Zanesville, Ohio - The Annexation Of Putnam To (part 8 of 8)

On August 6th, the Sixteenth was ordered to relieve the Fourteenth Kentucky, at Tazewell. About ten A. M., of that day, two companies (B and E) of the regiment were sent forward as advance pickets. Companies F and D were ordered to the right of the Main Hill road, on the same duty. Companies C and G were held in reserve. At eleven A. M., a heavy skirmishing commenced at the front, and continued until the enemy appeared on the front and right, in force. Companies D and F were compelled to fall back. Companies B and E were cut off from the main force by a rebel brigade, and most of them captured. Companies C and G were ordered up, as a support, but were also overwhelmed, and compelled to fall back to a position on the left of the road. 'They were now re-enforced by stragglers from other companies, and held the enemy in check for two hours, when the ammunition was exhausted. They fell back to the main line, where the National forces were massed. Toward night, the National army retreated into the intrenchments, the enemy following them to within three miles of the Gap.

September 8th, the Sixteenth Ohio and its brigade were ordered to Manchester, Ky., for supplies. On the rgth, this force was joined by the remainder of the National troops from the Gap. The supplies having been almost completely exhausted, General Morgan ordered a _ retreat toward the Ohio River. This retreat was opposed by the enemy, who harrassed the National forces by frequent attacks, and by placing obstructions in the roads, up to Grayson, Kentucky, within twenty-five miles of the Ohio river. The sufferings of the men on this march were very severe, having nothing to eat for several days, excepting ears of corn, gathered from the fields as they passed. To quench their thirst, in stagnant pools. On the third of October, the command arrived at Greenupsburg, Kentucky, on the Ohio river, utterly worn out, ragged, shoeless, and covered with the accumulated dust of sixteen day's march. Resting until the 21st of October, at Portland, Ohio, the regiment moved to Charleston, Virginia, on the Kanawha river. On the 1oth of November, it marched under orders, to Point Pleasant, Virginia, and there embarked on steamers, for Memphis, Tennessee, arriving on the 27th, of the same month. December 20th, it moved with Sherman's command on transports, to the rear of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and participated, on the 29th, in the disastrous assault on Chickesaw- Bayou. In this affair, the Sixteenth suffered terribly, losing three hundred and eleven officers and men killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. After the assault, the command of the regiment devolved on Captain E. W. Botsford.

It was engaged at Thompson's Hill, on the rst of May, and lost nine men, killed and wounded. It was engaged at Champion Hills, on Boher's Creek, on the 16th of May, and on the 17th, at Black River Bridge. May roth, it took a prominent part in the disastrous assault on the Rebel works in the rear of Vicksburg. In these several engagements, the regiment lost seventy in killed and wounded. It remained in the rear ot Vicksburg until its fall, July 4th, 1863, and July 6th, was ordered to Jackson, Mississippi. where it participated in the siege, and capture, of that place. Numerous other engagements of varying success, all attended with hardship, and frequently with loss, were participated in by the Sixteenth. They reached Columbus, O., October 14th, and were paid and discharged from the service, the last day of that month, 1863.

The total number of deaths from all causes, in the regiment, was two hundred and fifty one. On surgeon's certificate of disability, one hundred and eighty-six were discharged, and thirtyeight were transferred to the Veteran Reserve corps, fifteen of whom were directly from the regiment. Before leaving Morganza, the recruits, ninety in number, were transferred to the One. Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio, to serve out the expiration of its term of enlistment. The number of officers and men mustered out at the expiration of its term of service, was four hundred and seventy-seven, all that was left of one thousand one hundred and ninety-one, the total of the original organization and recruits.

Srxty-SEeconp O. V. I. - This regiment, organized at Camp Goddard, near Zanesville, in November, 1861. On the 17th of January, 1862, the Governor ordered it to report to General Rosecrans, then commanding in Western Virginia. On the- 30th of the following June, it was sent on board transports, and sailed for Fortress Monroe, thence to Harrison's Landing, and to the front on picket duty. On August 16th, it moved in the famous retreat down the Peninsula to Yorktown, and Fortress Monroe, and from thence to Suffolk, and subsequently made a reconnoissance to Black Water ; but we cannot attempt to recite all its movements, only naming a few of the most prominent. In the assault on Fort Wagner, it lost 150 men, killed and wounded; it took part in the siege of Charleston, which lasted from the 1oth of July, to the 31st of October. The regiment re-enlisted in January, 1864, as veterans, and was allowed the usual 30 days' furlough. March 3d, it rendezvoused at Washington City and was immediately sent to the front, near Petersburg, Virginia, and from this time on, the Sixty-second participated in the contest that raged about the lines of the rebel capital.

About the first of September, 1865, the Sixtysecond was consolidated with the Sixty-seventh Ohio, and thereafter lost its identity, the number . of the Sixty-seventh being retained.

ary 1gth, 1862, for Western Virginia, under General Lander, to reinforce Tyler's brigade, in doing which it passed over an open field, threequarters of a mile wide, exposed to the enemy's fire. They executed the movement on the double quick, and came into action in splendid order. The enthusiasm, inspired by such patriotic zeal, cannot be described, and only the soldier may feel it. They counted the hardships endured marching up and down the valley, over the mountains and back again, from the Potomac to Harrisonburg, from Front Royal to Fredericksburg, thence to Manassas, to Port Republic, Alexandria, etc., as nothing, if crowned with the reward of subduing. the enemies of the country. The regiment, after the expiration of this term of service, re-enlisted, and, after a short furlough, returned to the field, reaching' Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, under General Butler, May 6th, 1864. On the 29th, of the same month, a portion of our lines having fallen into the hands of the rebels, the Sixty-seventh, with other regiments, received orders to re-capture them, which they did by a charge; the regiment lost sixty-nine officers and men, killed and wounded. The rebel General, W. H.S. Walker, was wounded and captured, his sword passing into the hands of our Colonel Voris, as atrophy. On the 16th of August, four companies of the Sixty-seventh charged the rifle pits of the enemy at Deep River, and at the first volley, lost one-third of their men, but before the rebels could reload, the rifle pits were in our possession, regiment was in four engagements, and lost over one hundred men. During the spring, summer and fall of 1864, the Sixty-seventh confronted the enemy, at all times within range of their guns, and it is creditably reported, that during the year it was under fire two hundred times.

nor Dennison, issued to M. D. Leggett, of Zanesville. The first man was enlisted October 30, 1861, and the organization completed January I1, 1862; they embarked immediately for Fort Donelson. About the. roth of March, it moved with the National forces to Crump's Landing; thence to Adamsville, to guard an exposed Hank of the army, at Pittsburgh Landing, and, with its brigade,marched to the battle-field,reaching Pittsbugh Landing at 8 Pp. M., in company with General Lew Wallace's division. Besides this fight, it shared in the movement on Corinth.

ed with General Wallace's division to Bethel; thence to Jackson, Tennessee; on the 17th, 18th and 19th of May, the investment of Vicksburg was completed. On the 22nd of the same month, the Seventy-eighth participated in the general charge on the enemy's works, with slight loss. About the 25th of May, it was joined to a force sent up Yazoo River, under General Frank P. Blair, to look after a rebel force reported to be moving to the relief of Vicksburg, under the tebel General, Joseph E. Johnston ; but he hav- ing changed his line of march to a point further south, toward Jackson, the command returned to Vicksburg, and the Seventy-eighth resumed its position before the city, and, June 22d, was sent to prevent the rebels under Johnston from crossing the Black River, at Bovina, and remained at that place until after the surrender of Vicksburg. July 21st, it participated in the attack on, and capture of Bald Knob, a position commanding the city of Atlanta; which city was captured by the National forces, after shelling it; in this ac tion, the Seventy-eighth suffered severely. The position was considered so important by the rebel commander, that, in his anxiety to re-take it, he, the next day, threw his whole army on the left flank of the National lines, and a terrible battle ensued, costing us the life of the brave McPherson. 'The Seventy-eighth lost 203, officers and men, killed and wounded.

The regiment, with the Sixty-eighth Ohio, held a line near Bald Knob: the rebels made such a determined attack, thatthe battle became a desperate hand to hand conflict, each side showing great valor. Of thirteen flag and color bearers, of the Seventy-eighth Ohio, all were killed or wounded. A rebel was about to capture the regimental flag, when Captain John Orr, of Company H, seized a short sword from the ground, and almost completely decapitated him. For this heroic act, the Captain received a gold medal from the Board of Honor, of the army of the Tennessee. The Seventy-eighth participated in the subsequent movements of the army of the Tennessee, till the fall of Atlanta. After the taking of Savannah, and the march through the Carolinas, up to the surrender of Johnston's rebel army, the regiment accompanied the National forces through Richmond, Virginia, to Washington City. and participated inthe grand review.

Tue Ninety-Seventu O. V. I. - This regiment was recruited in the counties of Muskingum, Morgan, Guernsey, and Coshocton, during the months of July and August, 1862. It was mustered into service at Camp Zanesville, on the 1st and 2d of September, by Captain C. C. Goddard, of the Seventeenth Infantry. U.S. A., and onthe 7th of that month, received marching orders, obeying which, it reached Covinyton Heights, Kentucky, on the 8th, where it was assigned to the command of General Lewis Wallace, in opposing{the supposed advance of General Kirby Smith's forces, on Cincinnati. The regimental staff was composed of the following officers: Colonel, John Q, Lane; Lieutenant - Colonel, Milton Barnes: Major, James W. Moore ; Second Major, George S. Davis; Surgeon, Thomas W. Gordon; Assistant Surgeons, J.T. Edwards, T. A. Stewart; Chaplain, William McFarland.

This regiment, onthe 20th of September, 1862, proceeded from Covington to Louisville, Kentucky, and on the first of October, joined in the pursuit of the rebel, General Bragg, through Kentucky and Tennessee. They were under fire first at Perryville, but did not engage in the battle; they were in several skirmishes on the march from Perryville to Nashville, in which they acquitted themselves like soldiers. They subsequently formed a part of General Crittenden's noble corps, in the advance on Murfreesboro, Tennessee, December, 1862, where they had four killed and fifteen wounded. They remained at Murfreesboro until June, 1863, doing garrison and scouting duty. June 24th, it joined the advance.on Tullahoma, Tennessee, via Manchester, and finding that the enemy had abandoned that place, proceeded to Pelham, and on arriving within two miles of the town, had a lively skirmish with the enemy's cavalry, in which the Ninety-seventh lost one man. They

1863, when they crossed a range of the Cumberland mountains, and entered Chattanooga, Tennessee, September the gth, following, and to this regiment is due the honor of raising the American flag (their regimental colors) over this rebel regiment was ordered in front of Mission Ridge, and hotly engaged the enemy. On the 25th of that month, they lost twenty privates killed, nine commissioned officers, and one hundred and fifteen privates wounded. November 28th, the regiment was with the Fourth Army Corps, on the march to Knoxville, Tennessee, to the relief of General Burnside, where they arrived on the 6th of December, and remained until the 13, and were ordered to Blaine's Cross Roads, where they remained until January 14, 1864, and were orderec to Drawbridge, arriving there on the 17th; they returned to Knoxville, and left that place on the 23d of that month, for Louden, Tennessee, where they remained until March 2, 1864, and proceeded to Charleston, 'Tennessee, and soon after joined General Sherman's army, near Cleveland, Tennessee, (this army was composed of the ''Army of the Cumberland,"' Tennessee, and Ohio troops) early in May, 1864. and was engaged in all of the mem- . orable battles of that campaign, culminating in the capture of Atlanta, Georgia, in which this regiment suffered heavy losses in killed and wounded. After taking Atlanta,General Sherman marched the larger part of his army to the Sea, but lett the Fourth Corps, and small detachments, among which was the Ninety-seventh, to confront the entire rebel Army, then commanded by General Hood. The Union forces were forced back from the Tennessee River to Nashville, fighting en route almost night and day. The most fearful engagement the regiment ever had, was at Franklin, Tennessee, on the 30th ot November, 1864, where it lost many in killed and wounded, although the enemy was punished severely. Our forces arrived at Nashville, December 1, 1864, and remained until December 14th or 15th, when they attacked the enemy, and made a complete rout of them: after which the regiment went into camp near Huntsville, and remained until early the following spring, when it was transported to Knoxville, Tennessee, and commenced the march toward Richmond, and

I certify that the foregoing account is substantially correct, although many important details might be added if the exact dates could be given, but no record of these is now to be had.

Mr. Gorsuch was promoted trom Second Lieutenant to First, March 11th, 1863, and promoted to Captain, May 6th, 1863, and was mustered out with his regiment. He, like many others of the Ninety-seventh, wears his honors modestly, yet cherishes the institutions of our country, and the sovereign right of the American citizen to enjoy life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. on any, and every part of American soil, as the heritage received from our patriot fathers, and which he fought to perpetuate. Such men have no compromise to make with traitors, but will again bear arms in defence of our glorious Union, if necessity demands it. And to such men the Nation owes an actual debt of gratitude.

Nintu O. V. C. - On the 3d of October, 1862, Governor Tod received instructions from the President to raise three regiments of cavalry, to be known as the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth O. V.C. Ashort time previous to this, Captain W. D. Hamilton, of the Thirty-second O. V. I., then stationed at Winchester, Va., had been ordered from the field to recruit another company of that regiment; he had fifty men for that purpose, when the regiment, with a number of others, was captured by ''Stonewall"' Jackson, September 15th, 1862. Captain Hamilton reported for instructions to the Governor, who assigned him the duty of organizing a cavalry command, to be known asthe NinthO. V.C. The men recruited for the captured regiment, formed the nucleus, and the remainder was raised in the eastern portion of the State. They rendezvoused at Zanesville. On the first of December, three companies were transferred to complete the Tenth O. V. C., then organizing at Cleveland. The four remaining companies were designated the First Battalion of the Ninth O. V.C., and were ordered to Camp Dennison, and afterwards, (April 23d,) to report for field duty, at Lexington, Kentucky. It was then ordered to Clay county, to drive outa rebel force and_ protect the country. The battalion, consisting of 300 effective men, moved forward, driving the enemy from the mountainous regions, and established its camp at Manchester. It remained in this region, having frequent skirmishes with the enemy. until the r5th of June, when an expediti6n was planned to penetrate into East Tennessee, to ascertain the true condition of the inhabitants, and to destroy some extensive factories belonging to Knoxville. The whole force consisted of about 2,000 mounted men, in which were 200 of the Battalion, Onthe night of the 16th of June, this force crossed the Cumberland river at Williamsburg, and moved toward Big Creek Gap, a rebel stronghold, commanding one of the entrances into East Tennessee, between Cumberland Gap and Knoxville. The main road to this point crossed a spur of the Cumberland Mountains, at Pine Mountain Gap, a strong pass, which was held by the enemy. By a strategic movement, the rebels were surprised and nearly all captured, without firing a gun. Next morning the command moved toward Big Creek Gap, and when within about twelve miles, the Battalion being in advance, the enemy was encountered, and skirmishing kept up until they were driven within their works atthe Gap. The enemy evacuated, and without opposition, the command accomplished its designs.

On the night of the 13th of April, an Alabama regiment surrounded a barn in which the men were: sleeping, shot two of the sentinels, and, after a short struggle, succeeded in capturing Captain Hetzler, Second Lieutenant Knapp, and thirty-nine men. The remainder of the company escaped and reported at head-quarters, near the shoals, where they arrived the next evening. The remaining three companies were pushed forward with all speed, but failed to rescue the prisoners. The non-commissioned officers and men were sent to Andersonville prison. Eight months after the capture, a report from Orderly Sergeant Kennedy, showed that twenty-five of the number had died ; Captain Hetzler and Lieutenant Knapp were sent to Columbia, South Carolina. Lieutenant Knapp, after two unsuccessful efforts to escape, in which he was re-taken by the aid of blood-hounds, tinally succeeded in reaching Knoxville, Tennessee, after traveling three weeks, principally at night, and assistance from negroes. At one time he heard the hounds on his trail, and again would have been captured, but for the generous assistto eat, said: '*'Now, bress de Lord, Massa | Yank, you jist trust me, and we'll fool dem dogs. You trot along fust, den I'll come too, steppin in yo tracks. Go "bout half a mile, den you come to some watah; you take right thru dat, den I'll on 'tother way. See, dem dogs is used ter huntin' niggers, day knows de smell, an likes ter follow de black man's foot."' ''But,"' said the Lieutenant, surprised at this singular offer, **the dogs will catch you, and probably tear you in pieces. '*Oh, Massa," said he,

'let dis nigger 'lone fur dat, I'se fooled dem dogs afore, tur de Yanks; and bress de Lord, I'll try it agin. Now trot along Massa, hear dem dogs a cummin'! Shortly after crossing the pond, the Lieutenant heard the hounds» howling in the direction taken by the negro, and he was no longer disturbed by them. He afterward joined the regiment at Savannah, Georgia, in January, 1865. Capt. Hetzler remained a prisoner until near the close of the war, when he was exchanged.

Point Railroad, it was desirable to destroy it. Of the 2500 men chosen to do this, 700 were from the Ninth Cavalry. The command started as secretly as possible, desiring to strike the road anywhere between the extreme point guarded by General Johnston's troops, and Montgomery, Alabama.

It left Decatur on the 10th of July. For three days the command moved unmolested, except by bushwhackers. In the evening of the third day, the command reached the Coosa River, and tound a force of the enemy preparing to dispute its passage. A contest ensued, in which the enemy sutfered severely. On the evening of July 17th, the command reached the village of Sochapolka, on the railroad, thirty miles east of Montgomery, and about two hundred miles south of Decatur. It was almost exhausted, yet went immediately to work to destroy the road. For a few days the command was engaged in this work, and was attacked several times, in the rear and front, by the enemy. The.expedition traveled, on an average, twenty hours per day, and effectually destroyed twenty-five miles of an important railroad, one hundred miles beyond the rebel lines, and sustained comparatively small loss. The Ninth Cayalry lost twenty-six men, mostly captured while foraging. Having accomplished its purpose, it started in a northeasterly direction, and reached General Sherman's lines, near Marietta, on July 22d.

Wonderful presence of mind and courage : Four hundred and fifty men of the regiment, who had been dismounted while with Colonel Garrard, were ordered to Nashville, to procure horses. On the night of the 2d of September, while the train containing the men was passing Big Shanty, Georgia, it was thrown from the tr ack, and six cars were demolished. The enemy, concealed beside the track, opened fire on the wreck. The was killed, and three wounded by the accident, and two killed and tive wounded by the enemy's fire. Fe 'ling to procure horses at Nashville, the regiment proceeded to Louisville, where it obtained them, and returned to Nashville, en route for the front.

Champ Ferguson, a noted rebel bandit of that locality. While occupying this valley, performing the duties allotted to it, a portion of the regiment was detailed to accompany a detachment of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, on a scout into mer, of the last named regiment. During this time (about three months), they were almost daily engaged with the enemy attached to the rebel Gen. Longstreet'scommand. At one time they engaged and defeated a force of three hundred Indians, and two hundred North Carolinians, led by Governor Vance, of North Carolina, whom they captured, together with one hundred men, and his wagon train, ere they could ascend the mountain,

The great ''March to the Sea" was inaugurated - and proved a serious work for the cavalry, as well as other forces. The Tenth was more frequently engaged than the other regiments, because it had a fashion of using the sword oftener than the gun.

"They flee before our fierce attack ! They fall! They spread in broken surges. Now, comrades, bear our wounded back, And leave the foeman to his dirges."

One HunprED AND TWENTy-sEconp O. V. I. - This regiment was recruited in the counties of Muskingum, Morgan, Coshocton and Guernsey. Companies A, B, D, E, and H, were mustered into the United States service at Camp Zanesville, on the 3oth of September, 1862 ; Company C, the 3d; G, 5th; and F, the 6th of October; I and K, and the Field and Staff, October the 8th. The regiment left Zanesville on the steamers Powell and Patton, for Parkersburg, Virginia, and became a part of the Second Brigade, Milroy's Division, which was ordered on an expedition up the valley of the South Branch of the Potomac, and, in a blinding snow storm, the regiment began its first march. June 13th, 1863, Companies A and F met the advance of J. E. B. Stewart's raid, on the Strasburg road, and, after a brisk skirmish, retired to Winchester. The next day. the entire regiment was engaged, and at night, with other troops, forced a way through the rebel lines, and marched to Harper's Ferry. The regiment lost several officers and men captured, some of whom were not exchanged until April, 1865. It spent one night on Bolivar Heights, and upon the evacuation of Maryland Heights, it accompanied the heavy guns and public stores to Georgetown, D.C. It moved through Washington City, and thence. by rail, to Frederick, where it was assigned to the Second Brigade, Third Division, Third Army Corps.

assas Gap, and, on the afternoon of July 23d, marched in line of battle, as Ewell fell back from Wapping Heights. The next day it returned, passing through the Gap, and through Warrenton, and camped near the Rappahannock, about the first of August.. It guarded the road leading up the south bank of the Rapidan until noon, when it marched to the front in the battle of the Wilderness. The regiment maintained itself well throughout the fight. Their loss the first day was one hundred and twenty men. This regiment would have been recognized as Ohio troops, by

Firru INDEPENDENT BATTALION OF CAVALRY. - No record was found concerning these troops in the Adjutant General's office, at Columbus, or Washington, and yet, ''Ohio In the War," p. 931, recites: ''After the capture of Morgan, and his band (of guerillas), Captain Ijams was ordered to report at Camp Chase, and proceed to recruit his organization to a force of four companies, which, being accomplished in a few weeks, was classed as the Fifth Independent Battalion of Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, and Captain Ijams was promoted to Major.

For the record of Company D, of this battalion, we are indebted to Howard Aston, our County Clerk, who was First Corporal of this company, and subsequently First Lieutenant of Company F, Thirteenth O. V.C. 'This (Fifth Battalion) was a six-months' organization, recruited by Second Lieutenant Thomas E. Rober »s,of Falls township. After the organization, in July, 1863, at Camp Tod, near Columbus, Ohio, it was sent to Maysville, Kentucky, and thence to Flemingsburg, Kentucky, where the battalion was separated - Companies A and D remaining in camp, and Companies B and C going to Hillsboro, Kentucky, whence scouting parties were sent out, penetrating the mountains between Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia, and were usually victorious. The battalion headquarters remained at Flemingsburg during their term of enlistment."'. [Although the Fifth Independent Battalion did not participate in any regular battle, it was only because there was no organized force pitted against it. Owing to the exigencies of the service, it was kept in the field some time beyond its term of enlistment, and was finally mustered out of the service, at Columbus. in March, 1864. - Ohio In the War, p. 931.]

THIRTEENTH O. V. C. - When the order was issued from Washington, D. C., to recruit veterans, Second Lieutenant, Thomas E. Roberts, opened a recruiting office at the headquarters of the Fifth Independent Battalion, O. V. C.* The first recruit was Howard Aston, then Jesse Waters, December 27th, 1863, followed by thirty-one others. These formed the nucleus of Company F, of the Thirteenth, which was formed by the consolidation of the Fourth and Fifth Independent Battalions. It was increased by recruits, and mustered into the service, May 4th, 1864, for three inclusiv es until December tst, 1864, when it was sent to *'Dismounted Camp," near City Point, Virginia. This change was appreciated by the regiment, as for five months and a half they had been exposed to shot and shell, and the quiet of a camp beyond these was a relief. December 2zoth, they exchanged their infantry accoutrements for cavalry equipments, and, until the first of January, 1865, remained in camp, drilling and doing light picket duty, in the rear of the army lines, on the lookout for Wade Hampton's cavalry. Then they were assigned to the Third Brigade, Second Division, and were commanded by General Gregg, until after the three days' battle of Hatcher's Run, February 5th, 6th, and 7th,

1865. General Gregg being tonaded! General George Crook took command of the division, and the Thirteenth remained under his command until mustered out.

April 6th, 1865, at the battle of Sailor Creek, they charged ona heavy guard of rebel infantry, having charge of a train of wagons, destroyed about 'forty wagons, captured two hundred and eighty prisoners, one hundred and forty mules, and about twenty-five horses, sustaining the loss of Captain Strahl and fifteen men, who were taken prisoners. On its return from the charge, it took part, with other regiments of the Third Brigade, in a mounted charge, in which were captured General M. D. Corse and his brigade of rebel ing Lee's rear guard, pushing them back during the whole forenoon. About noon, they made a dash into Farmville, Virginia, and captured three hundred prisoners. In the afternoon, the regiment pushed across to Prospect Station, on the Virginia and East Tennessee Railroad, and, in connection with the Sixth O. V. C., captured a visions for Lee's army. April 8th, in the evening, the Thirteenth was on picket, to the left of Appomattox Court House. All was quiet during the night, but about daylight the next morning, Lee's break through. two hours Ing as they went, until they reached a wood, W here they checked the rebel advance. AN EH Genera! Sheridan ordered a grand charge by the division, led by Generals Crook, Merrit, and Custer, in which the Thirteenth had the honor to lead. This was a tearful contest, but victorious. After the surrender of General R. E. Lee and his army, to General U. S. Grant, the Thirteenth O. V. C. was sent with their division to join General Sherman, in North Carolina,but before reaching him, the news came of the surrender of Johnston's army, and the regiment was ordered back to Petersburg, Virginia, and, after a review by General Sheridan, 'the division separated, and the Thirteenth was sent to Amelia Court House, for provost duty. Its headquarters remained there, though the regiment divided - some companies doing duty in adjoining counties. The loss of the Thirteenth, from June 2d, 1864, until April gth, 186s, (the last battle), was sixty-eight killed, three hundred and eighty-three wounded, and ninety-one captured.

OnE Hunprep ANvD Firry-nintu O. V. I. (Otherwise denominated National Guards.) - The Eleventh Ohio and one company of the Seventy-third O.N.G. formed the One Hundred and Fifty-ninth O. V.1. The consolidation and organization were completed on the morning of the 11th of May, 1864, and it immediately lett for Harper's Ferry, where it was ordered 'to report to General Lew Wallace, who assigned it to Brigadier General Kelley' s command, camped near Camp Bradford, in the northern defences of Baltimore. Four companies were detailed on guard duty at Camp Bradford, and remained there one hundred days, their term of service. One company did provost guard duty in the city, another was detailed at Patterson Park Hospital, and the remaining companies were detailed to guard the bridges on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. During the rebel invasion, one hundred men of the regiment were mounted, and, at Monocacy, they conducted themselves so gallantly that they won the official compliments of the General commanding. August the 13th, they were relieved from duty and returned to Zanesville, where they were mustered out, August 24th, 1864.

OnE HuNDRED AND SIxTIETH O. V.1I, - These were one. hundred-day troops, also; mustered, May 12th, 1864. Their first duty was guarding a supply train to Martinsburg - intended for General Siegel's army, then operating in that quarter of Virginia. On its return, it was placed in the First Brigade, First Division, of General Hunter's army, and, May 25th, moved with it to Woodstock, West Virginia; thence, toward the front, but was detached and sent back to Martinsburg, i in charge of a supply train. Reaching

Mosby's guerillas had made a dash on another train, in the rear. Colonel Reasoner, with one hundred. and sixty men, marched to- the aid of the train, and after a sharp fight with the enemy, sticceeded i in saving a large amount of Government property. The conduct of the troops un- number were wounded, but none killed. The regiment was kept almost continually marching and countermarching through the Shenandoah Valley, very often in charge of large wagon-trains, on which Mosby's and other rebel bands of guerillas would make dashes, involving much skirmishing and danger, through all of

OnE HunbDRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHTH O. V. I. - This regiment was organized at Camp Chase, . September 29th, 1864, and at once dispatched by rail and river to Nashville, Tennesse, with to report to Major General George H.

Thomas, for duty. The regiment remained there, doing guard duty, some two weeks, when it was sent to Tullahoma, Tennessee, where it formed a part of the post command. Nothing of interest occurred here, excepting that Lieutenant C. A. Poland. of Company B, while out scouting near Manchester, Tennessee, succeeded in capturing a noted guerilla, named John Seal. This cold-blooded murderer was executed without the formalities of a court martial.

The Adjutant General's office at Columbus, Ohio, furnishes the record, that Companies A and F 'tof this regiment from Muskingum countv, were enrolled, for the most part, at Zanesville, during August and September, 1864; term of enlistment, one year.' The post of Tullahoma was evacuated in the winter of 1864, andthe One Hundred and Seventy-eighth Ohio was sent to Murfreesboro. Lieutenant Colonel A. C. Johnson was appointed Chief of Artillery, and superintended the moving of all the artillery and ordnance from Tullahoma to Murfreesboro, by rail, and, during the siege of Murfreesboro by General Hood's rebel forces, which lasted for eighteen days, he acted as Chief of Artillery on General Rousseau's staff. Frequent sorties were made, in force, from the fort, for foraging purposes, under command of General Milroy, with severe fighting. The One Hundred and Seventy-eighth was closely engaged, under Colonel Stafford. In one of these engagements, the regiment lost both ot its color-bearers. In the affair at Wilkerson's Pike. the force under General Milroy, which included this regiment, captured two fine twelve-pounder Napoleons, and two hundred prisoners.

Atter the defeat of General Hood's rebel army, at Nashville, the One Hundred and Seventy-eighth was brigaded in the First Division, Third Brigade, Twenty-third Army Corps, and ordered to North Carolina, and landed at Moorehead City, of that State, with the Twenty-third Army Corps, and, a few days thereafter, participated in a smart skirmish with the enemy, _ under General Johnston, at Wise's Fork. This was the last affair in which the regiment was engaged.

General Sherman's army was met and joined by the Twenty-third Army Corps, at Goldsboro, North Carolina; and, together, an advance was made to Raleigh. After Johnston's rebel army surrendered, the One Hundred and Seventyeiglith was ordered to Charlotte, North Carolina, where it performed garrison duty until mustered out of the service, June 29th, 1865. It was paid and discharged at Camp Chase, July 10, 1865.

One Huxprep AND NINETy-FIFTH O. V. I. - This regiment was one of a series recruited for one year, in the early part of 1865, and started from Camp Chase with seven hundred and fiftynine men, the majority of whom had seen service in other regiments. All its officers were veterans. The regiment arrived at Harper's Ferry, March 25, 1865. and, after doing garrison duty for a few days, went into camp near Winchester, with the troops of General Hancock. While in this camp, the news of Lee's surrender was received, and the regiment was ordered to Alexandria, Virginia, where it performed provost guard duty, until December 18th, 1865, and was thence ordered to Washington City, mustered out, and sent back to Camp Chase. Like all ot the one year regiments recruited in the fall of 1864-5, it was composed of men who had fought | through the whole war up to that period; and, | when they retired to their homes, they could truly say that they had ''endured to the end," and that their beloved country, through their help, was once more to enjoy the fruits of their sacrifice - in peace.

OnE Hunprep anv Ninety-sixtu O.V.1. - This regiment organized at Camp Chase, and was mustered into the service, March 25th, 1865, and immediately started for Virginia, where it was assigned to the Ohio Brigade at Winchester. Of thirty-eight officers comprising the field staff, and line, there were only two who had not served over two years, and the majority had served during the war, in other organizations. More than two-thirds of 'the men in the One Hundred and Ninety-sixth had belonged to other regiments, and had been honorably discharged for wounds, or expiration of term of service. The men who composed the regiment, were mostly young men, and as an organization, it was not excelled in appearance, discipline and _ soldierly bearing, and though the regiment was not entitled to inscribe on its colors the name of any engagement, still nearly every battle-field in the Union, was represented in its ranks.

Company B - There were eight companies wv this intended regiment, fully recruited and assembled at Camp Chase, all of which had been mustered in by company, but not as a regimeni; before the maximum was reached, however, the '*Confederacy'' collapsed, and the doubt true, provided some faithful chroniclers had preserved them. But these that are given, have a shadow of doubt o'er them now and then, although this record should have been officially correct and complete. But when application was made to the Adjutant General of the State, for access to data from which to complete this chapter, we recieved official answer that that officer could not afford such data. We thereupon wrote to the Adjutant General of the United States and received a similar reply, both of which we have preserved for reference. The reader will no doubt be the more thankful to know that we did not take ''no'' for an answer,

| but mined out from the papers found at Columbus, and in the old drawers of other places, the names given, in the enumeration by regiment and company, and, in some cases, individuals. We have also to regret some discrepan-: cies in 'Ohio in the War,' 'from which we have discovered repetitions, and have undertaken to | avoid this by the method pursued in this chapter. | The difficulties that Mr. Whitelaw Reid had to encounter in compiling the history alluded to, can only be comprehended by those engaged in similar work, and hence we appreciate his labor, and say that he deserves the thanks of every citizen of the State of Ohio.

Commissioned Officers

The First Lieutenant was on Signal duty, in the Second Division, Twenty-first Army Corps, by Special Order, No. 14, and was transferred to, Company B, by Special Order, No. 9, July 4th, 1863.

Samuel H. Wheeler, First Lieutenant; enrolled May 30th, 1861; promoted to Captain, July 23d, 1861, and transferred to Company A; died November 29th, 1861.

D, July 23d, 1861. (No record of muster out.) Farley D. Bissett, Second Lieutenant; enrolled May 30th, 1861; promoted to Sergeant Major, August 3d, 1861 ; transferred to Company H, December 18th, 1861; resigned, January 34d, 1862. SERGEANTS.

Model Printing House At Zanesville

The first Whig newspaper established in the Muskingum Valley was the Ofio Repubhcan, founded in 1823 by Col. David Chambers. Through a long line of succession the Daily and Weekly CouRIER are the representatives of that early journalistic venture; and it need not be suggested that the 'fart preservative' has kept pace with the grand march of progress.

The interior views of the building occupied by the CourRIER at No. 32 Opera Block, North Fifth street, present some conception of the most complete newspaper establishment in South Eastern Ohio. The Daily Courter enjoys in an eminent degree the favor and patronage of the citizens of Zanesville, while the Weekly Courrer reaches thousands and thousands of readers in this valley, and goes freighted with news to other thousands who have sought homes in various parts of the great West.

The Steam Job Rooms are furi;| nished with the most improved i machinery known to the mechanlily | ical world, and the latest, and a | vastly varied assortment of materials necessary to the successful | prosecution of the business of '| {| - Steamboat, Railroad and Com- | mercial Printing.

The Book Bindery occupies a large, airy anc well-lighted hall, 40x80 feet. The manufacture of blank books and ruled forms is carried on extensively, while special attention is given to binding in all its forms, including magazine work.

The proprietors of the CouRIFR esteem it their duty to labor for the promotion of the material interests of the Muskingum Valley, and in the conduct of the daily and weekly newspapers it has been, and will continue to be, their purpose to spread before their readers such informa- j tion as will best tend to effect that purpose. No pains or expense are spared to procure and accurately present the news from all sections of the. world. The CouRkIER makes a special feature of telegraphic market reports from the great centers of trade, as well as faithful reports of transactions in commercial and manufacturing circles at home. The Courter carries on its pay-roll 44 persons. The various departments are personally managed by the members of the firm: the Business and Mechanical by J. H. Dopp; Editorial, by T. J. Newman; and City and Advertising by R. B. Brown. PRESS ROOM.

Field And Staff

Thomas D. Showers, (enrolled for three years, September 2oth, 1861, promoted to Second Lieutenant, and transferred to Company E, Sixtysecond O. V. 1.) Rufus P. Stokeley, William Lowrey, Calvin Woodruff, Alfred P. Milligan, William If. Stoneburner.

Company

July, 1863; died of wounds, August 28, 1863. at Charleston, South Carolina), David Sowers, Milton Driggs, Elijah Edwards, Godtrey Smalkev (Iospital Steward).

[Enrolled for three vears ; transterred to Sixty- The information given of Company A, Sixty-second O. V.1., is taken from the historical muster-in roll, which, in some particulars, does not agree with the original musterin roll.]

Samuel B. Larimer, Second Lieutenant, enrolled as a private, at Zanesville, October 5, 1861 ; appointed Second Lieutenant November, 1861 ; promoted to Captain ; discharged October 22d, 1864, at expiration of term of service.

Greenberry F. Wiles, Colonel ; enrolled October 26th, 1861, for three years, as First Lieutenant of Company B, Seventy-eighth Regiment, O. V. I; December 13th, 1861, appointed Captain ; promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, May roth, 1863; to Colonel, July 23d, 1863; to Brevet Brigadier General, March 13th, 1865.

Mortimer D. Leggett, Lieutenant Colonel ; promoted 'to Colonel, and Brigadier General, appointed Lieutenant Colonel, and mustered into service, December 18th, 1861, for a term of three years; January 21st, 1862, appointed Colonel ; promoted to Brigadier General, November 29th, 1862.

Non-Commissioned Officers

Howard S. Abbott, Sergeant Major; enrolled as a private, October 28th, 1861, for three vears : appointed Sergeant Major, January rith, 1862.

Russell Bethel, First Lieutenant; enrolled tor three years, December 26, 1864; appointed Assistant Aid de Camp to General R. K. Scott, March 28th, 1865; mustered out with company, July rith, 1865.

William Fulkerson, Lewis Corder, Nelson D. Crosby, George W. Beardslee, Robert W. White, George W. Porter, Adolphus W. Search, (enrolled November 27, 1861, for three years; reenlisted April 1, 1865: appointed Captain, and transterred to Company A; mustered out July 11. 1865). Joseph R. Miller.

Thomas E. Ross, Second Lieutenant; mustered as private, for three years, November 21st, 1861 ; appointed Second Lientenant, December 14th, 1861.

November, 1861, for three years ; promoted from Captain to Major, January 15th, 1865 ; honorably discharged, July r1th, 1865), Henry Tipple, Jo-

Hugh Dunne, First Lieutenant; mustered as private, October 25th, 1861, for three years; appointed First Lieutenant, December 26th, 1861; promoted to Captain, March 13th, 1864. and transferred to Company K.

James T.-Story, Second Lieutenant: enrolled as private, October 26th, 1861, for three years: appointed Second Lieutenant, Decemcer 26th, 1861; resigned and mustered out, April rst, 1865.

Ninety-Seventh 0. V. I.

John Q, Lane, Colonel; enrolled September 3d, 1862, for three years ; received appointment of Brigadier General of Volunteers, by Brevet, to date. March 13th, 1865.

James W. Moore, Major; enrolled September 11th, 1862, for three years ; honorably discharged October 7th, 1864, by reason of wounds received June 22d, 1864.

Charles H. Moore, Adjutant: enrolled September 5th, 1862, for three years ; relieved from duty, as Adjutant, at his own request, August 4th, 1864, and assigned to Company B.

George Campbell, William Greaves, Charles lel Burwell: enrolled September rst, 1862, for three Acid promoted to First Lieutenant, Company E, same regiment, February 26th, 1864.

Louis 5S, Cox, enrolled July 20th, 1862, for three years ; promoted to First Lieutenant, March 13th, 1863 ; transferred to Company K, to accept promotion as Captain.

lewellyn Echelberry, enrolled August 15th, 1862, for three years ; promoted to Second Lieutenant, March 13th, 1863. Newton Wheeler, John Foster, son.

{That portion of this company raised in Muskingum County was enrolled at Zanesville during August, September, and October, 1862, for three years. |

[This company was raised wholly in Muskingum County, and was mustered into service at Camp Zanesville, October, November, and December 1862, for three years. |

COMPANY D - OFFICERS. [This company was enrolled the same as Company C.] ; Ezekiel S. Hoagland, Captain. Stephen R. Hill, First Lieutenant. Arthur T. Hamilton, Second Lieutenant.

Henry S. Harding, First Lieutenant ; enrolled August 16th, 1862, for three years ; promoted to Captain, July ist, 1863; wounded and discharged. -

John H. Niemeyer, Second Lieutenant; enrolled August 11th, 1862, for three years: promoted to First Lieutenant, September 1st, 1863 : discharged for wounds, no date.

Joseph P. Huston ; enrolled August 20th, 1862, for three years ; promoted to Captain, February rst, 1865. Newton Potter, David H. Dundour, John E. Evans, Henry, (or Harrison) I. Garnett.

Made Only By England Bros

Tus celebrated Sealing Wax is manufactured only by England Bros., Nos. 280 and 282 River street, Zanesville. The immense quantity which they have manufactured and sold during the four years it has been upon the market demonstrates the fact that it has proven to be just what they claim for it, viz: the purest and only reliable sealing wax manufactured. It will not crack or become porous during winter, and can always be relied upon either with stone, tin, or glass cans, and thereby insuring that the tedious labor,, of carefully selecting and "putting up" fruit has has not been lost by impure and untempered sealing wax which has flooded the market since the war.

Durine the past three years these gentlemen have been located in Zanesville. They are the successors of George W. Blocksom, who ranked among the early business men of that city fora period extending over forty years. This establishment has been devoted to the drug trade since the purchase by Mr. Jacobs. The store has been completely stocked with new and fresh goods, and the prescription department is ably presided over by Henry A. Stanhope. A leading specialty with this house is the manufacture and sale of Mr. Jacobs' Rheumatic Powders. The powders are unexcelled as acure for rheumatism and neuralgia, while, as a system renovator, it has no equal, An Asthma Remedy, lately put on the market, has already won its way largely in popular favor. A Kidney Remedy, and Corn Cure, are likewise deservedly popular, The Jacobs Instant Cure for Pain, an internal and external remedy, has, through merit, met with a large sale. A Worm and Cough Syrup, also the Jacobs Condition Powders, have each won golden encomiums. As these medicines are prepared under the eye of a practical chemist, each and every article described above are guaranteed or money refunded.

[The members of this company were mostly enrolled early in the autumn of 1862, and _mustered into service for three years, at Camp Zanesville, Ohio, October 6th, 1862. ]

[The following named members of this Company were mustered in at Camp Zanesville, October 5th, 1862, for three years. The majority of them are from Adams township: |

Second Regiment 0. V. I.

Captain, John C. Hazlett; mustered in August 16, 1861 ; died at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, June 7, 1863, of wounds received at Stone River, 'Tennessee, December 31, 1862.

One Hundred And Sixtieth Regiment O.N.G.

|' Phese were one-hundred-day men, and were mustered in May 12, 1864, and mustered out September 7, 1864. The companies of this regiment raised in Muskingum County, were enrolled May. 1864, for one hundred days. Mustered out at expiration of term of service. | at Zanesville, during August and September, 1864 ; term of enlistment, one year. | : George L. Wells, Captain. © Joseph T. Jacobs, First Lieutenant. William E. Atwell. Second Lieutenant.

COMPANY J - OoOFFICERS. + |The detachment of this Company raised in Muskingum county, was enrolled at Zanesville, during February and March, 1865, for one year. | George H. Playford, Captain. Henry C. London, First Lieutenant. John W. Goshen, Second Lieutenant.

One Hundred And Ninety Sixth Regiment

[The members of this Company enrolled in Muskingum county, were mustered in during January, February and March, 1865, for one year. | ~ Reuben C. Berger, Captain.

John K. Anderson, Henry S. Axline, Henry A. Axline, (enrolled February 13th, 1865, as private, for one year; mustered out at expiration of term; now Major of the Seventeenth O. N. G., and Chief Clerk in Adjutant General's office, Columbus, Ohio.) Robert Allen, John Bagley, David Bugh, John W. Beem, Lorenzo Crooks, John II. Crooks, Gilbert Hayes, Jacob Huffman, Peter Long, James A. McFarland, Jacob Myers, Benjamin L. Neff, John Rambo, Jacob Simons, James W. Shugley, John Shunkel, John C. Taylor, Wm. Thompson, Robert B. Woodward, | David C. Woodward.

One Hundred And Ninety-Eighth Regiment

ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-EIGHTH REGIMENT 0. Vv. I [This Regiment was mustered April 24th, 1865. | | COMPANY B - OFFICERS. |The men named below were enrolled at Zanesville, early in 1865, for one year. | Amos L. Parks, Captain. Andrew J. Rayner, First Lieutenant. Wm. O. Robb, Second Lieutenant.

UNION TOWNSHIP SOLDIERS. The following is a list of enlisted men who went to the war from Union township, and were not enumerated in the foregoing record, which

Regimental Band

Honor to the dead, as well as the living, soldier! The following list of soldiers who died on the battle field, in prison, in hospital, and at home, from wounds or disease, resulting from service in the War of 'the Rebellion - embracing those given in company, except the supplement to Company A, by R. B. Brown - is the result of three years' labor, by W.O. Munson, who obtained the particulars from relatives of the deceased ; and for this ''labor of love," they, and every patriot, will ever hold him in grateful remembrance, and say, with the poet:

Grand Army Of Republic

HAZE Ir). Posie NoOwssieGa cape - linis Post was organized in the city of Zanesville, Muskingum county, Ohio, June ist, 1881, with the following roll of charter members :

One Hundred And Regiment

The Roll of Comrades was as follows: Jesse SeoArter, J). HbwAshne, Gy FO Axhiie.ckeyeB. Brown, Fenton Bagley, Thomas $. Black, Thomas G. Beaham, Tlenry Barker, Jr., J. S. Beach, D. J. Brown, W. J. Chandler, A. B. Chilcote, R. uA. Cunningham, Daniel Dugan, J. IH. Drake, Fred C. Deitz, James Dixon, Joshua Downard, A. I]. Evans, 8S. F. Edgar, Abraham Emery. W. I. Foye, G. A. Gardiner, Frederick Geiger, Andrew Guille, T. Gorsuch, Moses M. Granger, Daniel 3. Gary, John A. Green,

The organization was named Hazlett Post No. 81, in honor,of Captain John C. Hazlett, of the Second Ohio Volunteers, and his brother, Harry Hazlett, of the Fifth United States Artillery, who were killed in battle during the late Rebellion.

Chapter Xxxii The Muskingum Mission

The student of American history cannot fail to recall the fact that parallel with the spirit of adventure and conquest irom the earliest known record, has been the missionary endeavor to elevate and refine the people, however barbarous, or civilized. And it is manifest that the enduring civilizations have made the cause of religion their bulwark of strength, until some form of religion permeated the masses of society. It was this religious zeal that gave birth to the Muskingum Mission, a few extracts concerning which are selected from Taylor's History of Ohio :

'' Towards the close of 1774, a warm debate sprung up among the Delawares; although believing the Indians had been hospitably received, yet there had been no act of adoption or guaranty, by the tribe. Glikhikan, whose former rank as a warrior and orator was not forgotten, often attended the Indian council at Gehelemukpechink, by the invitation of its leading members. Here he often enforced the doctrines and duties of the Gospel, but was not unmindful of the material interests of his brethren. At first he encountered the opposition of old Netawatwes, whose jealousy of the whites had now overcome his prepossessions in favor of the missionaries ; but, on the other hand, was powerfully supported by the eloquence of Captain White-Eyes, who demanded (in the words of Loskiel) that the Christian Indians should enjoy perfect liberty of conscience, and their teachers safety and protection; adding, that it was but right that the believers should live separate from the rest, and be protected by the chiets and council against every intruder. But finding that his remonstrance would not avail, he separated himself entirely This occasioned great and general surprise, and his presence being considered, by both the chiefs and people, as indispensable, a negotiation commenced, and some Indian brethren were appointed arbitrators (Glikhikan among them, doubtless). The event was beyond expectation, successtul, for Chief Netawatwes not only acknowledged the injustice done to Captain White-Eyes, but changed his mind with respect to the believing Indians, and of the deputies from Shoenbrun and Gnadenhutten. Captain White-Eyes then repeated the proposal which they had formerly rejected; and the council agreeing to it, an act was made in the name of the Delaware nation, to the following effect; ''From this time forward, we solemnly ~ and that the believing Indians, and their teachers, shall enjoy perfect liberty throughout the Indian countr Ay with the same rights and privileges' enjoyed by other Indians. The country shall be free to all, and the believers shall have their right to share it as well as the unbelievers. Whoever

''Netawatwes expressed great joy at this act and declaration, and concluded his speech in these words: 'I am an old man, and know not how long I may live in this world. I therefore rejoice that I have been able to make this act, of which our children and grandchildren will reap | the benefit ; and now I am ready to go out of the | He sent, moreworld whenever God pleases.' over, the following message to Chief Pakanke, in Kaskaskunk, (on the Beaver River, in Pennsylvania, to whom Glikhikan had been a favorite counselor). You and I are both old, and know not how long we shall live; therefore let us do good before we depart, and leave a testimony to. our children and posterity, that we have received the word of God. Let this be our last will and testament.' Pakanke accepted the proposal and he and the other chiefs made it known by solemn embassies, in all places where it was necessary. For a still greater security, a treaty was set on foot with the Delamattenoos, (Wyandots) who had given this part of the country to the Delawares about thirty years before, by which a grant was procured insuring the believing Indians an equal right with the other Delawares to possess iand in it; and that this transaction might be duly ratified in the Indian manner, and the act remain unrepealed, the Christian Indians sent a formal embassy to the chiefs and council of the Delaware nation, to return their humble thanks for it. The deputies repeated the whole ing Indians and their teachers, and Netawatwes confirmed it to be their own act and deed, in the presence of all the people ; adding, that they had called the Indian congregation in their missionaries, and that all the words now repeated by the deputies had been spoken and ratified by this council. Then the deputies proceeded to return thanks in the name of both congregations, delivering several belts of wampum, which were forwarded to the neighboring nations. They were made without ornaments, and immediately known by their plainness, to be the belts of the Christian Indians. Thus <his important business was concluded."'

**This year" (1774), says Heckewelder, ''had been remarkable to the Christian Indians. First, the chiefs of the nation, both on the Muskingum and Cushcushkee, had unitedly agreed and declared that the brethren should have full liberty to preach the Gospel to the nation wherever they chose, and this resolution they also made publicly known ; and secondly; seeing that their friends and relations pursued agriculture, and kept much cattle, they enlarged the tract of land first set apart to them by moving their people off to a greater distance."

And Loskiel says: **Gehelemukpechink was forsaken by its inhabitants, and a new town built on the east side of the Muskingum, opposite the influx of the Walhonding. This town was calied Goshhocking, and chief Netawatwes chose it for his future residence."

Under these auspicious circumstances, the year 1775 commenced, and proved a season of external repose and internal prosperity to the mission. "The rest enjoyed by the Indian congregation in the year 1775, was peculiarly pleasing," says Loskiel, 'tand much favored the visits of strangers, who came in such numbers that the chapel at Shoenbrun, which might contain about five hundred persons, was too small."" At the close of the year, their number was four hundred and fourteen persons. All were in the enjoyment of the comforts, almost the luxuries, of civilization. The lives and deaths of the Indian converts were very exemplary, while the children were zealously taught in schools, into which the missionary, Zeisberger, had introduced a spelling book, published in the Delaware language.

In April, 1776, Zeisberger and Heckeweider founded another settlement, within two miles of Goshhocking, and called it Lichtenau. This spot had been selected by the chiefs themselves, according to Heckewelder, ''that they, as well as their children, might have an opportunity of having the Gospel preached - a wish which the old and principal chief, Netawatwes, had repeatedly informed them of, both by public and private messengers."' ;

The external relations of the mission, (to adopt a favorite expression of the Moravian historians). have been incidentally included in our narrative of the efforts of the Delaware peace chiets, to preserve the neutrality of their nation. As Netawatwes and the other chiefs, at the forks of the Muskingum, were the protectors of the missionaries, and concurred in the pacific dispositions of the Christian Indians, their interests and sympathies, in that respect, were identical, and the American people unquestionably owe to the locality and labors of the Moravian teachers, at this critical period, that a general combination of the Western Indians was postponed until 1780 - a date when the French alliance and the increase of population on the southern bank of the' Ohio conspired to arrest most disastrous consequences.

In the summer of 1781, there was an illustration of the different sentiments with which the Moravians were regarded by the American officers, and the militia under their command. Colonel Daniel Brodhead, then stationed at Pittsburgh, led an expedition against Goshhocking, the Delaware town, on the east bank of the Muskingum, and, on his march thither, halted about four miles below Salem. Here he addressed a note to Heckewelder, requesting a supply of provisions, and that the missionary would visit his camp. Heckewelder hastened to comply, and personally received, from the American officers, assurances that their troops should not molest the Moravian Indians, who had conducted themselves, he proceeded to say, in a manner that did them honor, and that neither the English or Americans could, with justice, reproach them with improper con-. duct in their situation. While Colonel Brodhead was speaking, however, an officer hastily entered to inform him that a body of militia were about

Moravian settlements up the river," and it was with great difficulty that the commanding officer, aided by Colonel David Shepherd, of Wheeling, could restrain the men from adding such an outrage to the other acts of inhumanity which attended the Coshocton campaign.

Immediately after this Coshocton campaign, a deeply interesting interview occurred between a distinguished Delaware chief and the inhabitants of the Moravian villages. Heckewelder calls him '*the head war chief of the Delaware nation," and we are Satisfied that he is the same individual of whom we first hear, inthe French and English war as '"'Shingess ;"" next, in 1762, as Bog Meadow or Kingas ; now, in 1781, as Pachgantschihilas ; again, in 1785, at an Indian council, near the mouth of the Great Miami, as Pacanchihilas ; and many of the early settlers of Ohio recollect to have been living in 1804, at a great age. chief, on the present occasion, was accompanied by eighty warriors, who silently surrounded Gnadenhutten before day break. As they approached, the town was hailed, and their leader demanded the delivery of Gillelemend, or Killbuck, and the other peace chiefs of the Delawares. He was informed that they had gone to Pittsburgh, some time before, and, after strict search, fie Indians were satisfied that they were not in town. The nation now being at war, these peace chiefs had

'Friends and kinsmen, listen to what I have to say to you. You see a great and powerful nation divided. You see the father fighting against the son, and the son against the father. The father has called on his Indian children to assist him in punishing his children, the Americans, who have become refractory. [I took time to consider what I should do, whether or not I should receive the hatchet of my father to assist him. At first I looked upon it as a family quarrel, in which IT was not interested. However, at length it appeared to me that. the father. was in the right, and his children deserved to be punished a little. cluded from the many cruel acts his offspring had committed from time to time on his Indian children, in encroaching on their lands, stealing their property, shooting ; at and murdering, without a Cause, men, women and children. Yes, even murdering those who at all times, had been friendly to them, and were placed for protection under the roof of their father's house; the father himself, standing sentry at the door, at the time. (The allusion here, is to the slaughter of the Conestoga Indians, of Pennsylvania, by a mob of whites, although they had taken refuge in Lancaster Jail.)

been obliged to settle and make amends tor the wrongs and mischiefs done to us by his refractory children, yet these do not grow any better. No! They remain the same, and will continue to be so, so long as we have any left of us. Look back at the murders committed by the Longknives (Virginians) on many of our relations, who lived peaceable neighbors to them on the Ohio. Did they not kill them without the least provocation? Are they, do you think, any better than they were then? No, indeed not, and many days are not elapsed since you had a number of these very men near your doors who panted to kill you, but fortunately were prevented from so doing by the Great Sun, (Colonel

'Friends and relatives, you love that which is good, and wish to live in peace with all mankind, and ata place where you may not be disthis, and I do not reproach you in having made the choice. But, my friends and relatives, does the place you are at present settled at answer this purpose? Do you not live in the very road the contending parties pass over when they go to fight each other? Have you not discovered the foot-steps of the Longknives almost in sight of your towns, and seen the smoke arising from their camps? Should not this be sufficient warning to you, and lead you to consult your own safetyr We have long since turned our faces towards your habitations, in the expectation of seeing you come from where you now are, to us,

'Friends and relatives, now listen to me and hear what 1 have to say to you. I am myself come to bid you rise and go with me to a secure place. Do not, my friends, covet the land you now hold under cultivation. I will conduct you to a country equally good, where your fields shall yield you abundant crops, and where your cattle shall find abundant pasture; where there is plenty of game, where your women and children, together with 'yourselves, will live in peace and safety, where no Longknite shall ever molest you. Nay, I will live between you and them, and not even suffer them to frighten you. There, you can worship your God without fear. Here, where you are, you cannot do this. Think on what Ihave said to you, and panene that if you stay where you now are, one day or the other, the I ongknives will, in their usual way, speak fine words to you, and atthe same time murder you."

In the course of an hour the Christian Indians replied to the foregoing address, with thanks for the kind expressions of their friends and _ relatives, but stating that they were unwilling to believe that their American brethren, against. whom they had never committed a hostile act, They hinted that their only danger grew out of the fact that war parties, like the present, by going or returning through their villages, might draw an enemy upon them; otherwise, they had no fears. As to the invitation to leave their settlements, they objected that they were much too heavy (in possession of too much property, provisions. etc..) to think of rising and going with their friends and relatives.

with his captains. repeated his former warning, but disclaimed any purpose of compelling the Moravians to leave their settlements. He requested, in conclusion, that anyone who chose to avoid the dangers which he anticipated, might be tree to accept his protection, to which the missionaries assured him there ld be no objection. The next day the chief and his war- YIOTS proceeded to Salem, where a feast had been prepared for them, under the direction of Glikhikan. who came forth to greet and welcome his guests. The warriors approached gravely and decorously, without yell or shout... When they arrived in the centre of the village, opposite the chapel and residence of Heckewelder, Pachgantschihilas ordered a halt. and publicly pronounced a warm eulogy upon the believing Indians. Ile then dismissed them to their entertainment, which had 'been provided in a grove of sugar maple, while the chief himself, accompanied by two Shawanese and two Delaware war captains, repaired to the house of Heckewelder, in whom they recognized the youthful pall-bearer at the funeral of his favorite wife, nineteen years before, at Tuscaroras. Here, where also were assembled the national assistants of the mission, he repeated his friendly assurances, and soon after departed with his warriors, haying first. proclaimed from the centre of the street, in a tone audible to all the inhabitants, that ''if at any time they should hear it said that Pachgantschihilas was an enemy to the believing Indians, they should consider such words as lies."

_ It was trom the English quarter, that their first serious interruption to the peaceful pursuits of the Moravian community proceeded.:. The tory leaders of the Ohio savages, McKee, Elliott, and Simon Girty, were extremely hostile, and were charged with having instigated several attempts to assassinate or seize the missionaries. Baffled in these by the+vigilance and devotion of the Christian Indians, they represented to the British Commandant at Detroit, Colonel Depeyster, that the missionaries were partizans and spies of Congress, and that their influence was extremely prejudicial to the British interest. That officer was induced to insist upon their removal from the vicinity of Pittsburgh, and early in 1781, his wishes were communicated to the great council of the Six Nations. assembled at Niagara, by whom a message was sent to the Ottawas and Chippewas to the following effect: '*' We herewith make you a present of the Christian Indians on the Muskingum, to make both of;" an expression well understood to mean: stock, and ranking as their grandchildren, replied: ''We have no cause for doing this,"' The Wyandots, at first, were even more disinclined to assume the ungrateful task, because the Detroit division of the tribe held the relation of guardian or protector of the Christian Indians among themselves, who were the converts of Catholic missionaries, and they knew no sec- the Protestant Delaware, or Mohican, while Pamoacan, or the Half King, at Upper Sandusky, had hitherto avowed and conducted himself as a friend and champion of the Muskingum mission. But Captain Pipe and his followers were now neighbors of Half King, at Upper Sandusky, and the latter was per suaded to lead of two hundred warriors against the Moravian towns. Heckewelder, after the arrival of some reinforcements, states the whole force at three hundred men, and classifies them as Wyandots: from Upper Sandusky, commanded by Half King; another band of Wyandots, from Detroit and Lower Sandusky, commanded by Kuhn, a head war chief of the latter place; a party of Delawares from Upper Sandusky, led by the war chiefs Pipe and Wingemund ; about forty Muncies, also from Upper Sandusky, (probably under the apostate Newalike): two Shawanese Captains, named by the traders John and Thomas Snake, with a few warriors from the Scioto; several straggling Indians of the Mohegan and Ottawa tribes, and Elliott, whose rank in the British service was Captain, with his attendant, Michael Herbert, and Alexander McCormick, the bearer of a British flag; and a small train of unarmed Wyandots, men and women, with horses, who had come to assist in removing the booty.

When this formidable band approached Salem, the Half King sent a message to the Christian Indians, desiring them to fear nothing ; adding, that he came himself to see that no injury should be done to them; but, having good words to speak, he wished to know which of their settlements would be most convenient for a meeting. Now, as Gnadenhutten was in every respect the most proper place, it was accordingly fixed upon. The warriors, therefore, pitched their camp, on the 11th of August, on the west side of Gnadenhutten, and were treated in the most liberal manner.

''Cousins! ye believing Indians in Gnadenhutten, Shoenbrun, and Salem: I am much concerned on your account, perceiving that you live in a dangerous spot. Two powerful, angry and merciless gods, stand ready, opening their jaws wide against each other. You are sitting down between both, and are thus in danger of being ground to powder by the teeth of one or the other, or both. It is, therefore, not advisable for you to stay here any longer. Consider your perish. I, therefore, take you by the hand, lift you up, and place vou in, or near, my dwelling, where you will be safe, and dwell in peace. not stand looking at your plantations and houses, but arise and follow me. Take, also, your teachers with you, and worship God in the place to which I shall lead you, as you have been accustomed to do. You shall likewise find provisons, and our father beyond the lake (meaning the Governor, at Detroit) will care for you. This is my message, and I am come purposely to deliventitenl

He then delivered a string of wampum, and the missionaries and Indian assistants of the three settlements met in conference, to consider the unexpected address, and, on the 21st, the latter delivered the following answer to Half King: assembled: We have heard your words; but have not seen the danger so great that we may not stay here. We keep peace with all men, and have nothing to do with war, nor do we wish or desire anything, but to be permitted to enjoy rest and peace. You see, yourselves, that we cannot rise immediately and: go with you, for we are heavy, and time 1S required to prepare for it. But we will keep and consider your words, and let you, Uncle, know our answer next winter, after the harvest; upon this you may rely." Half King, certainly, and perhaps Captain Pipe, were not disposed to press the matter further, and, in the Indian camp, the current was so str ongly i in favor of the Christian Indians, that some were disposed to make a shooting-target of the British flag, as a retaliation upon the agency of Captain Elliott. That officer, whose zeal for pect of pecuniary advantage in the sacrifice of the stock and other valuable property of the mission, of Half King and Pipe. that the English Governor at Detroit would be greatly dissatistied if they returned without the missionaries. two Moravian Indians, whom the missionaries had dispatched to Pittsburg, with information of the existing state of things, were intercepted by the savages, and this circumstance was exaggerated by Captain Elliott, into proof not only that | the missionaries were leagued with their ene- | mies, but that they were instigating a hostile expedition against the party of Half King and Pipe. those chiefs. Ata second council, held on the 25th, Half King had seemed to waver; at least, he listened to the remonstrances of Glikhikan and his associates in silence; but, in his altered humor, he no longer hesitated. A third council was convened, on the 2d of September, before which Zeisberger, Seuseman and Heckewelder, with their assistants, were summoned, and Half King insisted upon their giving an immediate answer, whether they would go with him or not, without retiring to consult upon it. The missionaries appealed to their former answer, the meeting broke up without debate and in some confusion, and, soon afterwards, Zeisberger, Seuseman, and Heckewelder, were v10- lently seized and imprisoned. They were voluntarily joined by their associate, William Edwards, who was determined to accept no exemption from their fate. During that night and the subsequent day, their residences were pillaged. The other missionaries, Young and Youngman, were also imprisoned, although the latter was released the next day. The wives and children of the five missionaries were brought to Gnadenhutten, as captives, but were soon released, as were the missionaries themselves, after five days' close confinement and distressing anxiety.

The life of Isaac Glikhikan was endangered by the heroic act of a young Indian relative, who rode Captain Pipe's best horse to Pittsburgh, with the news of the violence. As soon as her departure was discovered, she was instantly pursued, but, as she could not be overtaken. the savages were enraged in the highest degree. and a party of warriors immediately started for Salem, and brought Isaac Glikhikan, bound, to Gnadenhutten, singing a death song. Loskiel relates that while they were binding him, perceiv-

_ ing that they seemed so much terrified, he encouraged them, saying, '*Formerly, when I was ignorant of God, I should not have suffered any one of you to routs me; but now, having been converted unto Him, through mercy, I am willing to suffer all things, for His sake."" He no sooner arrived in the camp than a general uproar ensued, the savages demanding that he should be cut in pieces. The Delawares, who hated him more particularly for his conversion, thirsted for his blood, but Half King, interfering, would not suffer him to be killed. However , they examined him very severely, and, though his innocence was clearly proved, they attacked him with opprobrious language. After some hours' confinement, he was set at liberty. Although the young woman reached Pittsburgh, the com- unadvisable, to attempt a forcible rescue. It was a prudent decision, and, probably, prevented a massacre of the missionaries and their families.

On the 1oth, the Indians resumed their outrages to such a degree, that emigration seemed the desirable alternative. It was accordingly proposed to the congregations, who sorrowfully assembled. '*But they never," says Loskiel, 'forsook any country with more reluctance. They were now obliged to forsake the beautiful settlement, Gnadenhutten, Salem and Shoenbrun, and the greatest of their possessions. in them. They had already lost above two hundred head of horned cattle, and four hundred hogs. Besides this, they left a great quantity of Indian corn in store, above three hundred acres of corn

On the third day after their departure. they arrived at Goshocking, where a short halt was made to hunt a tamed buffalo cow, which was shot as it came to the river to drink. Here Elliott left for the Scioto to meet McKee, greatly to the relief of the Moravian teachers. They then ascended the Walhonding, partly by water, and partly along the banks of that stream. On the 1gth, two of their best canoes, heavily laden

Heckewelder, ''they were not aware of what would befall them. They were defeated with the loss of some of the party, among "whom were the Half King's two sons.

a message was received from the British commandant at Detroit, requiring the missionaries to appear before him. On the 25th, Zeisberger, Ileckewelder, Seuseman and Edwards, with four Indian assistants, started on the journey, and reached Detroit at the expiration of nine days

In the first interview with the Governor, (Arend Schuyler Depeyster,) he informed them that the reason of calling them from their settlements on the Muskingum, was because he had heard that they carried on a correspondence with the Americans to the prejudice of the English interest. The missionaries justified themselves from such an imputation, and a further investigation was postponed until the arrival of Captain Pipe. Fortunately, that Chief was not accompanied by Elliott or Girty, and when he was confronted with the missionaries on the goth of November, he bore a frank and honorable testimony to their impartiality and worth, and in answer to a direct appeal by the Governor, advised that they should be allowed to return to their congregation. '+I never witnessed,'' Heckewelder, piously observes, ''a more manifest instance of the powerful workings of conscience than during the .whole of this transaction. Of course, all who were present, immediately acquitted us of all the charges brought against us ; expressing their sincere regret that we had innocently suffered so much." to Upper Sandusky. Here, as the winter advanced, the unfortunate Indians were often on on verge of starvation. While Half King and Pipe, instigated by Girty and Elliott, resumed their persecutions, and demanded that the Governor of Detroit should from Sandusky. cant to be disregarded, and an order was received on the rst of March, 1782. directing Girty and Half King to remove the missionaries and their families to Detroit ; but as they had just arranged on an expedition to the Ohio, one Francis Lavallie, a Canadian Frenchman, living at Lower Sandusky, was appointed to accompany them. This was a fortunate exchange, for their conductor proved himself courteous and humane, even surrendering his own horse to the missionary Zeisberger, who was sixty years old, and insisting that respect for his age and station alike, prompted the act. Lavallie, instead of urging the party, among whom were the wives and children of the missionaries, through the dreary wilderness beyond Lower Sandusky, tarried at the latter place and sent a messenger to Detroit for further instructions, while, until and Robins, hospitably received the fugitives into their houses. In due course, two vessels arrived from Detroit, under directions from the Governor, to transport the missionaries and their families by Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie. They embarked on the 14th of April, greatly to the chagrin of Girty, who had complained in the most brutal manner of their indulgent treatment, and made the voyage safely to Detroit, where they were generously received, and allowed their choice, either to ee ses the protection of Colonel Depeyster, or be returned to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, ibn whence they, as missionaries, originally came). They chose to remain in the vicinity of their beloved Indian congregation, although restrained from living among them.

Simultaneously with the removal of Zeisberger and his fellow teachers to Detroit, a tragedy was enacted on the Muskingum, which fills the darkest page of the border history of the American Revolution. We refer to the cruel and cowardly massacre of a party of Moravian Indians, who had repaired to their deserted cornfields to glean the scattered ears for the relief of their suffering brethren on the Sandusky plains. Unhappily, while this peaceable party were thus engaged on the Muskingum, a band of Indians from Sandusky had made a descent upon the Pennsylvania frontier, and murdered the family of William Wallace, consisting of his wife and five or six children. A man named John Carpenter was taken prisoner at the same time. Enraged at these outrages, a band of one hundred and sixty men, from the settlements of Monongahela, turned out in quest of the marauders, under the command of Colonel David Williamson. Each man provided himselfwith arms, ammunition and provisions, and the greater number were mounted. They struck immediately for the settlements of Salem and Gnadenhutten, arriving within a mile of the latter place at the: close of the second day's march. Colonel Gibson, commanding at Pitts- been accustomed to regard the savage allies of the English as the source of their injuries, made no effort to escape, although their labors were accomplished, and they were about to retrace prefer to give in the words of Loskiel : ''Meanwhile, the murderers marched first to Gnadenhutten, where they arrived on the 6th day of March. About a mile from the settlement they met young'Shebosch in the wood, tired at him, and wounded him so much that he could not escape. of the murderers themselves, begged for his life, representing that he was Shebosch, the son of a white Christian man, But they paid no attention to his entreaties, and cut him in pieces with their hatchets. They then approached the Indians, most of whom were in their plantations, and surrounded them almost imperceptibly, but, feigning a friendly behavior, told them to go home, promising to do them no injury. They even pretended.to pity them on account of the mischief done to them' by the English and the savages, assuring them of the protection and friendship of the Americans. The poor belieying Indians. knowing nothing of the death of Shebosch, believed every word they said, went hospitable manner. concerning their sentiments as 'Christian Indians, who had never taken the least share in the war. A small barrel of wine being found among their goods. they told their persecutors, on inquiry, that it was intended for the Lord's Supper, and that they were going to carry it to Sandusky. Upon this, they were informed that they should not return thither, but go to Pittsburgh, where they would be out of the way of any assault made by the English or savages. This they heard with resignation, concluding that God would perhaps choose this method to put an end 'to their sufferings. Prepossessed with this idea, they cheerfully delivered their guns, hatchets and other weapons to the murderers, who promised to take good care of, them, and in Pittsburgh to return every article to its rightful owner. The Indians even showed them those things which they had secreted in the woods, assisted in packing them up, and emptied all their bee-hives for ther pretended friends.

"In the meantime, the assistant, John Martin, went to Salem, and brought the news of the arrival of the white people to the believing Indians, assuring them that they need not be afraid to go with them, for they were come to carry them to a place of safety, and to afford them protection and support. The Salem Indians did not hesitate to accept this proposal, believing, unanimously, that God had sent the Americans to release them from their disagreeable situation at |

Sandusky, and imagining that when they had arrived at Pittsburgh they might soon find a safe place to build a settlement, and easily procure advice and assistance from Bethlehem. Thus, John Martin, with two Salem brethren, returned to Gnadenhutten, to acquaint both their Indian brethren and the white people with their resolution. The latter expressed their desire to see Salem, and a party of them was conducted thither, and received with much friendship. Here they pretended to have the same good will and affection towards the Indians as at Gnadenhutten, and easily persuaded them to return with them. By the way, they entered into much spiritual conversation with the Indians, some of whom spoke English well, giving these people, feigned great pity, proper scriptural answers to many questions concerning religious subjects. The assistants, Isaac Glikhikan and Israel, were no less sincere and

'unreserved in their answers to some _ political questions started by the white people, and thus the murderers obtained a full and satisfactory account of the present situation and sentiments of the Indian congregation. In the meantime, the defenceless Indians at Gnadenhutten, were suddenly attacked and driven together by the white people, and, without resistance, seized and bound. The Salem Indians now met the same fate... Before they entered Gnadenhutten, they were at once surprised by their conductors, robbed of their guns, and even their pocket knives, and brought bound into the settlement."

The officers, unwilling to take on themselves the whole responsibility of a massacre, agreed to refer the question to a vote of the detachment. The men were drawn up in a line, and Williamson put the question, ''Whether the Moravian Indians should be taken prisoners to Pittsburgh, or put to death?" requesting all in favor of saving their lives to advance in front of the line. On this, sixteen, (some say eighteen,) stepped out of the rank, and formed themselves into a second line. In this manner was their fate decided. '*Those who were of a different opinion," continues Loskiel, ''wrung their hands, calling God to witness that they were innocent of the blood of these harmless Christian Indians. But the majority remained unmoved, and only differed concerning the mode of execution. Some were for burning them alive, others for taking their scalps, and the latter was at last agreed upon; upon which one of the murderers was sent to the prisoners to tell them that as they were Christian Indians, they might prepare themselves in a Christian manner, for they must all die to-morrow. ;

'"'It may easily be conceived how great their terror was at hearing a sentence so unexpected. However, they soon recollected themselves, and patiently suffered the murderers to lead them irtto two houses, in one of which the brethren, and in the other the sisters and children, were confined like sheep ready for the slaughter- They declared to the murderers, that, though they called God to witness that they were perfectly innocent, yet they were prepared and willing to suffer death. But as they had, at their conversion and baptism, made a solemn promise to the respects, and therefore wished to have some time granted to pour out their hearts before him in ptayer, and in exhorting each other to remain faithful unto the end. One brother, called Abraham, who, for some time past, had been in a luke-warm state of heart, seeing his end approaching, made the following public confession before his brethren :

''Dear Brethren - It seems as if we should all soon depart unto our Savior, for our sentence is fixed. You know that I have been an untoward child, and have grieved the Lord and my brethren by my disobedience, not walking as I ought to have done. But yetI will now cleave to my Savior with my last breath, and hold him fast, though I am so great a sinner. I know assuredly that He will forgive me all my sins and not cast me out."'

'The brethren assured him of their love and forgiveness, and both they and the sisters spent the latter part of the night in singing praises to God, their Savior, in the joyful hope that they would soon be able to praise him without sin.

*'When the day of execution arrived, namely, the 8th day of March, 1782, two houses were fixed upon, one for the brethren, and one for the sisters and children, to which the: wanton murderers gave the name of slaughter houses. Some of them went to the brethren and showed great impatience that the execution had not yet begun, to which the brethren replied that they were all ready to die, having commended their immortal souls to God, who had-given them that Divine assurance, in their hearts, that they should come unto Him and be with Him forever more.

''Immediately after this declaration, the carnage commenced. men, women and children - were led, bound two and two together with ropes, into the above mentioned slaughter houses, and there scalped and murdered." Ileckewelder says: ''One of the party, now taking up a cooper 's mallet, which lay in the house, (the owner being a cooper), saying: 'How exactly this will answer for the business : he began with Abraham, and continued knocking down, one after another. until he had counted fourteen that he had killed with his own hands. He now handed the instrument to one of his fellow murderers, saying: 'My arm now fails me; go on in the sameway! pretty well.' and children were confined, Judith, a remarkably pious aged widow, was the first victim.

**According to the testimony of the murderers themselves, they behaved with uncommon patience, and went to meet death with cheerful resignation. A sister, called Christina, who formerly lived with the sisters in Bethlehem, and who spoke English and German well, fell upon her knees before the captain of the gang and begged for her life, but was told that he could not help her.

'Thus, ninety-six persons magnified the name of the Lord by patiently meeting a cruel death. Sixty-two were grown persons, and among them were five of the most valuable assistants. There were thirty-four children.

''Only two youths, each between sixteen and seventeen years old, escaped - almost miraculously - from the hands of the murderers. One of them, seeing they were in earnest, was so fortunate as to disengage himself from the bonds, then, slipping unobserved from the crowd, he crept through a narrow window into the cellar of the e executed. Their blood penetrated through the flooring, and, according to his account, ran in streams into the cellar, by which it appears probable that most, if not all of them, were not merely scalped, but killed with hatchets and swords. The lad lay concealed until night - no one coming to search the cellar - when, with much difficulty, he climbed up the wall to the window, and escaped into a neighboring thicket. The other youth was named Thomas. They struck him only a blow upon the head, took his scalp, and left him. Arter some time he recovered his senses, saw himself surrounded by bleeding bodies, among them one called Abel, endeavoring to raise himself up. But he remained still as though dead, and his caution proved the means of his deliverance, for soon after, one of the murderers, observing Abel's motions, killed him with two or three blows. Thomas lay quiet until dark, though suffering the most agonizing torment. He then ventured to creep towards the door, and observing nobody in the neighborhood, got out and escaped into the woods, where he concealed himself. These two youths met afterwards in the woods, and God preserved them from harm on their journey to Sandusky. They took a long circuit, and suffered great hardships and danger on their way. Before they left Gnadenhutten, they observed the murderers making merry after their successful enterprise, and at last set fire to the two slaughter houses tilled with corpses.

**Providentially, the believing Indians who were at Shoenbrun escaped. The missionaries had, immediately on receiving orders to repair to Fort Detroit, sent a messenger to the Muskingum, to call the Indians home, with a view to see them once more, and to get horses for their jour-

| ney. This messenger happened to arrive at Shoenbrun the day betore the murderers came to Gnadenhutten, and having delivered his message, the Indians of Shoenbrun sent another messenger to Gnadenhutten, to inform their brethren there, and at Salem, of the messages received. But before and looking forward, saw many white people in and about Gnadenhutten. He instantly fled back with great precipitation, and told the Indians at Shoenbrun what he had seen, who all took flight and ran into the woods. They now hesitated a long while, not knowing whither to turn, or how to proceed. Thus, when the murderers arrived at Shoenbrun, the Indians were still near the premises, observing everything that happened there, and might easily have been discovered ; but here the murderers seemed, as it were, struck with blindness. Finding nobody at home, they destroyed and set fire to the settlement, having done the same at Gnadenhutten and Salem. They set off with the scalps of their innocent victims, about fifty horses, a number of blankets and | other things, and marched to Pittsbur gh, with a | view to murder the Indians lately settled on the north side of the Ohio, opposite the Fort. Some of them fell a sacrifice to the rage of this bloodthirsty crew, and a few escaped. Among the latter was Anthony, a member of the (Moravian) congregation, who happened to be at Pittsburgh, and both he and the Indians at Shoenbrun arrived, after many dangers, safely <.t Sandusky."

The Rey. Joseph Doddridge, in his notes on the settlement and Indian wars of Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, published in Wheeling. in 1824, closes his narrative of this transaction by saying that Colonel Williamson had only the rank of a militia officer, which was to advise and not to command ; that 'the was a brave man, but not cruel ; he would meet an enemy and fight like a soldier, but would not murder a prisoner. Had he possessed the authority of a superior officer in a regular army, I do not believe a single Moravian Indian would have lost his life; but he possessed no such authority. THis only fault was too pi! compliance with popular opinion and popular prejudice.

of the Moravians. One man, it 7 said, found the clothes of his wife and children, who had been murdered by the Indians but a few days before.

agency in the war. Whatever ot our property was found with them had been left by the warriors in exchange for provisions. which they took from them. When attacked by our people, they might have defended themselves; they did not. ale hey never fired a single shot. They were prisoners, and had been promised protection. Every dictate of justice and humanity required that their lives should be spared. The complaint of their

Soon after the massacre on the Muskingum, the congregation at Sandusky, reduced in numbers and deprived of teachers, yielded to the solicitations of their Delaware and Shawanese friends, and abandoned their settlements at Sandusky. They were ordered to do so by Halt King, who persisted in holding them in some degree responsible for the fate of his two sons ; but, in their situation, it was, doubtless, a prudent resolution. Heckewelder mentions the Scioto and

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