Lorain City (part 36 of 77)

Name. Year. Builder

SEM IMAP AM HO en ais ay seen ees Wt? .. ...Bnjanin Flint. Schooner Sa:nuel Strong.......... TSAR cncccne Captain T. Cobb. Propeller Delaware.......... ..... DAG ahs ceas Cobb, Burnell & Co. Propeller Ohio......... Seed AP ree 1848 ... ...S. D. Burnell. Schooner Vincennes. ........-.+0.. TESS co oieleess W. S. Lyons. Brigs HUTGR As cesatiaa oo cie's shueiotata'c= NSL7 tena S. D. Burnell. Sehoonerta sian Serene os oA Jessie's oe Mee one Captain T. Cobb. Brig ABR © OW 0s c apiviae vs aati Cam LOA Scarce o's Captain [. Cobb. Brig Mahoning........ Ramee eonee no: ae ee William Jones. Schooner Florence...............- ISR sana e W.S. Lyons. Propeller Henry Clay (rebuilt). ...1851........ William Jones. Schooner T. P. Handy............ FRS0 5S sie ci<10 William Jones. Schooner Meridian................ ne Saag William Jones. Schooner Abigail ................. tte Beer Lyons & Fox. Bark Buckeye State.............. DBOS ese) icicle Mr. Hubbard. Schooner J. Reid......... Vee arses D Oe W.S. Lyons. Schooner Winfield Scott.......... 1852........ William Jones. Schooner Main ................... 1852.... ...W. §. Lyons. Schooner Hamlet.................. pt: aye ea William Jones. Schooner H. C. Winslow.... ..... 330 ARE William Jones. Schooner W, F. Allen.............. 1853.... ...Jones & Co. MCHOORED CACY hots inp einen oem BSBe. sia/< nce D. Rogers. Schooner Cascade.............-..5 ot eee William Jones. Schooner H. E. Mussey........... 1853.... . Benjamin Flint. Schooner Wings of the Morning..1854........ Jones & Co. Schooner Peoria.................. 1854... 5256 A. Gillmore. Propeller Dick Pinto.............. Vici Oe Ae G. W. Jones. Schooner G. L. Newman.......... a B. Flint. Schooner Drake................+-. TSRS nc. (sim Jones & Co, Bark Lemuel Crawford........ .. DB insta es ond Jones. Schooner Kyle Spangler.......... AOE: cei William Jones. Schooner Leader........ ....... ts ee eee Lyons & Gillmore. Schooner W. H. Willard.......... Tape cea a Charles Hinman. Schooner John Webber.... ...... IBS 2. ease Charles Hinman. Schooner Grace Murray.......... ESSB Seas «chs William Jones. Schooner Resolute........ ....... IHG eee, nc abmiteas Gece Ceekse avi cn Schooner L. J. Farwell............ NOG ois as William Jones, Bark David Morris : Schooner Returt........-.....55-- Schooner Herald ...........-....-. William Jones. Schooner Freeman........ .....-. 1S55: coon: = William Jones. Schooner Ogden............-2.++++ 185 To. sce William Jones. Bark Levi Rawson...............-. TSG eee. « William Jones. Bark William Jones............... 1862........Jones & Co. Schooner Alice Curtis............. lc eon eee Edwards. Propeller Queen of the Lakes..... B00 o's lancee William Jones. Brig AnGubon [sec onsenssenvetisescc Stele ee SE 5 William Jones. Schooner John Fretter...........- ASS oo cee Charles Hinman. Schooner E. F. Allen.............. 18G2. cksees A. Gillmore. Bark Franz Siegel ...-G. W. Jones. Bark Orphan BOyscce civciee sap oss «LOOP aan snes William Jones. IGIONPAG AOI: Teriaae se sale kiclse'e a/eie'= n LOOM ae 6 rele H. D. Root HEAD GRootnases cameo esien sees += L000 «a octave H. D. Root PMINOP VE |. ads hie dae cian oe ose dO nateare William Jones. William H. Chapman.............. 1866 5S. nae H. D. Root. Schooner Fostoria. PTA Ge) Ceres ve sides he dewanecue ans WY Rs RaP ONE fod nw ccrelin pe ale olsalesiaiass Bark Summer Cloud .. Schooner Lillie Fox............... (IKGte LVORSis. ancten a tscn'- ons iee dl OO0s wcin x «<= William Jones. Bark iP. B. Marah... |... dae woke Cas cle wn G. W. Jones. Schooner H. C. Post (rebuilt)....... LRG e's ce Thomas Wilson. Gen. Q. A. Gillmore................ S06Tensie sac Thomas Wilson. H.'Ge Cleveland: 12% = jescc-5 eens sce ISBT emcees < William Jones. Qlon phages casriscus a= eeneae sask~e Lin AAP D. Fox WY BLE) BIAK Gs ageless siencs Aeelss cates iy ae ee H. D. Root, Thomas Wilsons: . soso. ce 5 RE IGOD wale see Thos. Wilson. Brig EK. Cohetinn. .co.tseneses < ale Beane H. D. Root. TROMBS Ga foes eens on wees a ans ayy ee John Squires. Barge Sarah E. Sheldon..........- TOWisns hee Quelos & Peck. Mary. Gron.,-gecce cestnse) caccecs Lp ee H. D. Root Steamer Charles Hickox.......... ABTR. Sacco: H. D, Root Steam Barge Egyptian..... ......1873..... ..Quelos & Peck. Steamer C. Hickox................ TO TB i se pcre te H. D. Root, Schooner Our Son...... Sia eaclas pein 1STB eas = H. Kelley. Schooner Sumatra. ............- ae ATO tak nwa: Quelos & Peck. Schooner Three Brothers.........1873........ H. D. Root. Schooner Theodore Voges........ GBT Jc. ces H. D. Root. DUE MYR hae... 2¥.cnenetes<ee mcs 1876...... Spee ha Maes ve Scows.

24, 1830, to Mary W. Danforth, of Derry, New Hampshire. They emigrated to Ohio in 1835, in company with his brother, the late Colonel William Gregg, and settled on a farm two miles north of the village In 1842, he purchased a farm in the then years; but for the purpose of educating his children, he removed to Elyria in 1857. Here he and his wife united with the Methodist church, and here, in August 11, 1871, after a residence of fourteen years, his wife closed her earthly labors.

They had eight children, three of whom died in infancy. His second son, Arthur Livermore, died in Sheffield, February 28, 1873, aged thirty-one years, There are now living, two sons and two daughters, all of whom are married. His three sons, Simeon, Arthur, and Luther, served as brave and faithful soldiers in the war of the rebellion, were honorably discharged, and safely returned home at the close of December 30, 1872, Mr. Gregg was married.

this time he sold his property in Elyria, and removed to his farm for a permanent residence. Although he is now seventy-six years old, he has wonderful health and vigor, and still leads an active, useful life. He is a member of the Methodist church in Lorain and is warmly identified with the interests of the growing town around him, cheerfully contributing his share to its growth and prosperity. He is strictly temperate in his habits, and is an enemy alike to liquor and tobacco, seldom neglecting to ''show his colors" when was the youngest son of Ebenezer and Betsey Gregg, of Dorchester, New Hampshire, and was born April 5, 1803. He was of Seotch parentage, his ancestors having belonged to the noted Presbyterian colony who settled Londonderry, New Hampshire. His grandfather bore a distinguished part in the revolutionary war. He was colonel under General Stark, at the memorable battle of Bennington, and was present when the general, in rallying his troops, addressed to him the words so aptly given by the poet: "We'll beat the British ere set of sun, Or Molly Stark is a widow - it was done."

Mr. Gregg has inherited in a marked degree the peculiarities of his Scotch ancestors, having a vigorous constitution, great physical endurance, perseverance and energy of character. He was married September was born at Plattsburg, New York, February 18, 1830, being the sixth child of John and Amy (Hammond) Flint of that place; all of Scotch descent. When eight years of age he accompanied his parents to Buffalo, New York, remaining there about two years, when they removed to Toledo, Ohio, where his parents spent the remainder of their days.

When nineteen years old Captain Flint commenced to work for John P. Freeman, of Toledo, at the carpenter and joiner trade. After attaining his majority he removed to Black River, this county, where he became engaged as a ship carpenter, which he followed winters for nearly twenty years, sailing on the lakes until the close of navigation every year, which latter occupation he still follows. At an early period in his business career, Captain Flint became interested in farming, and is now considered a good, practical farmer, as well as an excellent navigator. Eight years ago he purchased the comfortable farm and residen¢e, an illustration of which appears elsewhere - in this volume.

On the 20th of July, 1850, he married Helen M., daughter of Adam Miller, of Black River. They had five children, of whom Alice L., Helen A, and Sam- uel L. survive. Mrs. Flint departed this life May 3, 1864. After mourning the loss of his first wife just one year, the Captain married again, the subject of his choice this time being his present excellent wife, who at the time of their marriage was Jane D. Tracy, widow of R. F. Tracy, of Elyria,.and daughter of Captain Luther Dennison and Agnes Martin, the former born in Vermont, the latter at Dykehead, Scotland. Mrs. Flint has two daughters by her first husband, Louisa S., now the wife of John Maxfield, of Lamont, Michigan, and Elizabeth E., wife of Captain H. W. Stone, of Cleveland.

Among other experiences of a nautical career, extending over twenty-eight years, the following befel Captain Flint. On the 26th of August, 1874, the propeller Persian, then the largest vessel on Lake Erie, and commanded by Captain Flint, took fire, from the ignition of gas in the coal bunkers. After burning almost three hours, she sunk, and all hands, - nineteen in number, including Captain Flint, - took refuge on the hatches, upon which they floated for two hours and a half, when they were picked up by the propeller Badger, and thus saved from a watery grave.

Following the settlement, is subjoined the greater part of the address of President J. H. Fairchild, on the '' Early Settlement and History of Brownhelm," delivered at Brownhelm, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of its settlement. We make use of this instead of writing a new sketch, because (1) as a history of the township it is quite full and remarkably accurate, as we have verified by personal interviews with the older residents of the place; and (2) because of its admirable treatment of some phases of pioneer life of which they only, who have experienced them, can give an adequate portrayal. President Fairchild was himself a pioneer of Brownhelm, and describes the characteristics of life in the new country from the standpoint of experience.

The early settlement we have written up more fully. but regret that in regard to some of the early settlers, but little information could be obtained. Some additional matter in regard to the churches, township organization, etc., is likewise incorporated. ;

Town number six, in range nineteen, of the Connecticut Western Reserve was drawn in the draft by Asher Miller and Nathan Shalor. It originally extended south to tract fourteen and fifteen, in the nineteenth range, and included nearly a third of the

The western part of the township is traversed by the crooked Vermillion, whose broad valley, and high, steep banks give a pleasing diversity to the generally level surface. There are several other small streams not designated by name on the county map.

The soil is more or less clay, modified along the ridges by gravel and sand, and, in small areas in the northern part of the town, by a deep, black muck of great fertility.

'« The privilege of naming the place was yielded by the citizens, at a meeting called for the purpose, at Mr. Barnum's, to Colonel Brown. He gave it the name of Brownhelm, a name which, in the early days, was a source of some displeasure, as implying that Colonel Brown was to steer the ship, a thought which was probably not in his mind in connection with the name. He doubtless sought only for an agreeable termination of the name, and found it in the old Saxon word ham or hem, softened for euphony to helm, and signifying 'home,' or dwelling place, and thus the name means ' Brown's home." To some of the early inhabitants, it sounded like Brown at the helm, and a petition was at one time circulated to have the name changed to Freedom. We may be thankful that the popular disgust never reached such a consummation. The good old name is original, euphonious, and happy in its signification. There is no better name in the land."

Eakly Settlement

In 1816, Col. Henry Brown of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, visited this portion of the Western Reserve, with the purpose in view of selecting for purchase a large tract of land, and on his return to Massachusetts he entered into contract for this township, then known only as number six, in range nineteen. In the fall of the same year, accompanied by several young men, he came on the ground, erected a log 'house on the lake shore, and then returned to Massachusetts, leaving his men to make further preparations for the'reception of the families the next season.

Early in the foilowing year, Levi Shepard and Sylvester Barnum and their families, and two daughters of Stephen James, who came with Mr. Shepard, left Stockbridge for this township, where they arrived, after a protracted and tedious journey, in the afternoon of July 4, 1817. Mr. James with his two sons (his wife having died previously) started from Stockbridge about the same time as Deacon Shepard and his associates, but taking the boat at Buffalo for Black River, reached the place about a week in advance of them. Mr Shepard and family are the conceded first settlers. ''Mr. Shepard and his wife, without indicating their purpose to their fellow trayelers, were careful to lead the way as they approached the selected territory, so as to be first on the ground. They crossed the line between Black River and Brownhelm some rods in adyance of their associates, and thus they properly have the honor of being the first settlers."

Some of the young men who came with Colonel Brown had returned east, but four of them remained and were on the ground when the three families arrived. These were Peter P. Pease, William Alverson, Charles Whittlesey and William Lincoln. They were then single, but they subsequently married and settled in the town.

The first occurrence worthy of note after the arrival of Deacon Shepard and his party is thus described by President Fairchild: 'The first work of the assembled group was to prepare an independence dinner in honor of the occasion. 'This is believed to have been the first meal ever spread in the township by white women. Some of the young men, looking on while the women prepared the meal, were moved to tears. It was the first sight of any thing like home that had met their eyes for many months. The material for the dinner was not over-abundant or varied, embracing the bread and pork which the young men contributed, and the relics of the provisions with which the travelers had been furnished for the journey. But the seasoning of appetite, novelty and hope made it a dinner long to be remembered, such as one enjoys but once in a life time."

Of that party of sixteen persons that shared in the meal, two are yet living, - Levi Shepard and Mrs. Parkhust, then Cordelia James, - the former having reached the advanced age of ninety-four.

Shepard, Barnum, and James took up their abode on the lake shore, jointly occupying, for a time, the log house of Colonel Brown. Barnum, in a few days, vacated, his family living in a lumber wagon, on his purchase, for a short time, until the completion of his house. He remained but a few years in the township. Most of his family died of a malignant disease called '' milk sickness," or '' sick stomach," which prevailed so fatally in the town in an early day, and he returned to Massachusetts, where he subsequently died.

Shepard and James continued their occupancy of the Brown house, until the erection, by the former, of a cabin, on his purchase on lot six, when the two families took up their abode there, - Mr. James and family occupying a part of the house for about a year, when he erected a cabin on his farm, west of Colonel Brown.

It is rarely that we find, in the prosecution of our work, the first settler of a township still living. Deacon Shepard now lives in Brownhelm, well alomg in his ninety-fifth year. He was born near Sturbridge, Worcester county, Massachusetts, December 9, 1784, and when a boy, removed with his parents to Stockbridge, where he resided until his emigration to Ohio. He was a blacksmith, and prosecuted his trade in connection with his farm work, for several years in Brownhelm, his patrons paying him in work at clearing and logging on his farm. Mr. Shepard was blessed with a remarkably strong constitution. At the age of eighty-th) ee, he could work all day with almost as little consequent fatigue as in the days of his young manhood; and the summer immediately preceding his eighty-fourth birthday, he was engaged in chopping wood, and splitting rails, almost the entire season. In December, 1876, he sustained a partial stroke of paralysis in his lower limbs, and since that time, he has moved about with difficulty. His hearing and eyesight are also much impaired. But, notwithstanding his bodily infirmities, his mind still remains comparatively vigorous, and his memory of early events is remarkably good. He is small in stature, and his form is now much bent, - bowed down by the weight of years. He enjoys, extremely, a chat about pioneer times, and relates with glee how he secured for himself and family the honor of being the first settlers. Deacon Shepard has no descendants now livinging the town. His third wife died some years ago, and of his four children, - two sons and two daughters, - only the former are living, - somewhere in the west.

Stephen James was born in Middlesex, Connecticut, August 8, 1767, but removed to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, when voung. He was prominently identified with the church for many years in Brownhelm, and also in Stockbridge, where he was first elected to the office of deacon under Rev. Dr. West. This office he filled with equal credit to himself, and satisfaction to the church. He instituted the first known religious services held in this township, holding a meeting at Judge Brown's house the Sunday immediately preceding the arrival of Deacon Shepard and his associates. Before the advent of the minister, he led the meetings of the little band in the woods of Brownhelm, regularly sustaining a reading service on the Sabbath, in connection with his brethren, until they were blessed with the stated ministry of the word. He frequently officiated on funeral and other occasions, and assisted in the organization of religious services in neighboring settlements. He was well qualified for such work, possessing, it is said, among other qualifications, considerable fluency of speech. In all the walks of life, Deacon James was distinguished for benevolence, moral rectitude, and earnest, active piety. He married, at the age of twenty-seven, Hannah Schofield, of Stanford, Connecticut, who died in 1811, leaving five children, three sons and two daughters. One of the sons being an apprentice in Massachusetts, never emigrated to the west. In the fall of 1828, he married Miss Rhoda Buck, of Connecticut, who was visiting friends in

Among the prominent citizens of the town in which he resides, the subject of this sketch occupies a foremost position. He is one of the pioneers of the county, and also one of its best: practical farmers. He is the fifth child of Abishua and Anna Morse, and was born in the town of Great Barrington, Mass., Feb. 15, 1819. Two years prior to the time when he first saw the light, his grandfather, Seth Morse, himself a native of Massachusetts, made a visit to Ohio for the purpose of selecting lands. His choice fell upon the place where his son (Abishua) settled in the fall of 1821. It was not, however, until about the year 1826 or 1827 that Seth Morse came to reside on the land he had After his mained until his death. Abishua erected a primitive log house near where George G. now resides. To do this he had to fell some trees in order to effect a clearing. He continued to improve his farm, and a short time subsequent to the erection of his log house, he built a frame barn, and a few years preceding his demise he erected the present residence of his son, of whom we write more particularly.

At the time of his death, which occurred Dec. 11, 1835, he possessed from two hundred to two hundred and fifty acres of land, and had he lived to an old age he would doubtless have been a very wealthy man, as he was a very good one. He enjoyed the esteem and respect of all who knew him.

Anna Ray Morse

ing for his brother and others for some eight or ten years. His first start for himself was the purchase of forty acres of land, about the year 1845. From that time to the present he has been eminently successful, and now occupies the position of a good citizen and first-class agriculturist, and an honest man. This is the natural result of untiring energy and ceaseless industry.

Mr. Morse has been twice married. His first wife was Mary A., daughter of Purley Moulton, of Brownhelm, with whom he united his fortunes May 15, 1851. She died August 15, 1861. His second and present wife was Hliza J., daughter of Jesse Ball, Jr., of Vermilion township. They have had five children born to them, namely: Henry G., Herbert J., Jennie E., George B., who died at the age of four years, and Freddie Ray. Mrs. Morse is an exemplary member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Morse is a liberal contributor to religiousand educational enterprises, having assisted in building nearly every church in_ his vicinity.

He is the owner of a fine farm of two hundred and fifty acres, upon which are good frame buildings, an illustration of which appears in another page of this work.

Owing to general regular habits, he preserves the hale and hearty appearance of a man in the prime of life, and in his personal appearance resembles

Brownhelm at the time. No children were born of this marriage. Deacon James died in 1841, his wife surviving him several years. His daughter, Mrs. Parkhurst, is still living in the township, aged seventythree.

Before the close of the year in which the families previously mentioned arrived, those of Solomon Whittlesey, Alva Curtis, Ebenezer Scott and Benjamin Bacon moved in. Mr. Whittlesey located on the farm now occupied by his son Cyrus, his original habitation being situated a short distance east of the son's pres- ént frame house. Mr. Whittlesey was a great hunter in his pioneer days. His death occurred in 1871, aged eighty-five.

Deacon Curtis settled near the Vermillion, on the spot now occupied by Fred. Bacon. He opened here, in his house, the first hotel in the town. He has no descendants living in Brownhelm, and we have but little information concerning him. He died in 1846, his wife subsequently.

Mr. Bacon made his location where his son William now resides. He was the first justice of the peace in the place. Mr. Bacon was qualified by nature to be a leader, and was probably a man of as mucb influence and extended acquaintance as any other in the settlement. This weight of character was used on the side of order, education and sound morality.

The next year the settlement was increased by the arrival of a dozen families. One of the first was that of Anson Cooper, who moved in from Euclid, Cuyahoga county, where he had resided about a year. He took up his residence on the place now occupied by his widow in her eighty-third year. Mr. Cooper died in 1846. He was the first town clerk in Brownhelm.

The families of Colonel Brown, Grandison Fairchild, Alfred Avery, Enos Cooley, Elisha Peck, George Bacon, John Graham, Orrin Sage, Chester Seymour, Thomas Ely and Dr. Brown moved in soon after. Colonel Brown took up his abode in the house on the lake shore already prepared for him. <A brief biography of Mr. Brown may be found at the close of the history of this township.

Grandison Iairchild was born in Sheftield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, April 20, 1792. November 25, 1813, he married Nancy Harris, daughter of William Harris, who was an early settler in Brownhelm. She was born October 30, 1795. Mr. Fairchild, with his family, then consisting of wife and three children, removed from Stockbridge, Massachusetts, to Brownhelm in September, 1818, coming from Buffalo to Cleveland on the pioneer steamer, Walk-in-the- Water. Four days were spent on the water, the vessel lying for two days on a bar at Erie. From Cleveland the journey was made with team and wagon. Mr. Fairchild's location was on North ridge, between the present residence of his son Charles and the church. He is yet a resident of the town, now living a short distance east of his original location, in his eightyseventh year, erect and seemingly as vigorous as ever. Mrs. Fairchild died in August, 1875. There were

Orrin Sage, originally from Hartford, Connecticut, married Lucy Cooper, of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in June, 1818, and, immediately afterwards, with George Bacon and his wife, who was a sister of Mrs. Sage, set out for the distant west. The party had a wagon and two ox-teams, and a single horse and wagon with which they made the journey, and were five weeks coming through. At Buffalo they shipped their goods by the lake to Black river. Sage located on the farm adjoining on the north - that on which Mrs. Bacon now lives. He died in October, 1823, and his widow soon after exchanged farms with Jonathan Hosford, and returned with her little son to Stockbridge. Bacon located on the farm, now occupied by his widow, formerly Mrs. Sage. His first wife died in 1826, and he returned to Stockbridge and a year subsequently married Mrs. Sage, when they removed to Brownhelm. Mrs. Bacon died in January, 1875. Mr. Bacon is now in her eightysixth year. She says the first barrel of meat the family used in Brownhelm, cost thirty dollars, and was of the '"'shank" variety.

Enos Cooley began life in the wilderness on a cash capital of six cents. He located near the lake shore, erecting his cabin on the spot now occupied by the residence of the widow of Lewis Braun. Ue subsequently removed to a permanent location on the North ridge, where he resided until his death, in 1847. Two of his children are now living in this township. They are Moses and Chester A. The latter owns and operates at Bacon's Corners the only cheese factory in the town.

Elisha Peck, with wife and ten children, arrived in Brownhelm, in November of the year previously mentioned. The family stopped with Colonel Brown the night after their arrival, and then moved into the house of Alfred Avery, where they remained some three weeks. They then took up their abode on lot fifty-four, a log house having been rolled together. It was indeed a primitive house when the family moved into it, for it was without a floor of any kind, and the first night, the children made their bed on mother earth. The father and mother were provided with a bedstead constructed of poles, and elm. bark was made to answer in place of a cord. Mr. Peck was a shoemaker, and worked at his trade-for over sixty years. He also had a rude tannery in Brownhelm at an early day. He was born in Berlin, Connecticut, March 7, 1773, and died in Brownhelm January 7, 1858, aged eighty-four years and ten months. His wife was Millicent Byington, of Bristol, Connecticut. Four children are now living.

Deacon George Wells, now residing in Brownhelm, in the eighty-second year of his age, arrived in 1818. He was at the time unmarried. He bought a piece of land on the lake shore, felled a tree, and with a few poles and bark made himself a rude shelter, in which he lived the first summer. A short time after- ward this was substituted by a log house, in which his widowed mother and the remainder of her family took up their abode in the summer of 1820. Mr. Wells returned to Hartford in 1825, and married, immediately after which he set out with his bride for the far west. At Buffalo he engaged passage on a vessel, the captain of which agreed to land him on the shore opposite his residence in Brownhelm. He disregarded his promise, however, and carried Mr. Wells and wife to Johnson's Island, thence to Sandusky, and finally landed them, with some twenty other passengers, at Cedar Point. Mr. Wells and wife started for their Brownhelm cabin on foot, but after traveling some ten miles, were overtaken by Captain Day, who was returning to Black River from Sandusky, on horseback. He kindly offered his place on the horse to the young wife, which was accepted, Mr. Wells and the captain traveling on foot. The end of the journey was duly reached, when two men with a skiff were sent after' Mrs. Wells' baggage, which was hardly equal either in value or quantity to the outfit of the modern bride.

John Graham married a sister of Deacon Wells, and removed to Brownhelm soon after he arrived. He located on the same lot - lot four - and lived there the remainder of his life.

Abishai Morse came from Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Brownhelm in September, 1820, with his family, consisting of his wife and five children. Eight were born subsequently. A horse team and wagon brought the family and their effects, and they were six weeks on the journey. They lived with Alva Curtis until their log house was completed. This stood a short distance east of the present residence of his son, Geo. G. Morse, west of the Vermillion. The log house was occupied until 1833, when . the pleasant frame house previously mentioned was erected. He and George Hinckley had a saw mill on the Vermillion in an early day, where Heyman's grist and saw mill now stand; and they afterwards bought the old grist mill of Judge Brown, which had been removed to the same place from its original location near the Swift place. Mr. Morse died in December, 1835. Five of his children are living and four in Lorain county.

Ira Wood came into the township in 1831. His first location was west of the river, where John Stevenson now lives. Stephen Goodrich came in at the same time, and they together established a tannery. Mr. Wood subsequently sold his interest to Goodrich, and moved to the east side of the river, where he now resides. .

There were originally five lines of settlement in town, the lake shore and the four ridges parallel to it. * * * On the lake shore there were Brown, Seymour, James, Shepard, Weed, Dr. Brown, Goodrich, Hart, Sly, Wells, Graham and Sheldon Johnson; and at a later day, Hawley Lathrop and Leach. Between the shore and the first ridge, Cooley, Barnum, Scott; and later, Perley Moulton and Rankin. Along the first ridge, Whittlesey, Alverson, Peter P. Pease, Cooper, Orrin Sage, Moulton, Joseph Scott and Ketchum; and later, Baker, Ewing, Lyon, Culver, Hiram Pease, Hamilton Perry, Parkhurst, Hastings, Bartlett, Hosford, Dimmock, Graves, Blodgett, Hemmingway, James Newbury and Job Smith. On the principal ridge, known as the North ridge, Andrews, Avery, Baldwin, Lincoln, Fairchild, Betts, Daniel Perry, and afterward his sons; the Bacons, three families, Curtis at the mill, Hinkley and Waters Betts; and beyond the river, Abishai Morse, Bradley, Hewett, Booth, Davis and his distillery, and Saunders. At a later day, along the same ridge, we have Belden, Samuel Curtis, Rodney Andrews, Henry Sage, Samuel Bacon, Leavenworth, Dr. Willard, Bailey, Kent Hawley, Edward Morse, Stephen Goodrich, Stephen Brown, John Newbury, Fancher, and many others still later. Along the middle ridge or near it, on one side or the other, Peck, George James, Seth Morse, Wallace, Jones; and at a later day, Harris, Locke, Van Dusen, Ira Rugg, Cable, Frisbie, Chapin, Bushrod Perry, 8. G. Morse, Parsons and Ira Wood;* and still further south, Joseph Swift. On the south ridge road, the earhest families were Powers, Leonard, Durand, Andrews, Hancock, Denison, Holcomb, Abbott and Fuller. This road was soon set off to Henrietta, ** * Almost all of these families came from the east, most from Berkshire county, Massachusetts, some from Connecticut, and a few from other parts. A very few, discouraged by sickness and by the hardships of the new country, returned east." * * * "Tt was not a rare thing for young men to walk the entire distance from Massachusetts to Ohio, carrying a few indispensable articles upon their backs, in a white canvas knapsack. One or more of these knapsacks might be found in almost every neighborhood during the early years, cherished as mementoes of such pedestrian feats. One young man brought in his ' pack,' from Massachusetts to this county, a pair of iron wedges, implements more valuable to him than a wedge of gold. For myself, I have moving reason for recalling the knapsack; for I remember that in the old school house, my seat mate, Delia Peck, and I shared together a flagellation for smiling over the quaint word knapsack, which we found in Webster's old spelling book, held between us. Some of my juvenile hearers will be impressed with the Puritan sternness of our early school discipline, when told that the smile was not audible, and that no whisper accompanied it. Our rebellious hearts even then would question the propriety of the chastisement.

As successive families came on, they found shelter for a few weeks with those who had preceded them, until they could roll up a log house, roof it with ''shakes " and cut an opening fora door. Then

Colonel Elisha Franklin Peck

In the year 1817, Elisha Peck came to this country and made a selection of lands, and erected a log cabin in the town of Brownhelm, Lorain Co., Ohio, which at that time was an unbroken wilderness, after which he returned for his family, consisting of a wife and ten children; and the year following made a permanent settlement, arriving Nov. 12,1818. No furniture was in possession of the family, and a bedstead was improvised for the older members of the family the first night of their stay in the then far West, the children sleeping on the floor. Mr. Peck's purchase amounted to four hundred and fifty acres.

Col. E. F. Peck remained with his father until he was twenty-one years of age, and in the month of August following started out in life for himself, with forty acres of land as a gift from his father; and the same year started for Old Stockbridge, Mass., the old home, to attend school, but was taken sick at Buffalo, N. Y., while working on the harbor. He went to an uncle's in Orleans Co., N. Y., and remained four months. He then returned to Brownhelm, having abandoned the idea of attending school in Massachusetts, and purchased the interests of several members of the family in the estate of his father, and has since added materially to his possessions.

He was married, July 3, 1833, to Sally Ann, daughter of Abishua Morse. This union resulted in the birth of four children, whose names are as follows: Ann Milicent, Lydia

Col. Peck, now seventy-three years of age, is still vigorous and active, and only last fall (1878) plowed and prepared the soil for ten acres of wheat. He has cleared over two hundred acres of heavy timbered land. His physique even now proves the advantage of a life of sobriety, industry, and uprightness. His only education was obtained by giving one day of labor for one day of instruction in the elementary branches. Its practical benefits to himself and family are evinced by his success in life, financially and morally.

In politics, Col. Peck has always been a Democrat, with which party he is prominently identified, and a working member. He is earnest, even zealous in the advocacy of his convictions, and no matter what others may think as to the facts at issue, HE IS SINCERE.

Prior to the late civil war, and during the old militia days, Mr. Peck joined an Ohio regiment, in which he became popular, both asa genial comrade and an able military commander, and passed through the several grades, from private in the ranks to that of colonel, being regimental commander when mustered out of service.

they would move into their new home and finish it at leisure. This finishing consisted in laying a floor of planks split from logs, puncheons as they were called, putting up a chimney in one end of the house, ordinarily of sticks plastered with clay, sometimes of stone, with a large open fire-place, generally made with a hearth and back, without jambs or mantel, adding at length a door, when there was leisure to go to Shupe's mill on Beaver creek, for a board, and a window of glass if it could be had; if not, oiled paper. A later stage in the operation consisted in ''chinking" the cracks between the logs with pieces of wood on the inside, and plastering them without with clay mortar. As leisure and prosperity followed, loose boards were laid above for a chamber floor, and in cases of unusual nicety and taste, the man devoted several evenings to hewing the logs on the sides within, and peeling the bark from the round joists overhead. Families unusually favored had rough stairs to the loft above, otherwise a ladder. An excavation below, entered through a trap in the floor, served as acellar. In rare cases, a family attained to the dignity of a sleeping room, separated from the common living apartment by a_ board partition ; oftener chintz curtains, or sheets, or quilts, secured the privacy of the bed. These often disappeared as the wants of the family pressed, and the bed was left. shelterless.

The furniture of this primitive home was as simple as the domicile itself. The bedstead was made of round poles, shaved or peeled, the posts at the head rising above the bed and joined by a bar in place of a headboard. Elm bark often served in place of a cord. The trundle-bed was the same thing on a smaller scale. A table was extemporized from the cover of a box in which the family goods were brought from the east, while the box itself, with a shelf introduced, served as a cupboard for provisions. A shelf on the side of the room supported the crockery and tin ware, while a few stools, with now and then a back added, according to the mechanical skill or enterprise of the proprietor, served the place of chairs. This simple house, with its simpler furniture, furnished a home by no means uncomfortable where health, and hope, and kindly feeling were the light of it. The skeleton frame house of the pioneer of modern days, without paint, or ceiling, or plaster, or tree to shelter it, will by no means compare with the snug, well chinked, substantial log house of the early settlers.

According to my recollection, the first frame house in town was built by Benjamin Bacon, and the next by Dr. Betts. I am quite sure that Mr. Bacon's was the first painted one that my eyes ever rested on. The first brick house in town, and indeed in the county, was built by my father, in 1824. To this day it is, I believe, the only brick house in the town. It was built with twenty thousand brick, at an aggregate cost of three hundred dollars. It has received some additions and improvements, but does not appear to be as large as when it was first built. The first stylish house in town was Judge Brown's, built in 1826, a grand affair in its day, and still a stately farm house.

The great drawback of the country, and at the sume time its chief advantage, was the grand old forest with which the entire surface was covered, furnishing every variety of timber that could be needed in a new country, in quantities that seemed absolutely inexhaustible. Along the ridges the chestnut prevailed, the trunk from two to four feet in diameter, and a hundred feet in height, furnishing the best fencing material that any new country was ever blessed with. The only discount on the chestnut was in the fact that the stump would remain full thirty years, an offense to the farmer, unless some strenuous means were used to eradicate it. The surest way was to undermine it, and bury it on the spot where it grew. The tree next in value for timber was the whitewood or tulip tree, of regal majesty, and second only to the white pine for finishing lumber, and for some uses superior to it. The oak and the hickory, in every variety and of magnificent proportions, were found everywhere; and, on the lowlands and river bottoms, the black walnut, probably the most stately tree of Northern Ohio forests, inferior in magnificence only to the famous red wood of California, A single specimen was standing on the Vermillion river bottom at a recent date, which was said to measure fifteen feet in diameter above the swell of the roots. In the early years, this valuable fancy timber only ranked next to the chestnut, and there are barns and cowsheds in town roofed with clean black walnut boards, two feet and more in width. With the first settlers, these magnificent forests were not held in high appreciation. They were esteemed usurpers of the soil, and the great endeavor was to exterminate them. The coming generation will not be able to comprehend the labor involved in this enterprise, or the pluck that could accomplish it. ''A man was famous according as he lifted up axes upon the thick trees." No ironsinewed engine was at hand to take the brunt of the work. The pioneer himself, equipped only with his axe, a yoke of oxen and a log chain, must attack, lay low and reduce to ashes the forests that overhung his farm. 'The men that accomplished this were sturdy in limb and strong in heart. A feeble race would have retired from the encounter. The pioneer of the present day, who has only to turn over the prairie sod, and wait for the harvest, can know little of the labor involved in settling a heavy-timbered country. Yet, if this had been a prairie country, its settlement must have been deferred full twenty years. The forests were a vast store house of material for building and fencing, and for fuel. 'The house involved no outlay of capital. Stern labor could accomplish everything. But for these forests each family would have required a capital of a thousand or two of dollars, and facilities for the transportation of lumber and other material would have been required, and a market where the products of the soil could be ex- changed for these materials. The pioneer found his best friend in the forest, but the friendship was one of stern conditions, yielding its advantages only to the brave hearted. It is a little sad to look back to the uncounted thousands of splendid trees of white. wood, and oak, and asb, and hickory, and black walnut, and chestnut, which by dint of vast labor were reduced to ashes, and recall the fact that each one of these trunks, if now standing where it grew, would sell for ten to fifty dollars. Indeed, it is probable that if the original forests could be replaced, the standing timber would bring more at sale than the farms of the township, with all their improvements, are now worth. But our case is not peculiar; at some such sacrifice every new country is settled. The farms of New England would to-day scarce sell for enough to construct the stone walls that separate their fields. 'The grain that has rotted on the prairie farms of Illinois for want of barns and granaries, sold in the market to-day, would buy all the farms of that rich State. 'To regret such a circumstance is only less absurd than to mourn over the fact that Adam did not put out afew dollars at compound interest, which child of Adam with a fortune. There is amusement in such figures, but no instruction. The divine wisdom that plunned the continent, placed the prairies west of the forests, and the gold still farther on in the direction of the ''march of empire." Any other arrangement would have obstructed or greatly retarded the occupation of the country.

The habit contracted in the clearing of the lands, the passion for destroying trees, has sometimes survived the necessity, and even to this day needs a little guarding. The men who rejoiced over the fall of every tree, are not likely to cherish with sufficient care the remnants of the grand old forests, or to replant on the grounds, cleared with so much labor, the trees necessary for shade, and ornament, and utility. I have seen a splendid elm, the delight of a whole village, ruthlessly cut down by some border ruffian whose only thought of trees is to cut them down. But such was our early training. The gladdest sound of our childhood was the crash of falling trees, and mother and children together rushed out of the cabin as each giant fell, to see how the area of vision was extended. Thus, slow'y and with huge labor, the cleared cirele expanded around each home. When ground was required for cultivation more rapidly than it could be thoroughly cleared the plan of '"'oirdling" or deadening" was adopted, which killed the larger trees and left them standing. The advantage was a doubtful one. The falling limbs of the girdled trees destroyed the crops and sometimes the eattle, und often crushed the fences, and now and then the cabin itself; and a fire in a girdling ona windy autumn night was full of terror to a whole neighborhood. The loss of many a hay-stack, and barn, and honse, was the price of the seeming advantage. Then, too, the final clearing away of the branchless timber, case hardened in the sun, was a more disconraging work than the original thorough clearing would have been. But these facts were only learned by experience, and so every settlement had its "'oirdling."

-It was a stern work, the clearing up and subduing of these beautiful farms, snatching meanwhile from among the countless stumps, by hasty culture, the support of the family, and in many cases the means of paying for the farm, or at least the interest on the purchase price, until a brighter day should bring the principal. He was a fortunate man who brought from the east the price of his land. It many cases it made the difference between success and failure. It was very discouraging, after a struggle of years with hard work and sickness, to find the original debt increasing instead of diminishing; and it is not strange that here and there one sold his '' improyements" for the means of conveying his family back to the eastern home, and retired from the conflict. The great majority stood bravely to the work, and achieved a satisfactory success.

It is difficult for the young people of this day to appreciate the conditions of hving in the new settlement, We need to recall the fact that northern Ohio, fifty years ago, was farther from the appliances of civilization than any portion of North America reckoned habitable, is to-day. The canal through the State of New York was not in existence, had scarcely been dreamed of. Western New York itself was mostly a howling wilderness. The articles needed in the new country could not be brought from the far east except at ruinous cost, and for the produce of the new country the only market was that made by the wants of the occasional new families that joined the settlement. These generally brought a little money, which was soon divided among their neighbors. The families in general came well furnished with clothing, after the New England fashion ; but a year or two of wear and tear in the woods, sadly reduced the store. The children did not stop growing in the woods, nor in those days did they cease tu multiply and replenish the earth. The outgrown garments of the older children might serve for the younger, but where were the new garments for these older children to grow into ? Flax could be raised, and summer linen of tow, and bleached linen, and copperas stripe, could be manufactured, when hands and health could be found to do it. Every woman was a spinner, but only here and there was a weaver, and each family hud to come in for its turn. The old garments often grew shabby before the piece which was to furnish the summer

In autumn the difficulty was increased. The material for winter clothing could not be extemporized in the new country. Sheep came in slowly, At first they were not safe from wolves, and afterwards the new lands proved unwholesome to them, and they died, often suddenly, without visible cause. But when wool could not be obtained, the process of man- weaving involved uncertainty, and then the web must be sent to the cloth-dresser and bide its time. It might come home long after thanksgiving, long after winter school began. Thus an unreasonable demand was made upon the summer clothing, a demand which it could but poorly answer. It was not rare to see a boy at school with his summer pants drawn over the remnants of his last winter's wear, a combination which provided both for warmth and decency. Some families dispensed altogether with the clothier's services, and by the aid of a butternut dye gave their cloth a home dressing, avoiding the loss of time and the loss of surface by shrinkage - both important elements in the solution of the problem of clothing the boys. The undressed cloth was indeed rather light for winter, especially when the extravagance of underclothing, or of overcoats for the boys was never dreamed of; but it was very much better than none.

The various devices for making clothing serve its purpose as long as possible, were in use, and some inge) lous ones, unknown at the present day. Pantaloons were given a longer lease of life by facing the exposed portions with home-dressed deerskin. This served an admirable purpose, as long as there was enough of the original garment left to supply a skeleton; but at length the whole fabric would break down together, like the '' wonderful one horse shay." Garments made wholly of buckskin were sometimes attempted, but after a single wetting and drying, they were as uncomfortable asif made of sheet iron. Leather was scarce, and shoes as aconsequence. Here and there was a tannery, after a year or two; but. where were the hides? Cattle were scarce, and too valuable to be sacrificed for such small comforts as shoes and, tallow candles, and fresh beef. If some disease had not appeared among them, now and then, the case would have been still worse. But in those simple times, a hide could not be tanned in a day. After long months the leather came, but shoemakers, proverbially slow, were indefinitely slower, when their out door work absorbed their energies, and they resorted to the bench only for spare evenings and rainy days. The boy must go for his shoes a half score of times, and return with a promise for next week. The snow often came before the shoes, and then the shoes themselves would be a curiosity, - made as they were indiscriminately from the skins of the hog, the dog, the deer, and the wolf. I remember to have worn all these myself.

Sometimes when the household store of clothing seemed nearly exhausted, and every garment had served its generation in a half dozen different forms, a box would come from the east, brought by some family moving into the new country, well, charged with half worn garments and new cloth, and a stray string of dried apples to fill out a corner, enough to make glad the hearts of the recipients for a year.

**Mother says we are rich now," said three little boys to a neighbor's children, whom they met in the road, after the arrival of a box from Stockbridge. '' Well," was the reply, ''we are not rich, we are poor, and poor folks go to heaven, and rich folks don't." This was a new view of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, and the boys went home quite cerest-fallen.

It relieved this experience of poverty that all shared init. Many of our wants are merely relative. We need good things because our neighbors have them. But in those days, there were few contrasts to disturb even the poorest. Still, without any reference to others, there is some slight discomfort to a boy in calling at a neighbor's house in such a plight that he cannot safely turn his back to the people as he leaves the house; or in crossing the meadow on a frosty morning with bare feet, stopping now and then to warm them on a stone not so cold as the grass.

In the matter of necessary food, the new country was more generous. The soil yielded abundantly when once brought under cultivation, furnishing the substantials of life. The material of bread was abundant, but in a dry season, the wheat could not be ground. Brown's mill, on the Vermillion, was the first to fail; then Shupe's, on Beaver creek, or Starr's, at Birmingham, and last, Ely's, at Elyria. The grists were ground in the order of their reception, and sometimes a family was obliged to wait weeks for its turn, as the water was sufficient only for an hour's work in a day; and sometimes the mill rested for days in succession. Then it was no small enterprise to go to Elyria to mill. There was a time within my own recollection, when there were not a half dozen horses in town. Mr. Peck had a span, Mr. Bacon one, and Judge Brown a span. 'These horses were freely lent, but they could not meet the requirements of the entire settlement, when the mill was a dozen miles away, and still be of any use to their owners. When one went to mill with a team, he was expected to carry the grists of his neighbors, or brmg them home, if he found them ground. When the mills were at rest, it was allowable to boirow as long as there was any flour in the neighborhood, and when it failed, we enjoyed a week's yariety of '- jointed corn," or pounded wheat. There was a little peril to young hands in this work of 'jointing " corn, and many a thumb, fifty years old or less, bears marks as mysterious to the children of this day, as the fossil bird tracks of the Connecticut sand stone.

Pork was the stapie article in flesh diet, an ox or a cow being too valuable to slaughter. For flesh meat we had venison and other wild game, - so plenty at times as to become a drug. In the view of those who lived here in the early days, such meats are likely to be regarded as fancy adornments of a bill of fare, not satisfactory as an every day reliance. When an original Brownhelmer goes to the city, he is not likely to call for venison, unless to recall the early experience, as the people of Israel used unleavened bread and bitter herbs at the passover. He has done his duty in that line of eating. Roasted raccoon and baked opossum were never popular. Those may enjoy who have never tasted.

Our supply of fruits was not abundant. Three years sufficed to bring the peach into bearing from the stone; hence, this was the earliest cultivated fruit. And we had peaches in those times. The diseases and insects that ruin the peach tree were then unknown. <A wagon load of the finest peaches could be had for the gathering. Peach cider was attempted in various parts of the town, before the advent of teetotalism, but the cause of temperance never suffered from it. Apples and pears came on very slowly. The plan of grafting was not much in use, and the virgin soil which stimulated the growth of wood, was not favorable to early fruitage. I remember that I was called from bed one morning to see an apple tree in blossom, the first I ever saw. In the thought of the children of that time, the forbidden fruit of Eden wasan apple. Nothing else could be such a temptation. Now and then astray apple reached us from the orchard of Horatio Perry, or of Judge Ruggles in Vermillion. And what a flavor there was in that slice from a pippin, brought by Mr. Alverson, all the way from Stockbridge, in his knapsack! We have no apples now-a-days! The first pear that the boy tasted he was not allowed to see. He was told to shut his eyes and open his mouth, and a bit of the delicious mystery was placed upon his tongue.

Sugar could be obtained from the maple then, as now, but the maple tree was not abundant in the township. Many farms were entirely destitute of it, und few families made sugar enough for the year's supply. It was not arare thing for.a family to be without sugar for mouths in succession. Honey and pumpkin molasses were used us substitutes for sweetening tea and making gingerbread, - not quite equal to refined sugar; but they served to keep alive the idea of sweetness.

Genuine tea, - old or young hyson, - was regarded as a necessary of life, and no well conditioned family could be found without it; but it would astonish a modern housekeeper to hear how small a quantity would meet the necessity. Children never needed it; it was not good for them; and a pound would supply a family for a year. 'Tea must have been a different thing in those times. A single teaspoonful, well steeped, would furnish sociability to a half dozen ladies of an afternoon; and the same pot, refilled with water, would charm away the weariness of the men folks, when they returnad from their work. A cargo of such tea, in these days, would make the fortune of the importer. Store coffee was essentially unknown, and therefore not needed.

The table furniture was simple, and the frugal habits of New England on this point, favored the condition of the people. 'The food was placed in a common dish in the middle of the table, the potato mashed and seasoned to the taste, and the meat cut in mouthfuls ready for appropriation. A knife and fork at each place sufficed, or even one of them would do for the children. A drinking-cup or tumbler at each end of the table was ample. If bread and milk was the bill of fare, a single bowl and spoon could do duty for the entire family, going down from the oldest to the youngest. This may seem like imagination - it is simple fact. Commonly a tin basin or pewter porringer went around among the younger children ; but as they grew older they preferred to wait, for the sake of using the crockery ware.

In those dark-walled log cabins, a single tallow candle would not seem so afford superfluous light of a winter evening; but only favored families could indulge the luxury. The candle was lighted when visitors came. At other times the bright wood fire was the chief reliance, and for sewing or reading a nicked tea saucer filled with hog's fat, and a wick of twisted rag projecting over the edge. This was the classic lamp of the log cabin, open to accident indeed, but a dash of grease on the puncheon floor was an immaterial circumstance. Two dipped candles furnished the light for an evening meeting, the hour for which was very properly designated as 'fearly candle lighting." The out door life of the early settlers presented some peculiar features. The chief item of farm work was clearing land. The first, and in some respects the most valuable products of this labor, was derived from the ashes of the burnt forests. Black salts, or potash, concentrated much value ina small bulk; and hence would bear transportation to a distant market. For years it was the only article of farm produce which would bring money. Some trader at the mouth of Black river, or at Elyria, would pay one-third cash for this article, Thus the farmer could raise the money to pay his taxes, and a little more for tea and cotton cloth, which were always cash articles. Wheat and corn would not sell for cash, except oceasionally a little to an immigrant, until about the time of the completion of the Erie canal. It was the height of prosperity when at length white flint corn came to sell at eighteen cents a bushel, and white army beans at thirty to fifty cents. From that day we were ''out of the woods."

The appliances for farm culture were not the most efficient. Horses and wagons came slowly. Oxen and carts, however, furnished a very good substitute, indeed were best suited to the work in the midst of logs and stumps. They were not so convenient for trips to mill, or to market, or to meeting ; but they were made to answer all these purposes. Indeed, a single ox, fitly harnessed, was sometimes made to do duty as a horse in plowing corn. The plow of these times was such as each farmer possessing a little mechanical gumption, could make for himself. The share, as it was called by courtesy, was brought from the east, made of wrought iron and pointed with steel. The mould-board was split from an oak log and hewed into a slightly spiral form, and the whole was bound together by a bolt which extended from a block at the base up through the beam. The clear, shining furrow of the motlern plowman could not follow such an implement. I remember well the sensation produced by the first cast-iron plow brought into the country. People came miles to see it. The only drawback was that when the point failed, it could be replaced only by sending to Massachusetts, except that the proprietor chanced to be enough of a Yankee to whittle out a mould for himself, and thus obtained a perpetual supply from a furnace at Elyria.

Mechanics and artisans appeared slowly. All the energies of the people were concentrated upon clearing the land, and they had no surplus means to support mechanics who should supply them with the refinements of life. Shoemakers were first called for, and some men found themselves shoemakers who had never been suspected, either by their friends or themselves, of any acquaintance with the art. Among the first who were recognized as accomplished: artists in this line, were Mr. Peck and his sons, Mr. Scott near the stone quarry, Mr. Wells on the lake, and afterward Mr. Hosford and his sons. Mr. Peck established a tannery, and could thus perform the whole labor of transforming into shoes the few hides which the murrain furnished to a reluctant community. The shoemaker often went from house to house, making shoes for the entire family, an operation that was called '' whipping the cat."

The first blacksmith in town, and the only one for many years, was Deacon Shepard. A farmer like the rest, he spent his mornings and evenings and rainy days at his anvil. Such double service would seem too much for ordinary endurance; but the deacon still walks among the people whom he thus served, able, in his eighty-third year, to do a good day's work. Seth Morse made rakes, scythe snaths and farm cradles. Mr. Blodgett manufactured our brooms, and Solomon Whittlesey converted the farmer's black salts into pearlash. Alfred Avery was a wheelwright, and of course a carpenter, more strictly devoted to his trade than most of the first mechanics. 'Thomas Sly, on the lake shore, was a carpenter, and his son James after him; on the south ridge, Durand and Hancock. Many of the farmers had sufficient skill in the working of wood to construct their plows, sleds, ox-yokes and ordinary farming implements, and to put an axle into a cart or wagon. zekiel Goodrich, on the lake shore, was the first cabinet maker. There was no brick or stone mason in the early settlement. The only work in that line was the building of stick chimneys, and now and then one of stone and brick, and pointing the crevices of the log cabins every winter with clay - even the boys learned to do this. Such extempore mason-work was not always reliable. The stone chimney in the house built for Dr. Betts buried Mr. Pease in its ruins one day, when he was engaged laying the hearth. He was bruised, not killed.

place. After two or three years, it was removed down the river and piaced by the side of a saw mill, owned by Hinckley and Morse, and is the same mill now owned by Benjamin Bacon - the same perhaps in the sense that the boy's knife was the same after having a new blade and a new handle. Its original infirmity was want of motive power in a dry time, a weakness from which it has never fully recovered - the failure of the dam in a wet time, and the freezing up of the wheel in winter.

There is now - fall of 1878 - one grist mill in the township. This is the mill of John H. Heyman, called the ''Brownhelm Mills," situated in West Brownhelm, on the Vermillion. The mill was erected by the present owner, in the fall of 1877, at a cost of some fifteen thousand dollars. There are three run of stones, beside a middlings stone. The mill is usually run by water power, but an engine has been added for use in dry seasons. The new process, called the ''steaming process," is adopted in the manufacture of flour, which consists simply of steaming the wheat about six hours before grinding. About three hundred barrels of flour are now shipped per week, the principal market for which is Cleveland. It is one of the best establishments of the kind in this section of country. Mr. Heyman also has, in connection with his grist mill, a saw mill, run by the same motive power.

The first carding and cloth-dressing establishment was built by Uriah Hawley and Charles Whittlesey, on the Vermillion, but a little southwest of Brownhelm territory. The first hotel in town was kept by Alva Curtis, first in his log house, afterwards in a more stately structure. It was always a pleasant home for a traveler. The sign itself gave notice that Sunday calls were not desired. 'Travelers were also entertained, for a consideration, at any house at which they felt inclined to stop.

Mr. Curtis brought the first stock of goods into the town, and opened a store. His assortment was not extensive, but I remember buying there, one day, a clay tobacco pipe - a present for Aunt Patty Andrews, whose favor was very valuable to all boys who loved kindly words and doughnuts - and an illustrated edition of 'Cock Robin" for myself. Stores were afterwards opened at Black River, Elyria, South Amherst, North Amherst, and, in 1830, one by Ezekiel Goodrich, on the lake shore in Brownhelm, afterwards removed to the ridge road, near Mr. Curtis'.

The stores in town at the present time are the following: F. M. McGregor, Sunshine and Stevenson in West Brownhelm; W. H. Cooley, at Bacon's Corners; Gibson Brothers, J. Clark, at the station, and Chauncey Peck on Middle ridge.

Educational

The first school in town was opened by Mrs. Alverson, in her own house, in the summer of 1819. In the autumn of the same year, the first school house was built, of logs pf course, on the brow of the hill just west of Dr. Perry's. The old butternut tree, which still survives, stood near the door. The site was romantic, but it was apparently selected to give the teachers the opportunity of forbidding sliding down hill and wading in the brook. The house was of modest dimensions, eighteen by twenty-two, but was still thought by some to indicate too ambitious a disposition on the part of the people who lived on this road. Hence the street was nicknamed 'Street street" by a man who would have the house twelve feet square - a title it bore for many years.

This school house was finished with a stick chimney, and a broad fireplace without jambs. A board around the house, resting on pins projecting from the walls, served for desks; and whitewood slabs, supported by pins, made the seats. Loose boards lying on joists made a loft above, and an excavation beneath the floor, reached by raising a board, served as a dungeon for the punishment of offenders. In our childish simplicity, we supposed the excavation was made for the purpose, with malice prepense, but I have since ascertained that it was an accidental result of making mortar to build the chimney.

My father taught the school the first two winters, and children from every part of the town attended. There was no public school fund in those times, and the teacher received his compensation in work in his "chopping" the next spring, day for day, the work being distributed among the families according to the number of children attending the school. For years afterwards the teacher received his pay in farm produce. Among the earlier teachers in that house were Abby Harris, Amelia Peck and Pamelia Curtis. Miss Pamelia herself was but a child, thirteen years of age; and, although she sustained her responsibilities with remarkable dignity, it is not difficult to recall, in a retrospect, some childish arrangements. One summer day she placed her chair on the table, removed a board from the floor aboye, lifted the children up one by one, and kept school up stairs - the excuse being that Colonel Brown's bull had been seen loose around the street that day, and he might be wild - an ample reason in the imagination of both teacher and children. Many pleasant memories gather about the old school house, in spite of the striped lizards that burroughed in its crevices to frighten nervous girls, and the yawning chasm below, in which heedless boys were often engulfed.

In 1824 the ''yellow school house" was built,a few feet west of the log one, and the boys had the exquisite pleasure of rolling the old house down the hill. This yellow school house was an elegant one in its day, painted throughout and piastered. It was no ordinary school house, but a genuine academy, furnished with unusual apparatus, globes, and wall maps, and pantograph, and tables for map-drawing and painting, all under the charge of accomplished teachers. This was the first attempt in the county, and indeed ina much wider region, at « school of anything more than a local character. The enterprise originated with, aud was carried forward almost wholly by Dr. Betts. It prospered for two or three years, attracting young ladies in the summer from all the older settlements, within a distance of twenty miles; from Milan, Norwalk, Florence, Elyria, Sheffield, ete. Mary Harris of Florence, afterward Mrs. Hopkins of Milan, taught the school the first two summers; after her, Mary Green, now Mrs. Miles of Elyria. The first winter Mortimer Strong, and the second and third Mr. Parkhurst, were the teachers. The first summer the house was without fire. In cool, wet weather the boys kept up an out-door fire; and between the damp plastering within, and the rain without, some of the children took the ague and shook the summer through, In the fall astove was bought, probably the first that was ever brought into town, a diminutive box stove, eighteen inches in length, but a wonder to the children of the woods, who had never seen a stove. Over that we shivered two or three winters, when it was succeeded by a larger stove cast in plates, but utterly destitute of clamping rods to hold it together. Ne man in the community knew that such a thing was necessary, and it was no rare occurrence for a long stick to thrust out the end plate, and occasionally the whole fabrie collapsed at once. But such annoyances were but trifles, and the Brownhelm school maintained a character above that of other schools in the country around. Among the earlier teachers, besides those mentioned, were J. A. Harris now of Cleveland; his sister, Miss Emeline Harris, now Mrs. Tenney; Miss Mary Whittlesey, and John Curtis. There was no other school in town the first dozen years or more. After three or four years it ceased to be anything but aloeal school. The old yellow school house went off in a blaze some years ago.

little east of Mr. Pease's. This was kept up two years, and attended by small number of pupils, a few of whom commenced Latin and Greek in preparation for college. This was the first classical school in the county, and gave place to the Elyria high school, established in 1832, of which Mr. and Mrs. Monteith were the first teachers. This school enjoyed two years of great prosperity, until the school at Oberlin was opened in 1834, which at once took the lead and has maintained it.

The report of the clerk of the board of education for the year ending August 31, 1878, gives the following statistics in regard to schools, viz:

The early settlers were in earnest in religious matters, as well asin education. They were not all members of the church, but they had all been trained in New England habits, and prominent men like Alva Curtis and Colonel Brown, who did not at first have was born] in Stockbridge, Berkshire Co., Mass., Aug. 25, 1812, and was the seventh child in a family of eight children of Enos and Anna (Ashley) Cooley, both of New England ancestry. During the fall of 1817, Enos Cooley and family started west with a span of horses and wagon, and arriving at Batavia, N. Y., stopped over until the month of February following. He was very poor in this world's goods, and had nothing with which to start except a good constitution and a desire to succeed for the benefit of his family. Young Chester had to work hard, fare poorly, and all the amusement he ever had in, youth was fishing and 'cooning. They arrived at Brownhelm towards the last of the year 1818, and purchased one hundred acres of land, upon which they erected a_ fine, hewed log house, the corners being squared by Mr. Cooley himself, he being a practical mechanic. This primitive residence stood about one mile south of the lake, and two miles north of the present residence of Chester A. Cooley. The superior quality of the log house, however, did not furnish food for the family, so that they traded one of their horses for a cow, which helped a little. The creature had to procure its own fodder in the woods, and sometimes the family were minus the diurnal supply of the lacteal fluid owing to the nonappearance of the bovine. Its absence sometimes extended over four or five days. Mr. Cooley, pére, went to Elyria and worked in Judge Ely's mills, somewhat detrimental to their clothing, so that one of the boys shouldered his knapsack and proceeded on foot to Massachusetts for a fresh supply of cloth, earning the same ina factory where he had previously worked. These and similar privations the pioneers had to bear, but little by little the country began to settle up, and many of the difficulties of their situation were removed. At the age of twenty-eight, and on the 4th of November, 1840, Chester married Catharine B., daughter of Grandison and Nancy (Harris) Fairchild, who settled in Brownhelm in the fall of 1818. By this union were born two sons, - James Francis, born Oct. 11, 1841; was married, in March, 1863, to Effie Darby, sister of William Sayles' first wife; died Aug. 12, 1863, ot diphtheria. He was a remarkably good son and brother, cheerful, careful, and conscientious. He watched over his younger brother with tender solicitude, and was faithful in every duty both at home and at school. While attending Oberlin College, and boarding with his uncle, Professor (now President) Fairchild, his mother once inquired whether he was a good boy. The professor said, "You know you need not ask. I never saw such a boy ; he is always in the right place at the right time." He taught school, and was also engaged at Sabbathschool teaching. Although not a professor of religion he -was a devout Christian, and his death, after a painful illness of only four days, was a sore bereavement alike to his parents and to his recently married wife.

The other son of Mr. and Mrs. Cooley, William H., was born Sept. 27, 1843; was married, July 8, 1865, to Sarah Butler. They have two daughters and one son, viz. : Caroline Madora, born Nov. 19, 1870; Catharine Eloise, born Feb. 2, 1874; Wm. Butler, born June 15, 1878.

Chester A. Cooley first purchased fifty acres of land, for which he went in debt. He paid for it by working for Judge Brown and others, and making staves from the timber on his land. In 1846 he sold out and boughs one hundred acres where he now resides. He cast his first vote, in 194, for General Harrison. He afterwards became an a:tislavery man, and is now a Democrat. He is an honest, conscientious Christian, a first-class farmer, and a good citizen. William, his only son, is a merchant at Brownhelm, and also postmaster and town treasurer. He follows in his father's footsteps, and is generally esteemed a worthy member of society. He was for severai years superintendent of the a standing in the church, still maintained family prayer and aided in the Sabbath services. A meeting was held at Judge Brown's house by Deacon James, the Sabbath before July 4, 1817, and from that day to this public worship has been held on the Sabbath, unless for a single day the violence of a storm may have prevented the gathering. The first meetings were held at Judge Brown's, afterwards at Solomon Whittlesey's, and then at Mr. Barnum's, a little north of the stone quarry.

At this point the first meeting house was built in 1819, a neat and commodious structure for the new country, constructed of pealed logs, with a genuine shingle roof, and a stone chimney and fire place. The infirmity of this part of the arrangement was that the mantle was of wood, which often took fire on a

Brown, or Chauncey Peck, or Rodney Andrews, was obliged to bring water or snow to extinguish 1t, while the rest of the congregation were occupied with the calculation how long it would be before the chimney would come down upon them. The seats were like those of the log school house, slabs on pins. The men were ranged on one side the house and the woman on ths other, facing each other, with a broad aisle between, at one end of which stood the pulpit. As times improved and lumber became abundant, one man made a comfortable settee for his family; others followed his example, and in a few weeks the whole congregation were provided for. The only dedication of the house of which I ever heard, was by Deacon Beardsley, of Vermillion. Passing the building one day when it was nearly finished, he went in to see if the house would seem like the old log meeting house that he had known in Connecticut. The spirit of the Lord seemed to come upon him, and with a solemn prayer he consecrated the house, and received an assurance of great spiritual blessings to come soon upon the people. The promised blessing was not long delayed. In the great revival that followed, almost all the young people were gathered into the church.

The church was organized June 10, 1819, at the house of Solomon Whittiesey, and consisted of sixteen members, seven men and nine women. Four of the sixteen are now living: Levi Shepard and Grandison Fairchild, Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Fairchild; and three are present to-day. The ministers that officiated in its organization were Messrs. Treat and Seward, missionaries of the Connecticut Missionary Society, and members of the Portage Presbytery. The church was congregational, under the care of Presbytery, after the ''plan of union." Stephen James was the first deacon, and afterward Levi Shepard was elected; Grandison Fairchild was clerk. Rev. A. H. Betts, known through the country as Dr. Betts, from the fact that he had studied medicine, was the first minister. He began preaching to the church in the fall of 1820, and was ordained and installed April 5, 1821. He continued pastor until, at his own request, he was dismissed in 1833.

The practice of the congregation was to meet for service at half past ten Sabbath mornings, to take a recess of an hour for rest, and for lunch, which they took with them to meeting; visiting the spring under the rocks for water, and returning for afternoon service. There were only two or three families that lived near enough to go home at noon. A sight of the old congregation would be refreshing to-day - the women in their Sunday's best, the men in their shirt sleeves, the boys and girls with bare feet. Mr. Peck, at the head of the high seat with his pitch pipe, Judge Brown next, and Dr. Betts in the pulpit. After the Sabbath school was introduced, this was held at noon. The first Sabbath school was opened June 1, 1828, Sabbath morning, in the yellow school house, with about a dozen children and two teachers - my father and Pamelia Curtis. It was afterwards transferred to the meeting house and held at noon. The chief feature of the school at that day was the learning and reciting of scripture, each scholar having the privilege of selecting his own passages and learning as many as possible. A single scholar would sometimes repeat more than a hundred at a lesson. One such in a class would nearly consume the hour. Before 1830, the Sabbath school was reorganized, under the superintendence of Frederic Brown, who had been living at the east, and returned all alive with interest in the Sabbath school work. The plan of limited lessons was adopted, and the Sabbath school became a religious power in the community of great efficiency.

It was the time of a great religious movement in the land, in connection with which protracted meetings were first extensively introduced, commonly known as ''four days' meetings." These meetings gathered not merely the communities where they were held, but people from neighboring towns attended in large numbers. They were not like the protracted meetings of the present day, occupying the evening with a single preaching service, preceeded by a prayermeeting, leaving the people free during a large part of the day for their usual avocations. At these four days' meetings, the people gathered in the morning, taking a luncheon for themselves and for visitors from abroad, and the entire day was devoted to preaching, prayer and inquiry meetings. Evening meetings followed in the different neighborhoods.

Such a meeting was held at Brownhelm, in the summer of 1831, under a bower, in the forest, just north of the stone quarry. The old meeting house was not large enough. 'The weather was propitious, and the meeting was fruitful of results. The religious interest which had been accumulating for many months, in connection with the Sabbath school work, Many were greatly quickened in their religious life, and many more were induced to enter upon such a life. It was a season to be remembered for a generation. Similar meetings were held at Elyria and at Vermillion earlier in the season, and the influence extended through the region.

lion, Mr. Judson, of Milan, and several others, were recognized as leaders in the work. Probably no other such general movement has been known in the history of northern Ohio.

The old log meeting house, about this time, became uncomfortable for winters and inadequate for summers, and the people moved towards a better house. It was soon found difficult to bring the interests of the lake shore and the ridge to harmonize upon a location. An old Stockbridge difficulty between the Plain and the North settlement, found an echo here in the woods, and, perhaps, predisposed to a reproduction of the quarrel. After sundry meetings and conferences, the question was referred to a committee of discreet men from abroad, whose decision was to be final. This committee consisted of Deacon Crocker, of Dover, Deacon Clark, of Vermillion, and Deacon Fuller, of Berlin. They drove the stake in my father's peach orchard, and there the church was.

The first attempt at a building was essentially a failure. Mr. Culver was the architect, a man of mechanical genius, but deficient in practical judgment; and the building, having no cross beams to support the roof, and relying solely on braced and trussed plates, commenced life with a broken back. After an inglorious career, it gave place to the present cheerful and graceful structure built by Alfred Betts. * * *

The church now - fall of 1878 - has a membership of eighty-five. Allen D. Blakeslee is pastor; John Goodrich, clerk; O. H. Perry, treasurer; J. C. Chapin, OC. L. Perry and George Wells, deacons. The Sabbath school, now under the superintendency of C. B. Bacon, has a membership of two hundred and ten scholars.

A Methodist Episcopal class was formed in West Brownhelm in about the year 1841, called the Brownhelm class. The records of the church have not been preserved, and we could obtain but little information concerning it. The erection of a church building was commenced not long after the organization of the class, but was not finished, for want of means, for several years after. It was dedicated by Elder Lyon, of Sandusky. There is no settled pastor, but regular preaching is had, the Rey. Mr. Smith, of Vermillion, officiating. No Sabbath school.

The Evangelical Association was organized by Rey. Lutz in the year 1847. 'The earlier meetings of the society were held in the school house in the southeast part of the town. A house of worship was erected on Middle ridge in 1865, at a cost of one thousand two hundred dollars. 'The church has now a membership of fifty. The pastor is Rey. Jacob Hunniker. A Sabbath school was organized subsequently, and now numbers nearly sixty scholars.

The German Reformed Church was organized in 1848. Services were held at first in the school house in district number one, and, subsequently, after the division of the district, the society purchased the school house and occupied it as a house of worship until 1870, when the building at the station was erected. The cost of this church was one thousand six hundred dollars. The first pastor was Rev. Meis. Rey. G. H. Kuhlen, of Vermillion, now officiates. There is a Sunday school of thirty scholars, of which Christopher Leimbach in superintendent.

The people of Brownhelm, in the early times, felt reasonable complacency in their social, literary and religious privileges, and in the good order and morality which distinguished the place. Crime was rare, and rowdyism almost unknown. If a boisterous company, now and then, passed along the streets, it was assumed that they were from Black River, a township which then embraced Amherst. If my recollection is not at fault, there was only one drunkard in town, even before the commencement of the temperance movement. But the temperance movement came none too soon, The habit of drinking at raisings and trainings, and of having liquors in the house for social occasions, and for private use, was universal; and the young were forming a taste for it. In 1827, some account reached us of the growing interest at the east on the subject, and on Thanksgiving day, Dr. Betts preached on temperance. The same evening, I think it was, several boys from the neighborhood were spending the evening at our house, the older people having gathered at a neighbor's house. The boys, after some conference on the subject, drew up a pledge, one or two of them haying learned to write, and all signed it, - a pledge to abstain from the use of all distilled spirits. This was the first temperance organization in the township, - the first, in fact, in the county. This pledge was circulated, and led to the formation of a vigorous temperance society. From that time the use of spirits declined, until it was no longer furnished on public Dayis' distillery went to ruin, and young men were saved who had been exposed to great danger.

. Until about this time, a few Indians had lingered about the region, some times passing by in considerable parties from the neighborhood of Upper Sandusky. They were harmless after the war, and the only annoyance from them was their persistent begging for whiskey. They would stand an hour at the door, begging for ''one little dram." One day a party stopped at our house, and passed the bottle among themselves, the bottle being carried by a white man, who belonged to the party. One young man, I remember, more gentle and amiable than the rest, said, when the bottle was offered to him, 'No, whiskey wrestle we down once, - never will again." Poor Jim! the only Indian with whom, when a child, I dared to be familiar, - whiskey wrestled him down once more, and his cabin burned down upon him.

From February, 1817, until October, 1818, the town was a part of Black River. At the latter date, on petition cf the inhabitants to the commissioners of

Leonard Bradley

Leonard Bradley was born in the town of Ellington, Tolland Co., Conn., Nov. 4, 1792. He immigrated to Brownhelm, Ohio, in the year 1817, located: lands, and remained two years, after which he returned to Connecticut and married Roxanna, daughter of William Thrall, of Tolland County, and immediately returned to Ohio, where he was identified as a pioneer farmer. By this union were born four children, viz.: Captain Alva Bradley, now a resident of Cleveland, and a large vessel owner ; William Bradley, a resident of Brownhelm ; Betsey (deceased) ; and Julia. Mrs. Leonard Bradley died Feb. 25, 1858.

Mr. Bradley married for his second wife Emily, widow of William Nye, of Onondaga Co., N. Y., and daughter of John Thompson, who was of Scotch birth and ancestry. Our subject was an ardent advocate of Republicanism during his latter days, being' formerly a member of the old Whig party ; served his township as trustee and other offices from time to time. When a young man he carried a lady (who wished to visit friends, not having seen any white ladies in several months) over the Vermillion River on an ox, he riding one and the lady the other ox, the oxen having to swim on account of the depth of the stream.

Mr. Bradley remained on the old homestead until the date of his death, which occurred May 3, 1875. His wife survives him, still remaining on the old homestead, surrounded by many friends and tenderly cared for in her declining years by her children.

together with the surplus lands adjoining west, and all lands lying west of Beaver creek in number seven, in the eighteenth range, - Black River, - was organized into a separate township, by the name of Brownhelm, a name selected by Colonel: Brown, as previously fully explained.

The first election for township officers was held at the house of George Bacon, in the spring of 1819. The vote was by ballot which resulted as follows: Anson Cooper, clerk; William Alverson, treasurer; Levi Shepard, Calvin Leonard, and Alvah Curtiss, trustees; Levi Shepard and Benjamin Bacon, justices of the peace. ;

That part of the present town of Black River lying west of Beaver creek was, in June, 1829, by order of the commissioners, detached from Brownhelm, and re-annexed to Black River. The township officers elected in 1878 are as follows: Henry B. Lindsley, clerk; J. M. Joslin, John H. Heyman, Gustavus Schroeder, trustees; Wm. H. Cooley, treasurer; Edwin Bacon and William Sales, justices of the peace.

The first justices of the peace in the township were Levi Shepard and Benjamin Bacon. The cases referred to their adjudication were few and simple. Sometimes it was found more convenient and economical to let an unusual rogue escape from the country, than to take him to the jail at Norwalk. It is related that a case of horse stealing once came before Squire Wells, of Vermillion. The culprit was a wandering preacher, but the evidence was strong against him. *Squire Wells invited "Squire Bacon to sit with him on the trial, to add weight to the court. The constables took the liberty of advising the prisoner to seek safety by flight, if during the progress of the trial a fair opportunity should appear. He seized the opportunity with great alacrity, and was followed with a shout, but not overtaken. The next day, 'Squire Bacon started for Cleveland, and spent the night at Dover. <A preacher had come into town, and the people were gathering to hear him. Mr. Bacon went with the rest, and was surprised to see at the desk his horse-stealing acquaintance of the day before. He gave as his text '' Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, to visit the fatherless and the widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world." After the sermon, opportunity was given to any who wished to offer a word of exhortation. Mr. Bacon improved the opportunity by relating the occurrence of the previous day. The poor preacher started suddenly on his travels again, and at last «counts had not stopped.

The first physician in town was Dr. Weed, who died in the earliest years. Then Dr. Betts, as having some knowledge of medicine, visited the sick when no other physician could be had. Next, Dr. Forbes took up his residence here for a short time, occupying the place now belonging to Samuel Bacon's family. When we had no resident physician, Dr. Baker, of Florence, now of Norwalk, was chiefly relied on, and sometimes Dr. Wolcott, of Elyria. ~Dr. Samuel

In general, the early families brought their medicine bags into the new country, and administered to afflicted children glauber salts, calomel and jalap, rhubarb and senna, with entire confidence, not to speak of wormwood, thoroughwort, and other more odious herbs and compounds. 'Thus the children were taken through chicken-pox, measles, and whooping cough, in comparative safety. 'Fhe ague was sometimes '' broken" with Peruvian bark, but the more popular treatment was to wear it out.