Brookfield Town (part 10 of 18)

Regimental Histories Fifteenth Regiment

This Regiment was organized and recruited in Worcester County, and mustered into the U.S. Service, July 12, 186 1, under command of Col. Charles Devens. It was at Camp Scott, in Worcester, while recruiting and drilling. Left for Washington, D.C., August 8, 1861. Its first battle was at Ball's Bluff, on the right bank of the Potomac, about thirty-three miles northwest of Washington, October 21, 1861, with Col. E. D. Baker in command of the Union forces, and proved a disastrous defeat, with a reported loss, in killed, drowned, and wounded, of more than 1,000, while the whole force engaged was only about 1,900 men. Col. Baker displayed great courage and bravery, and was killed about 5 p.m. Col. Devens was promoted to Brigadier General of Volunteers, April 15, 1862, and left the Regiment to take command of a Brigade, when at Yorktown. He was succeeded by Col. (then Lieut. Col.) George H. Ward, of Worcester, who having lost a leg at Ball's Bluff, went home and was absent from October 21, 1861, till February 5, 1863, when he again joined the Regiment, Lieut. Col. John W. Kimball of Worcester in the mean time commanding. The 15th was in the Battles on the Peninsula, and in the bloody Battle of Antietam, Md., about six miles above Harper's Ferry, September 17, 1862 ; one of the great conflicts of the war, and attended with great losses on both sides, resulting in a victory for the Union forces, but our losses in that engagement were so great that we contemplate it with more of sadness than joy. Our loss, as officially reported, was 1 2,469 men, and among them fell three of our own brave boys, Charles Perry, Henry R. Bliss, and Joseph Fretts. This Regiment was also in the great Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., about sixty miles south of Washington, December 13, 1862. Here the Union forces fought bravely and desperately, but at great disadvantage, the Rebel forces being in a protected position, and having fortifications and breastworks which almost wholly shielded them, while our men were in open field, receiving the murderous fire of the enemy. Our losses in this battle were appalling, and officially reported as more than 1 2,000 men, who were sacrificed to little purpose, resulting in no advantage to the

Soon after this battle - about December 20, the Regiment went into winter quarters, near Falmouth, Va., opposite Fredericksburg, on the same ground it occupied previous to the battle. The campaign of the 15th Regiment in 1863, was begun at the battle of Chancellorsville a few miles west of Fredericksburg, May i and 2. Gen. Joseph Hooker now commanded the Army of the Potomac, which numbered about 132,000 men, and this was his first great battle after assuming command, in January previous. Gen. Lee commanded the Rebel forces, and the battle was waged with great courage and determination on both sides, and after terrible fighting and great slaughter for two days. Gen. Hooker retired and re-crossed with his whole force to the north bank of the Rappahannock. The Union losses were reported at 18,000 men, and the Rebel loss at 13,000. In this battle the 15th bore an honorable part. Its next great battle was at Gettysburg, Pa., about eight miles north of the Maryland line, on the ist, 2d, and 3d of July, 1863. When this battle began, July I, the 15th was at Uniontown, Md., twenty miles south of Gettysburg, but hearing heavy cannonading on the north, started immediately and marched 1 7 miles and bivouacked at night behind a barricade of rails three miles south of Gettysburg. On Thursday morning, July 2, started one hour before daylight for the battle-field and got into position about sunrise behind Cemetery Ridge, where a large part of the 2d Corps, to which the 15th belonged, was massed. At the close of the fighting of the first day the Confederates had gained some slight advantage, which evidently encouraged them; but darkness, nevertheless, found the Union forces established, as they believed, in an impregnable position, and they hopefully awaited the morrow. During the night heavy re-enforcements arrived, the 3d Corps under Sickles, the 12th under Slocum, the 2d Corps under Hancock, and others, by which the Union forces were greatly strengthened and encouraged. July 2d there was skirmishing in the forenoon, but the great battle of the day began about noon, and from that time fighting was incessant until the darkness closed the fearful conflict for the day. The battle was still undecided, the Federal forces holding the better position on the field, with hope and courage unabated. It was decided by Gen. Meade and his associates before they slept, that if Lee gained a victory on this field he should win it by an aggressive movement with but few points in his favor. The morning of July 3d brought the renewal of the struggle, which continued on different parts of the field until about 1 1 o'clock a.m., at which time the Confederates had lost all the advantage they had gained during the first two days of the fight, but the great conflict of the day and the decisive battle did not really begin until about i p.m., when the Con- federates opened fire with 150 pieces of artillery, which were responded to by 80 pieces from the Union lines, and for about two hours the air was full of flying shot and shell, and the carnage was frightful to behold. Lee then, evidently supposing that the courage and hope of Meade's army must be weakened, threw about 18,000 of the bravest of his veterans upon the Union left centre, hoping to force back his foe and win the day. But in this he signally failed. The assault was bravely and grandly repulsed and the Confederates were driven back. Upon this movement Lee had staked his chances, and had lost. The great Battle of Gettysburg had been fought, and a splendid victory won, which really decided the success and final triumph of the Union arms in the War of the Rebellion. The old Fifteenth may well be proud of the part it bore in that terrible struggle, and there are many brave and noble men of our town who will remember that battle and will tell with pride and pleasure to their children, and children's children, how they helped to win the day on that bloody field. The Union losses in the three days are reported at 16,500 killed and wounded, and 6,600 missing, mostly taken prisoners on the first day. The Rebel losses were reported at 18,000 killed and wounded, and 13,600 missing, mostly prisoners in the hands of the Union Army. Gen. Lee entered Pennsylvania with at least 100,000 men, of whom about 83,000 were in this battle. The Union forces on the field were reported at 85,000, of whom not over 70,000 were in action. Gen. Hooker resigned command of the Army of the Potomac, June 27, and Gen. Meade assumed it June 28, only three days before the opening of the Battle of Gettysburg.

The next important battle in which the 15th was engaged, was fought October 14, 1863, at Bristow Station, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, about four miles from Manassas Junction, and about thirty-five miles southwest from Washington. The Confederates under Gen. A. P. Hill made the attack, which was handsomely repulsed by the Federal forces under Gen. G. K. Warren, who captured a large number of prisoners and several pieces of artillery. The losses of the enemy were severe, while the Union loss was only one officer and two men killed, nine men wounded, and two missing. This Regiment was in the Battle at Robertson's Tavern, November 27, and other unimportant engagements, before closing the campaign. The Regiment went into winter quarters near Stevensburg, Va., December 7, 1863. This place is about ten miles east of Culpepper, sixty-five or seventy miles southwest from Washington, and six or eight miles north of the Rapidan River. In March, 1864, Gen. Grant, then in command of all the Union Armies, made his headquarters with Gen. Meade, who was still in command of the Army of the Potomac, and determined " to fight it out " with that Army and "on that line." Gen. Meade's army, in which was the 15th

Regiment, broke camp near midnight, May 3, 1864, and moved south to the Rapidan, which was successfully crossed with little opposition, and the whole army, before sunset on the fourth, was in the rough and woody section south of the Rapidan, familiarly known as the Wilderness, while the Confederate army under Gen. Lee was facing it, only a little distance south. On the fifth, the Fifth Army Corps of Gen. Meade's Army met the advance of Lee's Army, and a fierce encounter ensued between some 25,000 men, opening this bloody campaign. The evening of the fifth found the opposing armies face to face, with a momentous conflict impending on the morrow. At dawn of day, May 6, the battle was renewed all along the lines, and continued with unabated fierceness and great loss of life, until darkness closed the day, with no apparent advantage gained by either army, and each holding substantially the same position as on the night before. On the seventh, both armies were behind intrenched lines, and each too much exhausted to renew the fight. Gen. Meade, with the advice of Gen. Grant, determined to move to the left, and, if possible, to secure a flank movement on the right of Lee's Army, but Gen. Lee anticipated and prevented it. The engagements known as the Spottsylvania battles followed, from May 8 to May 21, and were sanguinary conflicts attended with great losses. Here fell three of our own men, George L. Sherman, Louis D. Winslow, and William Bates, whose names are inscribed on our Soldiers' Monument, and whose noble deeds, and heroic death, will ever be remembered and honored. The Battles of North Anna River were fought May 23, 24, 28, 29, and 30, and were severe and bloody engagements, resulting in the success of the Union forces. On May 31, Gen. Sheridan, with a Federal force, occupied Cold Harbor, driving the Confederates from the place ; but while in these battles the Union army was victorious, they were attended with fearful losses, and our hearts are saddened at the thought of the thousands of brave and heroic men who sacrificed their lives, and of other thousands who were maimed and crippled for life, in those terrible conflicts. Gen. Meade reported his losses in the 26 days in the Wilderness, from May 5 to May 31, at 41,398 men (of whom 33,948 were killed and wounded), not including the loss in Burnside's corps, which did not join Gen. Meade's command until May 24th.

Although the advance forces of Grant's Army under Gen. Sheridan had on May 31 driven the Confederates from Cold Harbor and occupied the place, Lee was determined to retake it. He strongly intrenched his army for that purpose, and on June 3 was fought the memorable battle of Cold Harbor, one of the bloodiest and most desperately contested battles of the war, and although the fight continued only about half an hour, Gen. Grant's loss was officially reported at not less than 7,000 men. No victory was won by either army, but each stubbornly holding its ground, they remained confronting each other until June 12, when Gen. Grant, having decided on another plan, by a rapid movement crossed the Chickahominy and James rivers, below City Point, and on June 15 th and 1 6th made formidable assaults on Petersburg, 23 miles south of Richmond, which were repulsed with a loss to the Union forces, as reported by Gen. Grant, of 10,268 men. He then decided to invest the city, and the siege began June 19, 1864, and was continued until April 3, 1865, when, after a week's bombardment by Grant's army, Gen. Lee evacuated the city, and his surrender at Appomattox, only six days after, terminated the war.

The 15th Regiment when it entered the service numbered more than 1,000 strong, and recruits had joined it from time to time while in the field, so that, in all, it embraced 1,428 men, but its losses in killed, wounded, sick and prisoners, in the severe campaigns of 186 1-3, had so depleted it that a field return on May i, 1864, gives the entire strength of the Regiment, officers and men, at only about three hundred. On June I, after the Battles of the Wilderness, it had lost in killed and wounded one-half its numbers, and on the 2 2d of June, when it confronted the enemy on the Jerusalem plank road before Petersburg, it had dwindled to 5 officers and about 70 men. At this time and place, a break or gap in the line of battle allowed the enemy to throw a force on the flank and in the rear of the second division of the second corps, in which was the little remnant of the Fifteenth, and the first intimation of thp position of affairs was a demand for surrender. Taken by surprise and overwhelmed by numbers, there was no alternative, and the Union boys were marched off prisoners. In the number were 4 officers of the 15th, and 65 men. One officer and 5 or 6 men escaped; afterwards the officer was wounded. The 5 men, with a few convalescents who arrived from hospital, were placed for a few days in another command, until officers of the Regiment, who had been wounded in the campaign, arrived from hospital; when, on July 12, 1864, the little remnant of the Fifteenth was ordered to proceed to the city of Worcester, to be mustered out of service, its term of 3 years having expired. One company not mustered in till August 5, 1861, was left in the field, and some had also re-enlisted for another term of three years ; these were transferred to the 20th Regiment Mass. Vols., but the rest of the Regiment, including all who had been on detached service, and the sick and wounded from the hospitals who were able to travel, joyfully obeying the order, started for Worcester and " home, sweet home." The Regiment entered Worcester, officers and men, the well and strong, the sick and feeble, the wounded and crippled, numbering, all told, only about 150 men, their whole appearance in sad and marked contrast with the grand old Fifteenth Regiment, with its full companies and ranks of healthy, robust, hopeful men, which marched out from Worcester August 8, 1861. But the splendid reception and hearty welcome which these brave men received will never be forgotten by them. His Excellency Gov. Andrew, His Honor Mayor Lincoln of Worcester, and the city authorities of Boston were present, and welcomed them home, thanking them in eloquent words, in behalf of the State and country, for all the sacrifices they had made, and the heroic service they had rendered, and alluding with greatest respect and tearful sympathy to their fallen comrades, who, in giving their service in defence of the Union and the flag, had sacrificed their Hves upon their country's altar. Both city and State were represented in the miUtary escort and procession. The buildings gayly decorated, the stars and stripes waving in the breeze, the crowded streets, the loud huzzas and welcoming shouts of the multitude, all gave proof of the distinguished honor bestowed upon these noble men by a grateful people.

Twentieth Regiment

The 20th Regiment was recruited at Camp Massasoit, Readville, Mass., and was organized under command of Col. William Raymond Lee, of Roxbury. Mustered into the service of the United States, August 28, 1 86 1, and left the State September 4, 1861, to join the Army of the Potomac. This Regiment had a most honorable record, and did much heavy marching and fighting, sustaining great losses in some of the most severe conflicts of the war. It was in many battles with the Fifteenth, and its courage and bravery were not surpassed even by that gallant fighting Regiment, and it deserves equal praise, gratitude and honor. It was in the closing battles of the war at Petersburg and around Richmond, pushing the enemy in the immediate vicinity of Appomattox at Lee's surrender, April 9, 1865. On its return home, it passed in review before Gens. Meade and Halleck, in Richmond, and before the President at Washington. The Regiment consisted of only 1 7 officers and 380 enhsted men, when mustered out at Readville, Mass., July 20, 1865. It was in the following battles, viz. : Ball's Bluff, Yorktown, West Point, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Chantilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Po River, Spottsylvania, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Ream's Station, Boydtown Road, Vaughan Road and Farmville.

Twenty-Fourth Regiment

This regiment was recruited by Col. Thomas G. Stevenson, of Boston, at Camp INIeigs, Readville. It was mustered into the service of the United States December 6, 1861, and left the State December 9, 1861, for Annapolis, Md., where it was encamped till January 6, 1862. It then embarked on board transports as a part of Burnside's Expedition. The efficient and distinguished service of this Regiment cannot be better expressed than by the words of His Excellency Gov, Bullock, in his address of welcome, on its return home, January 27, 1866 :

" The limitations of this occasion will not permit me to recall to those who are in attendance to witness the closing scene, your long and eminent services. Since you left the State more than four years ago, the eyes of our citizens have followed you : - with Burnside to Roanoke Island, Newbern, Kinston and Goldsboro, in North CaroHna ; into South Carolina to the assault on Fort Wagner and the siege of Charleston ; to Florida, and back to South Carolina ; to the Army of the James, engaged at Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, and in the battles of the siege of Richmond ; and retained among the last, to crown the triumphs of the field with peaceful guarantees. I welcome you home. But all have not returned. Eight officers of the hne and 210 enlisted men have fallen in battle, and by the casualties of war. The soldier's bed has been made for them, but their names shall be treasured in the official rolls, and in the heart of the State, and they themselves shall live in immortal fame."

After complimenting the Regiment for its patriotism, its discipline, and the re-enlistment of 420 of its men, and a brief eulogy upon its dead Brig. Gen. Stevenson, the Governor said : " It only remains that I should now transfer your colors to the great companionship in which they shall , henceforth be preserved, and that in behalf of a grateful people I should greet and honor your return." After the reception of the colors, the Regiment marched to Faneuil Hall and partook of a collation provided by the city of Boston. Speeches were made by His Honor Mayor Lincoln, Gen. Gordon, Gen. B. F. Edmands, Rev. Mr. Gaylord, and many others prominent in military and civic circles. The men then separated to return to their homes, to engage once more in the peaceful avocations of life.

Twenty-Fifth Regiment

The Twenty-Fifth Regiment, under command of Col. Edwin Upton of Fitchburg, was recruited in Worcester County, and went into Camp Lincoln on the Agricultural Grounds, in Worcester, September 26, 1861, although the full number of men had not then been recruited. On the 7th of October, and daily thereafter, till the duty was performed, the Regiment was mustered into the service of the United States, by companies. By order of His Excellency John A. Andrew, the Regiment left Worcester, October 31, and proceeded to Annapolis, Md., where they reported for service to Gen. A. E. Burnside. The Regiment went into Camp Hicks, at that place, and remained there, drilling and perfecting itself in the school of the soldier, until January 6, 1862, when it embarked and sailed with the fleet composing Burnside's North Carolina Expedition, and was engaged in all the principal battles in that part of the army, viz : Roanoke, Newbern, Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsboro', Port Walthal Junction, Arrowfield Church, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, and other battles before Richmond ; Wise's Forks and many less important battles and skirmishes. No truer or braver men honored our State in the grand army for the defence of the Union, than composed this Regiment. Col. Upton resigned October 28, 1862, in consequence of disability, and the Regiment was subsequently commanded successively by Col. Josiah Pickett of Worcester and Col. James Tucker of Boston. Of this Regiment no higher commendation can be given than to say that during their whole service, in camp, in hospital, on the long and tiresome march, and in the heat and smoke of battle, its record was at all times and everywhere worthy of the brave and noble men who composed it. Those men whose term of service had expired were mustered out October 20, 1864. The remainder, composed of re-enlisted men and recruits with unexpired terms, were consolidated into a battalion of four companies, which was mustered out July 13, 1865. The Adjutant General's Reports from 1862-5, give a full record of their efficient services, from which is quoted as follows : " This closes the record of the Twenty- Fifth Regiment Massachusetts Infantry Veteran Volunteers ; a Regiment that has always and everywhere sustained the high character with which it left the State, and has vindicated the honor of Massachusetts. Its colors have never been yielded to the enemy."

Thirty-Fourth Regiment

This Regiment, in which North Brookfield was represented by thirteen men, seems to have been raised in Worcester County, but its members represented all parts of the State. It was under command of Col. George D. Wells of Boston, was mustered into the service of the United States August 13, 1862, and left the State August 15, 1862. During 1862, and until July 7, 1863, the Regiment was stationed near Washington and Alexandria, doing garrison, guard and escort duty, as ordered from time to time. It gained in Washington a high reputation for the neatness, quiet, and tasteful arrangement of its quarters, the elegance of its muskets, its soldierly bearing and discipline, its proficiency in drill, and the excellence of its band. Its dress parades were especially admired, and drew large crowds of spectators, and were very highly complimented by the press. July 9, 1863, the Regiment was ordered to Harper's Ferry, then in possession of the Rebels. Col. Wells moved his command the same day to Maryland Heights, near Harper's Ferry, and there encamped. He was at the same time assigned to the command of the Second Brigade in the division of Gen. Nagle. July 14, 1863, Col. Wells crossed the Potomac in boats, and took possession of Harper's Ferry, the enemy retiring on the "double quick." Col. Wells advanced, the Regiment occupied the town, and encamped on Camp Hill. The artillery of Col. Wells' Brigade from Maryland Heights, shelled the enemy during the passage of the river. Although engaged in no important battle during the campaign of 1863, it performed long and fatiguing marches and re-marches, skirmishing, and driving the enemy from place to place, and doing efficient and valuable service until the close of the year, when it was again in camp at Harper's Ferry. In February, 1864, commenced the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of that eventful year, and on May 14 and 15 the Thirty-fourth was in its first great fight - the Battle of Newmarket, and, although they fought like tigers, they were overcome by the overwhelming odds of the enemy. They went in with about 500 men, and, in the fight of 30 minutes, lost I officer and 27 men killed, 8 officers and 166 men wounded, and 2 officers and 16 men taken prisoners; total loss 220 - nearly one-half of the whole number. In the Adjutant General's Report of the fight it is said that the Regiment could only be stopped when commanded to retreat, by Col. Wells laying hold of the color bearer and holding him by main force. June 9 they were engaged in the Battle of Piedmont, where they charged upon the enemy, who were behind rail breastworks, and drove them, capturing more than 1,000 prisoners, but the loss of the Regiment was very heavy. Space forbids a full account of the splendid service rendered by this Regiment, the sanguinary conflicts in which it was engaged, and its faithful devotion and heroic conduct till final victory crowned the Union Arms. Col. Wells was mortally wounded in battle near Cedar Creek, Va., October 13, 1864. He fell into the hands of the enemy, and was taken to Strasburg, Va., where he died the same evening. He was as brave and gallant an officer as ever went from this State, and greatly beloved by all the officers and men of his command. When he was wounded an of^cer was sent to assist him from his horse, but he would not be carried to the rear, saying, " Gentlemen, it is of no use ; save yourselves." After his death, Lieut. Col. William S. Lincoln, of Worcester, was promoted to Colonel of the Regiment. The more important battles in which the Regiment was engaged were Newmarket, Piedmont, Lynchburg, Snicker's Gap, Martinsburg, Halltown, Berryville, Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. They were also engaged with and closely pressing the enemy near Appomattox, on the morning of April 9, 1865, when, at 9 o'clock, they were ordered to cease firing, and in the afternoon the joyful news came that Lee had surrendered. From this time the Regiment performed such service as circumstances required, until June 16, 1865, when such original members as were present with the command were mustered out of the service, at the capital of the late Rebel Government ; those whose terms of service did not expire until after October i, following, being transferred to the 24th Mass. Infantry, then Provost Guard of the city of Richmond, under command of Col. George B. Macomber, of Oakham, Mass., and Lieut. Jerre Horton. The Regiment broke camp at early dawn the next day, June 1 7, and took up their march for home. They went by boat, via Baltimore, to Philadelphia, where they received a joyous welcome and a bountiful breakfast, Sunday morning, June 19. On the evening of that day they arrived at New York, where they received a hearty welcome and were feasted on strawberries by the military agent of that State ; Col. Frank E. Howe, our own faithful and devoted State Agent, being absent, but on his return he was indefatigable in his attentions. Under his escort, in the fading beauty of the next day's sun, through gayly decorated streets, thronged with welcoming citizens, and roar of artillery, the Thirty-fourth Massachusetts commenced the last stage of its homeward route. Pveaching Readville the next day, the public property was turned over to the proper authorities, and, on July 6, having completed within 25 days their period of enlistment, the men received their pay and final discharge. At the Battle of Cedar Creek, when in the early dawn of the morning, under cover of a dense fog, the Rebel Army had passed undiscovered around our left, and came thundering down upon the flank and rear of the Union forces, the Thirty-fourth alone of all the Army of West Virginia, preserved its formation entire. A brother officer of a sister State, but of a different arm of the service, says of this Regiment : " It was always first to advance, and last to retreat, maintaining its organization unbroken under all circumstances." Col. Lincoln, on returning the white flag of the State, said : " I return it with the proud satisfaction that no act of ours has stained its purity. It is endeared to us by the memory of our common trials and privations, of our mutual services and dangers ; and is made sacred to our hearts by the blood of the gallant men who have breathed out their spirits l;)eneath its folds."

Thirty-Sixth Regiment

North Brookfield was represented in tliis Regiment by fourteen men. It was recruited in Worcester County, organized at Worcester in Camp Wool, and mustered into the service of the United States August 30, 1862. September 2, their friends in Worcester having procured a beautful national flag, the same was presented to the Regiment by Hon. P. Emory Aldrich, Mayor, in eloquent and appropriate words. The Regiment left the State the same day to join the Army of the Potomac. Its history is an eventful and honorable one. It seems to have suffered quite as much from its long and weary marches and short rations as in the field. In November, 1862, while at Carter's Road, Va., their supply train having been cut off, two ears of corn and a small piece of fresh meat daily were all the rations received for about a week. It was at the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, but was held in reserve on the bank of the river, and lost only two men, wounded by shell. In February, 1863, it went to Newport News, and passed six weeks in drill and camp duty ; when it proceeded by boat and rail to Lexington, Ky., where it arrived March 29. Here it encamped one week, and then by special order from Gen. Burnside, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, to guard the polls at the city election, which passing off quietly, the services of the Regiment were not required. It next went into Camp " Dick Robinson," thirty miles south of Lexington, where it arrived April 9. In the latter part of May, the Regiment, with other forces, was ordered to march in pursuit of Morgan's guerrillas ; they captured twenty-five prisoners, and returned without loss. June i, Col. Bowman was promoted to the command of a brigade, consisting of the Thirty-Sixth and three other regiments. After some successful fighting with the guerrillas, by which some more were captured, the brigade went by rail and boat to Milldale, ten miles in rear of Vicksburg, where it took up a position to prevent the rebel Gen. Joe Johnston from raising the siege. Vicksburg falling July 4, the brigade pursued Johnston in his retreat, doing him much damage ; but these skirmishes and the return march were badly managed, and resulted in the loss of several men of the Thirty-Sixth. Without rations, under a Mississippi sun, they were marched till some dropped dead in the ranks, and large numbers fell out exhausted. They returned to their old camp at Milldale, which they reached about July 25, and nearly half the division went into hospital. July 27, Col. Bowman was discharged, and, on the 30th, Col. Norton was also relieved. On the 31st, Arthur A. Goodell of Worcester was promoted from Major to Lieutenant Colonel, and took command of the Regiment. August 5, the Regiment embarked on the Hiawatha, for Cairo, 111. ; here they took cars for Cincinnati, where they arrived August 12, crossed the Ohio River to Covington, Ky., and went into barracks. The Mississippi campaign was a severe one for the Thirty-Sixth ; causing a loss of full fifty of its men by death, and nearly 100 more by discharge. August 17, the Regiment left Covington, going by rail to Nicholasville, Ky., and thence marched thirty-five miles to Crab Orchard ; many being left sick at various points in Kentucky. September 10, the remnant of th? first division left Crab Orchard for East Tennessee. The Thirty-sixth at this time numbered only 198 guns, out of nearly 800 enlisted men. September 22, the Regiment arrived at Morristovvn, Tenn., having marched 140 miles. It was next detailed as guard for a wagon train going to Gen. Burnside's Army, then operating in the vicinity of Bristol, Tenn. ; but after marching ten miles, the train was ordered back, and the Regiment went into camp at Knoxville. After being there only six days, they were ordered to march to meet the Rebels advancing from Virginia, under Gen. Jones ; they fought and defeated them October 10, at Blue Springs. The Thirty-sixth lost in this battle three officers and three men wounded, one man fatally. Lieut. Col. Goodell was severely wounded by a piece of shell. The enemy was pursued twenty miles, and many prisoners were taken. The Regiment then returned to Knoxville. It next marched south, thirty miles, to Loudon, Tenn., where the Rebels were threatening our position ; remained there five days, but did not meet them. October 29, the Regiment went into camp at Lenoir's, and the men were notified that they would winter there, and the next fortnight was spent in constructing winter quarters. When these were nearly completed, on November 14, orders were received to move, as Longstreet was reported to be approaching. The teams of this brigade were away, and as no others could be obtained, nearly all the regimental baggage was abandoned and destroyed. After the discharge of Col. Bowman, the Thirty-Sixth was attached to Col. Morrison's brigade, consisting of this and three other Regiments, the Forty-Fifth Pennsylvania, the Eighth Michigan, and the Seventy- Ninth New York. This brigade was sent out on the Kinston road to prevent the advance of the enemy, and did most efficient and valuable service. Here, November 16, 1863, was fought the Battle of Campbell's Station, sixteen miles southwest from Knoxville. The Regiment lost in this battle, one officer and three enhsted men killed, three officers and fourteen men wounded, and three men missing. After repulsing the Rebels the brigade returned to Knoxville, and was assigned a position among the forces stationed there for the defence of the city against Gen. Longstreet's army. November 29, Longstreet's forces made a fierce attack on the defences of the city, determined to capture it ; but after suffering terrible loss, and a complete defeat, he was compelled to retire, and the shouts of victory rang through the Union forces. The Regiment remained in Tennessee till the close of 1863, marching, as ordered, from time to time, and from place to place, performing faithfully and bravely every duty, and bearing patiently their privations and hardships ; suffering much from cold, hunger, want of clothing, insufficient sleep, and other causes. In January, 1S64, the Regiment was encamped at Strawberry Plains, Tenn., where they were in great destitution, and continued to suffer from cold and hunger ; their rations at this time being only about one spoonful of flour per day, and what corn could be picked up from under the feet of the mules and horses. The Regiment continued in

Tennessee till March 21, when it commenced its march over the Cumberland Mountains, to Nicholasville, Ky., a distance of 198 miles, where it arrived April i. On April 2, it took cars for Annapolis, Md., reached there April 6, and went into camp. Here provisions were plenty, new clothing was drawn, everything was comfortable, neat and clean, and the boys were joyous in the expectation of being allowed a rest of several weeks, after the hardships they had endured through the winter ; but they were permitted to remain only a few days, being ordered to break camp, and take up their march south - they went to Alexandria, thence to Fairfax Court House, thence to Bristow, thence to Cadett's Station, from thence to Bealton, halting a day or two at each of these places, and on May 5, 1864, crossed the Rapidan, and on the 6th the Regiment was engaged in the Battle of the Wilderness, where it charged the enemy three times and sustained a heavy loss. It was also engaged May 7 and 8 without loss ; on the 8th and 9th marched to Chancellorsville, about nine miles east from the Wilderness, and on the 15 th marched southerly fifteen miles to Spottsylvania Court House, where on May 12, it was engaged in the terrible battle at that place, in which the Regiment suffered severely ; Capt. Bailey and First Lieut. Daniels being killed, Capt. Morse badly wounded, twenty enlisted men killed, and fifty-six wounded. Here on this day fell one of our own brave boys, Louis D. Winslow. The Regiment remained near this place till May 21, when it crossed the Po and North Anna Rivers and was almost daily engaged skirmishing with the enemy. June 3, the Regiment was engaged in the battle at Cold Harbor ; its loss in this battle being two officers wounded, (Capt. Burke and Lieut. Passage,) eight enlisted men killed, thirty-seven wounded. After this battle the Regiment remained in this vicinity and was engaged in occasional skirmishes till June 12, when it commenced its march to the James River, which it reached near Harrison's Landing on the night of the 14th; remained in camp there during the 15th, and on the night of the 15th, and day of the i6th, was on the march to Petersburg; arrived there on the evening of the i6th, and at daybreak on the 1 7th charged the Rebel works, completely surprising the enemy, capturing 4 cannon, 600 prisoners, over 1,500 muskets and equipments, and a large amount of ammunition. In this charge Capt. Holmes was mortally wounded ; of enhsted men three were killed, and fifteen wounded. The next day the brigade in which was the Thirty-sixth supported the First Division, and this Regiment lost one officer killed, Capt. Buffum, enlisted men killed, one ; wounded, seven. The Regiment remained in the rifle-pits before Petersburg from June 18 to August 19. July 30 the Rebel fort was blown up and an assault made ; but the Thirty-Sixth remained in the rifle-pits; where its loss from June 18 to August 19, was enlisted men killed, 5 ; wounded, 14. August 19 the Regiment marched 5 miles to VVeldon Railroad, and remained in camp there, doing picket duty till September 27, when it broke camp and marched to the vicinity of Petersburg, and from thence to Poplar Spring Church, Va., where it took part in the charge on the Rebel works, at Pegram Farm, September 30. The first line of works was taken, but in attempting to carry the second line the Union forces were repulsed with considerable loss, and among the killed was one of our own heroic men, Lyman H. Gilbert. The Regiment remained in line through the day of October i, expecting an attack from the enemy, but none being made, it moved forward about a quarter of a mile, and established a new line near the Boisseau house at Pegram Farm, losing in this movement six enlisted men, wounded. It remained in Pegram Farm Camp, excepting Httle movements for the purpose of deceiving the enemy, till November 29, 1864, when the Regiment was ordered to march and occupy Fort Rice, in front of Petersburg; here it remained till April, 1865, doing picket duty, and watching the movements of the enemy. On April 3, the Rebels having during the previous night evacuated their lines around Petersburg, our troops, including the Thirty-Sixth, were early in motion, and, passing through Petersburg, followed them twelve miles. On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, the march was continued after the retreating army of Gen. Lee, reaching Nottaway Court House, forty-five miles from Petersburg, on the 6th. Here the Regiment was detailed to guard a supply train to army headquarters. After marching two days and nights without sleep, and stopping only twice, just long enough to make coffee, they arrived at Rice's Station on the South Side Railroad, on the morning of the 8th ; here the Regiment was relieved, and went into camp. April 9, it marched to Farmville, ten miles in advance, on South Side Railroad, relieved the guards and took charge of prisoners. Lee having surrendered April 9, on the evening of April 26 the Regiment embarked at City Point on steamer Vidette, and at daylight the next morning sailed for Alexandria, Va., where it arrived on the 28th, and went into camp. Here it remained until mustered out at 6 o'clock a.m., June 8. It left Alexandria the same afternoon with orders to proceed to Readville, Mass. It arrived there on the evening of June 10, and pitched its tents for the last time. Although the Regiment when it left the State numbered 1,040 strong, and several hundreds from time to time had been added to it while in the field, it had been so reduced by death, wounds, sickness and other causes, that during its last campaign it averaged only about 300 men present for duty. When mustered out, 233 men, present and absent, whose term of service did not expire till October i, 1865, were transferred to the Fifty-Sixth Regiment, Mass. Vols. ; of these 203 were re-enlisted veterans from the Twenty-First Regiment.

ments : Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Jackson, Blue Springs, Campbell's Station, Siege of Knoxville, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Poplar Spring Church, Hatcher's Run, and many other less important fights and skirmishes. Probably no regiment which left our State had a more varied and trying experience than the Thirty-Sixth, although the Fifteenth, and perhaps some others, suffered more severely in battle. It was filled with brave and gallant men, ever ready to follow the flag wherever duty called, and, if need be, sacrifice themselves in its defence ; and our State and country will regard with gratitude and respect those who survived the perils of the war and were permitted to return, and will ever honor and cherish the memory of their fallen comrades, the heroic men who died that their country might live. On Tuesday, June 13, the entire Regiment visited Worcester, and the little band of bronzed and hardy veterans presented a strange contrast to that Regiment which nearly three years before, with full ranks, marched the same streets on their journey to the front. The city was gayly decorated, and flags were flying in all directions. A bountiful collation was provided by the city, and His Honor Mayor Ball addressed the veterans in eloquent words of welcome and congratulation. The same flag which had been presented to the Regiment on the day it left the city, now soiled and rent, and its staff shattered, was carried at the head of the column and is now preserved in the State House in Boston, with the flags of the Massachusetts Regiments. It is a matter of pride to the Regiment that in all its arduous service, and on many hard-fought fields, it never lost a color or a flag. The reception and ovation was all that could be desired, and will ever be remembered with pride and pleasure by those who participated in it. On Monday, the 19th of June, 1865, the Regiment assembled as a body for the last time at Readville, and received its pay and final discharge.

Forty-Second Regiment

A brief history of the 42d Regiment nine months' Mass. Vols, will not only be interesting to the relatives and friends of North Brookfield soldiers in this Regiment, but it is due to the men who served in it ; that those who, in after years, shall read this record, may know why there is no account of any battles in which the men in it, who went from this town, were engaged.

The Regiment was recruited at Camp Meigs, Readville, Mass., and the men who composed it went chiefly from Boston and its immediate vicinity. It was commanded by Col. Isaac S. Burrill, of Roxbury. As there was likely to be too much delay in filling it from that vicinity. Col. Burrill obtained an order for the transfer of three companies from the 51st Regiment, then recruiting at Camp Scott, Worcester, to his regiment ; and Cos. E, F, and K, were thus transferred.

The Regiment left Camp Meigs, Nov. 21, 1862, went to New York, was ordered to Camp N. P. Banks, at Union Race Course, East New York, and, on the evening of the 2 2d, marched out there, a distance of nine miles, arriving at 9 o'clock, on a cold, stormy night ; no provision had been made for it, and it bivouacked in the streets, sheds, and wherever the men could find a place ; went into camp next day, and remained there until Dec. 2d, when it broke camp, and marched to Brooklyn. Thence it embarked on four transport steamers, the Saxon, Quincy, Shetucket and Charles Osgood. The Quincy sailed from New York on the night of Dec. 4, 1862, and the others the next morning, all in Gen. Banks's expedition, with sealed orders, - not to be opened until out at sea, - to report at Ship Island, Pascagoula Bay, about seventy-five miles east of New Orleans. The Saxon proved to be the only seaworthy transport of the four. Three companies, D, G, and I, with Col. Burrill, and Adjt. Davis, Quartermaster Burrill, Surgeon Cummings and Chaplain Sanger of his staff, were on this boat, arriving at Ship Island on the 14th, and at New Orleans on the i6th, and the same day proceeded to Carrollton on the Mississippi, 1 2 miles above New Orleans, and occupied Camp Mansfield under command of Col. Burrill. On the 19th he received orders to immediately re-embark on the Saxon and proceed with the detachment under his command to Galveston, Texas ; there to land and take post ; and was advised that the rest of his command would be ordered to follow him, on their arrival at New Orleans. The Saxon arrived at Galveston on the 24th. Commander Renshaw of the blockading fleet off" Galveston, and the commanders of all the gun-boats then in the harbor, who met and consulted with Col. Burrill on his arrival there, unanimously advised him to land at once, and take up quarters in a building on Kuhun's wharf, assuring him that he could safely do so, and that the gun-boats were perfectly able to repel any attack that might be made upon him. On the morning of the 25th, a landing was made in accordance with the above plan, and the stars and stripes were thrown to the breeze and greeted with hearty cheers by the troops. Barricades were erected, both at the building and at the approaches to the wharf, reconnoissances were made, a large picket force estabhshed, and every possible precaution taken for the safety of this little force of about 250 men. About three o'clock on the morning of January i, 1863, the pickets were driven in by the artillery of the enemy, who were advancing in force. Col. Burrill instantly formed his men behind his barricades on the wharf, and at the same time signalled to the gun-boats that the enemy was upon him. The enemy opened fire with artillery, which was responded to by our gun-boats. Two or three attempts were made to charge on, and capture our position before daylight, but each attempt was repulsed by Col. Burrill's little force, whose fire was so eftective as to drive the enemy from some of his guns. Soon after daylight, four rebel gun-boats and a ram were seen making for our fleet, and they captured the Harriet Lane, after a short, but fierce and determined engagement ; at eight o'clock a flag of truce was raised by the enemy on the Harriet Lane and on shore ; this was responded to by our fleet, and finally by Col. Burrill on the wharf. Col. Burrill at once despatched Adjt. Davis to the fleet to learn the cause of the truce, and also to get the gun-boats to come to the wharf and take off his command, as the enemy was seen to have overwhelming odds against him. The rebel force was under command of Gen. Magruder, who sent an officer demanding a surrender. Col. Burrill asked for an hour's delay before answering the demand ; this was refused, and he was assured that he would be attacked by the entire force of the enemy of 5,000 men and 31 pieces of artillery. Feeling that it would be folly to delay, and needlessly sacrifice his men. Col. Burrill decided to capitulate. On offering his sword to the officer, he was desired to keep it, in respect to the brave and able defence he had made with his little force against one so overwhelming ; and in respect to their courage and bravery, Gen. Magruder ordered that all private property, of the privates as well as officers, should be respected. The prisoners taken were Col. Burrill, Surgeon Cummings, Chaplain Sanger, all the officers of companies D, G and I, and 244 enlisted men, also Lieut. B. P. Stowell of Co. K. Col. Burrill's loss in killed and wounded was slight, while the loss of the enemy in killed and wounded, (by their own account,) was between three and four hundred. Adjutant Davis, from the deck of the gun-boat on which he was standing, saw Col. Burrill and his command marched off, prisoners of war ; he therefore remained on board, and immediately sailed with the fleet to New Orleans, and reported to Maj. Gen. Banks the result of the unfortunate expedition. The prisoners were sent to Houston, Texas, January 2d, and on the 2 2d the enlisted men were paroled and returned to New Orleans, but were never exchanged. They remained in parole camp at Camp Farr till the expiration of their service, and returned home with the rest of the Regiment ; but the officers (excepting Chaplain Sanger) were all kept more than a year after the return of the Regiment. In consequence of the foregoing facts the 4 2d Regiment was practically broken up, and was never permitted to perform service under its regimental officers.

Owing to the miserable condition of the transports the remainder of the Regiment did not all arrive in New Orleans until Jan. 14, 1863, forty-one days after leaving New York, and two weeks after Col. Burrill and his command, who went on the Saxon, had been captured. The remaining companies, under Lieut. Col. J. Stedman, were attached to the Second Brigade, under command of Col. Farr, of the 26th Mass.

Vols. Most of the officers were put on detached service in New Orleans, and elsewhere, and the different companies assigned to various guard and provost duties, as the service from time to time demanded. Some companies were in several battles, and several men were killed, and quite a large number wounded, but Co. F, in which were all the North Brookfield men, was never engaged in any battle, but they were always ready and willing to perform faithfully every duty to which they were assigned, and the Adjutant General in his report of 1863, makes honorable mention of services rendered by officers and men, and to this report reference may be had for a full history of the Forty-Second Regiment.

Fourth Regiment Cavalry

North Brookfield was represented in this Regiment by thirteen men. The Regiment was composed of the Independent Battalion, formerly Third Battalion, First R.egiment of Cavalry, Mass. Vols, and two new Battalions recruited in Massachusetts. At the time of the organization of the Regiment the First Battalion under command of Major Stevens of Cambridge, was stationed in South Carolina. The Second Battalion, under command of Major Keith of Boston, left the State for Hilton Head, S.C., March 20, 1864, and the Third Battahon, under command of Major Cabot of Brookline, also sailed for Hilton Head, April 23, 1864. Lieut. Col. A. A. Rand of Boston was in command of the Regiment. It consisted of twelve squadrons, each one hundred strong, and was fully recruited and organized about March i, 1864. The Regiment was soon ordered to report at Fortress Monroe to Major General Butler, commanding the Department of Virginia and North Carolina. The different Battalions of the Regiment were ordered from time to time to various places in Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Florida, doing efficient and valuable service during the campaign of 1864. It was engaged at Gainesville, Florida, Drury's Bluff, and at several of the engagements in front of Petersburg and Richmond. At the opening of 1865, the Regiment was divided as follows: Two companies were stationed at Jacksonville, Florida ; two at Deveaux Neck, S.C. ; two at the headquarters of the Twenty-Fourth Army Corps ; two at the headquarters of the Twenty- Fifth Army Corps before Richmond ; one at Williamsburg, Va., and one at Harrison's Landing, Va. The headquarters of the Regiment, with two companies, were at Vienna, Va,, attached to the headquarters of the Army of the James. Parts of the Regiment were engaged with the enemy at Picolata Road, Florida, February 4, also at Manning, Dingley's Mills, Swift Creek, Camden, Waterbury, and Deep Creek, S.C, on the 8th, 9th, i8th, 19th and 20th of April. When the Army of the James moved from its winter quarters, March 28, 1865, companies F and K remained attached to the Twenty-Fourth Army Corps and took part in the engagements of that Corps while in pursuit of the Rebel Army of Northern Virginia. Companies E and H remained with the Twenty- Fifth Army Corps before Richmond, and were the first troops to enter the city, April 3. The guidons of these companies were the first Union colors carried into Richmond, and raised by Union troops ; they floated from the Capital building until a large flag supphed their place. That part of this Regiment attached at this time to the headquarters of the Army of the James (companies I, L, and M), commanded by Col. Francis Washburn of Lancaster, Mass., marched with them to Burkesville, some seventy miles southwest of Richmond, at the crossing of the Richmond, Danville and South Side Railroad, where they arrived on the night of April 5. Early the next morning, in accordance with orders received the previous night, Col. Washburn, with two Regiments of Infantry and a part of his own force of Cavalry, started to destroy High Bridge, eighteen miles distant, and of great importance to the retreating Rebel army. The bridge was reached about noon of the 6th, but a short time before they arrived there, Brevet Brig. Gen. Theodore Reed arrived, with orders to hold, and not destroy, the bridge. He took command. It was soon found that the enemy was there in strong force, with cavalry and artillery, and had throwa a large body of troops between him and the Army of the James. Thus cut off, the only alternative for Gen. Reed was to charge, and if possible cut through the enemy. Two desperate charges were made, but in vain. Of the twelve officers engaged at this time, three were killed, and five severely wounded, and the little band was hemmed in and overpowered by two divisions of Cavalry - Rosser's and Fitz Hugh Lee's - the advance of Gen. Lee's Army. In this battle Gen. Reed was killed, and Col. Washburn mortally wounded. The latter died only a few days after, at the house of his brother, J. D. Washburn, in Worcester. Col. Washburn was one of the most fearless men that ever fought on the battle-field ; he was here fighting with an odds of eight men to one against him, in a hand to hand fight ; he might have escaped with his cavalry but refused to leave the infantry as long as there was the slightest chance of rescuing them ; accordingly he made a third charge, and while crossing sabres with a Rebel officer whom he had nearly disarmed, he was shot in the head by another, and after he had fallen received a terrible sabre cut upon the skull, which finished his work. He was two days a prisoner in the hands of the enemy, and notwithstanding they extolled his gallant bravery, they did nothing for his wounds and robbed him of his horse, his sword and his money. In regard to this heroic man, Hon. E. B. Washburn of Illinois, a very remote relative, while on a visit to the scene after the battle, wrote as follows : " I have seen Col. Washburn of the

Fourth Mass. Cavalry at the hospital at Point of Rocks. I cannot refrain from testifying to his unsurpassed gallantry and prowess in the action in which he was wounded, which challenged the admiration of both armies. Gen. Grant and Gen. Ord both bore testimony to his daring courage, and expressed to me the greatest anxiety for his speedy recovery. Your State may well be proud of such a noble son." Lieut. Gen. Grant, as soon as the intelligence of his death was received, paused amid his vast labors, and wrote with his own hand a letter to the family of the deceased, expressing his sympathy in their loss, and admiration for his gallant and heroic conduct. Sad indeed it seems that this brave man should be stricken down and not permitted to join in the shouts of victory and final triumph which rang through the land only three short days after he fell ; but he lived to hear the joyful news before going to his reward, and he and thousands of others with spirits as brave and true, who have sacrificed their lives upon their country's altar, will know they did not die in vain. Although the battle at High Bridge resulted in so great a loss in officers and men to the Union forces, the desperate fighting there inflicted great damage upon the Rebel forces and secured important results to our army. A Rebel Colonel, Inspector General on Lee's staff, said to Gen. Ord, after the surrender, " The cutting off" of Lee's army at Appomattox Court House was probably owing to the sharpness of that fight ; so fierce were the charges of Col. Washburn and his men, and so determined their fighting, that Gen. Lee received the impression that they must be supported by a large part of the army, and that his retreat was cut off." Acting under this impression, he halted his army, and gave what the Inspector General calls " stampeding orders." By the delay of Gen. Lee's retreating army in this fight. Gen. Sheridan and Gen. Ord were enabled to come up with their forces and cut off the retreat directly south, and consequently Lee was obliged to make a detour by way of Appomattox Court House. Confederate General Rosser concurs in this opinion, and states that the importance of that fight has never been appreciated. That Lieut. Gen. Grant and Gen. Ord appreciated its importance and confirmed the principal facts stated above, is shown by Lieut. Gen. Grant's Report of the Armies of the United States, an extract from which is given, in connection with the history of this Regiment, in Adjutant General Schouler's Report of 1865, page 660. Soon after the surrender of Lee the detachments were assembled at Richmond, Va., and the Regiment performed various guard and courier duty, until November 14, when it was mustered out of the service. It received its final discharge at Galloupe's Island, Boston Harbor, November 26, 1865.

Biographical Sketches

[As Mr. Adams was one of the original movers for a History of North Brookfield, was a member of the first committee of publication chosen by the town, and had performed a most important part of the work before his death, it is fitting that a brief obituary of him should be given in this connection. J. H. Temple.]

According to his own prepared Family Record, Mr. Adams is descended from Henry', who came from England and settled in Braintree ; the line running through Edward^ of Medfield, John 3 of Medfield, Abraham-* of Brookfield, Jesse s of Brookfield, Charles, M.D.^ of Antrim, N.H., and Oakham, Mass.

Charles, Jr.'' was born at Antrim, in the part tlien known as Woodbury Village, now South Antrim, Jan. 31, 1810, and died at North Brookfield, Apr. 19, 1S86. In addition to the advantages of the common schools, he attended a select school in Brookfield under Rev. John Bisbee, and studied eight months with Rev. Josiah Clark of Rutland. This completed his school education. He served an apprenticeship of five years in a country store at Petersham, and was employed as clerk for a single year by J. B. Fairbanks of Ware. He came to North Brookfield in 1832, and entered the employment of the Messrs. Batcheller, shoe manufacturers, as bookkeeper and accountant, which position he held for twenty years. In 1852, he became a member of the firm, and so continued till i860, when he retired, with a competence.

Mr. Adams was much in public life - having held by election, most of more responsible town offices : was representative to the General Court for the years 1850, '51, '52 and '62 ; state senator 1865, '66, '77 and '78 ; member of the executive council 1867, '62), '69 and '70; treasurer and receiver-general of the Commonwealth 18 71, '72, '73, '74 and '75. He was also honored with special trusts ; was commissioner of the Norwich and Worcester railroad Sinking Fund ; and for many years president of the North Brookfield savings bank. Perhaps it is enough to say, that in all these offices and trusts, he fully met the expectation of his constituents, for industry, ability, foresight, good judgment and integrity.

In manners, Mr. Adams had the dignity, without the preciseness, of a gentleman of the old school of official station. What was lacking in courtliness, was more than made up by self-poise, and an unaffected cordiality that won esteem, while it did not lessen respect. Always collected, and maintaining a proper self-respect, he yet was at home equally in the kitchen of the farmers and the parlors of the educated. He saw a true manhood in whomsoever it existed, and yielded it due homage ; he detected and did not conceal his contempt for mere pretence and outside show.

Though he often lamented his early disadvantages of schooling, yet he was, in the best sense, an educated man - not "self-made" as the popular phrase is, which imphes the creating of one's surroundings and means. Rather, he subjected those surroundings to his will, and made them the means to develop and furnish his mind ; and thus was educated and trained. He utilized whatever advantages were within his reach, whether at home, or at school, behind the counter, or in the counting-room ; first as a subordinate, and after as partner, owner, and director. He was a learner, always, and everywhere ; seizing the opportunities, which both old and young so often throw away, to gain knowledge of men, and methods, and principles, and business, as well as books. And this early training, and the formation of habits of observation and inquiry and research, and this steady application to the work and duty of the hour, laid the foundation of the self-rehance, and power of concentrated effort, which fitted him for the higher duties and responsibilities of business life and official position. He succeeded, because he had paid the full price of success.

Nor was his lack of school privileges apparent. He was well read in general and local history, as well as in political economy, the industrial sciences and finance. His memory was retentive, and was well stored with available knowledge. He was a good talker; and though commonly very practical in conversation, he yet possessed a mobile fancy, and a vein of humor shghtly imbued with satire, that, combined, and incited by refined instincts, and pure thoughts and associations, made him a desirable acquisition to any social circle.

In the quiet life of a busy manufacturer, and even in the reponsible station of a State official, there is little of incident, and few turns of affairs, to attract special notice, and give interest to a biographical sketch. The startling situations, and conflicts, and triumphs, which attach to military and professional life, and make the reputation and renown of men of thoses classes, and furnish the emphatic points in their biographies, are either wanting in legislative, and judicial, and mercantile experience ; or they are of strictly personal and temporary concern. They may have touched matters of success, or popularity, vital in their day ; but that

Hon. Charles Adams, Jr

While a member of the legislature, and the executive council," Mr. Adams gave his attention largely to matters of banking and finance, and questions growing out of the State's connection with the Troy and Greenfield, and the Boston, Hartford and Erie railroads, and other corporations. He was chairman, or a member of the appropriate committees. To these committees is intrusted the shaping of the financial policy of the Commonwealth. And as several of his terms of service followed close upon the ending of the late Civil War, his sound views and practical good sense made his influence at that juncture of especial consequence. The reports from his pen are distinguished by a broad grasp, and able reasoning, and safe conclusions.

Mr. Adams did not claim to be a popular speaker, and attempted nothing in the line of oratory. He wrote out his intended remarks ; and as he was a good reader, he made a favorable impression whenever he chose to appear before the public. He had himself and his theme well in hand ; his points were clearly put ; his evident mastery of his subject enlisted the hearer's attention, while his unaffected earnestness made a deep impression, if it did not carry conviction.

His style of writing was largely influenced by his leading pursuits. It was direct, unadorned, and what in Addisonian times would have been called didactic. He used Anglo-Saxon words and idioms ; and the guiding thread of logic was always apparent in his sentences and consecutive sections. Having Scotch blood in his veins, it was only natural that he should have a love for Scottish history and literature. He became particularly fond of the poetry of Gray and Burns, and the poetry and romance of Sir Walter Scott. And the chance he had of going abroad in 1 871, to complete the sale of State bonds in London, and which opportunity he embraced for extended travel in Scotland as well as on the Continent, intensified the early passion, and gave direction to his study and reflection in later years, after his retirement from office.

In a paper which he wrote in 1873, on " The Life and Times of Robert. Burns," he tells us how he was first led into this attractive field. " In the year 1827, when I was in my seventeenth year, in a trade with another young man, to make the bargain even, I received a copy of ' Burns' Poems ' in two small red-morocco bound volumes, without at the time knowing or caring who Robert Burns was. On opening the books I was delighted to find in them several songs which I had often heard sung by my mother - a descendant from clan McAllister - who was a fine singer - of course the finest I had then heard, and you will pardon me if I say the finest I have ever heard to this day (in my estimation) . Some of her favorites, which I found in these volumes, were

'Bonnie Doon,' 'John Anderson my Jo,' ' Auld Lang Syne,' 'Highland Mary,' 'The Lea-Rig,' etc. And the reading of these songs in their peculiar dialect, naturally led my thoughts beyond the songs themselves and the singer, and awakened an interest in the author and his life and home ; and thus insensibly I became an ardent admirer of Burns and Scotland." - He then relates his visit to the Land of Burns in 1871, and gives expression to the thoughts inspired by the sight of the places and associations amid which the poet lived and wrote.

This paper, filling sixty-three closely written pages of manuscript, reveals a trait of character which was prominent in all his life, viz., a tender and appreciative regard for his mother ; and it furnishes a fair sample of his literary style. It is characterized by vivid descriptions of natural scenery and peasant life. He groups the hamlet, and its occupants and home-surroundings in a spirited picture, charming by its lights and shades, its mingling of the real and ideal, and all enveloped in the fitful sunshine and mists of the Ayr and Ayrshire. - This paper, and a Diary kept by him, and since written out in full, take rank above many modern published essays and books of travel.

Mr. Adams prepared and delivered an Address at the semi-centennial of the Oakham Sabbath School, May, 1868; an Address at the centennial of Antrim, N.H., June 27, 1877, in response to the toast - "Scotch character: still marked by grit and grace"; an Address delivered on Washington's birthday, 1874; and read a paper on North Brookfield family history before the N.E. Historic-Genealogical Society, Feb. 1884 ; and had partly completed a Sketch of the Life of Thomas Gray. But his principal literary work was a compilation of Family Biographies, comprising the leading Brookfield settlers, and filling ten large quarto volumes. These manuscript volumes contain historical matter, personal anecdotes and adventures, and family memorials, of great value to genealogists, and are a monument of the author's patient research and discriminating judgment. A summary of these Records constitutes the Second Part of this Book.

Both by nature and self-culture, Mr. Adams was a conservative man. But his was a conservatism that is an element of strength, and not of weakness ; which was a consequent of deliberation and forecast, and not of timidity. He built on well laid foundations, and not on the sand. He made no more "haste" than "good speed." The meteor may out-dazzle the evening star ; but Jupiter remains king of the nightly heavens.

And this habit of mind fitted him for his work in the State Treasurership, and his other financial trusts. A wise conservatism always begets confidence, and when joined with a clear head and habits of investigation, is the common antecedent of permanent success. - This trait appeared as a factor in his daily life ; in his friendships ; in his views on education; on political and moral reforms ; and on questions of theology and religion. He learned the Assembly's Shorter Catechism from his mother ; and was accustomed to recommend it as a safe manual of Scripture doctrines to be taught to children. He was for fifteen years a member of Dr. Snell's Bible-class. And he united with the Presbyterian Church, because of its steadfast adherence to the old standards of faith and practice.

Mr. Adams was tender and strong in his social friendships, and his heart and purse were open to the calls of the needy and suffering. He bestowed his charities freely, but unostentatiously, on those who had a claim on his generosity and kindness. Many a widow and orphan will miss his timely help, and cherish and bless his memory.

Hon. Freeman Walker

Mr. Walker was an original member of the committee of publication of the Town History, and has died since the work was begun. The following autobiography was found among the papers left by Mr. Adams.

[Hon. Freeman Walker died July 13, 1883. A few days before his death he placed in my hands the following autobiographical sketch to be used in the town history, or such parts of it as the historian should see fit. It is inserted here in full. Charles Adams, Jr.']

Educational advantages, the public schools only, except one term at the Monson Academy in the fall of 1822. The winter following kept school in what was then the town of Western (now Warren) in the Coy's Hill district.

In Aug. of that year at the request of my brother Amasa, who had gone to Methuen, as agent of the Methuen Manufacturing Company, and with the assent of Newell & Taintor, I went to that town to take charge of a store connected with the Company. Here I remained three years, and then by his request, followed my brother to Boston, as his clerk, in whose employ I remained till Jan. i, 1830.

In the mean time I acted as accountant, keeping his books by double entry, and as principal salesman, as well as purchaser and as agent for the sale and purchase of merchandise, visiting from time to time all the cities between Boston and Richmond, Va. Spent some months for him in Alexandria, D.C., closing up a bankrupt shoe business in which he was interested as a creditor ; afterwards spent some months for him in Baltimore, where I remained till invited to connect myself with the firm of T. & E. Batcheller, which I did Jan. i, 1S30, under the firm of T. & E. Batcheller & Walker, where I remained till 1834.

In the mean time the business had very much increased, and assumed an organization which with great improvements has continued to the present.

After leaving the concern of Batcheller, I remained one year out of business, not being in good health, which had been one cause of my leaving business with them, as it was much against their wishes at the time. In 1835 I commenced the shoe business alone, and used the lower story of the old [first] town-house for that purpose, the basement of the building being then used as a district school, and the upper story as a high school.

In 1836 I built a shoe factory in addition to the carriage shop of S. G. Reed which I had bought for that purpose. There I continued business till 1838, and with Martin Bellows and others, was connected with the shoe business till 1842. In the mean time I had been appointed agent of the creditors of Woolson & Cutter of Louisville, Ky., where I spent some months in attempting to settle the claims of the said creditors against the concern, but without satisfactory success. It was during these years that I became connected with town affairs, and acted as Moderator, Selectman, Overseer of the Poor, and as Representative to the General Court in the years 1840 & 1841 and represented the County in Senate in the years 1852 & 1853 ; and of the 8'^ (?) district in the year 1861, making 3 terms in the Senate; acted as chairman of the committee on Manufactures two years, and on other important committees. Had the pleasure of sustaining Gov. Andrew in his efforts to equip and forward men to the Army, which in some instances he did before legal authority had been obtained for that purpose.

The session of 1861 was the last of my connection with legislation. Served three years on the Board C)f Agriculture as delegate from the Worcester West Agricultural Society. Have been connected with the affairs of the town since 1834. Acted on building committees in the erection of all [three of the] town-houses, and Grove School-house ; building the new road to East Brookfield ; was director during the location and construction of our Railroad and with which in that capacity I have been connected with this road to the present time. To go back in my business history, I would say that in connection with my brother Amasa, we bought the water privilege in East Brookfield and its appurtenances in the year 1S45, and proceeded to improve the same. First, by building a furnace and then a brick factory 75 X40 feet, and then a large store & saw mill ; put in new wheels and stones into the grist-mill, built an addition to accommodate the plaster business, &c.

In 1848 built the reservoir dam at what is known as Brooks Pond, thereby adding greatly to the water-power at East Brookfield, and thus laying the foundation of all the business and improvements that exist on the premises at the present day.

These investments were not money-making concerns to the proprietors, but were essential to the growth and prosperity of East Brookfield. I had connexion at different times with some of the business carried on upon these premises, but always yielded my connection with them when they were wanted by other parties. For instance in the machine shop and the manufacture of hay-cutters, which I took from a nominal existence, and in one year put it upon a respectable basis, and made $3,000, and at the request of my associate in business turned the concern over to him, after which he failed to make it a profitable concern. I did the same with the furnace business : took it on my hands when it had an unprofitable contract for castings, which I fulfilled to the entire satisfaction of the parties ; made favorable contracts for iron, and passed the concern over to the other party in interest, at their request, but not ultimately to their advantage.

In all my business relations, which include connection with at least 15 different individuals, no one of them could say that they were ever losers by business connection with me.

In society matters, I was one of those who left the First Congregational Society for the formation of the Union Congregational Society. This I did from an honest belief that the best interests of religion would be advanced by such a movement and not from any personal feeling of hostility to the then acting pastor of that society, although at the time of his settlement he was not a man of my choice, and never was appreciated by me as a pastor or preacher. I mention this fact to correct any impression that may have existed at the time, that a personal feeling against the minister, or any member of the church or society, had any influence in causing me to leave that society. And when the circumstances of the town and of the new society had so changed as in the opinion of many to make it expedient to unite the societies, it found in me an advocate for such a union, on terms of equality, mutual concession and self respect. Whether such a union would have been for the best good of the cause for which religious societies are formed, is perhaps an unsettled question, even at the present time.

My political life, though of no particular interest to any but myself, is briefly told. I cast my first vote for Governor of Massachusetts for

Levi Lincoln in 1824, as a National Republican. When the Antimasonic party was formed, I sympathized with the opposition then made to that institution [Masonry], and acted with that party till its object was supposed to have been accomplished in the enactment by our Legislature of a law forbidding the administration of extra-judicial oaths. I then united with the Whig party, in which I voted till the formation of the Free Soil party, and followed its fortunes till it was merged into the Republican Party of the present day. It was as a member of the Whig party that I represented the town in 1840 & 1841 ; and as a Republican three times in the Senate. I built the house where I now reside in

Finally I would say that frequent business changes may account for the fact that a business life of more than fifty years, has produced limited pecuniary results.

Hon. Amasa Walker

Amasa Walker, the oldest son of Walter Walker, was born in Woodstock, Conn., May 4, 1799. His parents, Walter Walker and Priscilla Carpenter, had been married on the 3rd of April, 1 798, and at the time of his birth were living in the village, then known as Muddy Brook, now as East Woodstock. Here they remained until the following spring, when they bought the estate in the North Parish of Brookfield, in Massachusetts, on which their son, Amasa, subsequently hved and died.

Owing to family circumstances, however, their young son was left with his Grandfather Carpenter, in Woodstock, for an entire year after the removal of his parents to Brookfield.

Amasa Walker was a very feeble and delicate child, and lack of physical stamina was manifest throughout all his youthful days, depriving him of the enjoyment of most of the athletic sports practised by his companions. The fact, however, had its compensation in the ^impulse given to study and reflection, and, perhaps, in a higher capacity of intellectual enjoyment.

On his father's estate in North Brookfield, Amasa Walker was reared, attending the Centre District School, near the old meeting-house ; and in the intervals of study, working upon his father's farm, or sticking cardteeth for the card manufacturers of Leicester. Naturally a good and even brilliant scholar, the child and youth took the utmost advantage of the limited opportunities offered by the village school of those days, and acquired that thorough training in English which, in later days, without the advantage of a college education, enabled him to discuss the most abstruse questions of political science clearly, effectively and agreeably, and to address Senates and Universities with acceptance. Among his principal competitors in school was Ebenezer Strong Snell, afterwards

Professor Snell of Amherst College. Among the teachers of his early youth, Mr. Walker placed highest, Mr. Harry Brigham (1811), as the most stimulating and helpful of schoolmasters. In the intervals between the public schools, the boy used to recite to the Rev. Dr. Snell, having among his fellow pupils, William CuUen Bryant and Elijah Meade.

In 1 8 14, young Amasa became clerk in Colonel Henshaw's store. Probably no clerk was ever more diligent and faithful or had a higher sense of the importance of his work. The qualities which afterwards secured his success in business on his own account, were fully exhibited in his early youth, and commanded the complete confidence and respect of his employer.

During the winter of 18 15 to '16, the young man was laid up as a result of a physical injury, and in the spring of 1816 went to live with Dr. Crossfield, who had opened a store in South Brookfield, just across the river. In June of that year the store was burned, and the young man became clerk to Captain Moses Bond, then trading on the old green, North Brookfield, afterwards known as the Lower Village.

In 181 7, Amasa Walker began to fit for Amherst College and was placed under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. Snell. His zeal in study soon outran his strength and his health completely broke down, compelling the abandonment of the college project. For three months during the winter of 181 7 to 1818, he taught school in District No. 6, and then went again to live with Captain Bond. For two years following, in spite of great feebleness and occasional entire prostration, he taught school in various districts of North Brookfield or worked upon the farm at home.

In October 1820 he, in company with Allen Newell, bought the store and stock of Major Holt in West Brookfield. The partnership continued successfully until February 1823, when Mr. Walker sold out his interest to Mr. Taintor. In writing of this, later in life, Mr. Walker said, " I put in $136, and my father let me have about ^650 : in all, about $800. I took out in cash, $3,550. Probably no young man had ever cleared so much in so short a time, in trade, at that period, in that part of the country. It was a day of very small things." After withdrawing from the partnership, Mr. W^alker became agent of the Methuen Manufacturing Company, and acted in that capacity for two years, still suffering much in health. In 1825, he entered into business in Boston with Charles G. Carleton, under the title of Carleton & Walker, and on the 6th of July, 1826, married his partner's sister Emeline, daughter of Deacon Jonathan Carleton of Boston. Mrs. Walker died July 24, 1828, leaving one child who died in infancy. In 1829, Mr. Walker went into business for himself, where his energy, ambition and high standard of duty and honor, enabled him speedily to achieve a large success ; yet, notwithstanding the urgent demands of his business and his always delicate health, often

In 1829, he helped to organize the Boston Lyceum and was its first secretary. This was the earliest institution of the kind in Massachusetts, and it required great efforts to rouse public interest and secure the active co-operation of those on whom the success depended. In the same year, he entered actively into the movement against Masonry, which culminated in the nomination of William Wirt for the presidency, in 1832. In the latter year he became president of the Boston Lyceum and a director of the Franklin Bank. In 1833, he dehvered the Fourth of July oration before the Young Men's Society of Boston ; this address was published. In 1834, June 23rd, he married Miss Hannah Ambrose of Concord, New Hampshire, by whom he had three children, all of whom survived him. In this year he wrote a series of articles in the Daily Advertiser, calling attention to the necessity of a railroad to connect Boston with Albany and the West beyond. These articles were signed South Market Street, and gave rise to a public meeting which resulted in securing the stock of the Western Railroad. In 1833, he was appointed one of the directors of the Western Railroad, serving in that capacity four years, either on behalf of the stockholders or of the state.

From the beginning of the anti-slavery movement, inaugurated by Mr. Garrison, Mr. Walker had joined actively in that effort, speaking and writing freely ; he never, however, acceded to the opinions of that great agitator and his eloquent associates adverse to the union of the states. Mr. Walker insisted upon the constitutional methods, within the Union, and subject to the laws of the land.

In 1839, he became president of the Boston Temperance Society, the first total abstinence association in that city. Mr. Walker's published writings on the subject of total abstinence extend back to 1826.

In 1840, owing to increasing bodily infirmities which seemed likely to cause speedy dissolution, Mr. Walker retired permanently from business. The scale of his mercantile transactions had been very extensive, and he had done more to open the trade of Boston with the South and Southwest than any other merchant of his generation ; but the large profits of his business had been, of course, greatly impaired by the almost total wreck of trade and industry in 1837 and 1839, so that Mr. Walker retired with only a moderate competence, sufficient, however, for all his needs. Not even ill health could diminish his interest in public affairs, and he took an exceedingly active part in the Harrison Campaign, strenuously advocating the establishment of the Sub-Treasury system as it at present exists. For this he was subjected to a degree of obloquy which it would be difficult to conceive ; but the results of forty years' financial experience have completely demonstrated the sagacity and soundness of his views. The winter of 1840 to 1841, Mr. Walker spent in Florida on account of his health. In 1842, he went to Oberlin, Ohio, on account of his great interest in the organization of a college in that town, to which he had contributed of his means, and remained there ten months, giving lectures in political economy, a subject to which his mind had been increasingly drawn by the financial experiences of 1837 and 1839. In May 1843, he finally took up his residence at North Brookfield, on his father's estate, but went almost immediately to England as a delegate to the First International Peace Congress, of which he became one of the vice-presidents. Mr. Walker's active interest in efforts to promote the cause of international peace, through the creation of a public opinion which should constrain statesmen and diplomatists to use all efforts peacefully to adjust their difficulties, and, in the failure of direct negotiation between the parties concerned, through international congresses having power to arbitrate and settle disputes, had begun in 1832.

In 1844, Mr. Walker resided mainly in North Brookfield but delivered a course of lectures at Oberlin College and attended peace conventions in various parts of the country, visiting the West in company with his wife. In 1846, he built large additions to his father's house, which had been erected in 1810. In this year he delivered the annual address before the Normal Institute at Bridgewater. During 1847, his attention was largely given to the peace cause.

In 1848, his long cherished anti-slavery convictions led to his taking an active part in the formation of the Free Soil party. He was a member of the National Convention at Buffalo, which placed Van Buren in nomination for the presidency. In the fall of that year he was elected to a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and resigned his professorship at Oberlin. He took his seat, January, 1849, and became the Free Soil and Democratic candidate for Speaker of the House. In the summer of this year he attended the International Peace Congress in Paris, becoming one of its vice-presidents. In the fall of the same year he was elected to the State Senate of Massachusetts. Taking his seat in January, 1850, he brought forward his plan for a sealed ballot law, which was enacted the following year ; and carried a bill providing that Webster's Dictionary should be introduced into the common schools of the state.

In 1 85 1, he was elected Secretary of State, for Massachusetts, by the united Free Soil and Democratic vote. During the year he delivered several public addresses. In 1852, he was re-elected Secretary of State, and became, ex officio. Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. In this year he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Middlebury College. In 1853, Mr. Walker was elected a member of the Convention for revising the Constitution of Massachusetts, and became the chairman of the committee on suffrage. He was also in this year appointed one of the examiners of pohtical economy in Harvard University, which office he held for seven years.

In 1854, he took a prominent part in the organization of the North Brookfield Savings Bank, of which he was the first president. He was this year appointed lecturer on political economy in Amherst College, where he delivered an extended course of lectures. In 1856, he was president of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of North Brookfield.

The year 1857 was one of great import to the life of Mr. Walker. Early in that year he began the publication, in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, of a series of articles on pohtical economy. The series had already progressed so far as to give Mr. Walker's views on money, which were very decidedly of the so-called Hard-Money order, when the financial panic of 1857 commenced. Almost by chance Mr. Walker attended, early in October, a large meeting of the merchants of Boston, intended to fortify the banks of that city in their determination to maintain specie payments. At this meeting Mr. Walker took the ground strongly that the banks could not possibly maintain specie payments for more than two weeks, and that it was desirable that they should at once suspend, instead of causing the failure of the best merchants of the city, as they must inevitably do by refusing discounts in a vain attempt to save their own so-called honor. This speech created a great sensation at the time, and gave rise to a heated discussion in the public press ; but the suspension, within twelve days, of every bank in Boston, after causing the failure of great numbers of the best mercantile houses, some of them worth millions of dollars, gave so striking a confirmation to Mr. Walker's views as to bring him into prominence as an authority on finance, and to cause him to be invited to write and lecture far beyond the limits of his time and strength. This episode may properly be considered the turning point in Mr. Walker's intellectual career. From this time until the day of his death the subject of the Currency remained the most absorbing of all which had previously engrossed his mind, and his interest increased with the passage of time.

Late in 1857, Mr. Walker pubhshed a pamphlet on the nature and uses of money, to which he added a " History of the Wickaboag Bank," a work which had a large circulation. In July of 1859, Mr. Walker visited Europe in company with Dr. Warren Tyler of North Brookfield ; and in the fall of that year he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where, in conjunction with Honorable Samuel Hooper, of the Senate, he took an important part in the revision of the laws relating to banking and the issue of paper money. At the presidential election of i860 Mr. Walker was chosen a member of the Electoral

Hon. Am As A Walker

The outbreak, 1859-60, of the disease among neat-cattle known as Pleuro-Pneumonia, led to an enactment by the Legislature of Massachusetts, at a special session, of a law for its extirpation, and a commission was appointed by the governor for this purpose, of which Mr. Walker was made chairman. The commission performed its work so vigorously and thoroughly as to secure the complete extirpation of this pest.

Beginning in 1859, Mr. Walker continued for several years to deliver an annual course of lectures on political economy in Amherst College. In the fall of 1862, he was elected a Representative in Congress, for the unexpired term of Dr. Bailey, During the session, 1862-3, Mr. Walker made several speeches on finance, and moved the issue of Compound Interest Notes, in a bill which became a law. In 1866, Mr. Walker published his main work in economics, entitled The Science of Wealth. This work passed, in the following years, through not less than eight American editions, was translated into Italian by Professor Cognetti, of Turin, and received the highest attention and the warmest commendation from the economists of America and Europe. Subsequently, a student's edition of this work was issued and extensively used. In 1867, Mr. Walker received the degree of Doctor of Laws, from Amherst College. During that, and the years following, until his death, he continued to write extensively in the magazines, especially in Lippincott's Magazine of Philadelphia, and in the weekly and daily papers. His leisure gave him frequent opportunities for travel, and he spent not a little of each year in visits to Boston, New Haven or Washington, or in trips to Florida or California.