in cannel coal, but were floated to their present places as detached roots. If thus floated, we should expect that they would sometimes show local accumulations in the drifted heaps. So far as my observations go, they are very evenly distributed over the whole cannel coal areas. Moreover, if detached and floated bodies, and afterwards buried in the accumulating mud, we should naturally expect them also to decay, and form vegetable muck similar to the surrounding mass.

aquatic plant. Lesquereux thus writes: 'It is my belief that the genus stigmaria does not represent tree roots, but floating stems, of which species of the genus sigillaria constitute the flowers, or fruit-bearing stems.' It was, as I understand his views, only under favorable circumstances of a more solid ground for anchorage, that these stems produced the stalks, or, more properly, trunks, by which the fructification was secured. By this theory, it is certainly more easy to explain the vast number of stigmaria found in cannel coals. By it we may, perhaps, also account for the equally great numbers of stigmaria found in some of the sand rocks of the lower coal-measures of Ohio, in which sigillaria are but seldom found. Since we often find stigmaria in the bituminous coal, the ''floatingstem'' theory would harmonize with the other opinion of Mr. Lesquereux, arrived at after careful study of the marshes and peat bogs of Europe and America, that the toal was formed in similar marshes skirted by the ocean, which would furnish the needed conditions for the growth of such aquatic vegetation as he regards the stigmaria to be.. * * * Weconclude that, admitting the radical nature of the stigmaria, we remain very doubtful as to their generic determination, and still more so as to their specific reference.

Coxe. - Passing the consideration of ashes in coals, and the sulphur found in different combinations, we find some practical thoughts - very interesting, in regard to coke. The strongest cokes are made from the more highly bituminous and caking coals, such as melt and swell when heated, and, after the bituminous gases are driven off, leave a hard, cinder-like mass, which has an almost metallic lustre, and a metallic ring, when struck. Such coke, either cold or hot, 1s broken with difficulty, and will resist great pressure without crushing. This is the kind preferred by all intelligent ''iron-masters." All cokes made from the soft-caking coals have a tendency to be more or less firm, from the fact that' such coals soften and melt when heated. The best coke comes from the most thorough fusion of coal. Often, iron-masters, using dry coals in the raw state, and finding that they do not obtain sufficient heat, resort to the use of a certain portion of firm coke. The difficulty is not, I think, in the want of heating power in the raw coal, for its' coke may have quite as much fixed carbon as the other coke used, but in the simple fact that, in the first instance, the fire is partially smothered by the compacted condition of the fuel, while in the other case, the weaker coke of the raw coal is reinforced by the stronger, and thus the whole mass of the fuel is kept in better condition by the permeated blast.

Iron. - While it is true that coal is the mainspring of modern civilization, it is also true that much of its value depends upon its association with iron. In most countries, certain varieties of iron ore are found associated with coal - blackband, clay, ironstone, etc. - and in these, Ohio ores are richer than any of those States that share with her our great Alleghany coal basin. Again, our coal field is so situated, and the coal it furnishes is of such quality, that a large part of the richer crystalline ores found in other States must ineyitably be brought to our territory to be smelted and manufactured.

In order that the conditions under which the production of iron is now, and is hereafter to be carried on, in Ohio, may be better understood, I will devote a few words to the description of the varieties of iron ore found in our country, and their relation to the fuel with which they are to be smelted.

The richest of all the ores is the ''magnetic oxide," which contains, when pure, 72.4 per cent. metallic iron, and 27.6 per cent. oxygen. It consists of the protoxide and sesqui oxide, combined, and may be recognized by its black powder and its magnetic property. This variety of ore is found in great abundance in the crystalline rocks of the Alleghany belt, in the Adi- to us under the name of Champlain ore - from the fact of its occurrence on the shores of Lake Champlain - and is that mined so extensively in Southern New York, New Jersey, and further south, along thesame line. From its abundance in the localities I have cited, and its proximity to the anthracite coal of Pennsylvania, this ore has formed the basis of a very large manufacture in the Eastern States, and has furnished | more of the iron produced in this country than any other single variety. As found in Canada, and along the Alleghanies, the magnetic ores are extremely prone to contain certain impurities, which injuriously affect the metal produced from them. 'These are principally phosphorous in phosphate of lime, and sulphur in the form of sulphide, or iron pyrites. Of these, the phosphorous renders the iron ''cold short," or brittle when cold; and the sulphur, ''red short," or tender at a red heat. Many of these ores contain also a large percentage of litanium, by which they are rendered refractory, and the iron made, brittle. These defects in the Eastern magnetic ores, almost preclude their use for the finer qualities of iron and steel, and yet they are destined to form an important element in the manufacture of iron in Ohio. Iron making is, in one aspect, much like-oil painting, for, as the painter gets his finest effects by skillfully blending many tints, so the iron-maker can only obtain the best results by using in the furnace several varieties of ore. The iron ores of Eastern New York and Canada, may, by the cheapness of return freights, be delivered within our territory at a price so low that they will continue to be used as they now are, in considerable quantities, by our iron smelters. Some of the Canadian ores can be furnished on the lake shore, at a very low figure, but these ores are so largely contaminated by sulphur, or litanium, that they are, at present, but little used. When, however, we shall have introduced the Swedish smelting furnace - removing three or four per

Ohio

The ore next in point of richness to the magnetic, is that called ** Specular iron," which consists, when pure, entirely of peroxide. This is a crystalline ore, generally having a metallic appearance, and takes its name from the speculum like reflections from its polished surfaces. When tree from foreign matter, this ore contains seventy per cent. of iron and thirty of oxygen. Most of the Lake Superior ores are of this character, as are also those of the Iron Mountains of Missouri. To us, the Lake Superior ores are of immense importance, as will be seen from the fact that at least two thirds of all the ore mined in the Marquette district are brought to our State, and this ore constitutes the main dependence of all that great group of furnaces which have been constructed in the northern part of the State within the last twenty years.

The product of the Lake Superior iron mines in 1868, was 507,813 tons, for 1869, 643,283 tons, and of this, at least one third is supposed to have been smelted with Ohio coal. The Lake Superior ores are almost entirely free from phosphorous, sulphur, arsenic and litanium, the ingredients which so injuriously affect iron ores elsewhere ; and the magnetic ores of Michigan, of which the supply is now known to be large, are the purest of which I have any knowledge. From these facts, it is evident that the Lake Superior iron ores are peculiarly adapted to the production of all the finer grades of iron and steel, and indeed it ts the opinion of our most accomplished metallurgists, that the manufacture of steel in future vears, so far as this country is concerned, will be based almost exclusively upon these ores.

The coals of the Alleghany coal-field are superior to those of the West, and it is certain that nowhere can an abundant supply of mineral fuel, suitable for smelting the Lake Superior ores, be so cheaply obtained as in Ohio. Some portion of these ores are now, and will continue to be, smelted with charcoal on the upper peninsula ot 'Michigan, but the supply of this fuel is so limited, that it will play but an insignificant part in the iron manufacture of the future.

The ores enumerated constitute our native ores, the main source of supply .to our furnaces. 1 should add, however, to this list one other variety, that hich is known as the '* fossil ore,"' a stratified red hematite, found in the Clinton group, and which forms a belt of out-crop_ extending, with more or less intermission, from Dodge county, Wisconsin, across a portion ot Canada, entering New York at Sodus Bay, passing through Oneida county, where it has received the name of '' Clinton ore," thence running down through central Pennsylvania, Virginia and East Tennessee, into Georgia and Alabama. In the latter region, it is known as the '* Dyestone ore," from the fact that it has been employed by the inhabitants for imparting a reddish brown tint to cloth. This Clinton ore is an hydrous peroxide, containing from 40 to 50 per cent. of metallic iron, and generally a notable percentage of phosphorus. Its use in Ohio has depended upon the latter quality, from the fact that it imparts a ** cold-shortness to iron made from it, and is supposed to correct the red shortness of sulphurous iron.

Within our own territory, we have all the varieties of iron that are ever associated with coal, viz. : black-band, kidney ore, stratified ore, or, as itis called, block ore, and, in less abundance, brown hematite, the hydrated péroxide of iron. Of these, the black-band is a bituminous shale, largely impregnated with iron, taking its name from its stratification and black color. In its natural condition, it contains from twenty to thirty-three per cent. of iron, but, by burning off the carbon, it becomes much richer. This ore is found, and largely used, in Mahoning and Tuscarawas counties, and is known to exist in Columbiana. Sought for by those who know it, it will undoubtedly be discovered in many parts of the State. It smelts with great facility, making very fusible iron, and such as is especially adapted to foundry purposes. The kidney ore, an earthy carbonate of iron, generally forms balls or concretions, lying in the shales of the coal formation. Where these shales have been extensively eroded, the ore is cheaply mined by '* stripping,' and was the main dependence of most of our furnaces previous to the introduction of the crystalline ores. The yield of the kidney ore,in the furnace, will average about thirty-three per cent., or three tons of ore make one of iron. This ore is found, in greater or less abundance, in every county included in the coal area. The ''block" 'ores of the coal measures vary much, in purity and abundance, in different localities. They are generally strata of limestone charged withiron. In the southern portion of the State, ore of this character forms a large number of distinct beds, from two to six feet in thickness, and constitutes the principal source of supply of some forty furnaces now in blast in that district.

In certain localities, some of these stratified iron ores, near their out crops, are changed from their original condition, have lost their carbonic acid and have been converted into brown hematite. The average richness of the stratified ores may be said to be about the same as that of the kidney ores, namely, thirty-five per cent of metallic iron. The iron furnished by some of them is of very superior quality, as is proved by the reputation of the celebrated Hanging Rock iron,

Tue MANuFAcTuRE oF Iron. - We have briefly considered the principal elements - coal, and the ores, that are to form the basis of the great iron industry. It is known to most persons that, with the fuel and ore, limestone is used in large quantity in the smelting furnaces ; but, as this material is readily attainable in all localities, it need not now occupy our time. I may say, however, in passing, thata large amount of work needs to be done in our State in the investigation of the composition of our fluxes, and their adaptation to the ores we most use. In this part of the iron manufacture, our furnace men are working very much in the dark, and it is certain that they can receive important aid.

The ordinary process of reduction of the ore in the blast furnace, is so well known that I need not dwell on it in detail. All varieties of iron ore consist of a combination, sometimes exclusively, always mainly - of oxygen and iron. This oxygen, when brought in contact with carbon at high temperature, unites with it, and passes off as carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, leaving, as a result of this smelting process, cast iron. This is, however, not yet metallic iron, for it contains four to five per cent. of carbon, and is a carburet of iron; a hard, brittle substance, applicable to a thousand uses.in the arts, but not yet malleable. The manufacture of bar iron consists mainly in the removal of this carbon, and, although not a geological disquisition, we will briefly' mention the process, which is called ''puddling."' Inthis process the cast iron, or what is termed ''pig," is placed in a reverberatory furnace, and there exposed, at a high temperature, to the action of an oxidizing flame. This burns out the carbon and leaves the iron pure, except as it contains a small portion of silicon, sulphur, phosphorous, etc. As'the iron in the puddling furnace approaches the malleable condition, it becomes adhesive and pasty, and is worked into balls ; these are taken out and passed through the squeezers, and rolling mill, where they become what is called ''muck bar.'"? Muck bar, ordinarily requires still further refining, so it is cut into convenient length, piled, re-heated, re-rolled, and then comes out as ''merchant bar.' Thus, we have cast iron and bar iron; the two forms in which iron is largely used by civilized man. This peculiar and protean metal is capable, however, of assuming still another condition, in which it supplies certain of our wants much more perfectly than do either of the forms before mentioned. This we call steel; and steel differs from malleable iron only in containing from one-half to one and a half - say on an average of one per cent. of carbon. This carbon, though so minute in quantity, imparts its peculiar properties, rendering it capable of being cast like pig iron, without the loss of its malleability, and also communicates to it the all important property of temper, by which its hardness is immensely increased, and it is fitted for many uses that no other material known to us can serve. Nearly all the iron used in the world, at the present time, is manufactured with mineral fuel. The old charcoal furnaces were thought to do well when they gave a yield of thirty-five to fifty tons per week. Now there are several furnaces in Ohio, each of which produces three hundred tons of pig iron in the same time, and some of the English furnaces produce six hundred tons per week.

THe ELLERHAUSEN PRocEss oF MAKING STEEL. - We have seen that pig iron consists of metallic iron,with four or five percent. of carbon, while the richer ores consist mainly of iron and oxygen. Ellerhausen's theory was that iron ore could be mingled with cast iron in such a way that the oxygen of the ore would unite with the carbon of the pig metal, and, passing off as carbonic oxide, leave theiron of both elements in the combination in the metallic state. The experiment was first tried by drawing a ladle of molten iron from the furnace, and stirring into it a quantity of iron ore. The change anticipated began at once, and the iron assumed a pasty condition, which rendered it impossible to stir it with a bar. Substituting a wooden rod, the materials were mingled, and were made to forma ball similar to that collected in the puddling furnace by the rabble. 'This ball heated, squeezed and rolled, was found to furnish a fair article of bariron. Subsequently there was substituted for the ladle, a wheel, eighteen feet in diameter, bearing on its margin a series of boxes, This wheel was made to revolve beneath a stream of molten iron and pulverized ore, that crossed each other at right angles. By the rotation of the wheel, the boxes were gradually filled with layers of iron, mixed with ore. When each contained a_ sufficient quantity the sides were removed, and the blooms transferred to the puddling furnaces, these re-heated until the slag they contained was ''sweated" out, then squeezed and rolled into bars. These bars, without piling or re-rolling, are found to exhibit all the properties of firstclass iron. This process was extensively operated by J. H. Shoenberger & Co., and Lyon, Shorb & Co., Pittsburgh. But it is possible to produce malleable iron direct from the ore. This is called by metallurgists, the ''direct process," because it follows a direct line, and avoids the wind about through the blast furnace. This. is the method practiced in what is called the catalan forge; it has not been demonstrated to be cheaper, however, than by the other method, while some metallurgists maintain that not many. years will elapse till all our bar iron will be manufactured by some direct process.

The ground of this confidence is the peculiar property that carbonic oxide has of reducing the oxide of iron at a comparatively low temperature. If we put a few grains of pulverized iron ore with some carbonaceous substance, in a test tube, and heat this over a spirit lamp to a red heat, 1,000 or 1,200 degrees, the ore is immediately decomposed, its oxygen uniting with the carbon, and grains of metallic iron become visible. This is the theory of the Renton process, the process of Dr. Smith, and what is known as Chenot's process, but up to the present time all these methods have been practically unsuccessful, from a difficulty in regulating the temperature; for it is a remarkable fact that when the temperature is raised above 1,400 degrees, fusion begins, silicates are formed, and the mass is agglutinated together in such a way as to be unmanageable, while the access of the gas to the ore is prevented. Several eminent metallurgists are, however, at work on this problem, and it seems that their efforts must ultimately be crowned with success. I need not dwell upon the benefits that would ac- - crue to society and civilization, by a diminution of say one-half in the cost of production of bar iron. is hardly a family in any civilized community who would not sensibly feel it. On the other hand, the Bessemer process has reduced the price of steel in an equal degree, and now. the cheapening of bar iron has become the great metallurgic desideration.

THe MANUFACTURE OF STEEL - THE BEssEMER ProcEss. - Perhaps the best illustration of the progressive character of iron manufacture is furnished by recent improvements in the manufacture of steel. It will be remembered that steel is iron, with one per cent. of carbon, or cast iron from which three-fourths of the carbon has been removed. Twenty-five years ago, all our steel was made by what is called the ''cementation"' process, so well known that I need not describe it. About this time, Mr. Bessemer, an English iron-master, conceived the plan of forcing common airinto melted pig iron, and thus, by bringing its oxygen in contact with the carbon, to induce the formation of carbonic acid, eliminate the carbon and produce malleable iron ; or, by arresting the process at a certain point, to leave the fluid metal in the condition of cast steel. Upon trial, the injection of even cold air into molten iron, instead of chilling it, as many predicted, produced ignition and intense heat. This was the germ of the famous Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel - a process by which fully one-half of the steel now made is produced, and by which, as has been stated, the cost of steel has been reduced at least one-half. Many years elapsed before Mr. Bessemer succeeded in overcoming all the mechanical difficulties which stood in his way, and in silencing the opposition which the conservatism of the iron manufacture offered. Now the process may be said to be not only a success, but a triumph, and its author deserves to be regarded as one of the greatest benefactors of the human race. For the production of steel, Mr. Bessemer first proposed to arrest the combustion of the carbon in the iron, so as to leave about difficult to hit, and he ultimately adopted the method of adding, atter the process was complete, the requisite quantity of carbon, in the form of **spiegelcion,"' a highly carbonized cast iron. This is the course now generally adopted, and steel is being thus made in large quantities, not only in Europe, but in our own country, and our own State.

The Siemens-Martin process - invented and largely employ ed in France, and in use at Trenton, New Jers ageable method of producing steel, but it is doubtful if it can rival, in simplicity and cheapness, the Bessemer process.

the production of steel of as fine a quality as has ever been made by any other means. The whole process consists in exposing malleable iron to the action of gaseous hydro-carbons, at a temperature just below fusion. Under these circumstances, the iron rapidly and regularly absorbs the carbon of the gas, and becomes steel. By the Barron process, shapes of iron are converted into steel without change of form, and this is the most satisfactory application of it Ihave seen. For example, toois or implements, of any kind, may be

| moulded and cast, these shapes made malleable _ by the ordinary process, and then, by impregnation, converted into steel, coming out scissors, best quality, wate no forging whatever. Whether this method is capable of effecting cheaply the conversion of large masses of iron, is "not yet demonstrated, though it is claimed ; but from the fact that a piece of iron may, by this means, be covered with a sheet of enamel, or coated with a layer of any desired thickness of steel, while yet is it is evident that this method is destined to have extensive application in the arts. The quality of steel made by this process is such as leaves nothing to be desired. With tailors' shears, cast in form, made malleable, then converted by the Barron process, I have cut Florence silk so nicely as to prove the edge perfect ; then, with the same shears have cut up sheets of tin and untempered steel, returning to the silk, have found the edge wholly unimpaired, and this after a repetition of the trial more than twenty times.

Hazlett Post, No. 81

PRIOR TO THE REBELLION - LIGHT HORSE COMP.\- NY - BRIGADE ORDERS - ARTILLERY COMPANY - THE FANTASTICALS - THE ZANESVILLE GUARDS - PUTNAM GRAYS - ZANESVILLE LIGHT INFANTRY - ZANESVILLE LANCERS - MUSKINGUM IN THE REBELLION - COMPILED FROM '' OHIO IN THE WAR," AND THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, AT WASHINGTON, D. C., AND COLUMBUS, OHIO - THE FIRST COMPANY - THE 3D, IQTH, 247TII, 32D, I5TH, 16TH, 62D, 67TH, 78TH, 97TH. O. V. I. - OTH O. V. C, - 122D, 2D, 0. V. I. - 5TII INDEPENDENT BATTALION 13TH 0. V. C. - I5QTH, 160TH, 178TH, 195TH, 196TH, 198TH, O. V. 1. - ROSTERS OF THESE TROOPS FOLLOWING THE CHAPTER - ROLL OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY'S DEAD SOLDIERS - GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC - HAZLETT POST, NO. 81.

The first military organization Was termed a commanded by Captain "Benoni Pierce. . They were mustered in by Samuel Thompson, in 1809. This was probably the first cavalry company in Southeastern Ohio. and took an active part in the war with the Indians, and ''the War of '12."° Captain Pierce was killed in a battle with Indians. John Alter, Sr., (father of John Alter, who died in Zanesville,

'*BRIGADE OrpERS. - The commissioned officers of the First Battalion, in the First Regiment of the Fourth Brigade, will meet at the court house in Zanesville, on Friday, the first. day of February, next, at ten o'clock, A. M., for the purpose of electing a Colonel of said regiment. The commissioned officers of the Second Battalion will meet for the same purpose, on Saturday, the 2d of February, next, at ten o'clock, A. M., at the house of William Burnam, Esq., in Springfield. The cavalry officers attached to the First Battalion Regiment wil vote with the First Battalion.

In 1812, James Herrov was appointed a captain in the regular army, and had charge of one of the recruiting stations in Zanestown. His office was first in ''Mud Hollow," and then on South Fifth street.

"In the fall of 1818, an artillery company was formed.. It was the first after. the war of °12." July 4th, 1825, this company, commanded by Captain John Stanton, proceeded to Licking Summit, and assisted in the celebration of the completion of the Ohio canal. Their skill in artillery practice. was much admired. Colonel John Sockman handled a six-pounder so well, that the Zanestown company received the honors in the contest in gunnery.

MirirrA Traininc. - Under the old regime this was kept up long after any necessity for it t existed, and the citizens seemed powerless to abolish it. On this account, some waggish citizens determined to try the effect of ridicule, and, about 1833, organized the ''Fantasticals,"' for the purpose of burlesquing the militia.

They were in their glory in 1834, and afforded infinite amusement to the members, as well as citizens, generally, and successfully brought into contempt the militia trainings, so that they came out against their will. The organization, though composed of the bon ton, carried the day in buffoonery. It is said that they were even hideous. The most grotesque costume was the desideratum, and when the ''Fantasticals'' were out in full feather, the '*Cornstalk Militia" made what might be called an involuntary appearance ! Lem. Owens was Colonel Pluck, in command of the Fantasticals, and prided himself in his suit of calico; the coat cut 'spike tail,' and adorned with white buttons of monster proportions; the shoulders decorated with enormous sun-flowers, politely termed epaulets. His sword was of burnished tin, ten feet long: his spurs were on the same liberal pattern, about eighteen inches in diameter; his hat was of dimebsiong that and was adorned with a sweeping fox tail; his hands were stained with poke-berries, in imitation of lavender kids; and his lavender neck-tie was ''perfectly excruciating," with ends almost touching the ground, borne now here, now there, by the play ful wind. Such was the patriotism that pervaded the community, that even **Parson was inspired to lend his old mare to Colonel Pluck, for the occasion, notwithstanding the antiquity of the quadruped, and as a compliment, in remembrance of her ancestral reputation, which, though traditional, was handed down from father to son, with scrupulous fidelity', recounting the different fluids of fine blooded animals that were supposed to course through her veins, but, of course, saying nothing a oue how long and severely she had been overstrained, remembering her once fiery spirit, when young blood flowed vigorously through the and thought of Alexander, and _ his famous charger! They bedecked her with gay caparisons, held her head up and led her fortli, so altered in apperafice, that the gallant Colonel Pluck scarce knew the old mare. There wasa charm about this new created charger; it was her airy form ; it gave unmistakable assurance of offering the least possible resistance to the air through which it passed. And it is not improbable, notwithstanding her heraldry and_ pride ot birth, that her rider inwardly exclaimed :

And yet, with gravity becoming the occasion, he caused his orderlies to take position on either side of the steed, ostensibly to hold the stirrups until his feet were adjusted therein, but really to secure him against accident, in case the mare should give way under ''the conquering hero. Aaa ie applause of the multitude, as they beheld this strafegic performance, was both long and loud, and not withheld when they beheld the glow of patriotism that illumined the faces of the rank and file, and saw with what alacrity every command was obeyed, convincing even the '"'Cornstalk Militia" of their warlike bearing and character.

'Happy he whose inward ear Angel comfortings can hear O'er the rabble's laughter ; And, while hatred's fagots burn, Glimpses through the smoke discern Of the good hereafter. "

With this thought uppermost, **The Fantasticals'" marched and counter-marched up. and down Main street, and over to ''John Lee's Tavern," in West Zanesville, the usual rendezvous of the '*Cornstalk Militia," and where they called their roll, in imitation of whom the Fantasticals also called their roll. And however disciplinary this part of their performance may have been intended, it was manifest that no member was guilty of absenting himself, or ashamed to

In the spring of 1882 the above gentlemen purchased the old Wainwright Brewery, in the Third ward, in close proximity to the banks of the Muskingum river, The factory is forty by one hundred and sixty feet in the clear, with a canning capacity of fifteen thousand cans per day. In the busy season from two to three hundred men, women and children find profitable employment within its walls. This is the only establishment of the kind in this section of the country, and is fitted up with all modern improvements. As Muskingum county is known to be in the fruit belt of the State, the success of this house is: assured. All fruits and vegetables purchased are carefully selected, prior to canning. Orders flow be heard, although their names would have taxed the ability of the nomads of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and ''the rest of mankind,"' to pronounce ; they responded in stentorian voice that Seid have become either of the orators of those people. It was indeed a marvelous demonstration, and the Fantasticals fray, while, with a shout, the cry went up, long live Colonel Pluck and the Fantasticals! And the militia were permitted to retire to their peaceful homes, and the hospitality of a grateful

Fourth of July by a parade, and, after the parade, sat down and enjoyed a sumptuous repast, drank toasts, made patriotic speeches, and passed the time away most pleasantly. In those early days, the greed for gold had not eaten into the marrow of the citizens of Zanesville. A man was not valued then by the size of lis bank account, or in accordancé with the amount of blue blood which coursed through his veins. The ladies of Zanesville were always present upon such occasions. And the ladies of those days were intelligent, graceful and beautiful. _ **They took pride in the company and its entertainments. It was considered an honor to be present on such occasions. Perhaps the people of the present day would like to know what kind of toasts were drank in the olden time at these entertainments given by the Guards. For the instruction of the present generation of young ladies who would shudder, with horror, at the thought of attending a military ball, we give the following toasts :

'The ladies of Zanesville - by the presentation of a flag to the Zanesville Guards, show themselves the magnanimous daughters of the patriotic mothers, who strewed with flowers and garlands, the path of a retiring and _ victorious Washington.'

'The Fourth of July, *76 - It has been celebrated with patriotic enthusiasm for upwards of half a century. For the perpetuity of acustom so glorious, I add, 'Keep time, old foot.'

'"'Among those most prominent in getting up toasts for these entertainments, was Colonel N. A. Guille, who was always ready with a good ringing speech, whenever called upon."

The next company was the Putnam Greys, organized under R. N. Dunlap, who was elected Captain, but soon after resigned, and Captain Jesse P. Hatch, who had been their drill master, was elected to fill the vacancy. Matthew Ashmore made their uniforms, which consisted of dark grey cloth, swallow tailed coats, bound with black braid, brass buttons, black wagst metal waist plate, inscribed with the letters P. G., black cord on the side seams of the pants, black leather caps, with white fountain plumes, tipped with blue. They where armed with flint lock muskets, of the Harper's Ferry pattern. The other officers were: William Ely, First Lieutenant ; Lawson Wiles, Second Lieutenant ; Waldo B. Guthrie, Orderly Sergeant. [The other officers not named. | The company numbered, rank and file, eightyfour men. 'The first appearance in full dress parade, was on the afternoon of October, roth, 1839; at which time, also, first appeared the Zanesville Light Infantry Battalion, Second Brigade, Fifteenth Division, Ohio Militia. Captain Hatch was a graduate of the military school at Norwich, Vermont, and had filled a professorship in the Virginia Military Academy. The members of the company were among the leading citizens of Putnam. The following are their names, as far as can now be obtained: Jesse P. Hatch, William Ely, Waldo B. Guthrie, Matthew Ashmore, C. W. Potwin, Nathan Spear, R. N.

and numbered one hundred strong. Captain French, of the United States army, then a resident of Zanesville, was their drill-master. Soon after the organization, Samuel S. Cox was elected a member, and was promoted from the position of ''high private" to Orderly Sergeant. It is said that Mr. Cox takes just pride in referring to this event in his life in Zanesville.

In 1840, this company occupied the post of honor in welcoming General William H. Harrison, Whig candidate for President, to this city. The meeting was held under the old elm tree, on North Sixth street. Here General Harrison delivered his last political speech.

The members of the Lancers, as far as can pow be learned, were: William Culbertson, John D. Ford, Joseph T. Ford, J. L. Fracker, William Dulty, Crosley, Caldwell, Charles Huntington, William Mizer, Henry Clayton, Jacob Sperry. James Warner, Hiram Davidson, John P. Fox, Henry Stulson, H. Bell, George Covey, George Ross, Nat. Dutro, H. Parish, Richard Ball, Thomas Pierce, Henry I. Pierce, James Thompson, William Bailey, Wesley Hatton, Isaac Fell, Victor Fell, Solomon Brock, David Sheward, H. T. Pierce, John Winn, Henry Willey, James Van Buren, and Owen and Albert Langworthy.

These military companies demonstrated the latent military talent of the people - how readily they can take up arms, and how easily lay them down again. 'This ability, so completely dormant when peace reigns within our borders, has been found of the highest order when war's | stern necessity called it forth, as the host of he- | roes on many a hard fought battle field attest.

Rebellion

When the Nation, striving only to enforce its laws and maintain its lawfully elected rulers, suddenly found itself plunged in a war that promised to envelop half its territory, it contided its ''grand army'' to the leadership of an Ohio | general - Irvin McDowell; and when beaten at the outset, less by the enemy than by its own | rawness, that army retreated in disorder from the field it had fairly won, and the panic of the first Bull Run seemed to freeze the currents of National life, another Ohio general - George B. McClellan - -was called to the command, as he came fresh trom the first successful campaign, to restore confidence and reorganize the army. And, as invading the enemy's country - whose preparations for war, hitherto not comprehended, were found general and desperate - the diffi- | culties so multiplied that the Nation found itself | distrusting men of known sagacity, military skill, and courage, yet a new commander was | sought, and this time the trust was reposed in | William S. Rosecrans.

the veteran, Scott, as General-in-Chief, in command of all our armies. Yet another Ohioan, General Don Carlos Buell, commanded the great department which lay south of Ohio, till, after pushing back the war from the border to the Alabama line, he was caught and submerged in its refluent tide, and another Ohio general was

| summoned from fields of victory in the Southwest, to take his place. General O. M. Mitchell, of Cincinnati, commanded the Department of the South, until death came to his release. And to another Ohioan, General Q. A. Gillmore, was reserved the honor of revolutionizing gunnery - in destroying the fort around which the war had opened, and in the downfall of which was echoed the doom of the Rebellion."

"Ah! never shall the land forget How gushed the life-blood of her braye - Gushed, warm with hope and courage yet, Upon the soil they fought to save."

Fathers, mothers, wives, sisters - aye, and brothers, too - mourn the loss of dear ones; and many an empty sleeve and absent limb, shattered hand, and scar, remind us of the ravages of that war; and it is but a slight tribute to those patriots, who, with their lives and treasure, subdued our enemies and saved our grand republic, that their names should be enrolled with whatever of praise we are capable of bestowing, for. whereas we were in greatest peril,

"Now, all is calm, and fresh, and still; Alone the chirp of flitting bird, And talk of children on the hill, And bell of murmuring kine, sre heard ;"

And Ohio hears, with pride, the names of U.S. Grant, P. H. Sheridan, and W. T. Sherman, praised by the Nation; and yet, with a pride that language cannot fully express, would she perpetuate the memory of those who filled her

And in doing this, she would not forget the patriot fathers and mothers, who counted their sons and sent them forth. They followed them to the camps, saw them waste in action, and die of disease; saw them led by the inexperienced. toslaughter. Stricken with anguish, they still maintained their purpose, and numbered the people again, and sent fresh thousands.. They followed them with generous gifts, and prayers. They cared for the stricken families, and made otherwise desolate lives beautiful with the charities of a gracious Christianity. They infused a religious zeal into the contest. They held their soldiers to be engaged in a holy war. They

Imost every family had in that war one dead for the holy cause ; by almost every hearthstone, was heard lamention for those that were not. And yet there were those, in that dark and trying hour, who aforetime had 'been exalted to places of honor, who so far forgot the inevitable result as to aid treason, in trying to induce the people to pause, declaring the war a failure and acrime, and used their influence against the government, pretending to favor peace on any terms, save the blood of sons, husbands and-| fathers. "But the patriot heart of father, mother, sister and wife, beat too strong, and they heeded not their traitorous counsel. And by a vote more decisive than had ever been known in the history of American elections, rejected the tempter. Thenceforth the position of Ohio has been a watchword to the Nation. And we refrain from giving the names of those traitors, preferring to leave them to the worst company we know of - themselves. This will doubtless be the decision of every historian.

The State which contributed such leaders in the Cabinet, such Generals in the field, and an army of three hundred and ten thousand soldiers to follow them, may well be pardoned for desiring her achievments separately recorded, that finding themselves grouped together, those who come after us may trace their career with State, as well as National pride. And teach their sons to emulate such as Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Rosecrans, Mitchell, McPherson, McDowell, McClellan, Buell, Gillmore, Steedman, Hazen, Scheuch, Stanton, Chase, Wade, Dennison, Todd and Brough, and nearly every one of the two hundred and thirty military organizations.

They may see how by the aid of these, the army grew into shape and power, how it was led *' always to honor," often '' to victory,'"' and finally to glorious success. '* This was Ohio in the war."

Within twenty four hours after the President ot the United States called for troops, the State Senate had matured, carried through the several readings, and passed a bill, appropriating one million of dollars for placing the State upon a war footing, and for assisting the General Government in meeting the shock of the Rebellion. On that memorable 15th day of April, 1861, Ohio's Capital was wild with the excitement of the call, to arms! And on the 16th, the feeling was even more intense ;_ troops were arriving, the telegraph and mails were bur- 'dened with exhortations to the Legislature, to grant money and men, to any extent. The very air was laden with the clamor of war, and the swift haste of the people to plunge into it; and on the 17th, every pulse was at fever heat.

_The Senators of Ohio, as a last effort, passed the Corwin constitutional amendment. The eight who had the foresight to recognize that the 17th of April, 1861, was not a time to be. striving to add security to Slavery, were Buck,

Governor Dennison's message on that momentous occasion concluded as follows: '' But as the contest may grow to greater dimensions than now is anticipated, I deem it my duty to recommend to the General Assembly of this State, to make provisions proportionate to its means, to assist the National authorities in restoring the integrity of the Union, in all its am- rights of all the States, and in insuring the permanent peace and prosperity, of the whole Iearnestly recommend, also, that an appropriation of not less than four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, be immediately made for the purchase of arms and equipments, for the use of the volunteer militia.of the State. I need not remind you of the pressing exigency for the prompt organization and arming of the military force of the State."

The Senate, under the leadership of Mr. Garfield, matured and passed a bill, defining and providing punishment, for the. crime of treason against the State of Ohio. It declared any resident of the State who gave aid and comfort to the enemies of the United States, guilty of treason against the State, to be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary at hard labor, for life. With the passage of these bills, all semblance of party opposition to the necessary war measures, disappeared from the proceedings of the Legislature.

Mr. Vallandingham visited the Capital and earnestly remonstrated with the Democrats, for giving their sanction to the war; but the patriotic enthusiasm of the crisis, could not be controlled by party discipline. Under the leadership of Speaker Woods, a bill passed exempting the property of volunteers from execution for debt, during their service. Then, as within a few days it became evident that far more troops were pressing for acceptance than were needed to fill the President's call for thirteen regiments, the Legislature acceded to the sagacious suggestion of the Governor, that they should be retained for the service of the State. The bill authorized the acceptance of ten regiments, provided five hundred thousand dollars for their payment, and a million anda half more, to be used in case of invasion of the State, or the appearance of danger of invasion.

The first company from Muskingum county was raised by Captain John C. Hazlett, the brilliant young Prosecuting Attorney of the county. The President's call for 75,000 troops, to serve three months, had scarcely flashed over the wires, on the 17th day of April, 1861, when Captain Hazlett began to recruit his company, and on Wednesday. the 1gth, having filled his quota, took his company to Canes and was assigned to the First Ohio Infantry, Alex. McD. Mc- Cook, Colonel commanding, and on Thursday, the 20th, started for Washington, D. C. At Vienna, a station on the B. & O. Railroad, in Virginia, they were fired on by a battery, in am- bush, and four of their number werekilled. After assisting in fortifying the Capital, they proceeded to Bull Run, and took part in that fearful conflict, losing, however, only three killed and several wounded.

At the expiration of their three months, Company H was brought back to Columbus .and mustered out, most of the members re-enlisting in other organizations. Captain Hazlett immediately began recruiting another company, first known as A, then E Company, Second O.V. I., and.it was while commanding this company at the battle of Stone River, December 31, 1862, that he received the wound from which he subsequently died.

In August, 1861, the regiment began to re-oryanize for three years service, the organization being completed in October, and was subsequently brigaded with the First Kentucky, or Louisville Legion, the Sixth Indiana, First Battalion of the Fifteenth U. S. Infantry,and Battalions of the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Infantry, forming the Fourth Brigade of the Second Division, and was subsequently under General Grant, moving on Fort Henry. This regiment' marched in company with General Buell's army, in pursuit of Braggs' Rebel army, then on its way to Louisville, the history of which is too well known, even if we intended to recite the important movements, to repeat. The army of Ohio, under General Buell, was placed under General William S. Rosecrans, who immediately organized it, and named it the Army of the Cumberland. General W. Sill commanded the Division in which the First was brigaded ; he was superseded by General R. W. Johnson, and the name of the Division changed to the Fourteenth Army Corps, Second Division, right wing, Army of the Cumberland. The principal battles in which they were engaged were Stone River, Tullahoma, and Liberty Gap.

_ The company and regimental organization of Ohio troops being given at the close of this chapter, that portion of the record is omitted'here.

The Second O. V. I. was in. the battles of Murfreesboro, Shelbyville, Fayetteville, and Huntsville - formed a part of the Fourteenth Army Corps, under General Thomas, up to Atlanta, participating in all the marches and battles of that distinguished corps ; it was in the battle of Stone River that its Colonel was killed at the head of his regiment, and Major Maxwell and Captain Hazlett were wounded.

Tue Turrp O. V. I. - From Clarksburg, the Third Ohio advanced with the army, nothing of interest occurring until the 5th day of July, when the regiment lay at Buckhannon, Virginia. A scouting party of fifty men, under Captain O. A. Lawson, of Company A, was sent out by General Schleich to reconnoitre the road leading to the Rebel position, at Rich Mountain. cautiously, the little band, upon approaching Middle Fork Bridge, discovered that it was occupied by theenemy. A gallant, but unsuccessful etfort was made to dislodge the Rebels. In this first drawing of blood, the detachment lost one man killed, and five wounded. Gathering up the wounded,the party returned to camp. In the hurry the dead soldier was not found, but a few days later, upon the general advance of the army, the body of Sergeant John was found, and decently buried by his comrades; he was the first man of the Third Ohioto die in battle. The regiment bore an honorable part in the battle of Rich Mountain - Elk Water Creek - resisting General R. E. Lee's advance, as they appeared on the Huntsville road, and in all subsequent movements of that period, resulting in the repulse of the Rebel army, and its retirement to Mingo Flats. After a few days rest, the National forces resumed their movements. 'The first encounter of any importance, was at Perryville, Kentucky. In this ill-starred affair, the regiment bore a brave part; it took position in an open field, at the Perryville road, protected only by a rail fence. The rebel attack was fierce and deadly, but, notwithstanding their exposure, the Third stood firm, and returned volley for volley, until more than one-third of its number had fallen, dead or wounded. In the opening of the battle, Color Sergeant, William V. McCombrie stood a little in advance of the color guard, bearing the regimental standard proudly aloft. His exposed and marked position instantly brought upon him a fierce fire, from the enemy, and the gallant fellow was killed. Five others shared the same fate, until a sixth rushed forward and caught the colors ere they touched the ground. This last gallant hero was a beardless boy of seventeen, named David C. Walker, of Company C, who successfully carried the flag through the remainder of the action, and was rewarded for his bravery by being made Color Sergeant on the battle field, by Colonel Beatty. Before the close of the battle, the regiment was ordered to withdraw to the second line, which command it executed in good order, though sorely pressed by the enemy. It remained in its last position until night put an end to the unequal conflict. While in line, General Rosecrans rode up to the regiment and thanked it in the name of the army for its gallant conduct. He said: ''You stood in that withering fire like men of iron.'' Its loss in this battle was 212 officers and men killed and wounded. They were in the battle of Stone River, on the right of the center, and then on the extreme left, amid terrible fighting, and were subsequently taken prisoners by the rebel, General Forrest, and endured great hardships en route from Rome to Atlanta, via. Knoxville, to Richmond, Virginia; when on Belle Isle they remained in the open air for ten days, when they were paroled; but the officers, including the Chaplain and Surgeons, were incarcerated in Libby Prison, and underwent its loathsome hor-. rors. An exchange being ordered, the Third Ohio was included in its provisions, and returned to Ohio, and until August 1, 1863, was engaged in quelling local trouble. At that time it received orders to report to General Gordon Granger, at Nashville, Tennessee, for duty, and was soon again armed and equipped, and order- ed to join its old brigade, under General John Beatty, at Stevenson, Alabama, and took part in the engagement at Anderson Gap, anda number of others, and when the term of service expired, June 23, 1864, reported at Camp Dennison, and was mustered out. After a brief visit td their homes, the great majority of the men and officers re-entered the service in other regiments ''for the war' and performed gallant service up to the end of the strife, many of them laying down their lives a willing sacrifice for their country.

Tue NINETEENTH O. V. I. - This regiment was among the organizations which sprang into existence at-the sound of the guns at Fort Sumter. It was composed of recruits from seven counties: Company A, from Canton, Stark county ; B, from Youngstown, Mahoning county ; C, from Warren, Trumbull county ; D and I, from Ashtabula; E and H, from New Lisbon, Columbiana county ; F, from Geauga county ;G and K, from Akron, Summit county ; for which record, see Volume II., page 134, Ohio inthe War, r868, by Whitelaw Reid, and note that no company is

' credited to Muskingum county, whereas, the mil itary records at Columbus, and: numerous members of this regiment now living, certify that companies E and K were recruited and mustered at Camp Goddard, at Zanesville, Muskingum county. Lieutenant S. Lentz, of Company E, died of typhoid fever, February goth, 1862; also, Sergeant August Johns, same disease, in Columbus. Over two hundred were in hospital, having measles and typhoid fever. Among the hard tought battles in which this regiment participated, was Stone River, which the Nineteenth Ohio, and Ninth Kentucky, were the first to cross. The Nineteenth entered the battle with four hundred and forty-nine men, and lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, two hundred and: thirteen - nearly half. Returning to Chattanooga, it was almost immediately sent with Sherman toward Knoxville. This march was one among the severest during the war. The men were ragged and almost shoeless, and left their footprints in blood on the snowy ground. They re-enlisted, January 1, 1864, as veteran volunteers, and by the 16th reached Chattanooga, where the papers were prepared - the three years' regiment was mustered out, and the veteran Nineteenth mustered in. The regiment then returned to Ohio, reaching Cleveland, February 16th, 1864, and returned soon after, reaching Knoxville the 24th of March. May 6th, Sherman's entire command entered on the Atlanta campaign. The Nineteenth Regiment was sent to Parker's Gap, to hold that pass. On the 2oth it rejoined its brigade, at. Cassville. Captain Charles Brewer, of Company E, was killed in the fight at New Hope Church; Major Nash lost his left hand ; Captain Smith, of Company G, was severely wounded in the head, and forty-four men were killed and wounced. Inthe action at Lovejoy Station, Captain Agard, Company K, was severely wounded in the shoulder, and seventy-nine men killed and wounded. It captured the enemy's front kne of works, and held them for three days, and until Sherman's army returned to Atlanta. It served faithfully in the many trying marches and _ sanguinary conflicts, and returned to Columbus, Ohio, November 22d, and was discharged at Camp Chase, November 25th, 1865, after nearly five years of service.

TWENTy-FouRTH O. V. I. - This Regiment organized at Camp Chase, near Columbus, in the latter part of June, 1861. Company B reported from Zanesville. The regiment took part in most of the skirmishes between Pittsburgh Landing and Corinth, and was one of the first regiments to enter the latter place, and was with the army in pursuit of the enemy in North Mississippi, and North Alabama, and in July, of the same year, camped at McMinnville, Tennessee. In December, 1862, General Rosecrans advanced from Nashville. The Twenty-fourth was reduced by sickness, and other losses, to thirteen officers and three hundred and forty men. With this strength it went into the battle of Stone River. The loss of the regiment, in this battle, was one-fourth of the entire strength with which it wentinto it. It participated, also, in the battles of Woodbury, Tennessee, Lookout Mountain, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Taylor's Ridge, etc. The colors of the regiment were presented to the State, to be placed in the archives for preservation, Colonel A. T. M. Cockerill turning them over with a few pertinent remarks. In response,Governor Brough said:

'"<Colonel, Officers, and Soldiers of the Twenty-fourth - I thank you, in behalf of the people of the State of Ohio, not only for the colors, but for having borne them so nobly and gallantly, as you have, throughout the three years' service. They come worn and tattered, but there is not a rent in them that is not honorable, and an emblem of your bravery and gallantry. No regiment that has gone from Ohio has endured hardships with greater cheerfulness, or more nobly discharged its duty. Yes, sir,' turning to the Colonel, ''no matter what the future may bring forth, no regiment can occupy a better position than the one you have had the honor to command. I shall place these banners in the archives of the State, as historic mementoes, worthy of any people. Again, soldiers, I thank you."'

Tuirty-seconp O, V. I. - This regiment was sent to the field from Camp Dennison. The date of the commissions of the field officers was July 26th, 1861. They reported to Brigadier General Reynolds, commanding the District of Cheat Mountain, headquarters at Huntsville, and were assigned to the command stationed at Cheat Mountain Summit, Colonel Kimball, Fourteenth Indiana Volunteers, commanding the post. The Thirty-second had been hurried to the field without military discipline - hardly organized. Upon the rugged heights of Cheat Mountain, amid the wild scenery of the Alleghanies, the regiment learned its first lesson in the art of war. They" led the advance against Greenbrier, Virginia, through the mountains and pines, at midnight, and remained at Greenbrier during the fall of '1861, watching the movements of the enemy, then commanded by the rebel General, Robert E. Lee. They were in General Milroy's command, taking the advance of the expedition which resulted in the capture of Camp Alleghany, Huntsville, Monterey and McDowell.

In Fremont's pursuit of Jackson, up the Shenandoah Valley, the Thirty-second bore its part, and participated in the battle of Cross Keys and Port Republic. In the defense of Harper's Ferry, the regiment lost some brave and gallant men. In August, 1863, it accompanied Stephens' expedition to Monroe, Louisiana, and McPherson's expedition to Brownsville, Mississippi, in October, of the same year, and was with Sherman in men at Bohers' Créek, Mississippi, at which last affair Captain M. A. McAllister was severely wounded while gallantly leading the advance. When their term of service expired, more than three-fourths of them re-enlisted as veterans, joining the army at Cairo, Illinois, on the 21st of April, 1864, with its ranks largely augmented by recruits. The Thirty second was identified with the movements of the Seventeenth Army Corps, in Sherman's advance against Atlanta, and participated in the assault on Kenesaw Mountain, Nicojack, near the Chattahoochie River, also, in the battles before Atlanta, and lost more than half its number in killed and wounded. After the fall of Atlanta, the Thirty-second moved with the army in pursuit of Hood, after which, it rejoined General Sherman, and accompanied him on his ''March to the Sea."'

Company A, FirTreentu O. V. I. - This company was recruited at New Concord, during July and August, 1861, for three months service. When this term expired, Captain R. W. P. Muse resigned, and Sergeant James C. Cummins was tendered the position, which he accepted, and, by order of the Governor of Ohio, reported to Colonel Moses R. Dickey, who had been authorized to organize an infantry regiment at Mansfield. Richland county, Ohio. Captain Cummins, and his one hundred men. arrived at Camp Bartley on the evening of September 6th, and the company was mustered into the United States service 'tfor three years, or during the war, three days later.: The company were mostly young men - aye, in their ''teens'' - from the best families of eastern Muskingum and the western part of Guernsey counties; and not a few had left college, store, and shop - thirsting for military glory - - not anticipating the hardships and dangers incident to a three years' campaign of war. ;

Early in October, 1861, they left for Camp Dennison, near Cincinnati, where they received their arms and equipments, and proceeded to the rendezvous for the Army of the Ohio, at Mumfordsville, Kentucky. Here, the Fifteenth

Thirty-second and Thirty-ninth Indiana Volunteers, an organization that remained unbroken, to the close of the war, and was known as '' Willich's Brigade."" Its gallant commander, Brigadier General August Willich, was one of the

German exiles of 1847, who entered the War of the Rebellion early in the struggle, as Colonel of the Thirty-second Indiana. This regiment participated in the first advance of the Army "of the Ohio--breaking camp, February 14th, 1862, to move South. At the reorganization of the Western Army, the brigade was attached to the Army of the Cumberland, and took part in all of its campaigns. In the fall of 1863, when the call for veteran volunteers was issued, nearly every member of Company A re-enlisted. They were then given a furlough of thirty days, and arrived home February 11th, 1864. Onthe 15th of March, following, the company returned to Columbus, Ohio, and with the regiment filled up by recruits, embarked fer , Tennessee, about the close of that month. The Army of the Cumberland was being reorganized for the campaign into the heart of the Confederacy, under General Sherman. The company participated in that wonderful march down to Atlanta, and back to Nashville, and thence, to the mountains of East Tennessee, and remained there until the spring of 1865. In June, following, General Wood's Division, to which the Fifteenth was attached, was ordered to Texas, and, passing down the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi rivers, crossed the Gulf of Mexico, and arrived at their destination about the middle of July. During the summer, the regiment was quartered at San Antonio, doing guard duty, where they received their order to be mustered out, and reached Columbus, Ohio, December 25th, 1865 - being mustered out the next day - having served four years and five months. . Of the one hundred men mustered at Mansfield, in 1861, but thirtyfive remained at the close of the war, in 1865. Eight were killed on the field of battle, or died of wounds received there, twelve died from disease, in hospitals, and forty-five were discharged for disability. The company had added fiftyseven recruits during its service.

The company participated in the battles of Shiloh, Tennessee ; siege of Corinth, Mississippi; Stone River, Murfreesboro, Tennessee; Middleton, Tennessee ; Liberty Gap, Tennessee ; Chickamauga, Tennessee ; Mission Ridge, Chattanooga, Tennessee ; Rocky Face, Resaca, Pickett's Mills, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, and Lovejoy's Station, Georgia; Franklin, Nashville, and Columbia, Tennessee.

SrxTEENTH O. V. I. - This regiment was organized under Colonel John E. De Courcey, at Camp Tiffin, near Wouster, Ohio, on the 2d day of October, 1861, and mustered in the same day ; reached Camp Dennison November 28th, and, on the 1gth of December, was ordered to Lexington, Kentucky, and, the following January, reported to General S. P. Carter, at Somerset, Kentucky. At this point, the regiment was engaged in repairing and building military roads, to facilitate the transportation of supplies to General Thomas' forces, at Mills Springs, where a battle was fought by General Thomas, on the

19th of January ; the regiment being ordered up during the fight, though it was unable to reach the ground, on account of a flood in Fishing Creek.