Lorain City (part 11 of 77)

"2. We will hold and manage our estates personally, but pledge as perfect a community of interest as though we held a community of property.

"4. We will, by industry, economy and Christian self-denial, obtain as much as we can, above our necessary personal expenses or family expenses, and faithfully appropriate the same for the spread of the gosjiel.

"5. That we may have time and health for the Lord's service, we will eat only plain and wholesome food, renouncing all bad habits, and especially the smoking and chewing of tobacco, unless it is necessarj- as a medicine, and deny ourselves all strong and unnecessary drinks, even tea and coffee, as far as practicable, and everything expensive, that is simply calculated to gratify the palate.

"G. That we may add to our time, health and money for the service of the Lord, we will renounce all the world's expensive and unwholesome fashions of dress, particularly tight dressing and ornamental attire.

"7. And yet more to increase our means of serving Him who bought us with His blood, we will observe plainness and durability in the construction of our houses, furniture, carriages, and all that appertains to us.

"S. We will strive continually to show that we. as the body of Christ, are members one of another; and will, while living, provide for the widows, orphans and families of the sick and needy as for ourselves.

*' 9. We will take especial pains to educate all our cliildreu thoroughly and to train them up in body, intellect and heart for the service of the Lord.

" 10. We will feel that the interests of the Oberhn Institute are identified with ours, and do what we can to extend its influence to our fallen race.

"12. We will strive to maintain deep-toned and elevated personal piety, to ' provoke each other to love and good works,' to live together in all things as brethren, and to glorify God in our bodies and spirits, which are His.

This covenant for the colony expressed the purpose aiul s})irit which its founders meant should characterize it. In its strict and particular application it gave rise, for a time, to some differences; but after a year or two it was found necessary to leave tlie determination of personal duty in practical affairs to the individual conscience and judgment.

Mr. Shipherd endeavored to raise funds by the sale of scholarships. These scholarships were to be per- })etual, and weie put at one liundredand fifty dollars. Each scholarship entitled its owner to keej) one person in school; but it gave him only the privileges of the school, and paid none of his expenses.

The first settler of Oberlin was Peter Pindar Pease of Brownhelm, who cut down the first tree March 15, 1833. On April 3d he came on with two men, and these three cut an ox-wagon road through the dense forest. April 19th, he removed his family into a log house which they had erected. These house stood on tlie southeast corner of what is now the college square, a little back of the elm under which Mr. Shipherd and Mr. Stewart had first knelt in prayer. Upon the front door of this first dwelling was written in large characters, *' I beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, tliat ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service;" and this remained through the season.

Tlie first Sabbath they held their first Sabbath worship under the trees on the spot where the First Church now stands. They prayed, and sang and read a sermon, and also began a Sabbath school, which has been held uninterruptedly every Sabbath since. A large force of laborers was employed to fell the forest. To these no liquor was furnished, as was the custom at that time; yet there was no difficulty in obtaining sufficient help.

The only opening which they found in the forest was a little clover patch about twenty feet srpiare, nearly opposite the place where the Second Church now stands, which had been for many years an Indian encampment. On this spot the trustees of the school held their first session on the soil. The names of these trustees, the same persons afterward named in the charter, were Rev. J. J. Shipherd, P. P. Stewart, and P. P. Pease, Addison Tracy of Elyria, Judge Henry Brown of Brownhelm, Captain E. Rediugton of Amherst, Rev. Joel Talcott of Wellington, J. L. Burrell of Sheffield, and Rev. John Keys of Dover.

These were among the substantial men of the surrounding I'egion, and having imbibed the sjnrit of Mr. Shipherd were not daunted by the difficulties they encountered and the greatness of the undertaking.

A letter from the colonists already on the ground to Mr. Shipherd, while at the east, dated June 11, 1833, shows that they had also shared the common enthusiasm. Til is letter was signed by all the men then on the ground, as follows: Peter P. Pease, Brewster Pelton, Samuel Daniels, Philip James, Pringle Hamilton, William Ilosford, Asahel Munger, Harvey Gibbs, Jacob J. Safford' Daniel Morgan. But three or four women were here as }'et, several of the men having come first to prepare places for their families.

"We have had meetings every Sabbath since the commencement. Had a visit from Brother Betts. of Brownhelm. He will preach for us every fourth Sabbath till you return. Brother Leavenworth, also of Brownhelm, preached to us the first Sabbath after the brethren arrived from Vermont - and a blessed day it was. for the Lord was here. The people came in from the east, the west, and the south. The number from abroad was between twenty and thirty. We trust that you cease not to pray for us, that we may be guided in every path of duty and usefulness, and above all, that we may love one another with pure hearts fervently. *********

" We have commenced our clearing, beginning at the center, and running soutiiwest. We have about twenty acres now chopped, and four cleared off. Are planting two of it to corn, and more than one we sow to oats and grass, for a little pasture. The remainder is occupied by two log houses, and a site for the boarding house and school room. The school [college] will be in the upper loft. We have the timber all hewed, but one day's work.

"The brethren have mostly selected and procured their land, and are now chopping their village lots, which wiU make a pleasant opening on the south side of the road. We have about fifty cords of wood cut for the engine. We can say, ' thus far the Lord hath helped us.' May we ever acknowledge him. Dear brother, pray for the peace of the colony. We have a special prayer meeting every Saturday evening, in which we remember j'ou, and hope to be remembered by you."

Mr. Shipherd returned in September, and moved to Oberlin, taking up his quarters with his family and another family, in the basement of the first col- lege building, afterward called Oberlin Hall. During his absence, he had secured a number of families as colonists, had enlisted students to come at the opening of the school, had engaged teachers, and had raised nearly fifteen thousand dollars iu contributions and subscriptions. The teachers expected from the east could not come at the beginning of the school, and a student from Hudson college, Mr. John F. Scoville, was engaged to take temporary charge, and the school was opened the 3d day of December, 1833. This Ijeing an occasion of much interest, on the evening preceding a meeting was hold to ask God's blessing upon the enterprise. During its progress, Mr. Scoville reached the place, and going into the meeting, after listening to the prayers and remarks, he rose to speak, and his first woi'ds were, " Put off thy shoes from thy feet, for the place wheie thou standest is holy ground.""

The school, this first term, was composed of fortyfour i)ui)ils, twenty-nine young men and fifteen young women; half of whom were from the east, the remainder from neighboring towns. A primary school was also organized in connection with the instution, composed of the children of the colonists, numbering about twenty, and taught by Miss Eliza Branch, now Mrs. George Clarke, of Oberlin. After the first winter, this primary department was discontinued, and the elementary education of the children was left to the public schools.

The colony was composed, at this time, of eleven families, sevei'al of the men who had spent the summer on the grounds having gone back east, with the expectation of returning in the si>ring with their families. The college building was thirty-five by forty feet in its dimensions, with two i-egular stories, and a third story, running up from the central part, called an attic. In the rear was an appendage embracing tlie kitchen and apartments for the steward, in which -Mr. and Mrs. Stewart presided. Mr. Shipherd, with his family, occupied the basement. Ilis otlice, as corresponding secretary and general agent, was in the room above, which was also oceu])ied by the priiu'ipal, for Ilis study.

Across the hall was the din inn-room, and above, the school-room, chapel and church all in one, which was about eighteen feet wide and thirty-five long.

The young ladies occupied the second story over against the chapel, while the young men were sent into the attic, where each pair found a room eight feet square, with a window of six small lights on the side, above the student as he sat. This mom was furnished with a stove, table, two chairs, and a turnup bedstead, these filling the I'oom when the bedstead was let down, but leaving a little room when it was turned up during the day.

boarding scholars, and expect forty for the winter. Applicants are without number, from Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Michigan to the Atlantic. The scholars study and work well. Five minutes after the manual labor bell strikes, the hammers, saws, etc., of the mechanical students make a noise all around us, and the axe men iu the woods breaking ' the ribs of Nature,' make all crack. Nearly all our visitors - and the.y are not few - express suri>rise that so good a work has been wrought here in so short a time. God be praised! I feel as I said in my sleep the other night, 'Oberlin will win, and the devil cannot hinder it.' This, my sweet assurance, I hope rests on God, without whom we can do nothing."

In February, 1834, a charter was obtained for the college from the State legislature, with university privileges, under the modest name of "The Oberlin Collegiate Institute." This name was retained till 1850, when it was clianged to "Oberlin College." A circular was issued March 8, which, so far as is known, was the first, - in which the objects of the institution are thus stated:

" The grand objects of the Oberlin Institute are, to give the most useful edvxcation at the least exi>ense of health, time and money : and to extend the benefits of such education to both sexes and all classes of the community as far as its means will allow. Its sj'stem embraces thorough instruction in every department, from the infant school ui» through a collegiate and theological course. While care will be taken not to lower the standard of intellectual culture, no pains will be spared to combine with it the best physical and moral education. Prominent objects of this seminary are, the thorough qualification of christian teachers, both for the pulpit and for schools ; and the elevation of female character, by bringing within the reach of the misjudged and neglected sex all the instructive privileges which hitherto have unreasonably distinguished the leading sex from theirs."'

" To some this novel institution in the woods may appear vi.sionary, but theoretic demonstration of its practicability might here be given, with some experimental proof, did the limits of this paper permit. However, leaving the discussion of the gi'and principles upon which this seminary rests till another time, we here say, with gratitude to God, that our most sanguine expectations have been hitherto more than reahzed."

In May the expected teachers from the east arrived, and the summer term opened May 7. These teachers were Rev. Seth II. Waldo, a graduate of Amherst College and Andover Seminary, and who, in comiiliance with an invitation from the trustees, had engaged to tissume the superintendence of the institute till its president should take it iu charge, ;ind then w;is expected to fill the professorship of langutiges; James Dascomb, M. D., from Dartmouth Medical College, who had been apjiointed professor of cliemistry, botany and physiology; and Mr. Daniel Branch, also a graduate of Amherst College, who was made principal of the preparatory department. Mrs. Dascomb, who had been a pupil of Miss' Grant, of Ipswich, was soon made principal of the ladies' department; and Mrs. Branch became the teacher of Latin, French, and of other branches, as occasion required.

Thus the new school was fairly begun. Its organization was effected, an efficient corjis of teachers jirovided, and its prospects were encouraging. The number of students during this first summer term was one hundred and one - sixty-three young men and thirty-eight young women; and for these the accommodations were barely sufficient.

This beginning was almost literally in the woods. A considerable space, it is true, was cleared of trees, but their stumps were numerous, and the roads were at times almost impassable. Indeed, away from the

A few items, taken mostly from "Camp's Directory of Oberlin,'" comjiilcd and iniblished a few years since, will show the beginning of some branches of business, etc., about this time and a little later.

In 1833, Brewster Pelton put up a log house, which served as a hotel, a few rods cast of the elm which has been mentioned. In 1834, he built in front of it a comfortable frame building, which was burned in 18GG and the Park House erected in its place.

The first blacksmith shop in Oberlin was owned by Bela Ilall, and stood on the site of E. M. Leonard's present dwelling house. At that time the creek ran just south of his shop, though it has since changed its course after crossing Main street.

In December, 1834, Anson Pcnfield started a blacksmith shop and edge-tool factory near the college mill on South Main street. His grindstone was placed in the basement of the mill, which furnished the power. In 1838, he was killed, while alone, using the grindstone, by being caught by the belt and carried around the wheel. His brother, Isaac Penfield, carried on his shoj) after his death, afterward associating witii himself James McWade. At the same time Hiram Pease had a wagon shop on the corner now occupied by I. Penfield and son. He afterwards sold to Penfield and Avery.

The first steam mill was built by Oberlin College, in the fall of 1833, south of Plum creek, on South Main street, near where the residence of James McWade now stands. It was at first only a saw mill. The engine was constructed in Cleveland, and was brought on in October, 1833, and the saw mill was soon in operation. The next year a small flouring mill was erected, to be driven by the same engine; also machines for cutting lath and shingles.

These machines furnished labor for several students, and the whole establishment was owned by the college. This seemed at first necessary, but was found on the whole inexpedient, and it was afterward sold and became the property of individuals.

Another college building was found necessary, and the building afterward known as the "boarding hall," or the "ladies' hall,"' was begun in the summer of 1834, and completed in the summer of 1835.

It was a three-story frame building, thirty-eight by eighty, with two wings projecting backward, of two stories each. It stood west of Oberlin Hall, in the sj)ace between the Second Church and the east side of college place, close upon the side of the street, and fronting the college square. It served its purpose for thirty years. After the completion of the present ladies' hall, it was divided into five different portions, now occupied as dwelling houses in different parts of the town, the most conspicuous of which is

No. 34 West College street. A considerable of the work of this building was done by students. When it was raised, the students turned out in a body, and all study was suspended for three days. Sometimes the students were called upon to assist a temperance nuni to raise a liuilding without the bottle, and they would cheerfully sacrifice a day's study in the good cause.

Neither tea nor coffee was furnished at the college hall, and they were quite generally discarded in private families. Indeed, in a meeting of the colonists, the question was raised whether it was in accoi dance with the principles of the Oberlin covenant that tea and coffee should be furnished the guests at the hotel, but it was decided that not to do it would be impracticable. Board at the hall was plain, substantial and cheap. The charge for board in the hall was seventyfive cents a week for a strictly vegetable diet, and a dollar for the addition of meat twice a day. The first annual report, published in November, 1834, estimated the entire expense of the student for all his requirements excejit clothing, during the forty weeks of term time, as ranging from fifty-eight to eightynine dollars. This amount was in most cases readily earned by the required labor, four hours per day, at from four to twelve cents an hour. A long winter vacation of twelve weeks for the regular classes gave advanced students an o])portunity to teach.

The first college class was organized in October, 1834, consisting of four young men, who passed an examination for the freshman class, and who were well fitted to enter any college at that time. Two of these were brothers, one of whom is now president of the college, and the other president of Berea College, Kentucky. The first commencement or anniversary was held on the 29th of October. As there were none to graduate, the four who were entering college, and others of the more advanced students, had exercises. Among the exercises were Latin and Greek orations, and a collo([ny favoring a classical education. The little chapel was crowded. The trustees and several visitors from neighboring towns were present.

Public worship was observed in Oberlin about a year and a half before the organization of a church. August 19, 1834, at a meeting called for the purpose, it was

September 3d, a confession of faith having been drawn up and adopted, sixty-two persons were examined; and on September 13th, at another meeting, it was

"Resolved, That those who have been examined and accepted do now consider themselves as members, and that the church is now legally and completely organized."

Mr. Shipherd was to "preside as chairman of their social and religious meetings for the time being." " Of the original sixty-two members," says Rev. James Brand, in his pamphlet history of the first Church of Oberlin, "I have been able to find only some eighteen or twenty who have not crossed the river."

Several new houses were erected during this year, on Main street and around tiie scpiare. At a colonial meeting the question was raised what color the houses should be painted; and it was finallv voted, some strongly jirotesting, that as red was the cheai)est and most durable color, the houses ought to he painted this color. But with the exception of the Oberlin shop, and two or three houses, one of them Mr. Shipherd's, this vote was not carried out, and with these only for a few years.

At the end of the second year after Mr. Shipherd had begun to put his jdan into execution, there was a community of thirty-five families, a church of more than eighty members, a college numbering over a hundred students, with land and buildings and other property valued at seventeen thousand dollars, and such a movement toward the school that large numbers of applicants had to be turned away.

Oberlin as an idea had already become transformed into Oberlin as a fact or reality. What its founders had thought and planned was now actual, a part of the living outward world. But now an event was to take place which was to bring it a sudden and great enlargement, which was to produce a development not only outwardly, but of its vital principles. Not that these principles were to be superseded, they must still be fundamental; but they were to be develojted, and to receive a larger application. But the founders are themselves to be superseded. The work which they so wisely planned and so well began, shall be carried on by others, under the inspiration, indeed, of their ideas, but made more emphatic by new developments.

Mr. Shipherd iiaviiigbeeu instructed by the trustees to make another tour through tiie east to collect more funds and to find a president, and having, in a season of fasting and prayer as his usual preparation for a new movement, received a strong and growing inijjressioM that he siioiild go by Cincinnati, set out for that city. Having arrived there, and calling on Rev. Asa Mahan, jjastor of the Sixth street Presbyterian church, he learned from him an event which cleared up the enigma of his inijiressiou that ho must go by Cincinnati.

It must L)e remembered that the anti-slavery reform, begun a few years previously, was now greatly agitating the country. January 1, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison began, in Boston, the publication of a paper, which he called the Liberulur, in which he strongly urged the immediate and unconditional abolition of slavery. January 1st, 1832, the New England (afterward the Massachusetts) anti-slavery society was formed, and during the same year the American anti-slavery society, both for the agitation and propagation of the same principle. General and violent opposition was at once aroused. The excitement throughout the country was intense, and the holding of anti-slavery meetings not unfrecjuently provoked mobs.

Lane Theological Seminary was founded at Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, in IK'^9, and l)ecame prosperous, having more than a hundred students. These, however, were not all theological students. Many of them formed a literary department, in j)reparation for theology, under the charge of Professor John Morgan. The theological professors were Dr. Lyman Beecher, Calvin E. Stowc, and Thomas Biggs. The anti-slavery agitation reached the students of this seminary, some of whom were from the south, and several of whimi were young men of uncommon ability. An anti-slavery scK'iety was formed soon after the formation of the American anti-slavery society, and auxiliary to it; and at the anniversary of the parent society in New York, in the spring of 1834, two of the students, Henry B. Stanton and James A. Thome, of Kentucky, made speeches which excited much interest. The subject was afterward debated eighteen successive evenings, and as a result, nearly all in the seminary were won over to the antislavery view.

They established Sabbath and day schools for the colored children in the city, and communications were sent to the papers, which elicited discussion. Several of the trustees were business nien, and did not approve this course of the students. During the summer vacation, while Professors Beecher, Stowe, and Morgan were absent at the east, the students also being away, the trustees held a meeting, and passed a code of laws, prohibiting the discussion of the subject of slavery by the students, and empowering the prudential committee to dismiss the students at their pleasure. Professor Morgan being supposed to sympathise with the students in their views and course, was notified that he need not return. When the students on their return, learned of the action of the trustees, all but twelve of them left the seminary, and for five months pursued their studies together in a building provided for them by James Ludlow. Mr. Mahan as a member of the board of trustees, protested in vain against their action, and resigned his place when he saw the obnoxious code would be passed.

Such were the facts which Mr. Shipherd learned for the first time from Mr. Mahan. It must be remembered that tliat was before the days of railroads and telegraphs, and the transmission of news was slow. Mr. Mahan and Mr. Shipherd then devised the jdan j of adding a theological department to the institution j at Oberlin, of which the seceding students of Lane Seminary should constitute the first classes.

December 12, 1834, ]\[r. Shipherd writes to the trustees at Oberlin, urging the appointment of Rev. Asa Mahan, as president, and Rev. John Morgan, professor of mathematics. To this recommendation he adds:

" This should be passed because it is a right principle, and God will bless us in doing right. Also, because, thus doing right we gain the confidence of benevolent and able men, who probably will furnish us some thousands. Moreover, brothers Mahan and Morgan will not accept our invitation unless this principle rule. Indeed, if our board would violate right so as to reject youth of talent and piety because they were bUick. I should have no heiirt to labor for the upbuilding of our Seminary, be lieving that the curse of God would come upon us, as it has upon Lane Seminary, for its unchristian abuse of the poor slave."

A proposition so new :ind unlieard of, not only the trustees, but even the teachers, students, and the ])eople of Oberliii were not yet prepared to accept. Tliere was much excitement; and the trustees, iioping to find a calmer atmosphere, lield a meeting, on January 1, 1835, at the Temperance House in Elyria. A petition was presented to them, signed by the principal colonists and by several of the students who remained during the vacation, requesting that the board meet at Oberlin. The petition expresses a feeling of uncertainty respecting the question to be decided, but also a desire to be led in the path of duty. The action was conservative and non-commital.

" Whereas, information has been received from Rev. J. J. Shipherd, expressing a wish that students may be received into this institution irrespective of color; therefore

" Resolved, That this board do not feel prepared, until they have mor^- definite information on the subject, to give a pledge respecting the course they will pursue in regard to the education of the people of color, wishing that this institution should be on the same ground in re spect to the admission of students with other similar institutions of our land."

Mr. Shipherd heard of the action of the trustees in New York, whither he had gone, accompanied by Mr. Mahan, to consult with Lewis and Arthur Tappau and other anti-slavery men, in reference to the plan of adding a theological dcj)artnient to Oberlin, placing tlie students who had left Lane Seminary in it, and putting the institution on a distinctively anti-slavery basis.

He wrote again to the trustees, and he also sent a pastoral epistle to tlie peoji^e of Oberlin, in which he reviews at length the question of greatest present interest. The following extract shows his feeling with respect to this:

" My fears are excited by your recent expressions of unwillingness to have youth of color educated in our instituie. Those expressions were a grief to me, such as I have rarely suffered. Although I knew that with some of you the doctrine of expediency was against the immediate abolition of slavery because the slaves were not qualified for freedom, I supposed you thought it expedient and duty to elevate and educate them as fast as possible; that therefoj-e you would concur in receiving those of promising talents and piety into our institution. So confident was X that this would be the prevailing sentiment of Oberlin, in the colony and institution, Ihat about a year ago 1 informed eastern inquirers that we received students according to character, irrespective of color. Aud, beloved, whatever the expediency or prejudice of some may say, does not duty require this?"

"Such is my conviction of dutv in the case, that I cannot labor for the enlargement of the Oberlin C'ollegiate Institute, if our brethren In Jesus Christ must be rejected because they differ from us in color."

"As I have you," he says, "as a. people in my heart, to live and die with you, you know, beloved, that it would be heart-breaking to leave you for another field of labor; but I have pondered the subject well, with prayer, and believe that if the injured brethren of color, and consequently brothers Finney, Mahan and ^Morgan, with eight proj fessorships and ten thousand dollars, must he rejected, I must join [ them; because by so doing I can labor more effectually for a lost world and the glory of God; and believe me, dear brethren and sisters, for this reason only,^^

The people of Oberlin were opposed to slavery, but not at this time abolitionists. In the Oberlin Lyceum, which included colonists as well as students, the question of slavery had been discussed the summer previous: and it then ajqieared that, with the exception of Mr. Shiplierd and two or three students, the entire community were colonizationists, holding that the free people of color and the slaves as fast as they were made free, should be sent to Africa and settled there.

In accordance witli the request of Mr. Shipherd, the trustees held another meeting at Oberlin, February 9th, at Mr. Shipherd's house, which had been erected the summer previous on the north side of the college square. Many had by this time become favorable to the movement, and the result was anticipated with very deep interest. The meeting was at nine in the morning, nine members being present. Rev. John Keep, pastor of a church in Ohio City (Cleveland, west side), was chairman, having been appointed in the place of Judge Brown, who had resigned. The discussion was warm, and the result seemed doubtful. Mrs. Shipherd in her anxiety passing by the door, which stood ajar, Mr. Keep stepped out and informed her how matters stood; whereupon she gathered her praying sisters in the neighborhood, and spent the time in prayer till the decision was made known. When the question came to a vote, there was a tie, aud Mr. Keep, as chairman, gave the casting vote in favor of the resolution. The resolution, as passed, is as follows:

"Whereas, There does exist in our country an excitement in respect to our colored population, and fears are entertained that, on the one hand, they will be left unprovided for as to the means of a proper education, and, on the other, that they will, in unsuitable numbers, be introduced into our schools, and thus iu effect forced into the society of the whites; and the state of public sentiment is sucu as to require from the board some definite expression on the subject; tnerefore

"Kesoiuerf, That the education of the people of color is a matter of great interest, and should be encouraged and sustained in this institution."

In terms this resolution is not clear, bold and positive, yet the practical ctfect of its adoption was most decisive. As a matter of fact, . this action of the trustees committed the institution, unreservedly and forever, to an open and practical rejection of, and protest against the system of castt; in respe. t to colored jieople. It made the institution ami the town henceforth disiinctively anti-slavery. Nor did they go back from this, but forward. Of all the odium and honor which have been successively heaped upon them, this was one of the principal causes. This has brought upon Oberlin, from the jiroud, contempt and scorn; from the good, who knew and understood her, respect.

admiration, and tlie highest praise. Tlie anti-slavery idea was the christian and American idea of the natural and inalienable rights of man as man.

Snch, likewise, was the Oberlin idea, in its application, esi)ccially to education. And the one first and most possessed of the Oherlin idea in its full comprehension, who gave it birth and made it a fact, was quick to perceive this, its new application. Not to have accepted and acted upon this new and imperative demand of the idea, would have been to despise its authority and to lose its inspiring influence. Oberlin would have ceased to be Oberlin had she not become anti-slavery.

Moreover, upon this decision de]icnded her enlargement, not only inwardly but outwardly. Not tlutt this enlargement was to come immediately, or ever, from any large accession of colored students. There were none at the time seeking admittance, and but one resident in the county. A single one after awliile came with the students from Lane. The proportion of colored students has always been small. But they have been welcomed and treated as men - treated just like the other students.

The outward enlargement nf which this decision was the condition, was the accession to the faculty of men of eminent ability and high character, to the number of its students, the young men who had left Lane, and the addition of a theological department. At this very meeting the trustees, to the appointnieni of Mr. Mahan as president and Mr. Morgan as professoj-, added that of Rev. Charles G. Finney as professor of theology. Concerning the conditions of this appointment, Mr. Finney, in his autobiography, himself says:

" I had undei stood tliat the trustees of Lane Seminary had acted 'over the heads' of the faculty; aud, in tlie absence of several of them, had passed the obnoxious resolution that had caused the students to leave. [ said, therefore, to Mr. Shipherd, that I would not go at any rate, unless two points were conceded by the trustees. One was that they should never interfere with the internal ref^ulation of the school, but should leave that entirely to the discretion of the faculty. The other was that we should be allowtd to receive colored people on the same conditions that we did white people - that there should be no discrimlnatious made on account of color."

Mr. P'inney was at this time jiastor of a Congregational church whicli had l)een formed in New Y'ork. Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and others promiuent in tlie anti-slavery reform, were members of his church, and, becoming interested in the anti-slavery movement in Lane Seminary, they wore ready to enter into the proposal of .Mr. Shipherd and Mr. Mahan, that the excluded students sliould be provided for at Oberlin by the aiipoinlment of Mr. Finney as lu'ofe.ssor of theology. Artliur Tajijiaii pledged ten thousand dollars for tlie construction of a building to be used chiefly for the theological department, and engaged to secure the loan of ten thousand more for other buildings and necessary purposes. Lideed. Mr. Finney tells that jirivately to him he pledged his whole income, amounting at that time to one hundred thousand dollars, excepting enough to provide for his family, till the enterprise should prove a success.

The Oberlin professorship association was also formed, composed of the Tappans and several others, by which the interest on eighty thousand dollars was pledged to be paid quarterly, for the support of eight professors, at an annual salary of si.x hundred dollars. It was understood that the principal was ultimately to be paid, and that this sum would constitute an endowment for the college. Relying on this pecuniary provision, as also on the decision of the trustees resi)acting the anti-slavery character of the college, Mr. Mahan, Mr. Finney and Mr. Morgan accepted their appointments; Professor Morgan's professorshi]) being changed to the New Testament Literature and Exegesis.

President Mahan was born in western New York, jiursued study at Hamilton Ccjllege through the junior year, and took his theological course at Aulniru Seminary. He was a man of strongly metaphysical bent of mind, and had much influence in promoting philosophic study and thought at Oberlin. lie was possessed of positive convictions, a strong will, and was deeply imbued with religion.

Professor Morgan was brought to this country from Ireland, at the age of eleven, was brought uj) in Philadel])hia and New York, prepared for college at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and graduated at Williams College. His theological studies he pursued privately in New York. He was a man of varied culture, studious in his habits, and scholarly in his tastes; disposed to take profound and comprehensive views, and when aroused would exhibit much energy and enthusiasm in enforcing them. He has through his life thoroughly identified himself with Oberlin, has borne his full share of its work, and as an expounder of the New Testament scripture in respect to its teachings and doctrines, has won the admiration and respect of his many successive classes. As a preacher also he was long an efficient aid to Jlr. Finney as assistant pastor of the First Church.

Mr. Finney was born in Connecticut. In'ought u|i in central New Yoi'k, wliere he studied law. was converted and studied theology under his pastor, entered the ministry and carried on a sei'ies of revivals, chiefly in central and western New Yoi'k, hut also in many of the large cities of the north, in which large numbers were converted under liis pungent and powerful preaching. He was a man of keen and strong intellect, of a susceptible and ardent temperament, of original genius, of popular talents as a speaker, of fervid spirituality of mind, and of intense and unwearied devotion to his work. His great work was unquestionably that of preaching. Such he felt it to be; in this he was most himself, aud to this he subordin;ited all else. Ilis eonneetion with the college at Oberlin did not prevent him from still abounding in labors to promote revivals in other places, and his work at Oberlin was not less that of jn-eaching than of teaching. At Oberlin, as elsewhere, his aim was the conversion of sinners and the sanctitication of christians; aud he had a great influence in imbuiuK the minds of

In theology he was, from his conversion, strongly new school. His mind revolted from the old school theology as nnseriptural and irrational, and as having a hurtful jiractical inilnonce. Ilis theology he preached, and that with great earnestness and power, and this made it practical and effective.

In his teaching he exhibited the same depth and intensity <if conviction, which gave him an authority over his i)ut)ils almost as of one inspired. His theology he endeavored to make conformable to reason as well as to scripture, for he believed scripture itself to be conformable to reason.

Ilis influence at Oberlin, as it liad been elsewhere, was to be most commanding and beneficent. He was eminently fitted to promote, to increase, and to perpetuate the spirit in which Oberlin was founded.

Tluit spirit was tlie very spirit of Christianity. In its ideas, in its principles, in its spirit, it was profoundly and supremely religious. It was begun and built up in self denial, in faith, in love to God and man, and in consecration to God's work. And there was no man better fitted than Mr. Finney, as a leader, to unite and to guide the people in the performance of this great work to which God iiad called them.

Oberlin therefore became what its founder desired and designed it to be, a center of intelligent and earnest religious activity, to promote, in every way and everywhere, the good of man.

President Mahan reached Oberlin about the first of May, and his family followed a month later; and, till the president's house should be built, they occupied the first log house erected in the place. Professors Finney and Morgan came in June, and soon entered upon their work.

About the first of June, came also the students from Lane seminary. For the accommodation of tiiese, special provision was made. A rough building was put up for temporary use, and called " Cincinnati Hall." It was a hundred and forty-four feet long, and twenty-four wide, and but one stoi-y in height, and extended from north to south, on what was then the edge of the forest, and now is the east side of Professor street, a little west of the laboratory. The whole structure, inside and out, was built of new, r(jugh beech boards. At the south end were a kitchen and a dining room, the remainder of the building being divided into rooms twelve feet squai-e, with a single small window and an outside door, to each of which two students were assigned. This answei-ed its purpose till the completion of Tappan Hall, and for a while after was used as a shop for manual labor students.

Several of these Lane students were from the literary course, and jirejiaring for theology, and therefore entered a similar course here; but fourteen helped to make up the senior class in theology, among whom were William T. Allan, of Huntsville, Alabama; John W. Alvord, afterwards connected with the

Frcedman's Bureau; George Clark, well known for many years as an evangelist ; Sercno W. Streator, a pastor of reputation in Ohio and Michigan; James A. Thome, of Augusta, Kentucky, for a time professor at Oberlin, afterward pastor in Cleveland; and George Whipple, first professor at Oberlin, and for many years secretary of the American Missionary Association.

Several buildings were, at this time, in process of erection. One of these was a college building, located not far from where the Second Church now stands, three stories high and eighty feet long. For this the colonists, though burdened with the expense of building their own houses and clearing their farms, contributed twenty-five hundred dollars, about half its cost, with the understanding that the first story should be used for a time for a church, as well as for a college chapel. The second and third stories contained, beside one recitation room, rooms for fortyfour students. This was called, in consideration of what the colonists had contributed, " Colonial Hall." Having served its purpose for many years, it was divided into two dwelling houses, situated on Lorain street.

The other college building erected at this time was Tappan hall. The cost of this was defrayed with the ten thousand dollars contributed by Arthur Tappan, and it was therefore named after him. This was intended first, as far as needed, for the use of the theological department, and then for the general use of the college. Mr. Tappan, in a letter to the trustees about this time, advised taste in the construction of the college buildings, and in the laying out of the grounds ; but his advice does not seem to have been followed.

The brick house on the corner of Professor and West College streets (now owned by Professor Morgan,) was built for the president's house, and the house on the corner of Professor and West Lorain streets for Professor Finney. It was the original intention to build several houses between these two, and from this plan the street took its name.

The chapel having become too small to accommodate the congregation on the Sabbath, the dining room of the new boarding hall, as yet unoccupied, was used for a time until the completion of Colonial hall. Here President Mahan was accustomed to ])reach Sabbath forenoon and Professor Finney in the afternoon. The sermon was never less than an hour long, and often an hour and a half, yet it was not regarded as wearisome. On the contrary, the preaching of those days awakened earnest attention, took a sti'ong hold of mind and heart, and made a deep impression.

It was ascertained soon after the arrival of President Mahan, that he was not favorable to the study of the heathen classics as commonly pursued ; and a committee invited him to present his views to the Lyceum, which he did. It appeared that he was not entirely opposed to the study of Latin and Greek, but of the classic authors commonly used ; and he was also opposed to what lie considered tlie disproportionate time given to these studies. To this view Mr. Waldo replied, and a discussion was thus begun which lasted several days, exciting the attention of the entire community. After one of President Mahan's addresses a few of the students, in the evening, set fire to their old Virgils and tossed them around the square. This was spread all over the country as "the burning of the classics at Oberlin," and the ini]iression seemed to prevail tliat tlicy were to be discarded. But this was an entire mistaiie. Tlie course continued unchanged and the students pursued their studies as usual. Tlie course was sul)stantially the same as that of other colleges at tliat time. Mr. Waldo, however, was so much disturbed by tliis discussion that at the next meeting of the trustees he resigned his position. He feared that he miglit not be able to accomplish in the teaching of the languages what he desired. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Cowles, a native of Connecticut and a graduate of Yale college. He was a man of learning, culture and ability, and was destined to add much to the sum of Oberlin thought. An interest in the study of Hebrew, which it was proposed to substitute for some of the Latin in the course, was awakened by the discussion, and Professor J. Seixas, a Jew, from New Y^ork City, was employed tlie last half of the year to introduce the study. He was popular as a teacher, and excited much enthusiasm in the study, so that at one time his class numbered one hundred and twentyseven. The study was after awhile limited to the four last terms of the college course, then to the senior year, and finally to the theological department.

The number of ajiplicants this year was far in excess of the accommodations; and in the spring of 1830, three branch schools were established, one at Sheffield, fifteen miles northeast of Oberlin, occupying the house and working on the farm of Mr. Robbins Burrell; one at Abbeyville, in Medina county; and the other constituting Grand River Institute, in Austinburg, Ashtabula county. The first two lasted only a little more than a year, while the last became a permanent and separate school.

The commencement this year (1835,) was held under the "big tent," which was sent by the friends of Mr. Finney, at the east, that he might use it for holding meetings in the region round about. It was circular, was a hundred feet in diameter, and accommodated three thousand persons. The students from Lane having decided, in consequence of interrujitions, to take another year, and there being no class to graduate, the exercises consisted chiefly of inaugural addresses by President Mahan, and Professors B'inney and Morgan.

In the catalogue issued for 1835, tlie whole number of students is given as two hundred and seventy-six; of these there were, in the theological deparment, thirty-five; in the collegiate, thirty-eight; in the preparatory, one hundred and thirty-one; and in the

" Tlius far " the report goes on to say, " our course of study and discipline has exceeded our most Jsanguine hopes. Our students have almost perfect health, and are receiving vigorous mental discipline. The society of the sexes, at their meals and recitations, exerts both a salutarj' restraint, and a moulding, refining inllneuce upon social and moral character. And, not least, the tone of moral and religious feeling among the students is such as to authorize the cheering hope that these minds will yet act with power and holy unction in promoting the world's salvation."

In the catalogue for 183C, the whole number of students is given as three hundred and ten. The theological department had increased to fifty-eight, and the collegiate to ninety-five. Thirteen are put down in the shorter course, fifty-two in the male preparatory department, and ninety-two in the young ladies' department. A note informs us that

" The preceding eatalogiie does not include about eighty preparatoiy students transferred to the high school of Elyria, and to auxiliary schools at Austinburg, Sheffield and Abbeyville."

" Nearly all the young ladies," we are told in the report, "and a majority of the young gentlemen, have paid their board by their manual labor. Most of the remainder have done a good deal toward this; and a considerable number of those who have thus paiti their board, have earned more than enouph for this purpose. A few have fully supported themselves by their labor. The general rule requires the students to work three hours a day."

In the latter part of the fall term of 1835, Theodore D. Weld, one of the Lane students, who was lecturing on anti-slavery through the country, came to Oberlin and delivered a series of over twenty lectures on slavery. These lectures excited gi-eat interest and had much influence in deepening, intensifying and fixing the anti-slavery sentiment. So exhaustive and masterly was the exhibition of the subject that Oberlin became henceforth a positive and aggressive anti-slavery power. From the enthusiasm thus awakened twenty or more of the students went out during the winter vacation that followed, and lectured under the ausjiiccs of the American Anti-Slavery Society, through Ohio and apart of Pennsylvania. These met with the usual experience of anti-slavery lecturers in those days; they found some warm friends and many bitter enemies. Their arguments and apjieals were often met with mobbings, but their labor was not in vain.

The Western Reserve especially, under these and kindred iniluenees, was thoroughly leavened with the anti-slavery sentiment, and became in this a power in politics, both in respect to the State and the nation.

Oberlin was now not only well begun but established. Its origin was in the idea which has characterized it, and by which it must be known; its beginning was the first realization of this idea; and its speedy and 2)rovidential enlargement was its sure establishment. And in all - in its idea, beginning and enlargement, it was manifestly of God. The central idea of Olierlin, that which best and most comprehensively characterizes its nature and work as a beneficent factor in the world's progress, is that of a missionary center. In this idea - not education, not anti-slavery or reform of any kind, but religion, Christianity, as comprehensive, active, aggressive and progressive, is supreme. In it true religion is first.

Such was the idea of Oberlin in its origin, and in its realization. The men who conceived its plan, and who were the leaders in jiutting it into execution, were profoundly religious. Men of like character they sought as co-laborers, and naturally such men were attracted to the enterprise. The enterprise called for self-denial, consecration, faith and love; and these prime christian virtues it fostered.

There has always been at Oberlin, as elsewhere, more or less a tendency to partial and extreme views; but this tendency has never constituted its ruling idea and spirit, has never formed its character. Moreover, Oberlin for years, suffered the grossest misrepresentations, and has been misunderstood even by many good men.

Imbibing fully the spirit, and entering ardently upon the work of the anti-slavery cause, it received its full measure of the odium then heaped upon the advocates of that most unpojnilar reform; while in the religious world it was branded as heretical in doctrine. In shoi't, almost from the first, Oberlin has been at once very pojiular and very unpopular; has had devoted friends and bitter enemies. But its continued triumph and prosperity have been, not by might, nor by power, but by the Spirit of the Lord.

This religious character, which was impressed upon Oberlin as a school and town, was especially marked in its early history. When its' character was being formed and fixed, it was characterized by an intense religious devotion. There was always a revival spirit, and this was often manifested in great power. Not only were sinners converted, but the hearts of Christians were deeply searched; more so that not a few gave lip their old hopes, and embraced the gosjiel more intelligently. The falls of 1836, 1837 and 1838 are especially spoken of as seasoas of refreshing. Later, in 1811, a sudden and remarkable outiJouring of the Holy Spirit was exjjerieuced in midsummer. The whole number of additions to the church by profession, from 1835 to 185(i, was one thousand and seventy, making an annual average of fifty.

The preaching of these days, chiefly by President Mahan and Professor Finney, was attended with much spiritual power. It was pungent, close, heart-seai'chiug, and calculated earnestly to excite the whole being - both thought and feeling. For it consisted not merely of fervid exhortation; it was rather a clear and vivid in'esentation, exposition and illustration of Christian doctrine, enforced by intense conviction, and ))y a iiractical and personal application. The fact of human ability was especially emiihasized; whence followed the obligation to obedience, and the guilt of disobedience. Such preaching was, more or less, the result of experience; and it also produced exjjerience, not only in the hearers, but also in the preachers themselves .

From a clearer view and larger experience of the gospel in its power to save, arose the doctrine of sancfificalion. This doctrine was afterward develoj^ed by President Mahan, in a little book entitled "Christian Perfection," ])ul)lishcd in 1839; by Professor Finney, in his "Systematic Theology;" and by Profesor Cowles, in a series of articles first published in the Oberlin Evangelist, and afterward collected in a book entitled "The Holiness of Christians in the Present Life." It seems for a time to have been regarded as a state of christian experience distinct from, and following conversion, and involving entire consecration. But Professor Morgan, in an article published in the Oberlin Quarterly Review, entitled "The Holiness Acceptable to God," showed from scripture and experience that the christian exj)erience itself involves entire consecration, and this view came to be accepted. In another article, entitled the "Baptism of the Holy Spirit," he gave his view of the nature of an advanced christian experience.

The doctrine gradually ceased to be presented and urged as implying a distinct form of experience. Indeed, sinlessness as actual and permanent Avas never made prominent; and the view was always carefully guarded against the antinomian view known as "perfectionism." Yet the earnest advocacy of this doctrine brought upon Oberlin, while it continued, much odium from many religious peoj)le, especially from some of the Presbytei'ian churches.

A system of philosophy was also early developed at Oberlin, which, though the conception of it may not 1)0 claimed as altogether original, must still in some sense be regarded as a j)roduct of Oberlin thought. This is known in moral philosophy as the "Benevolence Theory," and was presented by President Edwards, in his treatise on "The Nature of Virtue," and afterward embodied by Samuel Hopkins in his theological system. But Mr. Finney, in his "Systematic Theology," has thoroughly discussed and fully developed it as a system of moral philosojihy, comprehensive and fundamental, and which at once discloses the errors and embraces the truths of other systems. This theory is, in brief, that the foundation of moral obligation is the good of being, and that true virtue or righteousness consists in willing this good of being, or in such a committal of the will to the good of being, including one's oAvn, that the whole life will be devoted to its promotion. This, it is obvious, is the love enjoined in the scriptures, in which consists "the fulfilling of the law."

From this follows another fundamental principle which occupies a prominent place in Oberlin philosophy, called the "simplicity of moral action." This view was first publicly presented by William Cochi-an in an address in 1841, and afterward expanded by him and published in a series of articles in the Oberlin Quarterly Review. This view is, substantially, that a moral being can neither be nor do both good and evil at the same time. For, since the moral state and action of the will consist in its attitude and exercise with respect to good, it is impossible that it should occupy opposite states at the same time, or that it should, at the same instant, both will and not will good. Every moral being is, therefore, either good or bad, according to the attitude of his will, and never both at once.

Another fundamental principle, which, though not original, gives character to the theology of Oberlin, is that the will alone is the seat of all that is distinctively moral, or that tlie state of the will determines the moral both in character and in action.

These fundamental principles of philosophy lie at the foundation of Mr. Finney's theology, which has become the theology of Oberlin; and they have had no small influence on tJie daily life of the students and of the people. For the practical ai)plication of this philosophy is expressed in the precept that the true end of life is found in doing good. But this is the very principle on which Obei'lin was founded; and not less than ever is it still the vital principle of its existence.

The Oberlin Evmigelist, a semi-monthly paper, was begun, in 1839, to serve as an organ in which to express the religious views of the leading Oberlin men. It was a strictly religious paper of the most earnest type. Mr. Finney's sermons were published in it, and he wrote more or less for it beside. Professor Henry Cowles was its editor during the greater part of its existence, and contributed largely to its matter. Most of its matter was original, and was of the most substantial kind. It did much to disseminate the thought and spirit of Oberlin, and to defend it against misrepresentations and aspersions. In 1863, the second year of the war, it was discontinued because of inadequate support. For a more elaborate exposition of Oberlin ideas, the Oberlin Quarterli/ Review was started in 1845, and continued four years.

Unfortunately the professorship association, which had been formed in New York to pay the salaries of eight professors, continued but a short time. The great fire which occurred in New York in the fall of 18.35, and the tinancial crash which followed in 1836 and '37, swept away this foundation. The salaries thus guaranteed were but six hundred dollars per annum, but now even this moderate sum was no longer assured. For their necessary support the professors could only trust God. Eelyiug upon the provision made for the payment of the salaries, tuition in the college department had been remitted, and it was long before it could be re-imposed ; and even after it was required it was found difficult to collect it, so that several thousand dollars due for tuition were never paid. Subscriptions liad been taken uji in 1835 and '36, jiayable in five annual installments, amounting to nearly one hundred thousand dollars ; but in consecjuence of the financial crisis which soon followed, only about six thousand dollars of it was ever paid. With their hearts fully committed to the work, and trusting God who they believed had called them to it, the professors resolved to remain at their posts, content with meagre and uncertain pay. For many years the very existence of the institution was dependent upon the contributions of its friends. In 1838 the debt had accumulated to forty thousand dollars, and it was decided to send a deputation to England to solicit contributions. Eev. John Keep and Mr. William Dawes undertook this work, and in the course of eighteen months, by unwearied labor they raised tliirty thousand dollars clear of expenses. Many books were also contributed to the college library. This gratifying success was made jjossible by the sympathy of British christians with the antislavery sentiment of Oberlin.

" At present no pledge can be given that the institution will furnish labor to all the students ; but hitherto nearly all have been able to obtain employment from either the institute or the colonists. It is thought that the same facilities for available labor will be continued."

As early as 1839, an agricultural society was formed, composed of the colonists, faculty and students. Weekly meetings were held, at which there were essays and discussions on various subjects pertaining to agriculture. Town fairs were also kept up annually for many years. In a small sheet called People's Press, and dated Oberlin, October, 1845, a report of the fair for that year is given. There was an address by Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland, and in the evening short addresses from several - among them Dr. Townshend, Professor Cowles, Professor Fairchild, and President Mahan. The opening address by the president of the society, D. B. Kinney, is given entire in the paper. It is historical, and gives some interesting reminiscences. The roads at an early day being almost impassable, three hundred dollars were subscribed by the colonists and four hundred by the faculty and students, to improve them. On a certain day, recitations being suspended, all turned out and worked on the road leading to Elyria. The young ladies, for their jiart, provided them a bountiful dinner.

One of the theological professors went to a brother out of town, who had a team, and told him he wanted some wood drawn, but he had no money, and asked him how he should pay him. The good brother replied that he would draw wood one day for him for nothing, and then pointing to his bare feet said, " But you see I need pay for my work." TJie professor immediately jumping from his horse, and pulling off his shoes and throwing them to him, said, "Here, take these; I have another jiair at home, and I can ride home barefoot."

The chapel in Colonial Hall becoming too small for the meetings on the Sabbath, the people, notwitlistanding their poverty, encouraged by Mr. Finney, resolved, in 18-40, to build a church. In 1842, the foundation was laid; and tlie next year before its completion, and without a formal dedication, it was occupied. The lot was given by the original proprietors of the land; and the inhabitants, professors, and students, aided by friends abroad, by subscriptions of cash and all sorts of commodities, and by work, united in putting up the building. It was modeled after the New York tabernacle, which was planned by Mr. Finney. Its dimensions were ample, with the design of furnishing room for the annual commencement exercises.

The college, having no permanent endowment, was wholly dependent for its support upon the contributions of its friends. In the fall of 1850, it was determined to make an effort to raise a permanent fund for the support of instruction, by the sale of scholarships. Scholarships for six 3'ears were sold for twenty-five dollars, and perpetual scholarships for one hundred dollars. The pledges were conditional upon the raising of the whole amount desired, - one hundred thousand dollars. The time set for getting conditional pledges was limited to January 1, 1853, but so well did the effort succeed that, by January 20, 1852, the whole amount was pledged, and the new system went into operation. When it is considered that to the holders of these scholarships tuition was free in all the departments, it will not be surprising that the attendance was at once largely increased.

In the catalogue for the year 1851-2, the year before the system went into operation, the whole number of students is given as five hundred and seventy-one.

In the next catalogue, for the first year of its operation, the number is one thousand and twenty; in the next, one thousand, three hundred and five; in the next, one thousand, one hundred and eighty-eight; in the next, one thousand and sixty-two; and in the next, one thousand, two liundred and sixteen. It should be said that the preparatory de25artment was increased much more jjrojiortionately than any of the rest.

This, however, in the course of the growth of the college, may be considered as its second enlargement. From this time its growth has consisted chiefly in the enlargement and perfecting of its course of study. The number then gained has been maintained; and the scholarshijj system, having served its purpose, is being gradually superseded.

The sudden increase in the number of students made the demand imperative for larger accommodations. For a time part of the students were obliged to meet in the laboratory or music hall for prayers. In 1854^5, a new chapel was built, at a cost of ten thousand five hundred dollars, and the audience room above, cajjable of seating nine hundred persons. This i has been since entirely remodeled, at a cost of about

In 1850, President Mahan resigned his ))ositi(in as president of Oberlin College, and took charge of a new university established at Cleveland, in which it was designed that the classics should be less prominent in the course of study; and the following year Professor Finney was appointed his successor.

Since it was near the lake, and a noted anti-slavery place, Oberlin Ijccame, at an early day, an im])ortant station of "the under-ground railroad." Many fugitives were helped to escape, being sent to some port on the lake, to Cleveland, Charleston (now Lorain), Huron or Sandusky, wherever there happened to be a vessel whose captain would take them to Canada. It is the boast of Oberlin that no fugitive was ever taken back from her soil to slavery; nor has the prevention of such a result ever been accompanied with violence or bloodshed. It is said that in one year as many as three hundred and sixty fugitives from slavery passed through Oberlin.

In 1840, at a house on Lorain street, about a mile east of the First Church, then in the forest, two men from Kentucky seized a colored man and wonum and hurried away with them. Word soon reached the people of Oberlin, who were assembled in the chapel at some meeting, and they immediately pursued the slave-catchers, overtaking them two or three miles from the village. These men went the next day to Elyria to substantiate their claim, but, failing to produce sutticient evidence, their victims were imprisoned to await a further trial.

The slave-catchers were themselves arrested on the charges of house-breaking and threatening of life, but were released on bail. Before the trial one of them died, and the other returned to the double trial to find that the slaves had escaped - by following a fellow prisoner, and by no aid from without - and was himself released.

Among the compromise measures passed by Congress in 1850, was the fugitive slave bill, which, signed by the President, became. a law, and went into operation. Accepted and approved by northern conservatives, but denounced and renounced by antislavery men, who proclaimed in its stead "the higher law," bemg more stringent and efficient than the old law, tlie business of slave-catching was prosecuted with renewed vigor and with varying success.

On the 1-ith of Septemljer, 18.")8, the people of Oberlin were startled from their usual ijuiet by the report that a colored man, by the name of John Price, had been taken from their midst and carried toward the south. A considerable company of citizens and students followed in pursuit as far as Wellington, where they found the Wadsworth House, in the garret of which the captors with their captive had taken refuge, surrounded by a crowd. The crowd, pressing up the stairs and against the door of the room whither the

A grand jury was summoned by tlie United States District Court, for Nortliern Oiiin, whicli found bills agjiinst thirty-seven citizens of Obcrlin and Wellington. Among tiiese, Professor Henry E. Peck, James M. Fitch, suiH'rintendent of the Obcrlin Sunday School, and Ralph Plumb, a lawyer, the most prominent of the Oberlin men, were indicted for aiding and abetting. Thirty only were arrested. These appeared at Cleveland on the day set, and were released on their own recognizance till the day of trial. Hon. R. P. Spalding, Hon. A. G. Riddle, and S. 0. Griswold, Esq., volunteered their services for the defence, free of charge. April 5, 1859, the trials commenced by the arraignment of Seth M. Bushnell, who was charged with driving the buggy which conveyed the captive away from his captors; who, upon his trial, was found guilty by the jury, and was sentenced to sixty days imprisonment, and to jiay a fine of six hundred dollars and the costs of prosecution, estimated at two thousand dollars. Charles Laugston, being next tried, was also found guilty, and sentenced to twenty days imprisonment, and to pay a fine of one hundred dollars and cf>sts. An application was made to the supreme court of Ohio for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of Bushnell and Langston, on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the fugitive slave law; l)ut it was denied to them, the vote of the judges standing three to two. Meantime the rest were confined in ])rison awaiting their trial. On two different Saliljaths, Professor Peck preached to an assemblage, surrounding the jail, estimated at from three to four thousand. July 2, a few days before the liberation of the prisoners, the Oberlin Sunday School went to Cleveland in a body, and paid their sn])erintendenta visit in jail. This was an occasion of much interest.

" We do not believe that there was. in this case, a design on the part of the rescuers to violate even the fugitive slave act, because it was apparently believed that tlie man was kidnapped, and that the paper by which his captors held him was illegal. But we wish it also understood that we do not regard that enactment as of any binding force whatever. WV think it right and proper to escape its penalty when we can consistently with duty; but its precept we cannot regard witJiout renouncing Christianity and offending God."

After the conviction of Langston further trials were arrested. The captors had been indicted in the Lorain county court for kidnapping; and these finally ]>r()posed an arrangement by which nol/es should be entered against the cases on both sides, and they be

*' Resolrefl, That after all the pains and penalties inflicted on us by government officials in the attempt toenforce the fugitive slave act, we feel it to be our dnt.y to say that our hatred and opposition to that unjust and unconstitutional law are more intense than ever before. No fine or imprisonment, however enforced, by whatever court, can induce us to yield it obedience. We will hereafter, as we have heretofore, help the panting fugitive to escape from those who would enslave him, whatever may be the authority under which they may act."

On their arrival at Oberlin, they were received with unbounded enthusiasm. In the evening, the church was crowded, speeches were made by the rescuers and others, and the meeting did not close till midnight. Near the close of the meeting, a resolution was jiassed that the town council be requested to enter a minute of this whole affair upon the records of the village of of Oberlin. The following is the conclusion of this minute:

"And finally, in view of all the consequences attendant upon this prosecution, and all the light shed upon the subject, we unanimously express our greatly increased abhorrence of the fugitive slave act, and avow our determination that no fugitive slave shall be taken from Oberlin, either with or without a warrant, if we have power to prevent it. Passed unanimously July 6, 18.59."

On the nth, Bushnell having served out the sixty days for which he was sentenced, returned to Oberlin, and another enthusiastic meeting was held.

In less than two years from this manifestation of the enthusiastic determination of the people to maintain their principles, they were, by the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, put to a far severer test. In the grand ujirising of the North, one of the most sublime and inspiring events of history, Oberlin had her share.

Ai)ril 13, 18(51, Fort Sumter fell; and on the 14th, President Lincoln issued his jiroclamation calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers. At Oberlin, as everywhere throughout the North, the excitement was deep, intense and absorbing.

A meeting of the students was held at the college chapel on the evening of the 19th, and was addressed by enthusiastic speakers from each of the regular classes, and a committee of five was appointed to obtain volunteers. A meeting of citizens was also held. On the next evening, Professor Monroe, who was then a member of the State legislature, having arrived from Columbus, a meeting was held in the church, and was addressed by him and Colonel Sheldon, of Elyria. At the close of this meeting, the roll was opened for enlistments, and forty-nine at once gave their names, and ten thousand dollars were pledged to assist in sustaining those who should go. By Monday morning, one hundred and thirty names were enrolled; and this being in excess of the number required, and others being ready to enlist, a second company was formed. Nor was this eagerness to enlist from mere excitement; it was, on the contrary, in most cases, from sturdy principle.

The first company formed is known as company C of the Seventh regiment Ohio volunteer infantry, of which Professor C W. Shurtleff, then a tutor in the college, was captain. The first enlistment was for three months ; but a month later most of the company re-enlisted for three years. At Cross Lanes they were overjiowered by a superior force, two of their number were killed, and twenty-nine, including Captain Shurtleff, were made prisoners. Notwith- staiidiug this serious blow, tliis coii:pauy aftei'ward took an active part in niauy battles, in which its members wore tlistingnished for their bravery. They were also distinguished for their moral and religious character. Out of the one hundred and fifty students who were at different times members of this company, but throe died of disease ; and of those, two died of infection caught in the filthy dungeons of New Orleans. Twenty-eight fell in battle, fifteen were discharged on account of wounds, and many others were wounded slightly. Fifteen were promoted as commissioned officers in other regiments. Its captain, after a year spent in southern prisons, was made insjR'ctor general on the staff of General Wilcox ; then was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and afterwards colonel of the Fifth United States colored troops, and just at the close of the war was made brevet brigadier general.

The second year of the war another company, com- ]tosed of citizens and students, was sent out and Joined the one hundred and third regiment. The same year, when Cincinnati was threatened, almost all the college students capable of bearing arms, with many of the preparatory students and citizens, started on a few honrs' notice and spent several weeks there till the danger was past.

Toward the close of the war a second company. K, was sent out, which joined with Cleveland to form the one hundred and fiftieth regiment, and helped Grant fight his way to Richmond.

"Taking the catalogue of 1861, the first year of the war." says Professor Ellis, from whose address entitled "Oberliu in the War," we take most of these facts and statistics, " we find that of one hundred and sixty-six gentlemen in the four college classes, one hundred, or sixty per cent., have been in the army as soldiers. We doubt if any college catalogue can show a better record than this. Of alumni and the under-graduates in the college classes, we count one hundred and ninety-seven who have served in the array. Among these, two major generals, one brigadier general, ten colonels, and officers of lower grades in larger proportion. Of those who have been connected with the preparatory department, our estimate can only approximate the exact tigures. Supposing that those of whom we do not know positively have gone in the same proportion as those of whom we do know, we have not less than five hundred and fifty from this department, giving a total of eight hundred and fifty of the representatives of Oberliu in the army. The great majority of the.je enlisted without a selfish consideration. Even those who were far advanced in their course, and many of whom had been leading men as teachers or preachers, entered the ranks side by side with the ignorant and uncultivated song of toil. If the list of officers should be found disproportionately small, as I do not think it is, it would be accounted for by this fact."

Of those who went into the army Professor Ellis estimated that not less than ten per cent., or from seventy-five to one hundred men, were among the slain. The number of students was of course much reduced during the war, especially the young men.

The year that the war broke out the number given in the catalogue is one thousand, three hundred and eleven; the next year it was reduced to one thou.saiid and seventy-one, and the next to eight hundred and fifty-nine; the next year it is nine hundred and seventeen, and the next, nine hundred and one - an average decrease of about one-third.

there was felt to be a pressing need. The first pledge was two dollars for a corner stone; and after that, pledges were given for from one dollar to two hundred, till the whole sum amounted to three thousand, one hundred and thirty-six dollars. Its foundations were laid the next spring, at the breaking out of the war, on ground whicii had long been reserved for it. Further work was suspended on it for two years. The walls were erected and the roof put on in 1803, and it was not completed till 1805. The cost of building and furnishing was about forty thousand dollars.

In 1865, President Finney, seeking relief in his declining years, from the cares and resjionsibilities of the presidency of the institution, resigned his position, and Professor James II. Fairchild whs appointed his successor, and delivered his inaugural address at the commencement, August 23, 1866. President Fairchild was one of the four who formed the first college class, and participated in the exercises of the first commencement. After the completion of his seven years' course in college and in theology, he was appointed, in 1841, professor of languages. This position he occufiied till 1847, when he was transferred to the professorship of mathematics and natural philosophy; which he filled till 1859, when he became associate professor of theology and moral philosophy.

He had thus, as student and professor, leen fully identified with Oberliu from its licginning; had imbibed its idea, breathed its spirit, and entered into its life. A clear and independent thinker, wise in coun- ,sel, sagacious and prudent in the management of affairs, conscientiously careful and faithful in the performance of duty, unostentatious and unobtrusive in manner, with high aim and steadfast purpose, a man of culture and refinement, of gentleness and of force, of benevolence and dignity, - and inspiring universal respect, confidence, and love, - the college, under his management and guidance, with an efficient corps of professors, of like mind, as counsellors and helpers, was to have a steady and symmetrical growth in the perfecting of its various departments, and was to receive a warmer and more general acknowledgment of its character and work.

During the first few years after its establishment the theological d(^partment was large and flourishing. In its first year, 1835, it numbered thirty-five; the next year it had increased to thirty-eight. In 1838 it numbered forty-four, and the next year it had increa.sed to sixty-four. This was the maximum of attendance, and after this it gradually declined, until, in 1840, it numbered but twenty-five. In 1859, the number had increased to thirty-six, and the next year it was thirty-five. But during the war the number was diminished, until, in 1864 and '65, the number was but thirteen, the next year but fifteen, and the next but eleven. This was the minimum; and at this time the question was seriously raised whether this department could be maintained. But it was concluded that it was a necessity, nut only fur Olierlin, bnt especially for the furnishing of ministers to Congregational churches in Ohio and Michigan, and even in States farther west; and it was resolved to make a determined effort to revive it, and to put it in every respect on a more substantial basis. In 18G9, Rev. Hiram Mead, a graduate of Andover, was appointed professor of sacred rhetoric, and proved a valuable accession, not less by his devotion to the several interests of the department, than by that to the duties of his own professorship. A new building was needed, and this need it was resolved to proceed at once to supply.

In November, 1871, the first general council of the C!ongregational churches of the United States met at Oberliu, and during their session gave their voluntary and hearty endorsement to the seminary; and the corner stone of the new building, which was properly called "Council Hall," was at that tinu' laid. A large meeting was held at the First Church, at which several addresses were made. In conclusion. Rev. Dr. Buddiiigtou, chairman of the council, made a few remarks, in the course of which he said:

'* I rejoice to stand, tliis day, upon the grave of buried prejudice. It is true that Oberlin has been a battle-cry in our ranks for a generation. It is so no longer, but a name of peace, of inspiration, and hope."

Money was given by friends of the college in New- England, and by the churches in Ohio, by which the building was carried forward to completion; and at the coramencement, August 1, 1874, it was formally dedicated. The influeuce of these efforts in reviving the seminary is apparent in the increase of numbers. In 1871, the number had increased to thirty-six, the next year to thirty-eight, the next to forty-three, and in 1876 to fifty-one.

No history of Oberlin would be complete without some notice of its music; to which, especially sacred music, much attention has been given from the first, and which has grown with its growth. In 18:J5, Rev. Elisha P. Ingersoll was appointed professor of sacred music in the college. He resigned and left town the next year, and, in 18.38, George N. Allen was appointed to the same position, which, with the exception of two years, he held till 18G4. Professor Allen was also chorister of the church choir from 1836 till 18.50, with the exception of two years. He entered with enthusiasm into the work of training the choir, and organized an orchestral accompaniment.

The first concert of note was given at the commencement in 18.53, at which the "Oratorio of Absalom" was performed. In 18.56, the first organ was procured, the expense of which the choir helped much towards defraying with money earned by their concerts. In this way they also paid for tiie gas fixtures in the First Church, and furnished the bell of the chapel.

On the division of the church in I860, and the formation of the Second Church, a new association was formed, called "The Musical Union," composed of members from both choirs. The musical union paid most of the cost of the cabinet organ used for a time by the Second Church; has given toward the

In 1867, the "Oberlin Conservatory of Music" was brought into connection with the college, and George W. Steele was appointed professor of music, but was granted leave of absence to pursue his studies in Germany, whence he returned at the close of the fall term of the next year. In 1871, Fenelon B. Rice, a graduate of the Leipsic Conservatory of Music, was appointed professor of music, and was made director of the conservatory of music, under whose efficient management this department of the college has attained high rank among the musical schools of the country.

Public Schools

The following facts respecting the public schools of Oberlin, are gleaned from a historical sketch pre- })ared for a centennial book in 1876 :

A ])rimary department was at first organized in connection with the college, but was kept up only one year. The first public school was taught in one room of a house belonging to Deacon T. P. Turner, by Miss Anna Moore ; afterward it was taught in a shojj on the corner of Main and East College streets.

The first school house was built in 1838, on the corner of Main and Lorain streets, not far from where the first church now stands. It was a small frame building, containing but one room, and this furnished at first with only rough boards for seats. Afterward rough tables were ])laced around next to the wall, with chairs before them. This was the only .school house till 1851, and as the number of scholars doubled and trebled during that time, it was necessary to seek rooms wherever they could be found. Many good private schools were in operation during this period.

In 1851-52 a new brick building was erected on Professor street, opposite the college square, now owned by the college and known as " Cabinet hall.'' It was two stories high and contained three school rooms and one recitation room. The building was, however, not j'et ample enough to accommodate all the pupils, and afterward two wings were added, so that the whole building then contained seven school rooms. On entering the new building the schools were for the first time graded.

In 1854 the schools were re-organized, and Joseph H. Barnum was elected superintendent. Mr. Barnum was an active and efficient teacher, and remained in the school tiiree years, when he left to take charge of the Elyria schools.

The last two terms of the year following Mr. Barnum's departure. Deacon W. W. Wright had the general superintendence of the schools, and after this, for two years, they were without a superintendent.

In 1860, the Union school was first organized, under the law of 1849. The school board appointed Samuel Sedgwick, a graduate of Oberlin college, superintendent, at a salary of six hundred dollars,

Among the early settlers and good, practical farmers of Carlisle township who have passed away, none left a fairer record for personal integrity and high moral worth than he whose life and character forms the basis of these lines. Reared amid the Green Mountains of Vermont, and at an early period of his existence being inculcated with the importance of industry and self-reliance, he was admirably qualified for the life of a pioneer in the western country where forty-five years ago he eifected a permanent settlement.

Sylvester Hart was born at Weston, Vt., on the 27th of March, 1806. His father, George Hart, was a native of Massachusetts ; his mother, Polly Lawrence, a Vermonter. In the days of his youth, educational advantages were quite limited, and what little of scholastic learning he obtained was in the common schools of the place of his birth. By subsequent self-study, and the application of knowledge gained by experience, he became a well-read man, and posses.sed an intelligence above the average farmer. It was in the year 1834, when, imbued with a spirit of adventure, coupled with the desire to make a home for himself and family, he came to Lorain Co., Ohio, and settled in Carlisle township, upon the farm now occupied by his son, Henry H. Some years prior to his removal from Vermont, however, he had become pretty thoroughly acquainted witli and habituated in agricultural jiursuits. At the age of seventeen years he bought his " time'' of his father, and subsequently purchased a small farm, which he sold preparatory to his departure to Ohio. All went well with him in his western home until 1840, when his residence and barn were totally destroyed by fire, a calamity under which a man of less indomitable energy and perseverance would have succumbed. Nothing daunted by this untoward event, he rebuilt on another part of his farm the house in which Henry H. Hart now resides. In December, 18.56, Mr. Hart removed to the village of Oberlin, intending to retire from the active, incessant labor of the farm. Here he resided a respected and honorable citizen until his death, which occurred Sept. 26, 1874.

On the 25th of January, 1829, Mr. Hart was united in marriage with Relief Baldwin, who was born at Pawlet, Vt., Aug. 31, 1806. She survives him. They had issue as follows, namely :

In politics Mr. Hart was formerly a Whig, and after the organization of the Republican party affiliated with the latter. He was township trustee of Carlisle many years, and was elected to various other offices in that township. He was not a professor of religion, but the honesty of his life compared favorably with many of the most ardent church members. After a careful investigation of spiritualism, he became convinced of its genuineness, and espoused its teachings with a faith that lasted until his death. He became one of the largest landholders in the county, and was also extensively engaged in dairying. Those of his acquaintances and friends by whom he was best known, generally bear testimony to his uncompromising, personal integrity, his business rectitude, and the placidity of his domestic life. It was in the home circle where the serenity of his disposition was so highly appreciated. His benevolence was proverbial. Taken all in all, the career of Mr. Hart offers many excellent traits which afford alike a good example for future generations to follow, and an imperishable legacy to his estimable family.

wliicli, (luring the last two years of his term of service, was increased to a thousand dollars. A high school was organized, and all the lower schools were improved. The high school increased to forty, and tlie whole number enrolled in all the schools, was as liigh as four hundred and fifty.

In the fall of 1809, Mr. Sedgwick resigned, and Mr. E. F. Moulton, a graduate of Oberlin college, was appointed his successor, - at a salary of fifteen liundred dollars, wliich was afterward raised to seventeen hnndred. Several additions were made to the course of study in the high school; and the number of pupils attending the high school, during Mr. Moulton's term of service, was more tlum doubled. Since the inauguration of the new system in 1860, tlie nuniljer enrolled in all the schools was also doubled.

In 1873, the corner stone of a new edifice was laid, and it was completed and dedicated in 1874. It is situated on South Main street, in a central location, and contains eleven school rooms, a superintendent's room, two smaller recitation rooms, and a library room. Its cost was about forty tliousand dollars, and it is one of the handsomest buildings of tlie town.

In 1870, Mr. Moulton resigned, and accepted a position as superintendent of the Union school, in Warren, Ohio. Mr. Chittenden was appointed in his place, and has proved an efficient superintendent, but lias recently been compelled to resign, ou account of ill healtli, and Mr. H. F. Clark has been chosen his successor.

The Churches

A brief notice of the organization of the First Church, and of tlie erection of the church edifice, has been already given, and we have space here for little more. Mr. Finney was called to take charge of the church in May, 1837, and continued its pastor till May, 1873, a period of thirty-five years. The greater part of this time. Professor Morgan was also associated with him, and preached during Mr. Finney's absence. Other members of the faculty also supplied the pulpit at different times. November 13, 1873, Rev. James Brand, a graduate of Yale College and of Andover Seminary, was installed as pastor of the church, and has since labored with much acceptance and with gratifying results.

Of the growth of the church, Mr. Brand, al)out a year since, said: ''Beginning with sixty-two commu nieants in the solitude of the forest, it has had, in the space of forty-two years, about four thousand six hundred and sixty - an average addition of a little more than one liundred and ten a year during its entire history."' It should, however, be remembered that from the changing character of the population, and from the fact that many of the students became lonnected with the church, the dismissions were as rontinual, if not so large, as tlie additions.

For many years the First Church was the only church in the place, and it came to be the general and cherished desire that there should be no other.

This feeling arose, not from any exclusiveness, but from a desire of concentration and unity, rather than division of christian effort. The confession of faith embraced only those vital points which are accepted by all evangelical christians; and it was common for members of other denominations to join the church without change of views. But in the growth of the place, it was inevitable that other churches should be formed.

The second cliurch organized was the Protestant Episcopal. Missionary services were begun by Rev. Anson Clark, in the year 1853, and were held regularly thereafter once a month, or once in two weeks, in Mr. Safford's house. The organization of the parish was effected April 18, 1855, by Rev. Francis Granger, with seven communicants. Very soon after, the work of building the church was commenced, the lot being given by Mrs. Saflford. Rev. William C. French came in November, 1858. The church was then but partially completed, and Mr. French did much to secure its completion. The church was consecrated in May, 1859, by Bishop Mcllvaine, without any debt, and has remained so to this day. In 1868, a recess chancel was added, and also a vestibule. The whole cost of the church was about five thousand dollars.

On the same lot with the church, which comprises nearly an acre, beautifully ornamented with shrubs, a fine rectory - the only parsonage in the place - has been erected. This was begun in 1860, and completed in 1805. The church embraces now about sixty communicants, and like the other churches of the place, its membership is more or less fluctuating. The fraternal spirit of the First Church toward this first sister church, was manifested by its invitation, extended to Bishop Mcllvaine, on a certain occasion before they had a church edifice, to hold service in their church, which he did, to the gratification and edification of all present.