BlockWolfforth, Texas
9 topographic sheets cover this place, the earliest surveyed in 1954 and the latest in 1985. It stands in the Lubbock census division. It lies in ZIP code area 79382. The Survey maps it on the Wolfforth quadrangle. 5,521 people lived here at the 2020 count. It stands 3,317 feet above sea level.
Research this city
Population over time
2 figuresWolfforth grew from 3,670 to 5,521 between 2010 and 2020. These are the recorded population figures Wikidata holds for this place, reached through the Geographic Names Information System number this page is keyed on rather than by name, so they belong to this place and not to another of the same name. Most are census counts, but not all are: an early figure may be a founding or settlement estimate, and an estimate published within five years of a census is left out. The change column is computed, and is left blank where more than 20 years separate a figure from the one before it, because a gap that long is not a change between two counts.
| Year | People | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 3,670 | |
| 2020 | 5,521 | +1,851 (+50%) |
Topographic sheets covering this place
7 surveys from 9 printed sheetsMatched by testing this settlement's coordinate against the published boundary of every sheet in the United States Geological Survey's historical collection. Each opens the scanned sheet at the Survey.
- 1954 USGS Brownfield quadrangle1:250000, 2 printings
- 1957 USGS Wolfforth quadrangle1:62500
- 1958 USGS Brownfield quadrangle1:250000
- 1962 USGS Brownfield quadrangle1:250000
- 1976 USGS Wolfforth SE quadrangle1:24000
- 1985 USGS Levelland quadrangle1:100000, 2 printings
- 1985 USGS Wolfforth quadrangle1:24000
Fires near this place
91 since 2006Regional context, not property-specific evidence. The federal wildfire occurrence database lists 91 fires within 5 miles of Wolfforth between 2006 and 2020, burning about 316 acres in total. None started naturally. 4 were recorded as arson. Distance is straight-line from the map coordinates, so a fire counted here may appear on a neighbouring settlement's page as well.
| Reported cause | Fires |
|---|---|
| Missing data/not specified/undetermined | 32 |
| Debris and open burning | 24 |
| Equipment and vehicle use | 13 |
| Railroad operations and maintenance | 8 |
| Arson/incendiarism | 4 |
| Misuse of fire by a minor | 3 |
| Smoking | 3 |
| Power generation/transmission/distribution | 2 |
| Other causes | 1 |
| Fireworks | 1 |
The most recent of them, most recent first, with the day each was reported and the service that recorded it.
| Date | Cause | Size | Reported by | Name on the report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 September 2011 | Missing data/not specified/undetermined | under an acre | Texas A & M Forest Service | 12002 FRANKFORD AVENUE |
| 3 September 2012 | Power generation/transmission/distribution | 1.0 acres | Texas A & M Forest Service | 2012-87 |
| 20 September 2008 | Equipment and vehicle use | 1.0 acres | Texas A & M Forest Service | not named |
| 2 September 2015 | Railroad operations and maintenance | 2.0 acres | Texas A & M Forest Service | 2015-102 |
| 16 September 2011 | Debris and open burning | under an acre | Texas A & M Forest Service | 2011-102 |
| 29 August 2011 | Missing data/not specified/undetermined | under an acre | Texas A & M Forest Service | 9300 19TH STREET |
| 26 August 2019 | Missing data/not specified/undetermined | 1.0 acres | Texas A & M Forest Service | 2019089 |
| 16 August 2015 | Debris and open burning | 1.0 acres | Texas A & M Forest Service | 2015-90 |
Settlements close enough to share some of these fires:
Storms near this place
60 of 123 shownRegional context, not property-specific evidence. The National Weather Service names Wolfforth in 123 storm reports between 1995 and 2025: 62 hail, 42 thunderstorm wind, 6 flood, 4 tornado. The reports record 1 injury. Each account below is quoted exactly as the forecast office filed it, from the NOAA Storm Events Database, and each date opens the federal record of that event.
| When | Event | Place named | Harm | What the report says |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| April 2012 | Hail | Wolfforth | 1 hurt | A NWS employee estimated quarter size hail at the Lubbock Youth Sports Complex. Fans and participants at a girl's softball game rushed to dugout shelters after large hail fell very suddenly from a rapidly-developing thunderstorm. Aside from a few raindrops and a stray flash of lightning before the hail began, witnesses said there were no clues that a hailstorm was imminent. This element of surprise contributed to the minor injury of a female teenager participating in the softball game at the time. The youth received a black eye from a falling hailstone. No reports of damage were received. |
| June 2023 | Hail | Wolfforth | $50,000,000 | A large swath of giant hail occurred over an extensive portion of the city of Lubbock causing widespread damage to roofs and vehicles. The largest hailstone observed was 4.50 inches in diameter. |
| April 2012 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $5,000,000 | Destructive downburst winds occurred for a period of 20 minutes immediately south and west of the track of a mesocyclone moving southeast across far southwest Lubbock County. A West Texas mesonet site located 6SSW Wolfforth sampled this region of the supercell and measured the following winds over a span of 20 consecutive minutes:||750 pm CST: West at 51 mph gusting to 80 mph /|755 pm CST: West at 61 mph gusting to 85 mph /|800 pm CST: Northwest at 71 mph gusting to 95 mph /|805 pm CST: Northwest at 55 mph gusting to 70 mph /|810 pm CST: North at 50 mph gusting to 76 mph /||A NWS storm survey revealed that a few trees were uprooted about 5S Wolfforth and that nearby roofs from a house and mobile home were removed. |
| May 2001 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $5,000,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind destroyed several billboards, damaged the roofs of a number of homes, and blew down power lines, power poles, and trees. An NWS storm survey indicated that the wind gusts associated with this damage were likely in the 70 to 90 mph range. Wind-driven hail caused extensive property and crop damage. |
| July 2010 | Flash Flood | Wolfforth | $4,500,000 | Excessively heavy rainfall, with rates exceeding 4.00 inches per hour, began to fall over the Lubbock metro area during the late evening hours of the 3rd. The onset of flash flooding initially occurred within the city as playa lakes filled to capacity and water rose rapidly in surrounding city streets and adjacent neighborhoods. ||Initial reports indicated that high water entered homes near 33rd Street and Toledo around 22:33 CST. Meanwhile, water nearly two feet deep was reportedly running through many city streets near swollen playas. Numerous reports were received of flood waters inundating homes and stalling vehicles through 00:25 CST on the 4th. Some of the hardest impacted areas included portions of Quaker Avenue and Avenue Q between 48th and 22nd Streets, along with 92nd Street west of Slide. Water reportedly rose quickly to waist-high depths in many of these areas, and covered expansive areas up to a mile in length. At 00:14 CST, a van was washed off of the South Loop 289 service road near Quaker Avenue and the occupants of the vehicle were rescued. The Lubbock County Emergency Manager and local media sources reported that a total of 92 high water rescues of stranded motorists were conducted.||By 00:18 CST, flash flooding of urban streets had resulted in high water rescues in Ransom Canyon. More significant flash flooding, however, impacted the Buffalo Springs Lake and Ransom Canyon areas of Lubbock County during the hours around sunrise. A flood wave, which originated from rainfall, run-off, and playa spillage in Lubbock, propagated down the North Fork of the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River. The flood wave caused Buffalo Springs Lake to rapidly swell more than eight inches in a fifteen minute period around 05:40 CST, and then spill over its dam into Ransom Canyon. The lake, which is closely regulated at a near-constant level, rose more than two and a half feet during the flash flood. Local authorities had sufficient warning in advance of the flash flood to warn some 250 holiday weekend campers to evacuate from the lake's shores. The last campers to be contacted were notified just as their air mattresses began to float in rising waters. In addition, up to eight local home owners were given enough warning to relocate furniture and property to higher ground before their homes were eventually damaged by high water. ||In all, Lubbock County officials estimated that more than 300 homes and businesses sustained damages in the Fourth of July flash floods and floods. It is likely that more than 100 vehicles became stranded or otherwise damaged in the flood waters across the county. Although no serious injuries were reported, total economic losses were estimated at nearly $8.6 million by the Texas Department of Emergency Management and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. For the purposes of this report, these losses were differentiated by heavy rainfall, flash flood, and flood at $250,000, $4.5 million, and $3.8 million respectively. |
| September 2008 | Flood | Wolfforth | $4,500,000 | no account filed |
| June 2014 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $2,000,000 | A downburst on the periphery of a mesocyclone produced estimated wind gusts as high as 75 mph from about three miles west of Wolfforth to four miles southeast of Wolfforth. Several power outages were noted across this swath as at least 34 power poles collapsed. Some areas remained without power for two days until utility crews could replace poles that were previously inaccessible by swollen playa lakes. Wind damage was most prevalent in a subdivision south of Wolfforth where many roofs and fences would require repair or complete replacement. Some north-facing windows were completely shattered by these high winds along with large hail reported to be as big as tennis balls. Various rural residences suffered similar damages. Many tree limbs were downed in addition to some trees being completely uprooted. |
| May 2019 | Hail | Wolfforth | $1,500,000 | This was the first of at least two hail swaths that impacted many areas of south and southwest Lubbock. Fortunately, the hail fell without any strong winds, but minor hail damage was likely inflicted to thousands of vehicles across the area. |
| June 2009 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $325,000 | Damaging winds raced out ahead of a complex of severe thunderstorms and overspread the Lubbock vicinity during the 18:00 CST hour of the 14th. At times, the winds were accompanied by large hail over the southwestern portions of the city. ||Winds estimated near 60 mph reportedly downed fences in a residential area northeast of Wolfforth shortly after 18:20 CST. By 18:35 CST, the Automated Surface Observing System at Lubbock's Preston Smith International Airport recorded a peak gust of 66 mph. Across the city, at least twenty-six utility lines were downed by the winds and tree damage was reportedly widespread. One tree was blown onto a home and caused minor structural damage. ||The winds continued to spread northeastward and caused significant damage in the Idalou and Acuff areas around 18:35 CST. Winds, accompanied by large hail, caused extensive damage to at least a dozen homes. Roofs were partially blown off of three homes, and the wind-blown hail shattered numerous windows and shredded siding and skirting on several mobile homes and well-built structures alike. At least two travel trailers and two center pivot irrigation systems were destroyed. Despite the damages, no injuries were reported. |
| May 2016 | Hail | Wolfforth | $300,000 | A slow moving storm produced a 12-mile stretch of severe hail through Lubbock ranging in size from quarters to half dollars. Many modern vehicles with thin aluminum hoods and lightweight panels that were caught outdoors received light to moderate dents from this otherwise marginally severe hail. The following day, dent repair shops throughout Lubbock saw streams of customers with recent hail damage. |
| June 2014 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $300,000 | A Texas Tech University West Texas Mesonet station located six miles south-southwest of Wolfforth recorded a period of intense rear flank downdraft winds on the periphery of a mesocyclone. A peak gust of 96 mph occurred at 2230 CST followed by 72 mph at 2235 CST, 67 mph at 2240 CST, and 68 mph at 2245 CST. NWS employees observed damage to trees and power poles particularly along County Road 41 near the mesonet station. Some rural homes throughout far southwest Lubbock County suffered varying degrees of damage, mostly to roofs and fences. |
| June 2009 | Hail | Wolfforth | $300,000 | Numerous reports of large hail, including from off-duty National Weather Service employees, were received from areas of southwest Lubbock between 18:30 CST and 18:43 CST. Penny to quarter size hail was initially reported southwest of the city at 18:30 CST. By 18:43 CST, the broadcast media reported golfball size hail near Woodrow. No damage was reported.||New convective development on the north side of thunderstorm cluster produced wind-driven quarter size hail that caused extensive damage to a number of structures in the Idalou vicinity between 18:30 CST and 18:35 CST. The winds and hail combined to result in heavy damages to at least a dozen structures. Numerous windows were shattered and several trailer homes sustained extreme siding and skirting damage. No injuries were reported. |
| July 2010 | Heavy Rain | Wolfforth | $250,000 | Scattered showers and thunderstorms initially began to produce rainfall around midday on the 1st. This activity gradually evolved toward heavy tropical downpours, especially during the evening hours of the 3rd through the morning hours of the 4th.||Heavy rainfall contributed to the collapse of a Lubbock business at approximately 22:30 CST on the 4th. Rain water collected atop the Starbuck's Cafe, a flat roofed structure, at the intersection of 82nd Street and Quaker Avenue. The entire roof of the structure collapsed under the weight of the water. The quick actions of a store manager led to the evacuation of a dozen employees and patrons seconds before the roof collapsed. Thus no injuries were reported. The building was deemed a total loss and was condemned and destroyed.||Reported storm total rainfall measurements across Lubbock County included: 9.25 inches at Wolfforth, 7.88 at Lubbock's Science Spectrum, 6.12 inches at Lubbock's Preston Smith International Airport, 5.15 inches at Texas Tech University, and 4.93 inches at Reese Center. |
| May 2015 | Flood | Wolfforth | $250,000 | no account filed |
| May 1999 | Hail | Wolfforth | $200,000 | no account filed |
| May 2001 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $120,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind destroyed several center pivot irrigation systems. An NWS storm survey indicated wind gusts associated with this damage were likely in the 70 to 90 mph range. |
| May 2008 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $100,000 | The Texas Tech University West Texas Mesonet site near Wolfforth initially measured a 65 mph wind gust at 18:55 CST. Localized severe winds then spread northeastward with their parent virga showers over the city of Lubbock. At 19:20 CST, a 65 mph wind gust was measured at the KCBD-TV studios in south Lubbock. The winds caused minor roof damage, downed tree limbs and utility lines, and caused extensive damage to a local car wash facility. Blinding blowing dust also accompanied the winds. Portions of Avenue A between 45th and 50th Streets were briefly closed due to a downed power line. |
| May 1999 | Hail | Wolfforth | $100,000 | no account filed |
| May 2015 | Hail | Wolfforth | $50,000 | Severe hailstones up to golf ball size were reported by the public in Wolfforth while a NWS employee in west Lubbock reported quarter size hail. Damage to cars was observed in Wolfforth, particularly at Frenship High School where many after school activities were in progress. |
| July 2016 | Hail | Wolfforth | $25,000 | A 13 mile hail swath up to quarter size traveled from south of Wolfforth to near downtown Lubbock. The hailstones were very hard and led to thousands of dollars worth of minor vehicle body damage in Lubbock. At times, this hail was driven sideways by strong southerly outflow winds measured up to 43 mph at the NWS office in Lubbock. |
| March 2000 | Hail | Wolfforth | $25,000 | Hail up to two inches in diameter covered the ground near the intersection of Farm-to-Market Road 1585 and Farm-to-Market Road 179. |
| June 2010 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $20,000 | The Texas Tech University West Texas Mesonet site southwest of Wolfforth recorded a 63 mph thunderstorm wind gust at 17:15 CST. Local authorities reported that the winds downed utility poles and resulted in a prolonged electrical outage for more than 1,500 households. |
| May 2019 | Hail | Wolfforth | $12,000 | A swath of severe hail as large as golf ball size moved east from south of Wolfforth to just west of Woodrow. Strong winds and torrential rains accompanied the hail. Minor damage was observed to some vehicles the following morning. |
| March 2000 | Hail | Wolfforth | $10,000 | no account filed |
| October 2017 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $3,000 | A power pole was blown over from thunderstorm winds causing a widespread power outage across the cities of Lubbock and Wolfforth. |
| June 2000 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $1,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind snapped power poles. |
| March 2013 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | $500 | An NWS employee in southwest Lubbock estimated wind gusts of 55 to 60 mph from a virga shower. These winds snapped a 20-foot antenna and caused sporadic minor damage to property fences in far southwest Lubbock. |
| April 2012 | Flood | Wolfforth | $500 | Repeated heavy rains from slow-moving thunderstorms this night produced up to four inches of rain and flooded several area roads. Up to 2.5 feet of flowing water was observed over highway 62/82. |
| April 2025 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | Numerous reports were received of a swath of hail oriented from southwest to northeast roughly along US Highway 62/82 from near Wolfforth into the west side of the city of Lubbock. Hail ranged in sizes from quarter to two inches in diameter. No damage was reported. |
| April 2025 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | A report was received of half dollar size hail southwest of Wolfforth. |
| June 2025 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured a severe wind gust of 58 mph. |
| June 2025 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | An off-duty NWS employee reported quarter size hail south of Wolfforth. |
| June 2025 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | Multiple thunderstorms moved through Lubbock County producing two distinct hail swaths. The first of which was located on the southwest side of the city of Lubbock producing hail up to half dollar size. |
| June 2025 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | Multiple thunderstorms moved through Lubbock County producing two distinct hail swaths. The second of which was located five miles south of Wolfforth to Woodrow producing hail as large as two inches in diameter. |
| June 2025 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured a wind gust of 58 mph. Several minutes later, storm damage was reported on the south side of the city of Lubbock due to thunderstorm winds. |
| July 2025 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 2039 CST through 2040 CST. A peak wind gust of 63 mph was measured at 2040 CST. Additionally, an off duty NWS employee observed that the entire south facing roof of a barn was lifted and peeled back near the mesonet location. |
| July 2024 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | An off-duty NWS employee estimated wind gusts of 60 mph south of Wolfforth. |
| July 2024 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | A report was received of quarter size hail north of Wolfforth. |
| July 2024 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A swath of severe thunderstorm winds were observed across the southern portion of Lubbock County. This swath of winds began approximately five miles south of Wolfforth and ended near Slaton. A peak wind gust of 66 mph was measured at 1819CST by a Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Slaton. Additionally, a shipping container was reportedly overturned near Woodrow. |
| May 2024 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | Numerous reports were received of a swath of hail in and around Wolfforth ranging from the size of peas to golf balls. |
| May 2024 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 0117 CST through 0118 CST. A peak wind gust of 59 mph was measured at 0117 CST. |
| May 2024 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 2118 CST through 2130 CST. A peak wind gust of 78 mph was measured at 2119 CST. Additionally, several irrigation center pivots were overturned south of the observed severe wind gust. An NWS employee reported an eight inch diameter tree was snapped off at it's base. |
| May 2024 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | Numerous Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet sites across Lubbock County measured a swath of severe wind gusts from 1730 CST through 1810 CST. The peak gust within this swath was 73 mph measured at the Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site located four miles east of Lubbock. An emergency management official with the city of Lubbock reported tree limbs several inches in diameter were blown down in Mackenzie Park. |
| May 2024 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | Numerous reports were received of a swath of hail ranging in sizes from quarters to golf balls from approximately two miles east of Wolfforth to four miles west-southwest of Lubbock International Airport. Minor damage to an automobile was reported. |
| May 2024 | Flash Flood | Wolfforth | - | An intense portion of a line of severe thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall over southwestern Lubbock County into northern Lynn County. Numerous reports were received of water over area roadways. |
| May 2024 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | A photograph on social media showed half-dollar size hail in southwest Lubbock. |
| May 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 1938 CST through 1944 CST. A peak wind gust of 64 mph was measured at 1944 CST. |
| May 2023 | Flash Flood | Wolfforth | - | A severe thunderstorm which brought severe winds to Lubbock County also caused flash flooding around the city of Lubbock. Numerous roads in Lubbock became flooded from heavy rainfall in a short amount of time. |
| July 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | An off-duty NWS employee estimated wind gusts of 60 mph south of Wolfforth. |
| July 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | Several Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet sites in around Lubbock measured severe wind gusts from 2242 CST through 2305 CST. A peak wind gust of 64 mph was measured at the Lubbock 4SE station at 2257 CST. |
| July 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A swath of severe winds occurred across central Lubbock County. Strong straight line winds produced widespread tree damage near the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured a maximum severe wind gust of 76 mph. A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet on the campus of Texas Tech University measured a wind gust of 63 mph. |
| May 2022 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 2047 CST through 2050 CST. A peak wind gust of 73 mph was measured at 2048 CST. |
| May 2022 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | An off-duty NWS employee measured quarter size hail south of Wolfforth. |
| May 2022 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | An off duty NWS employee measured quarter size hail south of Wolfforth. |
| May 2022 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 1651 CST through 1700 CST. A peak wind gust of 68 mph was measured at 1652 CST. |
| September 2022 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 1310 CST through 1317 CST. A peak wind gust of 84 mph was measured at 1311 CST. |
| May 2021 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | A tornadic supercell produced a swath of mostly quarter size hail from Wolfforth across a small portion of the southern part of the city of Lubbock from 1912 CST through 1932 CST. A photograph on social media showed a maximum hail size of golf ball size in Wolfforth. |
| July 2021 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured a wind gust to 60 mph. |
| August 2021 | Thunderstorm Wind | Wolfforth | - | A Texas Tech University West Texas mesonet site near Wolfforth measured severe wind gusts from 1525 CST through 1526 CST. A peak wind gust of 61 mph was measured at 1526 CST. |
| March 2020 | Hail | Wolfforth | - | Numerous reports of hail from off-duty NWS employees and social media were received as a severe thunderstorm tracked from south of Wolfforth to western Lubbock. Hail ranged in size from quarters to one report of tennis ball size. No damage was reported. |
Nearest settlements
The eight closest, with where each one stands in the county. Distances are straight-line, computed from the Geographic Names Information System coordinates.
| Map | Place | Distance | Sheets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Doud | 5.1 miles | 10 | |
| Hurlwood | 5.1 miles | 9 | |
| Carlisle | 5.2 miles | 10 | |
| West Carlisle | 5.4 miles | 10 | |
| West End Place | 5.7 miles | 10 | |
| Reese Village | 6.2 miles | 9 | |
| Slide | 7.6 miles | 10 | |
| Lubbock | 9.5 miles | 11 |
Elsewhere
Matched on this settlement's Geographic Names Information System number rather than its name, so it cannot be a different place of the same name in another state.
| Wikipedia article on Wolfforth | An encyclopaedic summary. Its text is share-alike, so it is linked here rather than copied. |
| Wikidata item Q975246 | The structured record the population and elevation above come from. Public domain (CC0). |
Provenance
This settlement is recorded in the Geographic Names Information System as feature 1371874. The sheet list is computed by point-in-boundary test against the United States Geological Survey's historical topographic inventory. Both are works of the United States government and carry no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105.
Wildfire. Short, Karen C. 2022. Spatial wildfire occurrence data for the United States, 1992-2020 [FPA_FOD_20221014]. 6th Edition. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0009.6 Collected with United States Government funding and usable without additional permissions or fees.
Storms. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105. Narratives are quoted verbatim from the National Weather Service report and are not edited or summarised.