Lorain City (part 33 of 77)

The Ridgeville Chair Works

This enterprise has grown up to its present importance from a small beginning. It was established by A. H. Mooers, the present proprietor, in November, 1853, with a capital of seven dollars and fifty cents. He served his apprenticeship with his father, who was a chair maker, and had worked in Elyria, making chairs by the piece, the year previous to his location in Ridgeville. Herented a room, eighteen by twentyfour feet in size, in Joel Terrell's saw-mill at the center of the town, and with the capital previously stated, a few tools and a turning lathe.which he borrowed, started in business for himself. He was alone for over a year. He made about one hundred chairs a month and those of the cheapest character. For these he found a market, mostly at Elyria. After running for three years he sold out to William Young for two hundred dollars, but bought back within two weeks, paying a bonus of twenty-five dollars. Some two years and a half afterwards, during which he engaged in other enterprises, he bought a small building near the Bushnell mill, and moved it to its present location, in the rear of his house. In this building, which he now uses for a barn, Mr. Mooers prosecuted his business for about six months, using a horse power, when he commenced the erection of the first of the three large buildings now comprising his works. In addition to his factory proper, Mr. Mooers has a saw mill twenty-eight by sixty feet, two stories high, the motive-power of which is a forty-horse power engine. The goods made by these works consist of every variety of wood chairs, all kinds of double cane-seated chairs, settees and the round-cornered cottage bedstead. Mr. Mooers finds a market for his goods inCleveland. In 1873 he employed nearly seventy-five hands. At the present time he has forty employees, five of whom are women.

These works furnished for the Sengerfest building in Cleveland, in June, 1876, six thousand chairs in nine days, all carried to the city in wagons. 'The capital invested in business at the present time is upwards of thirty thousand dollars.

Since this enterprise was started by Mr. Mooers, nineteen similar establishments, within a radius of twenty miles, have had an existence and failed of success. He attributes a great part of his success to his strict temperance principles, to which he has adhered from childhood, never having tasted a drop of malt or spirituous liquor.

Just south of the saw mill isa building used by Mr. Mooers, exclusively for the manufacture of an implement called the 'Griffin Land Leveler," of which Mr. Seth Griffin of Elyria, is the patentee. It is a combined roller, harrow and scraper, and is used for leveling roads and tracks, and for the preparation of land for seeding. It was first patented in 1874, and its manufacture begun in 1877. About thirty machines are turned out yearly, and there is an increasing demand for it.

Recognizing the necessity of means for the greater security of the dead from the nefarious business of grave robbers, Mr. Mooers applied his mechanical genius in this direction, and patented in the spring of 1878, a '' Metallic Coffin Shield" which he is now manufacturing. Itis made of wrought sheet iron, and is used in the place of the ordinary box 'which the coffin is enclosed. Efforts in this direction are most commendable.

Saw Mills

The first saw mill in this township was built by Major Wyllis Terrell, on Center creek, near his grist mill, in 1819. It continued in operation until 1830, when Major Beebe and Joseph Humphrey, out of sanitary considerations, bought the property and tore it away. It overflowed their lands with water much of the time, causing a great deal of sickness.

Capt. Bush erected a saw mill on West creek at an early day, but it never went into operation. A freshet carried away the dam, and the enterprise was abandoned.

THE Herrick MILL, at the Center, was built by Joel Terrell, son of Major Terrell, in the year 1850. He established at the same place a button factory, which he operated in the day time, and the saw mill at night. It ceased to exist some five or six years since. Successive owners of the saw mill were men by the name of Viets, George Burrell and Dr. Herrick, of Cleveland, the present owner.

THE ROBINSON MILL, located on lot fourteen, was built in 1850, by Messrs. Peck and Hesten. The former subsequently bought the latter's interest, and ran the mill until 1866, when the present proprietor, J. Robinson, came into possession of the property. It is a steam mill, and-has facilities for sawing from two thousand five hundred to three thousand feet of lumber per day, but has been idle much of the time of late years.

THE Moorrs Miti. - This is by far the most important mill of the kind in the township, and, indeed, It was built and is used mainly as an adjunct to his chair works, but the mill also does a great deal of custom work. It was built in 1873. It is a two-story frame, thirty by sixty feet, with a substantial brick boiler and engineroom with an iron roof, making it as nearly fireproof as possible. The engine is a forty-horse power. The capacity of the mill is five thousand feet of lumber perday. The upper story is used by Mr. Mooers for his turning works, and is replete with all the varied machinery necessary to thet branch of his chair factory.

Cider Mill

The only cider mill in the township is owned and operated by W. H. Eldred, who, with his father, built it in 1856. The entire machinery, with the exception of the engine, is of Mr. Eldred's own manufacture. It possesses facilities for the manufacture of eighty barrels of cider per day. With a small force of hands largely to Cleveland. with one run of stone, and run by steam, the engine being a twelve-horse power. Its capacity is about twenty-five bushels per hour.

Cheese Factories

Tue Excersior Factory. - The original factory on this location, lot twenty-four, was built in 1869 by Jackson & Roe. It was destroyed by fire in 1871, when the present factory was erected by Adams & Eldred. In 1873, Jackson & Eldred, the present proprietors took charge, and have continued its operation up to the present time. This factory makes a specialty of the manufacture of what the proprietors call ''Cheshire cheese," the entire product being shipped direct to England. It consumed the milk of about four hundred and fifty cows the last season.

THE FULLER Factory was established in 1870, by a stock company. W. D. Fuller, the present owner, has operated it about three years. It formerly consumed the milk of about two hundred cows. It was supplied the last season by about one hundred and fifty.

THE Brices CHEESE Factory, situated a short distance south of Briggs' Corners, was built in the spring of 1871 by a stock company. The present manager of the factory is C. I. Mead. The directors are Homer Terrell, John McNelley and Edward Hill. The production for the season of 1878 was about sixty thousand pounds of cheese, consuming the milk of about two hundred cows.

C. Lester Sexton

Soon after the marriage of George Sexton and Miss Mary Cahoon, at Vergennes, Vt., in the year 1810, they moved into Ohio, stopping at Judge Kingsbury's, Newburgh, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, where they remained until March 12, 1812; then, with family, Mr. G. Sexton moved into the west part of Ridgeville, Lorain county, Ohio, where he resided until his decease, November 7, 1829, aged forty-two years, leaving a widow and seven children, five of whom are since dead. Mrs. Mary Cahoon,died September 17, 1849.

The two children-living are Amos C. Sexton, who is a farmer in Orange, Cuyahoga county, Ohio; the other, C. Lester Sexton, of whom this sketch is written, following the same calling as his brother, resides in Ridgeville, Lorain county, Ohio. He was born at Newburgh, as above, on April 20, 1810.

The parents of Mrs. Lester Sexton, viz: Ebenezer Porter and Miss Eunice Yale, were married at Lee, Berkshire county, Mass., in 1800. They left Lee, in 1822, with a family of eight children, for Ohio. Spending the winter in Dover, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, in the early spring th. y removed to Ridgeville, : where they built the first ''log house" on Sugar Ridge, Asa farmer, there he lived until death, which occurred on July 6, 1867, he having reached the advanced age of ninety-one years; his more aged father having died at his son's residence, in 1839. ninety-four years of age. Mrs. Eunice Sexton died November 19, 1847.

Mr. C. Lester Sexton and Frances C. Porter were married at Ridgeville, December 5, 1833. Soon after they removed to Ashland, Ashland county, Ohio. Returning to Ridgeville on the 9th of March, 1838, they commenced in the unbroken woods to make for themselves and children a home. How pleasant that home and its surroundings have become, the artist shows in the view accompanying.

Mr. Sexton was father of five children. Lydia Louisa, their eldest child, was born in Ashland county, Ohio, November 26, 1834. Becoming the wife of Harlo C. Emmons, of Elyria, she was left a widow in March, 1869. In San Francisco, California, she was re-married to John Dunbar, and has since resided in Petaluma, California. George P. Sexton and HK. Porter Sexton were both born in Ridgeville; the one November 5, 1838, the other April 15, 1841. At the commencement of the rebellion, both brothers enlisted in Company E, Forty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry. George died in hospital at Paintville, Ken-

Frances M. was born August 21, 1847, and became the wife, February 9, 1869, of W. H. Bastard, of Columbia, Lorain county, Ohio, where they now live with their sons, Robert Lester and George Harry.

Mr. Sexton has filled, and now holds the office of township trustee. Still vigorous, at a ripe age, loved and respected by his neighbors, he remains one of the makers of Ridgeville. To him belongs the credit of being one of the first, if not the first, of using tile drains, to any great extent, in Lorain county, - he at an early day, laying over two miles on his farm.

wife, Mr. Sexton's mother, and another lady, started on foot through the woods, to make a friendly call on the new-comer. The visit being made, the ladies commenced their journey home. Losing their way, and night coming on, they were forced. to spend the night under a partially fallen tree. The next morning brought them kind neighbors, who had passed the night in vain search for them. Such was " calling" in Lorain county pioneer life.

Richard Blain

Wilson Blain was born April 24, 1789, and married t> Hannah Van Natten, in May, 1810. They moved to Ridgeville, this county, in September, 1818, where he bought a farm on the Butternut. ridge, and lived there until his death. He had four children. Richard, the eldest son of Wilson, and subject of this sketch, was born October 13, 1812, and married Fanny

To Richard Blain and his. wife have been born four children: Warren W., born November 6, 1837; James M., born December 30, 1839; Vesta H., born February 11, 1841; and Harlan I., born March 14, 1843, and died April 5, 1856.

Richard Blain united with the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1829, when he was seventeen years old, and remained a faithful, devoted member until the close of his life. In all these years, after he became of-age, he was either class leader or steward, and usually both. He was always at his post, and filled his place with honor to himself, and great benefit and credit to the church. He wasa man of decided and unblemished character, one who lived to do his neighbors good; and was truly devoted to his wife, his children and the church of his adoption.

The following sketch of Oberlin history is mainly a compilation, but it may be regarded as reliable, and is as complete as the scope of this work will admit. ~The facts and documents pertairiing to the early history, I have taken chiefly from the '' History of Oberlin," in manuscript, by President Fairchild; of which, availing myself of the generous offer of the author, I have made free use. Other facts and statistics have been taken from the college catalogues, from articles in the Oberlin Evangelist and in the Oberlin Review, and from other sources, for my indebtedness to which, this general acknowledgment must suffice. For the estimates of Oberlin, and of a few of its leading men, the writer is alone responsible. H. M.

Introduction

THE history of Oberlin may be said to be the history of an idea, first, as conceived in the minds of individuals and matured into a plan, which may be called its origin; then as converted by them into fact, and made an outward reality, which 'constitutes its beginning; next, as receiving a sudden increase of mental and moral force, which gave it enlargement, and was its second beginning, from which it should proceed as from a new point of departure; and finally, as its natural and gradual development, in which is found, amid strivings and confiicts, its growth to maturity. In this fact, that Oberlin is built on and represents a progressive idea, or a fundamental principle, is found its distinctive and representative character; and this is the true explanation of the enthusiasm it awakened, the opposition it excited, the success it has achieved, and the work it has wrought.

The explanation and source of the idea must be sought in the character of the period. It was a period of revivals, and of the beginning of great and radical reforms. Before Oberlin had an existence, so much as in thonght, extensive revivals had prevailed in various parts of the land, by which whole communities and towns were regenerated, and thousands had their conscience quickened, and their life renewed. Following, or accompanying, these revivals were certain special reforms, which were a practical use of christian principles for the overthrow of great, individual, social, and national evils, as intemperance, slavery, and war. Of these, the anti-slavery reform, from the ardor with which it was espoused and advocated by its friends, and the violence with which it was resisted by its enemies, gained especial prominence. Now, Oberlin was, from its beginning and in its very idea, the embodiment of this spirit of revival and reform - of revival as first, and of reform as proceeding from it. It was this spirit of revival and reform that created it, that possessed and ruled it, and that gives. life to its history.

The origin and character of the men who first composed Oberlin, likewise show its character. 'These were all, either immediately or mediately, from New England. They were genuine New England men, with the New England mind and heart. Moreover, they were of the best type of the puritan character. They were serious, earnest, self-contained, independent in thought and spirit, God-fearing and sincerely pious, with purity of intention and singleness of aim, consecrated to the work of doing good, courageous and persevering, and overflowing with an enthusiasm generated and sustained by an ardent devotion to a lofty purpose. Oberlin is a true child of New England, a certain reproduction - not an imitation - of New England ideas, culture and life. It was New England transferred, for a specific purpose, to the woods of Ohio.

In form, also, Oberlin is peculiar. This name, Oberlin, stands neither for the town nor for the college, separately and singly; it signifies both in their unity. Town and college are units of a composite idea. Both sprang into existence together, the town for the college, and the college for the world; and, therefore, both as one for the world. Oberlin was not founded in selfishness, but in benevolence; not for its own sake, but for the sake of humanity. It was nut meant that the end of the college should be the education it should impart, but the good it might promote through that education; neither was it meant that the end of the town should be its own mere existence and welfare, but also the good it should aid the college in promoting.

I have in these words briefly sketched the ideal Oberlin, as it was first conceived, and as it has been actually, though imperfectly, realized in its history. In this general and comprehensive characterization, it has been my aim to throw light on the history which follows.

The origin of Oberlin is due to two men, John Jay Shipherd and Philo Penfield Stewart, the inventor of the well-known Stewart stove. Mr. Shipherd was a native of New York, and Mr. Stewart of Connecticut. In 1830, Mr. Shipherd, holding a commission from the American Home Missionary Society, found his way to Elyria, where he preached to the Presbyterian Church as their pastor for two years.

Mr. Stewart, who was laboring as a missionary among the Choctaws, being compelled, on account of the ill health of his wife, to return north, corresponded with Mr. Shipherd, who was an old friend, respecting a field of labor, and finally accepted an invitation to make a home for a time at his house. Mr. Stewart thus became one of Mr. Shipherd's family in the spring of 1832. These men, thus thrown together, were alike earnest reformers. They had an intense conviction that the church needed to be raised, to a higher plane of christian life and activity, and that a great work must be done in the Mississippi valley.

herd was ardent and sanguine, while Mr. Stewart was cautious and slow; but even this difference proved a real advantage, for, when the time came for action, they complemented each other.

In the summer of 1832 they talked and prayed over the themes which absorbed both their minds - some scheme by which they could realize their desire and hope of doing good. Mr. Shipherd's mind dwelt especially upon the thought of a christian community of an unworldly and elevated type, and which, imbued with an earnest missionary spirit, should be a centre of beneficent influence. Mr. Stewart's thought dwelt upon the plan of a christian college, which should embrace the co-education of the sexes, and provide manual labor that might at once promote the health of the students and defray their expenses.

"In their deliberations they would exchange views ; one would present one point of interest and the other a different one. Mr. Stewart proposed a college, of which Mr. Shipherd conld not see the necessity, as Hudson college was in its infancy and poorly sustained ; but Mr. Stewart suggested the manual labor system, which Mr. Shipherd fully approved. Thus they labored and prayed, and while on their knees asking guidance the whole plan developed itself to Mr. Shipherd's mind, and before rising to his feet he said, 'Come, let us arise and build.' He then told Mr. Stewart what had come into his mind, - to procure a tract of land and collect a colony of christian families, who should pledge themselves to sustain the school and identify themselves with all its interests. They came down from the study, and Mr. Shipherd with a glowing face said, ' Well, my dear, the child is born, and what shall its name be?' He then related what had passed through his mind." and school was Oberlin, after John Frederic Oberlin, a pastor in eastern France, an interesting account of whose self-denying and successful labors in elevating the people of his parish they had just read. The next thing was the selection of a location. Judge Ely, of Elyria, offered to give that part of the village known as '' the Point ;" and a tract embracing two or three farms on the north ridge road in Brownhelm, was also proposed ; but neither of these was thought to be large enough for the full execution of the project. The level tract, with a hard clay soil, forming the southern part of Russia township, remained as yet undisturbed by settlers, who were disposed to choose more desirable locations.

The day following the season of prayer in which their plan had taken definite and fixed shape in their minds, Mr. Shipherd and Mr. Stewart mounted their horses and rode to this unoccupied tract. Along but this cleared space was at this time overgrown by underbrush. Having arrived at this place they dismounted and secured their horses, and kneeling under a tree asked divine guidance. The elm standing in the south east corner of the college square is pointed out as the one under which this first prayer was offered. They at that time fixed upon this unoccupied tract as the site for the future Oberlin.

The next thing was to secure its possession, and the next to obtain settlers ; and for the attainment of these objects, as well as to raise funds for the promotion of the enterprise, and to engage teachers and students for the school, Mr. Shipherd resolved to visit New England. The owners of the tract, Street and Hughes, with whom it seemed desirable to treat immediately, resided in New Haven; and such men as were needed for colonists, and would be willing to enter upon the arduous undertaking, must be found in New England.

After a two weeks' journey Mr. Shipherd arrived in New Haven, and calling upon the proprietors asked of them a gift of five hundred acres of land for a manual labor school, with the understanding that, a colony being collected, for the remaining five thousand acres they should receive from the settlers, as fast as sold, at the rate of a dollar and a half an acre ; and this proposition he enforced with the plea that their acceptance of it would be a mutual benefit, by aiding the school and by bringing their lands into market.

remarked to the lady of the house where he was staying, 'I shall succeed to-day." And he did; for on calling one of the firm told him that they had concluded to accept his proposition.

It was planned to sell the five thousand acres to the settlers at an advance of one dollar, thus securing a fund of five thousand dollars with which to lay the foundations of the college, enough of this fund being appropriated to build a saw mill and grist mill, to be owned by the college.

The next thing necessary was the securing of such settlers as would make a distinctively christian colony. 'To secure such as were desired, a covenant was drawn up, which all who proposed to become members of the colony were asked to sign.

The Oberlin Covenant

"Lamenting the degeneracy of the church, and the deplorable condition of our perishing world, and ardently desirous of bringing both under the entire influence of the blessed gospel of peace; and viewing with peculiar interest the influence which the valley of the Mississippi must exert over our nation and the nations of the earth; and having, as we trust, in answer to devout supplications, been guided by the counsel of the Lord: the undersigned covenant together, under the name of the Oberlin Colony, subject to the following regulations, which may be amended by a concurrence of two-thirds of the colonists:

"2. We will hold and manage our estates personally, but pledge as perfect a community of interest as though we held a community of property.

"4, We will, by industry, economy and Christian self-denial, obtain as much as we can, above our necessary personal expenses or family expenses, 2nd faithfully appropriate the same for the spread of the gospel.

"5. That we may have time and health for the Lord's service, we will eat only plain and wholesome food, renouncing all: bad habits, and especially the smoking and chewing of tobacco, unless it is neeessary as a medicine, and deny ourselves all strong and unnecessary drinks, even tea and coffee, as far as practicable, and everything expensive, that is simply calculated to gratify the palate.

"6. That we may add to our time, health and money for the service of the Lord, we will renounce all the world's expensive and unwholesome fashions of dress, particularly tight dressing and ornamental attire.

"7, And yet more to increase our means of serving Him who bought us with His blood, we will observe plainness and durability in the construction of our houses, furniture, carriages, and all that appertains to us.

"8. We will strive continually to show that we, as the body of Christ, are members one of another; and will, while living, provide for the widows, orphans and families of the sick and needy as for ourselves.

"9. We will take especial pains to educate all our children thoroughly and to train them up in body, intellect and heart for the service of the Lord.

"10. We will feel that the interests of the Oberlin Institute are identified with ours, and do what we canto extend its influence to our fallen race.

"12. We will strive to maintain deep-toned and elevated personal piety, to ' provoke each other to love and good works,' to live together in all things as brethren, and to glorify God in our bodies and spirits, which are His.

This covenant for the colony expressed the purpose and spirit which its founders meant should characterize it. Inits strict and particular application it gave rise, for a time, to some differences; but after a year or two it was found necessary to leave the determination of personal duty in practical affairs to the individual conscience and judgment.

Mr. Shipherd endeavored to raise funds by the sale of scholarships. These scholarships were to be perpetual, and were put at one hundred and fifty dollars. Each scholarship entitled its owner to keep one person in school; but it gave him only the privileges of the school, and paid none of his expenses.

The first settler of Oberlin was Peter Pindar Pease of Brownhelm, who cut down the first tree March 15, 1833. On April 3d he came on with two men, and these three cut an ox-wagon road through the dense forest. April 19th, he removed his family into a log house which they had erected. These house stood on the southeast corner of what is now the college square, and Mr. Stewart had first knelt in prayer. Upon the front door of this first dwelling: was written in large characters, ''I beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies aliving sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service;" and this remained through the - season.

The first Sabbath they held their first Sabbath worship under the trees on the spot where the First Church now stands. They prayed, and sang and read a sermon, and also began a Sabbath school, which has been held uninterruptedly every Sabbath since. A large force of laborers was employed to fell, the forest. To these no liquor was furnished, as was the custom at that time; yet there was no difficulty in obtaining sufficient help.

The only opening which they found in the forest was a little clover patch about twenty feet square, nearly opposite the place where the Second Church now stands, which had been for many years an Indian encampment. On this spot the trustees of the school held their first session on the soil. The names of these trustees, the same persons afterward named in the charter, were Rev. J. J. Shipherd, P. FP. Stewart, and P. P. Pease, Addison Tracy of Elyria, Judge Henry Brown of Brownhelm, Captain E. Redington of Amherst, Rev. Joel Talcott of Wellington, J. L. Burrell of Sheffield, and Rev. John Keys of Dover.

These were among the substantial men of the surrounding region, and having imbibed the spirit of Mr. Shipherd were not daunted by the difficulties they encountered and the greatness of the undertaking.

A letter from the colonists already on the ground to Mr. Shipherd, while at the east, dated June 11, 1833, shows that they had also shared the common enthusiasm. This letter was signed by all the men then on the ground, as follows: Peter P. Pease, Brewster Pelton, Samuel Daniels, Philip James, Pringle Hamilton, William Hosford, Asahel Munger, Harvey Gibbs, Jacob J. Safford' Daniel Morgan. But three or four women were here as yet, several of the men having come first to prepare places for their families.

"We have had meetings every Sabbath since the commencement. Had a visit from Brother Betts, of Brownhelm. He will preach for us every fourth Sabbath till you return. Brother Leavenworth, also of Brownhelm, preached to us the first Sabbath after the brethren arrived from Vermont - and a blessed day it was. for the Lord was here. The people came in from the east, the west, and the south. The number from abroad was between twenty and thirty. We trust that you cease not to pray for us, that we may be guided in every path of duty and usefulness, and above all, that we may love one another with pure hearts fervently. * * * * * * * * *

'""We have commenced our clearing, beginning at the center, and running southwest. We have about twenty acres now chopped, and four cleared off. Are planting two of it to corn, and more than one we sow to oats and grass, fora little pasture. The remainder is occupied by two log houses, and a site for the boarding house and school room. The school [college] will be in the upper loft. We have the timber all hewed, but one day's work.

"The brethren have mostly selected and procured their land, and 'are now chopping their village lots, which will make a pleasant opening on the south side of the road. We have about fifty cords of wood cut for the engine. We can say, 'thus far the Lord hath helped us.' May we ever acknowledge him. Dear brother, pray for the peace of the colony. We have a special prayer meeting every Saturday evening, in which we remember you, and hope to be remembered by you."

Mr. Shipherd returned in September, and moved to Oberlin, taking up his quarters with his family and another family, in the basement of the first col- lege building, afterward called Oberlin Hall. During his absence, he had secured a number of families as colonists, had enlisted students to come at the opening of the school, had engaged teachers, and had raised nearly fifteen thousand dollars in contributions and subscriptions. 'The teachers expected from the east could not come at the beginning of the school,

Scoville, was engaged to take temporary charge, and the school was opened the 3d day of December, 1833. This being an occasion of much interest, on the evening preceding a meeting was held to ask God's blessing upon the enterprise. During its progress, Mr. Scoville reached the place, and going into the meeting, after listening to the prayers and remarks, he rose to speak, and his first words were, '' Put off thy shoes from thy feet, for the place where thou standest is holy ground."

The school, this first term, was composed of fortyfour pupils, twenty-nine young men and fifteen young women; half of whom were from the east, the remainder from neighboring towns. A primary school was also organized in connection with the instution, composed of the children of the colonists, numbering about twenty, and taught by Miss Eliza Branch, now Mrs. George Clarke, of Oberlin. After the first winter, this primary department was discontinued, and the elementary education of the children was left to the public schools.

The colony was composed, at this time, of eleven families, several of the men who had spent the summer on the grounds having gone back east, with the expectation of returning in the spring with their families.

The college building was thirty-five by forty feet in its dimensions, with two regular stories, and a third story, running up from the central part, 'called an attic. In the rear was an appendage embracing the kitchen and apartments for the steward, in which Mr. and Mrs. Stewart nresided. Mr. Shipherd, with his family, occupied the basement. His office, as corresponding secretary and general agent, was in the room above, which was also occupied by the principal, for his study.

Across the hall was the dining-room, and above, the school-room, chapel and church all in one, which was about eighteen feet wide and thirty-five long.

The young ladies occupied the second story over aguinst the chapel, while the young men were sent into the attic, where each pair found a room eight feet square, with a window of six small lights on the side, above the student as he sat. This room was furnished with a stuve, table, two chairs, and a turnup bedstead, these filling the room when the bedstead was let down, but leaving a little room when it was turned up during the day.

boarding scholars, and expect forty for the winter. Applicants are without number, from Lake "rie to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Michigan to the Atlantic. The scholars study and work well. Five minutes after the manual labor bell strikes, the hammers, saws, etc., of the mechanical students make a noise all around us, and the axe men in the woods breaking 'the ribs of Nature,' make all crack. Nearly all our visitors - and they are not few - express surprise that so good a work has been wrought here in so short a time. God be ptaised! I feel as I said in my sleep the other night, 'Oberlin will win, and the devil cannot hinder it.' This, my sweet assurance,I hope rests on God, without whom we can do nothing."

In February, 1834, a charter was obtained for the college from the State legislature, with university privileges, under the modest name of '' The Oberlin Collegiate Institute." This name was retained till 1850, when it was changed to '' Oberlin College." A circular was issued March 8, which, so far as is known, was the first, - in which the objects of the

""The grand objects of the Oberlin Institute are, to give the most useful education at the least expense of health, time and money ; and to extend the benefits of such education to both sexes and all classes of the community as far as its means will allow. Its system embraces thorough instruction in every department, from the infant school up through a collegiate and theological course. While care will be taken not to lower the standard of intellectual culture, no pains will be spared to combine with it the best physical and moral education. Prominent objects of this seminary are, the thorough qualification of christian teachers, both for the pulpit and for schools; and the elévation of female character, by bringing within the reach of the misjudged and neglected sex all the instructive privileges which hitherto have unreasonably distinguished the leading sex from theirs."

"To some this novel institution in the woods may appear visionary, but theoretic demonstration of its practicability might here be given, with some experimental proof, did the limits of this paper permit, However, leaving the discussion of the grand principles upon which this seminary rests till another time, we here say, with gratitude to God, that our most sanguine expectations have been hitherto more than realized."

In May the expected teachers from the east arrived, and the summer term opened May 7. These teachers were Rey. Seth H. Waldo, a graduate of Amherst Oollege and Andover Seminary, and who, in compliance with an invitation from the trustees, had engaged to assume the superintendence of the institute till its president should take it in charge, and then was expected to fill the professorship of languages; James Dascomb, M. D., from Dartmouth Medical College, who had been appointed professor of chemistry, botany and physiology; and Mr. Daniel Branch, also a graduate of Amherst College, who was made principal of the preparatory department. Mrs. Dascomb, who had been a pupil of Miss Grant, of Ipswich, was soon made principal of the ladies' department; and Mrs. Branch became the teacher of Latin, French, and of other branches, as occasion required.

Thus the new school was fairly begun. Its organization, was effected, an efficient corps of teachers provided, and its prospects were encouraging. The number of students during this first summer term was one hundred and one - sixty-three young men and

This beginning was almost literally in the woods, A considerable space, it is true, was cleared of trees, but their stumps were numerous, and the roads were at times almost impassable. Indeed, away from the

A few items, taken mostly from ''Camp's Directory of Oberlin," compiled and published a few years since, will show the beginning of some branches of business, etc., about this time and a little later.

In 1833, Brewster Pelton put up a log house, which served as a hotel, a few rods east of the elm which has been mentioned. In 1834, he built in front of it a comfortable frame building, which was burned in 1866 and the Park House erected in its place:

The first blacksmith shop in Oberlin was owned by Bela Hall, and stood on the site of EK. M. Leonard's present dwelling house. At that time the creek ran just south of his shop, though it has since changed its course after crossing Main street.

In December, 1834, Anson Penfield started a blacksmith shop and edge-tool factory near the college mill on South Main street.. His grindstone was placed in the basement of the mill, which furnished the power. In 1838, he was killed, while alone, using the grindstone, by being caught by the belt and carried around the wheel. His brother, Isaac Penfield, carried on his shop after his death, afterward associating with himself James McWade. At the same time Hiram Pease had a wagon shop on the corner now occupied by I. Penficld and son. He afterwards sold to Penfield and Avery.

The first steam mill was built by Oberlin College, in the fall of 1833, south of Plum creek, on South Main street, near where the residence of James McWade now stands. It was at first only a saw mill. The engine was constructed in Cleveland, and was brought on in October, 1833, and the saw mill was soon in operation. The next year a small flouring mill was erected, to be driven by the same engine; also machines for cutting lath and shingles.

These machines furnished labor for-several students, and the whole establishment was owned by the college. This seemed at first necessary, but was found on the whole inexpedient, and it was afterward sold and became the property of individuals.

Another college building was found necessary, and the building afterward known as the ''boarding hall," or the ''ladies' hall," was begun in the summer of 1834, and completed in the summer of 1835.

It was a three-story frame building, thirty-eight by eighty, with two wings projecting backward, of two stories each. It stood west of Oberlin Hall, in the space between the Second Church and the east side of college place, close upon the side of the street, and fronting the college square. It served its purpose for thirty years. After the completion of the present ladies' hall, it was divided into five different portions, now occupied as dwelling houses in different parts of the town, the most conspicuous of which is

No. 34 West College street. A considerable of the work of this building was done by students. When it was raised, the students turned out in a body, and all study was suspended for three days. Sometimes the students were called upon to assist a temperance man to raise a building without the bottle, and they would cheerfully sacrifice a day's study in the good cause. -

Neither tea nor coffee was furnished at the college hall, and they were quite generally discarded in private families. Indeed, in a meeting of the colonists, the question was raised whether it was in acco: dance with the principles of the Oberlin covenant that tea and coffee should be furnished the guests at the hotel, but it was decided that not to do it would be impracticable. Board at the hall was plain, substantial and cheap. The charge for board in the hall was seventyfive cents a week fora strictly vegetable diet, and a dollar for the addition of meat twice a day. The first annual report, published in November, 1834, estimated the entire expense of the student for all his requirements except clothing, during the forty weeks of term time, as ranging from fifty-eight to eightynine dollars. 'This amount was in most cases readily earned by the required labor, four hours per day, at from four to twelve cents an hour. A long winter vacation of twelve weeks for the regular classes gave advanced students an opportunity to teach.

The first college class was organized in October, 1834, consisting of four young men, who passed an examination for the freshman class, and who were well fitted to enter any college at that time. Two of these were brothers, one of whom is now president of the college, and the other president of Berea College, Kentucky. The first commencement or anniversary was held on the 29th of October. As there were none to graduate, the four who were entering college, and others of the more advanced students, had exercises. Among the exercises were Latin and Greek orations, and a colloquy favoring a classical education. The little chapel was crowded. The trustees and several

Public worship was observed in Oberlin about a year and a half before the organization of a church. August 19, 1834, at a meeting called for the purpose, it was

September 3d, a confession of faith having been drawn up and adopted, sixty-two persons were examined; and on September 13th, at another meeting, it

"Resolved, That those who have been examined and accepted do now consider themselves as members, and that the church is now legally and completely organized."

Mr. Shipherd was to "preside as chairman of their social and religious meetings for the time being." "Of the onginal sixty-two members," says Rev. James _ Brand, in his pamphlet history of the First Church of Oberlin, '<I have been able to find only some eighteen or twenty who have not crossed the river."

Several new houses were erected during this year, on Main street and around the square. Ata colonial meeting the question was raised what color the houses should be painted; and it was finally voted, some strongly protesting, that as red was the cheapest and most durable color, the houses ought to be painted this color. But with the exception of the Oberlin shop, and two or three houses, one of them Mr. Shipherd's, this vote was not carried out, and with these only for a few years.

At the end of the second year after Mr. Shipherd had begun to put his plan into execution, there was a community of thirty-five families, a church of more than eighty members, a college numbering over a hundred students, with land and buildings and other property valued at seventeen thousand dollars, and such a movement toward the school that large numbers of applicants had to be turned away.

Oberlin as an idea had already become transformed into Oberlin as a fact or reality. What its founders had thought and planned was now actual, a part of the living outward world. But now an event was to take place which was to bring it a sudden and great enlargement, which was to produce a development not only outwardly, but of its vital principles. Not that these principles were to be superseded, they must still be fundamental; but they were to be developed, and to receive a larger application. But the founders are themselves to be superseded. 'lhe work which they so wisely planned and so well began, shall be carried on by others, under the inspiration, indeed, of their ideas, but made more emphatic by new deyelopments.

Mr. Shipherd having been instructed by the trustees to make another tour through the east to collect more funds and to find a president, and having, in a season of fasting and prayer as his usual preparation for a new movement, received a strong and growing impression that he should go by Cincinnati, set out for that city. Having arrived there, and calling on Rey. Asa Mahan, pastor of the Sixth street Presbyterian church, he learned from him an event which cleared up the enigma of his impression that he must go by Cincinnati.

It must be remembered that the anti-slavery reform, begun a few years previously, was now greatly agitating the country. January 1, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison began, in Boston, the publication of a paper, which he called the Liberator, in which he strongly urged the immediate and unconditional abolition of slavery. January Ist, 1832, the New England (afterward the Massachusetts) anti-slavery society was formed, and during the same year the American anti-slavery society, both for the agitation and propagation of the same principle. General and

Lane Theological Seminary was founded at Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, in 1829, and became prosperous, having more than a hundred students. These, however, were not all theological students. Many of them formed a literary department, in preparation for theology, under the charge of Professor John Morgan. The theological professors were Dr. Lyman Beecher, Calvin E. Stowe, and Thomas Biggs. The anti-slavery agitation reached the students of this seminary, some of whom were from the south, and several of whom were young men of uncommon ability. An anti-slavery society was formed soon after the formation of the American anti-slavery society, and auxiliary to it; and at the anniversary of the parent society in New York, in the spring of 1834, two of the students, Henry B. Stanton and James A. Thome, of Kentucky, made speeches which excited much interest. The subject was afterward debated eighteen successive evenings, and as a result, nearly all in the seminary were won over to the antislavery view.

They established Sabbath and day schools for the colored children in the city, and communications were sent to the papers, which elicited discussion. Several of the trustees were business men, and did not approve this course of the students. During the summer vacation, while Professors Beecher, Stowe, and Morgan were absent at the east, the students also being away, the trustees held a meeting, and passed a code of laws, prohibiting the discussion of the subject of slavery by the students, and empowering the prudential committee to dismiss the students at their pleasure. Professor Morgan being supposed to sympathise with the students in their views and course, was notified that he need not return. When the students on their return, learned of the action of the trustees, all but twelve of them left the seminary, and for five provided for them by James Ludlow. Mr. Mahan as a member of the board of trustees, protested in vain against their action, and resigned his place when he saw the obnoxious code would be passed.

Such were the facts which Mr. Shipherd learned for the first time from Mr. Mahan. It must be remembered that that was before the days of railroads and telegraphs, and the transmission of news was slow. Mr. Mahan and Mr. Shipherd then devised the plan of adding a theological department to the institution at Oberlin, of which the seceding students of Lane Seminary should constitute the first classes.

December 12, 1834, Mr. Shipherd writes to the trustees at Oberlin, urging the appointment of Rev. Asa Mahan, as president, and Rey. John Morgan, professor of mathematics. To this recommendation he adds:

"This should be passed because it ia a right principle, and God will bless us In doing right. Also, because, thus doing right we gain the confidence of benevolent. and able men, who probably will furnish us some thousands. Moreover, brothers Mahan and Morgan will not accept our invitation unless this principle rule, Indeed, if our board would violate right so as to reject youth of talent and piety because they were black, T should have no heart to labor for the upbuilding of our Seminary, believing that the curse of God would come upon us, as it has upon Lanc Seminary, for its unchristian abuse of the poor slave."

A proposition so new and unheard of, not only the trustees, but even the teachers, students, and the people of Oberlin were not yet prepared touccept. There was much excitement; and the trustees, hoping to find a calmer atmosphere, held a meeting, on January 1, 1835, at the Temperance House in EHlyria. <A petition was presented to them, signed by the principal colonists and by several of the students who remained during the vacation, requesting that the board meet at Oberlin. 'The petition expresses a fecling of uncertainty respecting the question to be decided, but also a desire to be led in the path of duty. 'The action was conservative and non-commital.

'"WuHereas, information has been received from Rev. J. J. Shipherd, expressing a wish that students may be received into this institution irrespective of color; therefore

" Resolved, That this board do not feel prepared, until they have more definite information on the subject, to give a pledge respecting the course they will pursue in regard to the education of the people of color, wishing that this institution should be on the same ground in re spect to the admission of students with other similar institutions of our land."

Mr. Shipherd heard of the action of the trustees in New York, whither he had gone, accompanied by Mr. Mahan, to consult with Lewis and Arthur Tappan and other anti-slavery men, in reference to the plan of adding a theological department to Oberlin, placing the students who had left Lane Seminary in it, and putting the institution on a distinctively anti-slavery basis.

He wrote again to the trustees, and he also gent a pastoral epistle to the peop'e of Oberlin, in which he reviews at longth the question of greatest present interest. The following extract. shows his feeling with respect to this:

" My feara are excited by your recent expressions of unwillingness to have youth of color educated in our Inatitute. 'hose expressions were a grief to me, such as | have rarely auffered. Although I knew that with some of you the doctrine of expediency was against the immediate abolition of slavery becaune the slavea were not qualified for freedom, | supposed you thought it expedient and duty to elevate and educate them as faat as possible; that therefore you would concur In receiving thore of promising talenta and piety into our institution. So confident waa J that thig would be the prevailing sentiment of Oberlin, in the colony and Inatitution, that about a year ago I informed eastern inquirera that we recelved studenta according to character, Irrespective of color, And, beloved, whatever the expediency or prejudice of some may say, does not duty require this?"

"Such is my conviction of duty in the case, that I cannot labor for the enlargement of the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, if our brethren in Jesus Christ must be rejected because they differ from ua in color.""

'As T have you," he says, '"'as a people In my heart, to live and die with you, you know, beloved, that it would be heart-breaking to leave you for another fleld of labor; but I have pondered the subject well, with prayer, and believe that if the injured brethren of color, and consequently brothers Finney, Mahan and Morgan, with eight professorships and ten thousand dollars, must be rejected, I must join them; because by so doing I can labor more effectually for a lost world and the glory of God; and belleve me, dear brethren and sisters, for thia reason only,"

The people of Oberlin were opposed to slavery, but were not at this time abolitionists. In the Oberlin Lyceum, which included colonists as well as students, the question of slavery had been discussed the summer previous; and it then appeared that, with the exception of Mr. Shipherd and two or three students, the entire community were colonizationists, holding that the free people of color and the slaves as fast as they were made free, should be sent to Africa and settled there.

In accordance with the request of Mr. Shipherd, the trustees held another mecting at Oberlin, February 9th, at Mr. Shipherd's house, which had been erected the summer previous on the north side of the college square. Many had by this time become favorable to the movement, and the result was anticipated with very deep interest. The meeting was at nine in the morning, nine members being present. Rey. John Keep, pastor of uchurch-in Ohio City (Cleveland, west side), was chairman, having been appointed in the place of Judge Brown, who had resigned. 'The discussion was warm, and the result seemed doubtful. Mrs. Shipherd in her anxiety passing by the door, which stood ajar, Mr. Keep stepped out and informed her how matters stood; whereupon she gathered her praying sisters in the neighborhood, and spent the time in prayer till the decision was made known. When the question came to a vote, there was a tie, and Mr, Keep, as chairman, gave the casting vote in favor of the resolution. 'The resolution, as passed, is us follows:

_''Wuerras, There does exist in our country an excitement in respect to our colored population, and fears are entertained that, on the one hand, they will be left unprovided for as to the means of a proper education, and, on the other, that they will, in unsuitable numbers, be introduced into our schools, and thus jn effeet forced into the society of the whites; and the state of public sentiment is such as to require from the board some definite expression on the subject; taerefore

"Resolved, That the education of the people of color ig a matter of great interest, and should be encouraged and sustained in this institution."

In terms this resolution is not clear, bold and positive, yet the practical effect of its adoption was most decisive. Ag a matter of fuct, this action of the trustees committed the institution, unreservedly and forever, to an open and practical rejection of, and protest against the system of caste in respe t to colored people. It mude the institution und the town henceforth distinctively anti-sluvery, Nor did they go back from this, but forward. Of all the odium and honor which have been successively heaped upon them, this was one of the principal causes, This has brought upon Oberlin, from the proud, contempt and scorn; admiration, and the highest praise. The anti-slavery idea was the christian and American idea of the natural and inalienable rights of man as man.

Such, likewise, was the Oberlin idea, in its application, especially to education. And the one first and most possessed of the Oberlin idea in its full comprehension, who gave it birth and made it a fact, was quick to perceive this, its new application. Not to have accepted and acted upon this new and imperative demand of the idea, would have been to despise its authority and to lose its inspiring influence. Oberlin would have ceased to be Oberlin had she not become anti-slavery.

Moreover, upon this decision depended her enlargement, not only inwardly but outwardly. Not that this enlargement was to come immediately, or ever, from any large accession of colored students. There were none at the time seeking admittance, and but one resident in the county. A single one after awhile came with the students from Lane. 'The proportion of colored students has always been small. But they have been welcomed and treated as men - treated just like the other students.

The outward enlargement of which this decision was the condition, was the accession to the faculty of wen of eminent ability and high character, to the number of its students, the young men who had left Lane, and the addition of a theological department. At this very meeting the trustees, to the appointment of Mr. Mahan as president and Mr. Morgan as professor, added that of Rev. Charles G. Finney as professor of theology. Concerning the conditions of this appointment, Mr. Finney, in his autobiography, himself says:

'I had understood that the trustees of Lane Seminary had acted 'over the heads' of the faculty; and, in the absence of several of them, had passed the obnoxious resolution that had caused the students to leave. { said, therefore, to Mr, Shipherd, that I would not go at any rate, unless two points were conceded by the trustees. One was that they should never interfere with the internal regulation of the school, but should leave that entirely to the discretion of the faculty. The other was that we should he allowed to receive colored people on the same conditions that we did white people - that there should be no discriminations made on account of color,"'

Mr. Finney was at this time pastor of a Congregational church which had been formed in New York. Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and others prominent in the anti-slavery reform, were members of his church, and, becoming interested in the «.nti-slavery movement in Lane Seminary, they were ready to enter into the proposal of Mr. Shipherd and Mr. Mahan, that the excluded students should be provided for at Oberlin by the appointment of Mr. Finney as professor of theology. Arthur Tappan pledged ten thousand dollars for the constraction of a building to be used chiefly for the theological department, and engaged to secure the loan of ten thousand more for other buildings and necessary purposes. Indeed, Mr. Finney tells that privately to him he pledged his whole income, amounting al that time to one hundred thousand dollars, excepting enough to provide for his

The. Oberlin professorship association was also formed, composed of the Tappans and several others, by which the interest on eighty thousand dollars was pledged to be paid quarterly, for the support of eight professors, at an annual salary of six hundred dollars. It was understood that the principal was ultimately to be paid, and that this sum would constitute an endowment for the college. Relying on this pecuniary provision, as also on the decision of the trustees respecting the anti-slavery character of the college, Mr. Mahan, Mr. Finney and Mr. Morgan accepted their appointments; Professor Morgan's professorship being changed to the New Testament Literature and Exegesis.

President Mahan was born in western New York, pursued study at Hamilton College through the junior year, and took his theological course at Auburn Seminary. He was a man of strongly metaphysical bent of mind, and had much influence in promoting philosophic study and thought at Oberlin. He was possessed of positive convictions, a strong will, and was deeply imbued with religion.

Professor Morgan was brought to this country from Ireland, at the age of eleven, was brought up in Philadelphia and New York, prepared for college at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and graduated at Williams College. His theological studies he pursued privately in New York. Hewas a man of varied culture, studious in his habits, and scholarly in his tastes; disposed to take profound and compreliensive views, and when aroused would exhibit much energy and cnthusiasm in enforcing them. He has through his life thoroughly identified himself with Oberlin, has borne his full share of its work, and as an expounder of the New Testament scripture in respect to its teachings and doc-

Mr. Finney was born in Connecticut, brought up in central New York, where he studied law, was converted and studied theology under his pastor, entered the ministry and carried on a series of revivals, chiefly in central and western New York, but also in many of the large cities of the north, in which large numbers were converted under his pungent and powerful - genius, of popular talents as a speaker, of fervid spirituality of mind, and of intense and unwearied devotion to his work. His great work was unquestionably that of preaching. Such he felt it to be; in this he was most himself, and to this he subordinated all else. His connection with the college at Oberlin did not prevent him from still abounding in labors to promote revivals in other places, and his work at Oberlin was not less that of preaching than of teaching. At Oberlin, as elsewhere, his aim was the conversion of sinners and the sanctification of christians;

In theology he was, from his conversion, strongly new school. His mind revolted from the old school theology as unscriptural and irrational, and as haying a hurtful practical influence. His theology he preached, and that with great earnestness and power, and this made it practical and effective.

In his teaching he exhibited the same depth and intensity of conviction, which gave him an authority over his pupils almost as of one inspired. His theology he endeavored to make conformable to reason as well as to scripture, for he believed scripture itself to be conformable to reason.

His influence at Oberlin, as it had been elsewhere, was to be most commanding and beneficent. He was eminently fitted to promote, to increase, and to perpetuate the spirit in which Oberlin was founded.

That spirit was the very spirit of christianity. In its ideas, in its principles, in its spirit, it was profoundly and supremely religious. It was begun and built up in self denial, in faith, in love to God and man, and in consecration to God's work. And there was no man better fitted than Mr. Finney, as a leader, to unite and to guide the people in the performance of this great work to which God had called them.

Oberlin therefore became what its founder desired -and designed it to be, a center of intelligent and earnest religious activity, to promote, in every way and everywhere, the good of man.

President Mahan reached Oberlin about the first of May, and his family followed a month later; and, till the president's house should be built, they occupied the first log house erected in the place. Professors Finney and Morgan came in June, and soon entered upon their work.

About the first of June, came also the students from Lane seminary. For the accommodation of these, special provision was made. A rough building was put up for temporary use, and called '' Cincinnati Hall." It was a hundred and forty-four feet long, and twenty-four wide, and but one story in height, and extended from north to south, on what was then the edge of the forest, and now is the east side of Professor street, a little west of the laboratory. The whole structure, inside and out, was built of new, rough beech boards. At the south end were a kitchen and a dining room, the remainder of the building being divided into rooms twelve feet square, with a single small window and an outside door, to each of which two students were assigned. This answered its purpose till the completion of Tappan Hall, and for a while after was used as a shop for manual labor students.

Several of these Lane students were from the literary course, and preparing for theology, and therefore entered a similar course here; bat fourteen helped to make up the senior class in theology, among whom were William T. Allan, of Huntsville, Alabama; John W. Alvord, afterwards connected with the

Freedman's Bureau; George Clark, well known for many years as an evangelist ; Sereno. W. Streator, a pastor of reputation in Ohio and Michigan; James A. Thome, of Augusta, Kentucky, for 1 time professor at Oberlin, afterward pastor in Cleveland: and George Whipple, first professor at Oberlin, and for many years secretary of the American Missionary Association.

Several buildings were, at this time, in process of erection. One of these was a college building, located not far from where the Seconu Church now stands, three stories high and eighty feet long. For this the colonists, though burdened with the expense of building their own houses and clearing their farms, contributed twenty-five hundred dollars, about half its cost, with the understanding that the first story should be used for a time for a church, as well as for a college chapel. The second and third stories contained, beside one recitation room, rooms for fortyfour students. This was called, in consideration of what the colonists had contributed, '' Colonial Hall." Having served its purpose for many years, it was divided into two dwelling houses, situated on Lorain street.

The other college building erected at this time was Tappan hall. The cost of this was defrayed with the ten thousand dollars contributed by Arthur Tappan, and it was therefore named after him. This was intended first, as far as needed, for the use of the theological department, and then for the general use of the college. Mr. Tappan, in a letter to the trustees about this time, advised taste in the construction of the college buildings, and in the laying out of the grounds ; but his advice does not seem to have been followed.

The brick house on the corner of Professor and West College streets (now owned by Professor Morgan,) was built for the president's house, and the house on the corner of Professor and West Lorain streets for Professor Finney. It was the original intention to build several houses between these two, and from this plan the street took its name.

The chapel having become too small to accommodate the congregation on the Sabbath, the dining room of the new boarding hall, as yet unoccupied, was used for a time until the completion of Colonial hall. Here President Mahan was accustomed to preach Sabbath forenoon and Professor Finney in the afternoon. The sermon was never less than an hour long, and often an hour and a half, yet it was not regarded as wearisome. On the contrary, the preaching of those days awakened earnest attention, took a strong hold of mind and heart, and made a deep impression.

It was ascertained soon after the arrival of President Mahan, that he was not favorable to the study of the heathen classics as commonly pursued ; and a committee invited him to present his views to the Lyceum, which he did. It appeared that he was not entirely opposed to the study of Latin and Greek, but of the classic authors commonly used ; and he was also opposed to what he considered the disproportionate time given to these studies. To this view Mr. Waldo replied, and a discussion was thus begun which lasted several days, exciting the attention of the entire community. After one of President Mahan's addresses a few of the students, in the evening, set fire to their old Virgils and tossed them around the square. This was spread all over the country as **the burning of the classics at Oberlin," and the impression seemed to prevail that they were to be discarded. But this was an entire mistake. The course continued unchanged andthe students pursued their studies as usual, The course was substantially the same as that of other colleges at that time. Mr. Waldo, however, was so much disturbed by this discussion that at the next meeting of the trustees he resigned his position. He feared that he might not be able to accomplish in the teaching of the languages what he desired. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Cowles, a native of Connecticut and a graduate of Yale college. He was a man of learning, culture and ability, and was destined to add much to the sum of Oberlin thought. An interest in the study of Hebrew, which it was proposed to substitute for some cussion, and Professor J. Seixas, a Jew, from New York City, was employed the last half of the year to introduce the study. He was popular as a teacher, and excited much enthusiasm in the study, so that at one time his class numbered one hundred and twentyseven. The study was after awhile limited to the four last terms of the college course, then to the senior year, and finally to the theological department.

The number of applicants this year was far in excess of the accommodations; and in the spring of 1836, three branch schools were established, one at Sheffield, fifteen miles northeast of Oberlin, occupying the house and working on the farm of Mr. Robbins Burrell; one at Abbeyville, in Medina county; and the other constituting Grand River Institute, in Austinburg, Ashtabula county. The first two lasted only a little more than a year, while the last became a permanent and separate school.

The commencement this year (1835,) was held under the '' big tent," which was sent by the friends of Mr. Finney, at the east, that he might use it for holding meetings in the region round about. It was circular, was a hundred feet in diameter, and accommodated three thousand persons. The students from Lane haying decided, in consequence of interruptions, to take another year, and there being no class to graduate, the exercises consisted chiefly of inaugural addresses by President Mahan, and Professors Finney and Morgan.

In the catalogue issued for 1835, the whole number of students is given as two hundred and seventy-six; of these there were, in the theological deparment, thirty-five; in the collegiate, thirty-eight; in the preparatory, one hundred and thirty-one; and in the

"Thus far"? the report goes on to say, "our course of study and discipline has exceeded our most [sanguine hopes. Our students have almost perfect health, and are receiving vigorous mental discipline. The society of the sexes, at their meals and recitations, exerts both a salutary restraint, and a moulding, refining inflnence upon social and moral character. Anc, not least, the tone of moral and religious feeling among the students is such as to authorize the cheering hope that these minds will yet act with power and holy unction in promoting the world's salvation."

In the catalogue for 1836, the whole number of students is given as three hundred and ten. The theological-department had increased to fifty-eight, and the collegiate to ninety-five. Thirteen are put down in the shorter course, fifty-two in the male preparatory department, and ninety-two in the young ladies' department. A note informs us that

"The preceding catalogue does not include about eighty preparatory students transferred to the high school of Elyria, and to auxiliary schools at Austinburg, Sheffield and Abbeyville." *

'Nearly all the young ladies,'' we are told in the report, ''and a majority of the young gentlemen, have paid their board by their manual labor. Most of the remainder have done a good deal toward this; and a considerable number of those who have thus paid their board, have earned more than enough for this purpose. A few have fully supported themselves by their labor. The general rule requires the students to work three hours a day."

In the latter part of the fall term of 1835, Theodore D. Weld, one of the Lane students, who was lecturing on anti-slavery through the country, came to Oberlin and delivered a series of over twenty lectures on slavery. These lectures excited great interest and had much influence in deepening, intensifying and fixing the anti-slavery sentiment. So exhaustive and masterly was the exhibition of the subject that Oberlin became henceforth a positive and aggressive anti-slavery power. From the enthusiasm thus awakened twenty or more of the students went out during the winter vacation that followed, and lectured under the auspices of the American Anti-Slavery Society, through Ohio and a part of Pennsylvania. These met with the usual experience of anti-slavery lecturers in those days; they found some warm friends and many bitter enemies. Their arguments and appeals were often met with mobbings, but their labor was not in vain.

The Western Reserve especially, under these and kindred influences, was thoroughly leavened with the anti-slavery sentiment, and became in this a power in polities, both in respect to the State and the. nation.

Oberlin was now not only well begun but established. Its origin was in the idea which has characterized it, and by which it must be known; its beginning was the first realization of this idea; and its speedy and providential enlargement was its sure establishment. And in all - in its idea, beginning and enlargement, it was manifestly of God. The central idea of Oberlin, that which best and most comprehensively characterizes its nature and work as a beneficent factor in the world's progress, is that of a missionary center. In this idea - not education, not anti-slavery or reform of any kind, but religion, christianity, as comprehensive, active, aggressive and progressive, is supreme. In it true religion is first,

- Such was the idea of Oberlin in its origin, and in its realization. The men who conceived its plan, and who were the leaders in putting it into execution, were profoundly religious. Men of like character they sought as co-laborers, and naturally such men were attracted to the enterprise. The enterprise called for self-denial, consecration, faith and love; and these prime christian virtues it fostered.

There has always been at Oberlin, as elsewhere, more or less a tendency to partial and extreme views; but this tendency has never constituted its ruling idea and spirit, has never formed its character. Moreover, Oberlin for years, suffered the grossest misrepresentations, and has been misunderstood even by many good men.

Imbibing fully the spirit, and entering ardently upon the work of the anti-slavery cause, it received its full measure of the odium then heaped upon the advocates of that most unpopular reform; while in the religious world it was branded as heretical in doctrine. In short, almost from the first, Oberlin has been at once very popular and very unpopular; has had devoted friends and bitter enemies. But its continued triumph and prosperity have been, not by might, nor by power, but by the Spirit of the Lord.

This religious character, which was impressed upon Oberlin as a school and town, was especially marked in its early history. When its character was being formed and fixed, it was characterized by an intense religious devotion. There was always a revival spirit, and this was often manifested in great power. Not only were sinners converted, but the hearts of Christians were deeply searched; more so that not a few gave up their old hopes, and embraced the gospel more intelligently. The falls of 1836, 1837 and 1838 are especially spoken of as seasons of refreshing. Later, in 1841, a sudden and remarkable outpouring of the Holy Spirit was experienced in midsummer. The whole number of additions to the church by profession, from 1835 to 1856, was one thousand and seventy, making an annual average of fifty.

The preaching of these days, chiefly by President Mahan and Professor Finney, was attended with much spiritual power. It was pungent, close, heart-searching, and calculated earnestly to excite the whole being - both thought and feeling. For it, consisted not merely of fervid exhortation; it was rather a clear and yivid presentation, exposition and illustration of Christian doctrine, enforced by intense conviction, and by a practical and personal application. The fact of human ability was especially emphasized; whence followed the obligation to obedience, and the guilt of disobedience. Such preaching was, more or less, the result of experience; and it also produced experience, not only in the wigicie: but also in the preachers themselves.

tification. This doctrine was afterward developed by President Mahan, in a little book entitled "' Christian Perfection," published in 1839; by Professor Finney, in his 'Systematic Theology;" and by Profesor Cowles, in a series of articles first published in the Oberlin Evangelist, and afterward collected in a book entitled "The Holiness of Christians in the Present Life." It seems for a time to have been regarded as a state of christian experience distinct from, and following conversion, and involving entire consecration. But Professor Morgan, in an article published in the Oberlin Quarterly Review, entitled '<The Holiness Acceptable to God," showed from scripture and experience that the christian experience itself involves entire consecration, and this view came to be accepted. In another article, entitled the '' Baptism of the Holy Spirit," he gave his view of the nature of an advanced christian experience.

The doctrine gradually ceased to be presented and urged as implying a distinct form of experience. Indeed, sinlessness as actual and permanent was never made prominent; and the view was always carefully guarded against the antinomian view known as '' perfectionism." Yet the earnest advocacy of this doctrine brought upon Oberlin, while it continued, much odium from many religious people, especially from some of the Presbyterian churches.

A system of philosophy was also early developed at Oberlin, which, though the conception of it may not be claimed as altogether original, must still in some sense be regarded as a product of Oberlin thought. This is known in moral philosophy as the '' Benevolence Theory," and was presented by President Edwards, in his treatise on ''The Nature of Virtue," and afterward embodied by Samuel Hopkins in his theological system. But Mr. Finney, in his ''Systematic Theology," has thoroughly discussed and fully developed it as a system of moral philosophy, comprehensive and fundamental, and which at once discloses the errors and embraces the truths of other systems. This theory is, in brief, that the foundation of moral obligation is the good of being, and that true virtue or righteousness consists in willing this good of being, or in such a committal of the will to the good of being, including one's own, that the whole life will be devoted to its promotion. This, it is obvious, is the love enjoined in the scriptures, in which consists '' the fulfilling of the law."

From this follows another fundamental principle which occupies a prominent place in Oberlin philosophy, called the "simplicity of moral action." 'This view was first publicly presented by William Cochran in an address in 1841, and afterward expanded by him and published in a series of articles in the Oberlin Quarterly Review. 'This view is, substantially, that a moral being can neither be nor do both good and evil at the same time. For, since the moral state and action of the will consist in its attitude and exercise with respect to good, it is impossible that it should occupy opposite states at the same time, or that it should, at the same instant, both will and not will good. Every moral being is, therefore, either good or bad, according to the attitude of his will, and never both at once.

Another fundamental principle, which, though not original, gives character to the theology of Oberlin, is that the will alone is the seat of all that is distinctively moral, or that the state of the will determines the moral both in character and in action.

These fundamental principles of philosophy lie at the foundation of Mr. Finney's theology, which has become the theology of Oberlin; and they have had no small influence on the daily re of the students and of the people. For the practical application of this philosophy is expressed in the precept that the true end of life is found in doing good. But this is the very principle on which Oberlin was founded; and not less than ever is it still the vital principle of its existence.

The Oberlin Zvangelist, a semi-monthly paper, was begun, 1n 1839, to serve as an organ in which to express the religious views of the leading Oberlin men. It was a strictly religious paper of the most earnest type. Mr. Finney's sermons were published in it, and he wrote more or less for it beside. Professor Henry Cowles was its editor during the greater part of its existence, and contributed largely to its matter. Most of its matter was original, and was of the most substantial kind. It did much to disseminate the thought and spirit of Oberlin, and to defend it against misrepresentations and aspersions. In 1862, the second year of the war, it was discontinued because of inadequate support. For a more elaborate exposition of Oberlin ideas, the Oberlin Quarterly Review was started in 1845, and continued four years.

Unfortunately the professorship association, which had been formed in New York to pay the salaries of eight professors, continued but a short time. The great fire which occurred in New York in the fall of 1835, and the financial crash which followed in 1836 and '37, swept away this foundation. The salaries thus guaranteed were but six hundred dollars per annum, but now even this moderate sum was no longer assured. For their necessary support the professors could only trust God. Relying upon the provision made for the payment of the salaries, tuition in the college department had been remitted, and it was Jong before it could be re-imposed ; and even after it was required it was found difficult to collect it, so that several thousand dollars due for tuition were never paid. Subscriptions had been taken up in 1835 and '36, payable in five annual installments, amounting to nearly one hundred thousand dollars ; but in consequence of the financial crisis which soon followed, only about six thousand dollars of it was ever paid. With their hearts fully committed to the work, and trusting God who they believed had called them to it, the professors resoived to remain at their posts, content with meagre and uncertain pay. For many years the very existence of the institution was dependent upon the contributions of its friends. In 1838 the debt had accumulated to forty thousand dollars, and it was decided to send a deputation to England to solicit contributions. Rev. John Keep and Mr. William Dawes undertook this work, and in the course of eighteen months, by unwearied labor they raised thirty thousand dollars clear of expenses. Many books were also contributed to the college library. This gratifying success was made possible by the sympathy of British christians with the antislavery sentiment of Oberlin.

"" At present no pledge can be given that the institution will furnish labor to all the students ; but hitherto nearly all have been able to obtain employment from either the institute or the colonists. It is thought that the same facilities for available labor will be continued."

As early as 1839, an agricultural society was formed, composed of the colonists, faculty and students. Weekly meetings were held, at which there were essays and discussions on various subjects pertaining to agriculture. 'Town fairs were also kept up annually for many years. In a small sheet called People's Press, and dated Oberlin, October, 1845, a report of the fair for that year is given. There was an address by Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland, and in the evening short addresses from several - among them Dr. Townshend, Professor Cowles, Professor Fairchild, and President Mahan. The opening address by the president of the society, D. B. Kinney, is given entire inthe paper. It is historical, and gives some interesting reminiscences. 'The roads at an early day being almost impassable, three hundred dollars were subscribed by the colonists and four hundred by the faculty and students, to improve them. On a certain day, recitations being suspended, all turned out and worked on the road leading to Elyria. The young ladies, for their part, provided them a bountiful dinner,

One of the theological professors ae to a brother out of town, who had a team, and told him he wanted some wood drawn, but he had no money, and asked him how he should pay him. The good brother replied that he would draw wood one day for him for nothing, and then pointing to his bare feet said, «But you see I need pay for my work." The professor immediately jumping from his horse, and pulling off his shoes and throwing them to him, said, "Here, take these; I have another pair at home, and I can ride home barefoot."

The chapel in Colonial Hall becoming too small for the meetings on the Sabbath, the people, notwithstanding their poverty, encouraged by Mr. Finney, resolved, in 1840, to build a church. In 1842, the foundation was laid; and the next year before its completion, and without a formal dedication, it was occupied. The lot was given by the original proprietors of the land; and the inhabitants, professors, and students, aided by friends abroad, by subscriptions of cash and all sorts of commodities, and by work, united in putting up the building. It was modeled after the New York tabernacle, which was planned by Mr. Finney. Its dimensions were.ample, with the design of furnishing room for the annual commencement exercises.

The college, having no permanent endowment, was wholly dependent for its support upon the contributions of its friends. In the fall of 1850, it was determined to make an effort to raise a permanent fund for the support of instruction, by the sale of scholarships. Scholarships for six years were sold for twenty-five dollars, and perpetual scholarships for one hundred dollars. The pledges were conditional upon the raising of the whole amount desired, - one hundred thousand dollars. The time set for getting conditional pledges was limited to January 1, 1853, but so well did the effort succeed that, by January 20, 1852, the whole amount was pledged, and the new system went into operation. When it is considered that to the holders of these scholarships tuition was free in all the departments, it will not be surprising that the attendance was at once largely increased.

In the catalogue for the year 1851-2, the year before the system went into operation, the whole number of students is given as five hundred and seventy-one.

ation, the number is one thousand and twenty; in the next, one thousand, three hundred and five; in the next, one thousand, one hundred and eighty-eight; in the next, one thousand and sixty-two; and in the next, one thousand, two hundred and sixteen. It should be said that the preparatory department was increased much more proportionately than any of the rest.

This, however, in the course of the growth of the college, may be considered as its second enlargement. From this time its growth has consisted chiefly in the enlargement and perfecting of its course of study. The number then gained has been maintained; and the scholarship system, having served its purpose, is being gradually superseded.

tions. For a time part of the students were obliged to meet in the laboratory or music hall for prayers. In 1854-5, a new chapel was built, at a cost of ten thousand five hundred dollars, and the audience room above, capable of seating nine hundred persons. This has been since entirely remodeled, at a cost of about

In 1850, President Mahan resigned his position as president of Oberlin College, and took charge of a new university established at Cleveland, in which it was designed that the classics should be less prominent in the course of study; and the following year Professor Finney was appointed his successor.

Since it was near the lake, and a noted anti-slavery place, Oberlin became, at an early day, an important station of ''the under-ground railroad." Many fugitives were helped to escape, being sent to some port on the lake, to Cleveland, Charleston (now Lorain), Huron or Sandusky, wherever there happened to be a vessel whose captain would take them to Canada. It is the boast of Oberlin that no fugitive was ever taken back from her soil to slavery; nor has the prevention of such a result ever been accompanied with violence or bloodshed. It is said that in one year as

In 1840, at a house on Lorain street, about a mile east of the First Church, then in the forest, two men from Kentucky seized a colored man and woman and hurried away with them. Word soon reached the people of Oberlin, who were assenibled in the chapel at some meeting, and they immediately pursued the slave-catchers, overtaking them two or three miles from the village. These men went the next day to Elyria to substantiate their claim, but, failing to produce sufficient evidence, their victims were imprisoned to await a further trial.

The slave-catchers were themselves arrested on the charges of house-breaking and threatening of life, but were released on bail. Before the trial one of them died, and the other returned to the double trial to find that the slaves had escaped - by following a fellow prisoner, and by no aid from without - and was himself released.

Among the compromise measures passed by Congress in 1850, was the fugitive slave bill, which, signed by the President, became a law, and went into operation. Accepted and approved by northern conservatives, but denounced and renounced by antislavery men, who proclaimed in its stead ''the higher law," being mure stringent and efficient than the old law, the business of slave-catching was prosecuted with renewed vigor and with varying success.

On the 13th of September, 188, the people of Oberlin were startled from their usual quiet by the report that a colored man, by the name of John Price, had been taken from their midst and carried toward the south. 'A considerable company of citizens and students followed in pursuit as far as Wellington, where they found the Wadsworth House, in the garret of which the captors with their captive had taken refuge, surrounded by acrowd. The crowd, pressing up the stairs and against the door of the room whither the _

A grand jury was summoned by the United States District Court, for Northern Ohio, which found bills against thirty-seven citizens of Oberlin and Wellington. Among these, Professor Henry E. Peck, James M. Fitch, superintendent of the Oberlin Sunday School, and Ralph Plumb, a lawyer, the most prominent of the Oberlin men, were indicted for aiding and abetting. Thirty only were arrested. 'These appeared at Cleveland on the day set, and were released on their own recognizance till the day of trial. Hon. R. P. Spalding, Hon. A. G. Riddle, and 8. O. Griswold, Esq., volunteered their services for the defence, tree of charge. April 5, 1859, the trials commenced by the arraignment of Seth M. Bushnell, who was charged with driving the buggy which conveyed the captive away from his captors; who, upon his trial, was found guilty by the jury, and was sentenced to sixty days imprisonment, and to pay a fine of six hundred dollars and the costs of prosecution, estimated at two thousand dollars. Charles Langston, being next tried, was also found guilty, and sentenced to twenty days imprisonment, and to pay a fine of one hundred dollars and costs. An application was made to the supreme court of Ohio for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of Bushnell and Langston, on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the fugitive slave law; but it was denied to them, the vote of the judges standing three to two. Meantime the rest were confined in prison awaiting their trial. On two different Sabbaths, Professor Peck preached to an assemblage, surrounding the jail, estimated at from three to four thousand. July 2, afew days before the liberation of the prisoners, the Oberlin Sunday School went to Cleveland in a body, and paid their superintendenta visit in jail. This was an occasion of much interest.

"We do not believe that there was, in this case, a design on the part of the rescuers to violate even the fugitive slave act, because it was apparently believed that the man was kidnapped, and that the paper by which his captors held him was illegal. But we wish it also understood that we do not regard that enactment as of any binding force whatever. We think it right and proper to escape its penalty when we can consistently with duty; hut its precept we cannot regard without renouncing christianity and offending God."

After the conviction of Langston further trials were arrested. The captors had been indicted in the Lorain county court for kidnapping; and these finally proposed an arrangement by which nolles should be entered against the cases on both sides, and they be dismissed. 'his was agreed to, and the prisoners were accordingly released on the 6th of July, after three months' imprisonmént. After their discharge, and before leaving the jail, they passed a series of resolutions, of which we quote the following one:

"* Resolved, That after all the pains and penalties inflicted on us by government officials in the attempt to enforce the fugitive slave act, we feel it to be our dnty to say that our hatred and opposition to that unjust and unconstitutional law are more intense than ever before. No fine or imprisonment, however enforced, by whatever court, can induce us to yield itobedience. We willhereafter, as we have heretofore, help the panting fugitive to escape from those who would enslave him, whatever may be the authority under which they may act."

On their arrival at Oberlin, they were received with unbounded enthusiasm. In the evening, the church was crowded, speeches were made by the rescuers and others, and the meeting did not close till midnight. Near the close of the meeting, a resolution was passed that the town council be requested to enter a minute of this whole affair upon the records of the village of of Oberlin. The following is the conclusion of this minute:

"And finally, in view of all the consequences attendant upon this prosecution, and all the light shed upon the subject, we unanimously express our greatly increased abhorrence of the fugitive slave act, and avow our determination that no fugitive slave shall be taken from

On the 11th, Bushnell having served out the sixty days for which he was sentenced, returned to Oberlin, and another enthusiastic meeting was held.

In less than two years from this manifestation of the enthusiastic determination of the people to maintain their principles, they were, by the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, put to a far severer test. In the grand uprising of the North, one of the most sublime and inspiring events of history, Oberlin had her share, |

April 13, 1861, Fort Sumter fell; and on the 14th, President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers. At Oberlin, as everywhere throughout the North, the excitement was deep, intense and absorbing.

A meeting of the students was held at the college chapel on the evening of the 19th, and was addressed by enthusiastic speakers from each of the regular classes, and a committee of five was appointed to obtain volunteers. A meeting of citizens was also held, On the next evening, Professor Monroe, who was then a member of the State legislature, having arrived from Columbus, a meeting was held in the church, and was addressed by him and Colonel Sheldon, of Elyria. At the close of this meeting, the roll was opened for enlistments, and forty-nine at once gave their names, and ten thousand dollars were pledged to assist in sustaining those who should go. By Monday morning, one hundred and thirty names were enrolled; and this being in excess of the number required, and others being ready to enlist, a second company was formed. Nor was this eagerness to enlist from mere excitement; it was, on the contrary, in most cases, from sturdy principle.