Whitewater Township (part 11 of 17)

In 1818 it was bought by Friends for a meeting-house. It was subsequently enlarged and adapted to the use of a monthly meeting, by adding a frame to the east side and erecting a sliding partition. This served the Cincinnati Monthly Meeting of Friends until 1859, when it was removed, and a brick house, which occupies the site of the old log frame house, was built. The following persons paid a subscription for the purchase of a lot and the erection of a meeting-house on the same: Louis Reese; John Swayne; Joseph Evans; David Holloway; David Thatcher;.

As early as 1811 a few Friends held, in their peculiar way, meeting for worship in Cincinnati at private houses - in the parlor of the late Oliver M. Spencer, at the residence of Martha Perry, of Cyrus Coffen, John F. Stall, Elizabeth Folger, and others. In 1812 a public meeting was held in the courthouse on Main street, south of Fifth street, attended by Elizabeth Robson, an English Friend, and an eminent minister in this Society.

Soon after this a preparative meeting was instituted as a branch of the Miami Monthly Meeting; and on the sixteenth day of the third month, 1815, a monthly meeting was organized as a branch of Miami Quarterly Meeting held at Waynesville. As a committee appointed to attend the opening of Monthly Meeting were: Robert Whitacre, William Harvey, Asher Brown, Benjamin Farquhar; also Hannah Evans, Rachel Pugh, Hannah Kirk, and Ann Millhouse. This meeting embraced the families of Benjamin Hopkins, John Shaw, Jonathan Wright, Sr., Elias Fisher, David Pugh, Joshua Gibson, Jozabad Lodge, Jeremiah Neave, David Holloway, Henry Paddock, Oliver Martin, Joseph Evaus, William Butler, Jonathan Crispin, George Hatton, John F. Stall, Edward Hatton, John Dickinson, Jesse Williams, Jesse Embre, John Davis, Christopher Anthony, Micajah T. Williams, Samuel L. Pierce, William Paddock and others. The Woman's branch of the meeting also embraced many members who would be an ornament to any religious society: Elizabeth Folger, Jemmina Paddock, Sarah Coffin, Elizabeth Masey, Rebecca Hopkins, Hannah Holloway, Sarah Fest, Margaret Folger, Lydia Richard, Hannah Fischer, Agatha Dicks, Hepzibiah Gardner, Margaret Hatton, Lydia Gibson, Elizabeth Shaw, Susanna B. Wright, Hannah Davis, Chary Anthony, Sarah M. Martin, Sarah Williams, Mary Saunders, Elizabeth Neave, Sarah Foulke, Rachel Pugh, Catharine Filton, Susanna Dickinson, Ann 8. Tucker and others.

The meetings were large- and well-attended, and great harmony prevailed in all their deliberations. Several families were received into membership on convincement of the truth as taught by the Friends; others by certificate from other meetings, and many others who were not members regularly attended the meeting for worship.

In 1828 John Davis, Ephraim Morgan, Hugh Smith and Joseph Bonsell organized another Monthly Meeting, which was afterward joined by several other families, making their number twelve men, all except one with families. The congregations have since been known as Orthodox and Hicksite. The Hicksite congregation retained the old meeting- house, and in 1858 constructed thereon a new brick meeting house for the Cincinnati Monthly Meeting of Friends. The following persons subscribed to a fund to build the same: Jason Evans, William S. Wright, Hannah J. Williams, G. S. Williams, Mark E. Reeves, William Paddock, Thomas Woodnutt, William Woodnutt, Bayard P. Blatchley, David H. Taylor, Joshua Harvey, Benjamin Evans, N. H. Chapman, Joseph R. Chapman, Henry Lewis, William R. Woolman, Thomas S. Seedom, Jesse Russell, John L. Talbott, Thomas W. Kinsey, M. H. Coats, F. Hopkins, Mary Woods, William Perry. It was subsequently learned that additional subscriptions were necessary to complete the house and beautify the grounds, and these persons made donations: Jason Evans, William Paddock, Thomas Woodnutt, Bayard P. Blatchley, Hannah J. Williams, G. 8. Williams, Mark E. Reeves, D. H. Taylor, Thomas Carroll, Robert W. Carroll, James L. Haven & Oo., and Israel Jones. After the division in 1828, the orthodox congregation constructed a frame house on the west half of the original lot, where they worshiped for some time, afterward disposing of it and constructing their present magnificent brick edifice on the corner of Eighth and Mound streets. Murray Shipley has for many years been an active

Baptist Church

The beginnings of the Baptist Church in Cincinnati are found in 1818; but if we consider Hamilton county at large, we find the Baptist Church at Columbia before all other churches. There was the first ordained minister in the county.

The First Baptist Church of Cincinnati, which now occupies a new church building on the corner of Court and Wesley avenue, has had a most checkered history. Originally incorporated in 1818 by eleven members, it used a log house on Front street until it occupied a brick building on Sixth and Lodge streets.

In 1816 the organization divided and two churches were formed. Subsequeutly both of these organizations were dissolved, and that which had been a colony became known as the First church. Since this organization in 1838, many different sites have been occupied. Two buildings on Walnut street, between Third and Fourth, the corner of Seventh and Elm streets, Ninth and Elm, and two buildings on Court and Wesley avenue, have been successively used by the Society. The large burial ground acquired in early years has been a great endowment to the church, as the value of land has risen. Little, however, remains now, much of the money arising from the sale having been used to erect the present stone building. A handsome parsonage adjoins the church. From this parent organization many colonies have issued. The great Christian church, where the disciples of Alexander Campbell worship, on Ninth street, was originally a branch of the First Baptist church, and in 1835 a large number of colored members were dismissed to form the "African Union Baptist Church.'' In the history of the church for seventy years there have been sixteen pastors. Dr. 5S. K. Leavitt was the pastor for nearly fifteen years from 1872, and was followed by the present incumbent, Rev. M. C. Lockwood.

The largest and most influential of the Baptist churches is the Ninth Street Church, over which the Rev. Johnson Meyers has presided for seven years. It has a very spacious auditorium with large galleries, and an audience of twelve or fifteen hundred can be seated with comfort. There are nearly a thousand members, and several mission chapels have been built in different parts of the city in connection with the mother organization. Rev. Samuel W. Duncan, D.D., was pastor here for many years, and many notable ministers have preached in its pulpit.

The Mount Auburn Church is fifty years old as an organization, and is very strong. A beautiful stone building stands on the main avenue, built in 1889. In this congregation are found Mr. Henry Thane Miller, known throughout the world for his work in the Young Men's Christian Association, and for his sweet singing; and Mr. W. H. Doane, the author of many volumes of Sunday-school hymns, who acts as superintendent of the large and flourishing Sunday-school. No one man in Cincinnati, in proportion to his means, has been more liberal than Mr. R. A. Holden, also of this church, who at a very advanced age is still active in works of philanthropy. He is the oldest director of: the Cincinnati House of Refuge, of which Thane Miller is also a director. The pastor of the church is Rev. KE. Armstrong Ince, D.D., who came to it from Middletown, Ohio, five years ago.

In 1894 the Baptist churches in Cincinnati were as follows: Bethesda Mission, Mt. Auburn Baptist, Molitor street; Bethel Baptist, Willow street; Brighton chapel, Harrison avenue; Columbia church, Eastern avenue; Dayton Street Baptist church, Dayton street; Duck Creek Baptist church, Mt. Lookout; First Baptist church, Wesley avenue; First German Baptist, Walnut and Corwine; Immanuel Baptist church, Pullen and Hamilton avenues; Linwood Baptist church, Wooster pike; Mount Auburn Baptist, Auburn avenue; Mount Lookout Baptist church, Delta

Protestant Episcopal Church

Christ Church, the mother church in this city, was founded in 1817. From the beginning it has been a powerful and wealthy church. Among its first worshipers was Gen. William Henry Harrison, and it soon drew in to itself some of the most intelligent and active citizens of the place. After two years of services in halls and private houses, the church bought from the Baptists their building on Sixth street, and continued to worship there with increasing prosperity, until 1835, when a new church was built on the present site. This lot, 100 feet front by 130 deep, was bought for $9,000. The Society had already, in 1818, purchased a burial lot for $3,000, which it sold to the city in 1860 for $35,000, and which is now part of Washington Park. The old church on Fourth street, between Sycamore and Broadway, has been entirely remodeled in the interior in the last two years at a cost of $40,000, but the exterior is still as it was in 1835, a reproduction of the old Stepney church in London. The continuity and growth of this parish have been unbroken, and the last year book, that of 1892, shows a large and effective apparatus for work and contributions to the amount of more than eighteen thousand dollars, of which more than five thousand were for missions. The first rector was Rev. Samuel Johnston, who closed his pastorate of ten years by forming the new parish of St. Paul's. Far more than half of the communicants of Christ church followed Mr. Johnston into this new parish in 1828. The longest and most distinguished rectorship was that of Dr. John T. Brooke, from 1835 to 1847, and many of the now venerable people of Cincinnati still love to talk of the able sermons of Dr. Brooke fifty years ago. Rev. Dr. Butler, afterward chaplain to the United States Senate, held the rectorship for five years; Rev. Thos. S. Yocum, D.D., for six years, until 1876; Rev. Dr. Stanger for eleven years, and the present rector is Rev. R. A. Gibson, who came in 1888.

St. Paul's parish, formed as above stated in 1828, erected a church on Fourth street, where the St. Paul building still bears the name, and had a successful growth for fifty years, when a union was made with the St. John's parish on Seventh and Plum, which had been formed by Rev. Dr. Nicholson in 1851. The old St. Paul's property was sold for $87,000, of which two-thirds remain as an endowment for the parish. There are more than five hundred communicants in this parish, and the clergy are Rev. Frank W. Baker and his brother, Rev. Walter Baker, D.D. Rev. Dr. Samuel Benedict, the last rector, served for fifteen years, until the distressing accident which terminated his life and labors in 1891. There are two very distinguished names in the history of the church. Salmon P. Chase was superintendent of the Sunday-school until political life called him from the city, and Rufus King was for nearly sixty years a constant attendant, a wise vestryman, and a most liberal supporter. Besides the parish life in the Protestant Episcopal Church, there was the great influence of the Episcopal office, and no two men in the early history of the Northwest did more to create a wise and noble Christian character than did Bishops Philander Chase and Charles Pettit McIlvaine.

Bishop Chase was a pioneer, rugged, firm, and simple. In the city church he was as simple as in the log chapel which he himself had reared in the forests. Bishop Mcllvaine brought to the West, in 1832, a wealth of scholarship, a splendor of eloquence, and a refinement and dignity of character which made him conspicuous at Oxford and Cambridge, and among the noblest of every land. He had been chaplain at West Point for four years. Before him the chaplain had had very little influence among the scoffing and careless cadets. But the records of those four years are phenomenal. The academy was stirred to the bottom, and the cadets were more interested in Christianity than in their military duties. Many applied for orders in the ministry, among them Leonidas Polk, afterward bishop of Louisiana, whose martial spirit revived during the Civil war. He fell on the battlefield, a lieutenant- general in the Confederate army.

From 1832 to 1872, when he died in Italy, the personality of Bishop McIlvaine was a distinctive force in this community, felt in all denominations and in the mass of people outside of all denominations. His coadjutor and successor was Right- Rev. Gregory Thurston Bedell, who perpetuated the great name which his father had gained in Philadelphia, and adorned with even greater eloquence the evangelical teachings of that famous preacher. In 1875 the southern half of the State was set apart as a separate diocese, and Bishop Bedell having chosen the northern half, Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar, successor of Phillips Brooks in Philadelphia, was chosen to the bishopric, and when his health so far failed as to compel him to ask for assistance, Boyd Vincent, D.D., of Pittsburgh, was elected, and is now the active and beloved assistant bishop of the diocese, and to him Bishop Jaggar dimitted all the ecclesiastical authority. The growth of the Episcopal Church in Hamilton county will be best seen in the tables appended to this chapter.

In 1855 the Church of the Advent, on Walnut Hills, was formed, which has now more than three hundred communicants. Rev. Dr. Peter Tinsley has been rector of this church since 1869. In 1867 Grace Church, Avondale, was formed under the rectorship of Rev. A. F. Blake, who still ministers at its altar. Before this time the beautiful Calvary church in Clifton had been built, and its memorials still utter the names of the Shoenbergers, the Probascos, the Resors, the Neaves and the Bowlers, and many others whose children still worship there.

In 1872 Emmanuel Church, Fulton, and St. Philip's, Cumminsville, were admitted to the diocese. In 1876 the Church of Our Saviour, Mt. Auburn, was formed under the rectorship of Rev. Dudley Ward Rhodes, who is still the rector. This church. has nearly three hundred communicants, and Jarge mission schools. In 1866,. Grace Parish, College Hill, was formed, and Rev. John H. Ely has been rector since 1878, and under his missionary work, Trinity Church, Hartwell, was. erected into a parish in 1888, and has now 140 communicants. Rev. Dr. David Pise: has been rector of Christ's Church, Glendale, which was erected into a parish in 1866, since 1875, and Rev. Lewis Brown at St. Luke's since 1883. The latter has nearly 300 communicants.

In the last three years, since 1890, new churches have been formed on Price Hill (Rev. A. B. Howard, rector, with 100 communicants), Kennedy Heights, Wyoming, Norwood and Pleasant Ridge, and there are now twenty-six churches and organizations in the county, with four thonsand communicants; the contributions during the: vear 1892, so far as reported, were one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars.

The reader can not but be struck with the remarkably long pastorates in the Episcopal Church in Cincinnati as compared with those of other denominations. A careful computation shows that ten years is the average stay of all those now settled in Hamilton county, while in the Presbyterian Church it is less than three years, and in the Baptist and Congregational Churches, scarcely more. That unrest and desire for something new, which is such a feature of the modern church life, which is manifested in the ceaseless change of pastors, and which inspired the Presbyterian elder to sigh for the permanency of the Methodist itinerancy, has not yet shown itself in the Episcopal Church here. Perhaps some of the results shown in the appended table may be traced to the stability of pastoral connection, and to the larger influence which comes naturally to the longer experience and deeper knowledge of the people.

In 1894, the Protestant Episcopal churches in Cincinnati were as follows: Christ, Fourth street; Calvary, Clifton; Chapel of the Redeemer, Elm street; Church of the Advent, Kemper lane; Church of the Epiphany, Stanton avenue; Church of the Nativity, Hawthorne avenue; Church of our Saviour, Hollister street; Emmanuel Church, Eastern avenue; Grace, Reading road; Grace, College Hill; St. Paul, Seventh and Plum; St. Philip, Kirby avenue; St. Luke, Findlay and Baymiller; Trinity, Pendelton and Liberty streets.

Congregational Churches

The first Congregational Church founded in Cincinnati was the Welsh church on Lawrence street. This was in 1840. The beginnings of the more famous Vine street church have been traced in the history of Presbyterianism. A colony from the first church having established what they call the Sixth Presbyterian church, finally changed the policy of the organization into Congregationalism, and in 1848, the present Vine street church was furnished and occupied. Underlying the whole movement was an intense feeling upon the question of slavery, and, instead of dogmas and rituals, we find the church platform, if we may so call it, dealing almost exclusively with that subject. '' Resolved: That no candidate applying for admission to the fellowship of the church will be received by the session who either holds slaves, or openly avows his belief that the holding or using men as property is agreeable to God." The same position was taken as to the use of ardent spirits, and the stern convictions on these great questions entertained by the founders of the church gave it a positive and emphatic influence in the city. Strong men also came to occupy the pulpit. Dr. Charles B. Boynton three times came to the pastorate, and each time added to the strength of his reputation. From 1846 to 1856 he made the Vine street church a center of religion and moral life. Missionary enthusiasm and tract distribution were phenomenal, and great revivals took place, adding hundreds to the church membership. Again, in 1860, Dr. Boynton returned to the pastorate, remained during the four years of the war, and gave no uncertain sound as to the duties and perils of that great epoch. His last administration was during the four years from 1878, after which he laid off the harness and waited for the end. His was a great and useful life. He was one of the men of firm and positive character, whose convictions are not mere opinions. The Vine street church may have many able pastors, but it is not too much to say that it can never have any who will be to it what Dr. Boynton was. Tbe church still stands on the old site, and a large congregation and most active work are under the pastoral care of Rev. W. H. Warren, D. D. As the Vine street church was originally a colony from the First Presbyterian church, so the organization known for many years as the Seventh Street Congregational Church wasa colony from the Second Presbyterian church in 18438, becoming Congregational in 1847. For nearly forty years this congregation worshiped in the old stone church still standing on Seventh street between Plum and

Central avenue. At the close of this period a removal was made to Walnut Hills, where a beautiful church was erected, and a large and active work undertaken.

For many years Rev. John W. Simpson, D.D., LL.D., was the energetic pastor of the church and resigned it in 1892 to accept the presidency of Marietta College, Ohio. His successor, the present pastor, is Rev. Sydney Strong, who does not allow any diminution of the energy of the church. That the Congregational churches of Cincinnati have not increased is due to the fact that many of the communicants, when removing from one part of the city to another, find a congenial home in the Presbyterian church, from which body their ancestors here originally came, and as there are no doctrinal differences, there is no great stimulus to begin a new Congregational organization. In every Presbyterian suburban church may be found, even among the elders and deacons, men who were active workers in the Congregational Church in earlier years. :

In 1894 the Congregational churches in Cincinnati were as follows: Central, Vine street; Columbia, Eastern avenue; Plymouth, Glenway avenue; Storrs, State and Warsaw avenues; Walnut Hills, Locust and Kemper lane; Welsh, Lawrence street.

Unitarian Church

No religious body in Cincinnati can show a more illustrious line of distinguished preachers and literary characters than can the Unitarian body. Never very strong, never having more than two organizations, still they have been a very considerable force in the history of Cincinnati, and one to which can be properly attributed a very great influence. In the letters of James Freeman Clarke we read of the Unitarianism of sixty years ago, when Dr. Eliot was in St. Louis, and Horace Mann was a power. The little Church was ministered to by giants in those early days. The father of Mr. Bancroft, our great historian, was the first of a line of greater men. Dr. C. A. Bartol, Samuel Osgood, James Freeman Clarke, Christopher P. Cranch, Dr. Henry W. Bellows and William H. Channing, were the early men whose brilliant names shinein the records of our civic life and literature. Their doctrinal positions were such that in these modern days they would be within the pale of so called orthodox Christianity.

Up to this time, 1856, the Unitarians had one church situated on Race and Fourth street. In that year Moncure D. Conway became pastor of the church, and under his more advanced preaching a secession took place, and a second and conservative church was organized at Mound and Sixth street. Here Dr. Bellows again preached in Cincinnati, and Dr. Andrew Peabody, afterward revered in Boston and Harvard University, and Thomas Hill, afterward president of Harvard, and Dr. W. G. Eliot, Horace Mann and A. D. Mayo, were successively preachers and pastors. During the war, in 1862, Mr. Conway resigned, and soon afterward the old site on Fourth and Race was sold. In 1866 a lot was bought on the northeast corner of Kighth and Plum streets, and until the church was built the Unitarians of the First church, under the pastoral charge of Rey. Thomas Vickers, met in Hopkins Hall on Fourth and Elm streets. In 1875 the two organizations coalesced under the title of the First Congregational Church, and, in 1879, the united body occupied the newly refitted Plum street church, and remained there until 1887, when a handsome church was erected on Reading road, just north of Oak street, the old property sold to the city, and under the charge of Rev. George A. Thayer the work goes on prosperously and evenly.

There is also in the city a Unitarian Society of those who opposed removal to the suburbs, and preaching services are held by Rev. E. A. Coil. The winter course of Sunday afternoon lectures at the Grand Opera House, which has been very successful, was inaugurated by the Unity club, and owes its success to the management of A. W. Whelpley, the public librarian. Every year the proceeds of these lectures, after all expenses are paid, are divided among some of the worthy charities of the city.

Judaism

The large number and great wealth of the Hebrew people in Cincinnati would lead one to expect handsome synagogues and interesting charities, and that expectation would not be disappointed. No handsomer edifice is to be found in the city than the Plum Street Temple, over which Dr. Isaac M. Wise has been rabbi for fifty years. In this noble structure, whose elegant proportions delight the eye, are seats for 1,500 people. It is the wealthiest organization in the city.

In addition to his duties here Dr. Wise is also the editor of the Jewish paper, and president of the Hebrew Union College. Although this is the strongest organization, it is not the earliest. Fourteen years before it was founded the Mound Street Temple was begun, in 1830, and is also very wealthy and prosperous. Here the venerated Dr. Max Lilienthal did his life work, and Rabbi Benjamin and Rabbi Philipson have been his worthy successors. Besides these two large synagogues there are also four others in the city of smaller dimensions.

The traveler''on the Sycamore Cable railway looks with pleasure on the beautiful institutions which the Hebrews have erected in Avondale for their sick and aged people. These, the Jewish Hospital and the Home for Aged and Infirm, are just completed, and are thoroughly equipped for their great work, and together with the Altenheim (or German Old Men's Home), standing near them (which is not, however, a Hebrew institution), adorn this part of the city with their beautiful buildings.

Jewish Synagogues: Holy Congregation of Children of Israel, Kighth and Mound streets; Beth Tfila Congregation House of Prayer, Carlisle avenue; Hevra Beth Hakenisis, George street; Holy Congregation of Brethren in Love, John and Bauer avenue; Holy Congregation Children of Jeshurun, Plum and Eighth; K.K. Beth Hamedrasch Hagadol Congregation, Fifth street; K. K. Beth Hamedrasch Synagogue, West Court street; Synagogue Kashir Israel, Mound and Richmond streets.

Early in the year 1841 the pastor of a mission church in Indianapolis passed through Cincinnati on his return from a collecting tour among the churches. He arrived in Cincinnati on Saturday, and not desiring to travel on the Lord's Day, remained in the city over Sunday. Tens of thousands of people crowded the streets, and a very extensive negro mob held sway. The police, mayor and military could not succeed in dispersing the excited multitudes. There were threats of mobbing and razing the churches which had pastors friendly to the abolition of slavery, but no violence was attempted during the Sunday services. 'In the midst of this wild confusion,'' says the visitor, Rev. Abram Reck, 'it was indelibly impressed upon my mind that I must move there and attempt to organize our first English Evangelical Lutheran Church." At the next meeting of the Synod of the West, held at Indianapolis on October 6, 1841, Rev. Reck made known his disposition to open a mission in Cincinnati, and the Synod immediately took action to unite withthe East Ohio Synod, in contributing for the support of the missionary the sum of $400 per year.

Rev. Reck arrived in Cincinnati on December 8, and found eight Lutheran members who were ready to enter an organization. Great difficulty was experienced in securing a place of worship, aud the first one secured was at the southeast corner of Vine and Canal streets, in a little, open, rickety place over an engine shanty, the stairs being outside and dangerous. Here the first public meeting was held, the Society formed, and on Decenber 19, 1841, twenty-four members, among whom were John Meyers, Michael Strafer, F. Rammelsberg, Henry Kessler and Samuel Startzman signed an agreement to effect an organization. A few months later the old hall of Cincinnati College was rented, and there the mission flourished until the

Rev. Abram Reck served the congregation from 1841 to 1845, when he was succeeded by Rev. W. H. Harrison, D.D. Four years after Dr. Harrison's entrance upon the work, the lot was purchased on Elm street between Court and Ninth, and two years later the new church was dedicated. Dr. Harrison served the congregation successfully for more than twenty years, was widely known and greatly beloved. In 1865, during the cholera plague, he was untiring in his ministrations to the sick and dying, and on his return from a visit to the sick, was himself stricken with the dread disease, dying after a few hours' illness. From 1867 to 1868 Rev. Joel Schwartz, D. D., served the congregation; J. B. Helwig, D. D., from 1868 to 1873; R. W. Hufford, D. D., from 1873 to 1875; Ephraim Miller, D. D., from 1875 to 1878, and H. W. MacKnight, D. D., from 1880 to 1884.

In October, 1884, the present pastor, Ezra K. Bell, D. D., took charge. The membership had become very much discouraged and decimated by removals to the suburbs, but with the remodeling of the old church building the congregation began to grow and continued to flourish until there is now a membership of nearly five hundred souls, abundant in benevolence and good works. In November, 1893, the church council purchased a lot on Race street facing Washington Park, and at the present time plans and drawings are being made for an elegant new church building.

In June, 1888, a company of members and friends of the First church organized the Walnut Hills Lutheran Church, with Rev. J. A. Hall, D. D., pastor. Among the organizers were Messrs. Fred H. Alms, George Fisher, Louis Voight, J. H. Frey and A. Macbrair. After worshiping in a hall over a grocery on the corner of Gilbert avenue and McMillan street for a year, a lot was purchased on the corner of Locust and Lane, and the present handsome stone edifice was erected. The congregation is in a flourishing condition, and is growing rapidly.

St. Paul's English Lutheran Church was organized by a colony from the* First church. For a score of years members of the church had conducted a Sunday-school on Spring Grove avenue, and in the spring of 1889 H. H. Stuckenberg, H. D. Cook, Edward Froliger, Julius Wiederstein, and about twenty others organized the congregation. A new church was built and dedicated on the corner of Cook and Draper streets, and since then a comfortable parsonage has been erected adjoining the church 'building. Rev. E. R. Wagner, Ph. D., is the pastor of St. Paul's, under whose direction both church and parsonage were erected.

The English Lutheran Church is destined to occupy a large field in Cincinnati. The large German population, although for the most part connected with independent German congregations, is nevertheless largely Lutheran, and as the Germans become Americanized they naturally seek an American Lutheran church. The movement of the First church is at present in the direction of closer contact with the large German-American population. There has never been but one distinctively German Lutheran congregation in Cincinnati, that of Trinity on Race street near Fifteenth, of which Rev. A. Broemer 'is pastor. The congregation is large and flourishing, and sustains a commodious parochial school on York street near Freeman.

It is a singular fact that in so large a German population there should be but one distinctively Lutheran congregation. In this particular Cincinnati is different from any other American city. Elsewhere, the Germans will be found chiefly in the distinctively Lutheran and Reformed churches, but here they have followed the precedent of establishing free German-Protestant churches, which are not connected with any Lutheran or Reformed body. But it still obtains that in these ''free'' churches there are thousands of people who were Lutherans in the Fatherland and are Lutherans still, and are connected with the free German churches because of family and neighborhood associations.

Disciples Of Christ

In 1894 the Disciples of Christ churches in Cincinnati were as follows: Central Christian, Ninth street; Christian church, Fergus street; Fourth Christian, Eastern avenue; Richmond Street Christian church, Cutter and Richmond; Walnut Hills Christian, Locust street; Harrison Street church, Harrison street (colored).

German Evangelical Protestant Church

In 1894 the German Evangelical Protestant churches in Cincinnati were as follows: Camp Washington Evangelical, Signey avenue and Rachel street; First German Protestant, McPherson avenue, Price Hill: German Evangelical (St. Marcus), Clark street; German Evangelical Protestant (St. Peter's), Independent, Elm street; German Evangelical Protestant of Columbia, Eastern avenue; German United Evangelical (St. Peter's), Main and McMicken avenue; German United Evangelical (St. Paul), Race and Fifteenth; Immanuel Church, Tremont and- Lawnway, Fairmount; Matthew United Evangelical, Elm and Liberty; Phillippus German Evangelical Protestant, Ohio avenue and McMicken avenue; St. John's, Bellevue avenue and Fosdick, Mt. Auburn; St. John's Protestant, Twelfth and Elm; St. Lucas, Third street; St. Martini, West Sixth street; St. Martin's German Protestant, Saffin avenue, St. Peterstown; Third Evangelical Protestant, Walnut street.

Roman Catholic Church

'ric. Dr. Fenwick, who was the first bishop, founded an organization of about a hundred members, with a frame church but no priest. On Sycamore street, near Sixth, where St. Xavier's great church now rises among its schools and other buildings, a beginning was made. Priests and nuns began to come into the rapidly growing West, together with the streams of Roman Catholic immigrants from abroad.

The great Cathedral of St. Peter, on Plum street, was consecrated in 1889, and the chimes which ring from its beautiful spire still tell of the grand layman who was no less the pride of Cincinnati than of the cathedral which he did so much to build and adorn. Among the thousand of Roman Catholic laymen, none has ever surpassed Reuben R. Springer in devotion and unostentatious philanthropy. Searcely any of the numerous benevolent enterprises of his church have known any larger or more willing giver than this good man, and if anything were needed to show that his love of humanity was not limited by his creed, one has but to look at Music Hall, his last and greatest gift to the city of his life and love.

When Bishop Fenwick fell a victim to the cholera in 1832, he was succeeded by Bishop Purcell in a long episcopate of more than fifty years of mingled happiness and sorrow, of prosperity and bitter loss. Enormous advances were made in every direction. Immigration continued and increased, churches could not be built fast enough to take care of the Catholic population as it came in. Convents, academies, hospitals, colleges. parish schools multiplied. The bishop became the head of an archdiocese with the great cities of Detroit, Cleveland, Louisville, Vincennes, Fort Wayne, the Sault Ste. Marie and Covington as suffragan bishoprics. By the time of his death Archbishop Purcell was surrounded in Cincinnati by a Roman Catholic population of 80,000, and in his diocese, which embraces the southwestern quarter of the State, he had nearly two hundred churches and a hundred and seventy priests, seven male and eight female religious communities, two theological seminaries, three colleges, twelve schools for girls, three orphan asylums, ten charitable institutions,

History .Of Cincinnati And Hamilton County

140 parochial schools and 120 students for the priesthood. While these' statistics are not those of Hamilton county, but of the entire diocese, still they give one a conception of the vast progress of this Church during one episcopate which it is true, however, doubled the '' years of Peter."

The present archbishop, Dr. Wm. H. Elder, came from the Natchez diocese, to be coadjutor to Archbishop Purcell, and succeeded him in the See.

The official organ of the diocese is the Catholic Telegraph, which was founded in 1881, and is the oldest Catholic newspaper in the United States. For many years Father Edward Purcell was editor of this paper, and now Rev. Dr. Mackey, the rector of the cathedral congregation, edits it in addition to his other labors. There is also a Roman Catholic paper published in the German language. Both these journals are weeklies.

Among the conspicuous Roman Catholic churches of Cincinnati, we have already noticed the cathedral, and the great Jesuit church, St. Xavier. In addition to these the great German church of the Holy Trinity on West Fifth street, of which Father Moeller is rector; St. Paul's church on Spring street, under the brow of Mt. Auburn; St. George's church in Corryville, and St. Francis. de Sale's church in Walnut Hills, are large and imposing buildings towering above the surrounding structures.

In 1894 the Roman Catholic churches in Cincinnati were as follows: St. Peter's Cathedral, Plum and Highth street; All Saints, Third street; Chapel of the Sisters of Mercy, Third street; Chapel of the Sacred Heart, Betts and Linn streets; Chapel of the Sisters of Notre Dame Church of the Atonement, Third street; Church of the Blessed Sacrament, Wilder avenue; Church of the Holy Angels, Torrence road; Church of the Holy Cross, Mitchell street; Church of the Holy Family, Price avenue; Church of the Immaculate, Guido avenue; Church of the Assumption, Gilbert avenue; Church of the Sacred Heart, Bank and Baymiller; Holy Cross Monastery, Mitchell and Monastery; Holy Trinity (German), Fifth street; Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Steiner avenue; Sacred Heart of Jesus, Marshall avenue; Sacred Heart Church, St. Agues (Good Shepherd Convent), Bank and Baymiller; St. Aloysius, Bridgetown; St. Andrew, Mound street, Avondale; St. Ann (colored), New street; St. Anthony's (German), Budd street; St. Augustin (German), Bank street; St. Bernard, Taylor's Creek; St. Bonaventura's, Queen City avenue; St. Bonifacius, Lakeman street; St. Charles Borromeo, Carthage; St. Clements, St. Bernard; St. Edward, Clark street; St. Francis de Sales, Woodburn avenue; St. Francis Xavier, Sycamore street; St. Francis Seraphicus (German), Liberty and Vine; St. Gabriel, Glendale; St. George, Calhoun street; St. Henry, Flint street; St. James, Mt. Airy; St. John (German), Bremen and Green streets; St. John, Dry Ridge; St. Joseph (German), Linn and Laurel; St. Lawrence, Warsaw avenue; St. Leo, Baltimore avenue; St. Ludwig (German), Eighth and Walnut; St. Mary (German), Clay and Thirteenth; St. Mary's, Mt. Healthy; St. Michael (German), St. Michael street; St. Patrick, Third and Mill streets; St. Paul (German), Spring and Abigail streets; St. Philimena (German), Pearl street; St. Rosa (German), Eastern avenue; St. Stanislaus, Cutter and Liberty streets; St. Stephen's, Hastern avenue; St. Thomas, Sycamore street; St. Paul de Vincent, Delhi avenue; Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, Third and Lytle. :

The Archdiocese of Cincinnati: Priests, regular, 90; secular, 149; churches, 195; chapels, 85. Theological Seminaries, 2; students, 116. Preparatory Seminary, 1; students 46. Colleges, 3, pupils, 664. Boarding schools for boys, 8, pupils, 357. Academies, 10, pupils, 948. Parochial schools, 93; children attending parochial schools, 22,253. Hospitals, 4. Homes for the aged poor, 2. Protectory for boys, 2. Orphan asylums, 2; orphans, 590.

Miscellaneous Churches

First United Brethren, Clinton and Baymiller; Second German Church; United Brethren in Christ, Torrence road; Welsh Culvinistic Methodist, College street; First Congregational Unitarian, Reading road and Linton; First German Evangelical Protestant, Apple street; German United Evangelical (Zion), Bremen and Fifteenth streets; First German Reformed, Freeman and Hubert avenues; German Evangelical Reformed (Salem), Sycamore and Orchard streets; First Hollandisch Reformed, Mulberry street; Union Bethel, Public Landing; Church of Christ Scientists, Ninth street; Shillito Street Chapel, Savoy street; Seventh Day Adventist, Seventh street; First Universalist, McMillan street.

The following table, prepared by Mr. George E. Stevens, of Cincinnati, and published in the Commercial Gazette of September 3, 1892, affords much information as to the present condition of the leading Protestant denominations and their progress since 1870:

Baptist Churches Disciples Churches

In Crry Basin oR OLD CINCINNATI. In Rurau DIstTRIctTs. NAME OF CHURCH. NOROPEMEN AIRE RS NAME OF CHURCH. NO. OF MEMBERS 1870 1890 ' 1870 1890 Central es oie. ter oe Ree 534 1026» = Carthage set: fo meee ete 110 131 Richmond Street........... . 280 264 Harrison siriis sa eee eee 801 805 Eastern Avenue............-. 115 178 Mt. Health yos wasp seus 49 164 reba Ae le NDE MOON Goss ode cons cEbaL 30 100 Oth ee a ee 929 1468 Wehitet@akcwiin. srnpette. 108 165 Madisonvillesesc ses aeeeee w 55 Madelrayannn sie tee 11 In NEARER SUBURBS. Sass ae Cumminsyilleneeene ee eee ae 237 Oe Salar ease ee oe ne at Wil tit auelililsases seen nn ee 131 Summary, 1870.... 8 churches 1525 members ee Nes SOO alte e 2767 GG

Recapitulation

First Pusric BurtaAL GROUND IN CINCINNATI - LATER CEMETERIES - SPRING GROVE CEMETERY COMPANY AND CEMETERY - THE CINCINNATI CREMATION CoMPANY - THE CREMATORY.

| ices first public burial ground in Cincinnati was located upon the square bounded by Fourth and Fifth, Walnut and Main streets, and was given to the people by the original proprietors, in part, for that purpose, the other part being used for the erection. thereon of the first Presbyterian church, near the corner of Fourth and Main streets. It was used for this purpose for twenty-seven years, when it became so crowded that another cemetery became necessary. A church still stands on the orfginal site, but tall buildings now occupy the ground once used for burial purposes. In 1810 a new cemetery was laid ont by the Presbyterians between Elm and Vine, and Eleventh and Twelfth streets, but it was long since filled, and other grounds had to be secured.

Other denominations opened graveyards for themselves as the population and churches increased, until there were twenty-three cemeteries appropriated for the interment of the dead, and many of them are still in use.

In 1844 it became apparent that a general cemetery, on a large scale and some distance from the city, should be established. A committee was appointed to select a site, the Garrard farm, of 160 acres was purchased, and on the 21st of January, 1845, Spring Grove Cemetery Company was incorporated. And to place it upon a firm basis two hundred citizens subscribed $100 each, for which they were entitled to select a lot fifty feet square. In memory of the springs and groves on the land, it was named Spring Grove, and consecrated on the 28th of August, 1845. The original plan of the grounds was made by John Notman, of Philadelphia, the designer of the famous Laurel Hill cemetery in that city. To the original purchase 484 acres have been added at a cost of $330,000. The chief and most characteristic improvements have been made since 1855. A system of landscape ornamentation was adopted, which has resulted in one of the most attractive and beautiful burial places in the country. As remarked by a visitor, ''its green slopes and wooded levels, its stately avenues and beautiful monuments, shrubbery and flowers, now form component parts of one great whole, unobstructed by fences, and diversified by quiet Jakes.'' | :

In this lovely retreat are many magnificent monuments reared by loving hands to perpetuate the memory of deceased friends. Among the most notable tributes. are the Dexter and Burnet mausoleums; the sepulchral chapel, containing the statue of George Selves, Jr., executed by Daumas, in Paris; the Lytle monument over the remains of Gen. William H. Lytle, who fell at Chickamauga; the Shillito, Potter, Neff, Pendleton, Lawler, Gano, Resor, and many other memorials, some of them of great cost and beauty. The Gano shaft is of gray sandstone, and was originally erected, in 1827, in the old Catharine street burial ground in the city, by Daniel Gano, to the memory of his father, the brave pioneer and soldier, Maj.- Gen. John S. Gano. The Walker monument is fashioned after the celebrated tomb of Scipio Africanus, in Rome. Another beautiful monument was erected to the memory of a teacher, Prof. E. S. Brooks, by his pupils. Col. Oliver Spencer, of the Continental army in the Revolution, who died here in 1811; Col. Robert Elliott, who was barbarously murdered by the Indians near Colerain, in 1794; Rev. Joshua L. Wilson, for thirty-eight years pastor of the First Presbyterian church, in Cin- cinnati; Rev. J. T. Brooke, D. D., whose prayers lent interest to the consecration ceremonies of the cemetery in 1845; and many other local celebrities repose here under fitting memorials in marble and granite, which the lack of space forbids us from noticing in this connection.

Duriag the past year more than 200,000 persons visited this ''Silent City,'' and wandered through its lovely walks, gazed thoughtfully upon its suggestive memorials and meditated on the end in reserve for all. Last year more than 11,000 single graves were occupied, and the ashes of 1,000 veteran soldiers commingled with the soil in the lot set apart for them. The total interments to date are nearly 55,000, and the number of lot holders is nearly 10,000.

The Cincinnati Cremation Company

It is learned from C. M. Lotze, Esq., that this company was organized October 4, 1884. On this occasion the following gentlemen met in his office, in the Wiggins block, to consider the proposition, and they became the original founders: Otto Rauchfuss, C. M. Lotze, Albert Meininger, V. M. Mayer, C. A. Nulsen, Julius Greyer, Benn Pitman, Samuel Burnstein, Charles Jacobs, Jr., and Henty Oliver. The following were the first officers chosen: President, Charles Jacobs, Jr.; vicepresident, C. A. Nulsen; secretary, Albert Meininger; treasurer, Henry Oliver; attorney, C. M. Lotze.

The Association was incorporated as a company October 26, 1884, and the first general meeting was held at Central Turner Hall, and the building of the crematory was begun in June, 1885. It is situated on Dixmyth avenue, near Burnet woods, on an elevation overlooking Mill creek valley. The building is oval in form, massive, and constructed of Indiana limestone. It contains a chapel, residence rooms for the superintendent, a basement, where the preparing rooms, two retorts, and furnace rooms are situated.

When a body is brought to the crematory the coffin is first placed on an elevator and raised to the chapel, where such religious services as may have been desired by the deceased, or friends, are held, after which it is lowered to the basement, where it is prepared for cremation by simply taking it out of the coffin and making a careful examination to be assured that life is extinct. The body is then wrapped in muslin cloth, saturated with alum water, when it is placed on a table supplied with rollers and moved to the opening of the retort and rolled into the same on an iron cradle. The process of incineration lasts on an average two hours, when the ashes are removed and delivered to the relatives or friends in a metal case to be disposed of as they may see fit. This was the old process first in use, but during the summer of 1893 an improvement was made by the erection of two retorts, and so arranged that the coffin, without removing the body therefrom, can be shoved into the retort and all consumed together.

The fuel used is coke, and the degree of heat attained is about 2,000 Fahrenheit. The fire does not at any time come in contact with the coffin or body, but circulates round the retort. The retort is made of fire clay. The body is reduced to ashes by the action of the heat only, and the average weight of the ashes is 34 pounds. The crematory chapel also contains niches in which the ashes of deceased can be placed in urns, and the grounds can also be used for the interment of the ashes of such as their friends may see fit to order.

The retort is completely closed during the process of incineration, but it may be witnessed through a small window of mica placed in the rear end. The cost, which includes a metallic case, is $25. Cremation began in July, 1887, and up to this time (1893) about three hundred bodies have been incinerated. The cost of the crematory building was about $20,000, but with the cost of site, grading and adornment, the total has reached about $30,000, exclusive of the retorts and furnace, which cost nearly $3,000.

The crematory has not yet been self-supporting, but has been kept up by voluntary assessments on the stock, and voluntary contributions by the members and friends of the cause. There are about four hundred members, composed of all nationalities and religious beliefs. The officers for 1893 were: President, G. A. Merryweather; secretary, A. T. Roever; treasurer, Fred. A. Meiser; attorney, C. M. Lotze. Directors: Herman Husemann, Henry Lowenstein, P. H. Hartmann, Dr. E. W. Walker, Henry Littinger, Adolph Sander, and L. A. Strobel.

Any person can visit the place. The crematory is always open and in charge of the superintendent, who will admit visitors and explain everything to them. It was built for the purpose of exhibiting the process of cremation to the public free of charge, in order to reform the method of disposing of the dead for the benefit of the living. No member of the Society is required to bind himself to have his body cremated. This process of disposing of the dead, it is believed, will become almost universal, because it is demanded by the laws of sanitation as population increases. Thoughtfully considered, there is nothing repugnant or barbarous in this method of disposing of the human tabernacle. When looked at through the mica window in the retort, ''a beautiful rosy light envelopes the body, and it seems to be transfigured in an aurora of benignant splendor. The pallid cheek of death is made to blush, and grief gathers color, and hope stands dressed with ruby light to prophesy the radiant life beyond. The relic ash, pure as powdered pear], may be more sentimentally preserved in the columbarium, or crypt of churches, than in the cold, dark grave or tomb. In this ash, that has survived the heated retort, may linger that human seed, unabsorbed by the elements, undevoured by the hunger of plants and animals from which the glorified may spring when the reveille of the Resurrection is sounded by the trumpet of the Archangel of Immortality."'

Medical Eminent Physicians

PIONEER PuysiciANs--THE First Facu.ty oF CINCINNATI - DANIEL DRAKE AND OTHERS - LarER ARRIVALS - SANITARY ORDINANCES - BoARDS OF HrEAaLTH - MErEpICAL COoLLEGES - DENTAL ScHvoLs - HosPitaLsS - ASYLUMS - CINCINNATI TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NuRSES - MEDICAL SOCIETIES - MEDICAL JOURNALS - MEDICAL LIBRARIES - BRIEF SKETCHES OF SOME EMINENT PHYSICIANS.

MONG the early settlers of the '' Miami Purchase'' was Dr. William Burnet, of New Jersey; and with his arrival, and that of Dr. John Hole and of Dr. Richard Allison, of the Army, who accompanied the first detachment of troops sent to garrison Fort Washington, begins the medical history of Cincinnati and Hamilton county. Dr. Burnet's stay in the West was a brief one (less than two years), and for ten years the settlements on the Ohio and the lower Miamis were largely compelled to look for medical aid to the army surgeons. 'These were here in unusual numbers, since for ''seven years the young village became the headquarters for all the armies whicb fought against the Indians under Harmar in 1790, St. Clair in 1791, and Wayne in 1794.' Among them were Allison, Carmichael, Phillips, Sellman, Elliot and Strong, and Gen. Harrison, whose early professional training then and later "' enabled him frequently to afford relief to those who could not at the moment command the services of a physician.''? Sellman and Allison resigning from the service, the former in 1797, the latter in 1798, became permanent residents of this county.

Richard Allison, born near Goshen, N. Y., in 1757, had been a medical officer during the Revolution. On the re-organization of the army in 1789, he was appointed surgeon of the regiment of infantry (there was but one), and as such became the ranking medical officer of the army up to the time of his resignation. Living for a few years on his farm ''on the east fork of the Little Miami," he returned to the city in 1805, and continued in practice until his death, March 22, 1816. Drake called him the '' Father of our local profession," and wrote of him that, '' though not profound in science, he was sagacious, unassuming, amiable and kind."'

John Sellman, a native of Annapolis, Md., was in active and reputable practice for more than ten years longer, dying in 1827 at the ageof sixty-three years. The doctors unconnected with the army, and settling here prior to 1800, were Hole, Morrel, McClure, Cranmer and Goforth.

John Hole who was here early enough to take part in the second assignment of town lots, in May, 1789, could not have produced much impression upon the people during the five years that he lived in Cincinnati, notwithstanding the fact that he practiced inoculation at the time of the first outbreak of smallpox in the winter of 1792-93, since Drake was unable to learn where he was born, or where and when he died. It is quite likely that he moved to Franklin county, as the name appears on the list of those from that county selected to serve as members of the Medical Society organized by Act of Legislature February 8, 1812.

Calvin Morrel, who organized the first Masonic Lodge in Ohio, soon left the county, and spent the later years of his life with the Shakers at Union Village.

John Cranmer coming here in 1798, 'attained to a position of considerable personal and some professional respectability; supporting his family by his practice, and continuing to advance in reputation up to the time of his death, which occurred from cholera in 1832." [Drake. ]

William Goforth, with Sellman and Cranmer, "constituted the whole Faculty of Cincinnati in the first year of this century." A native of New York City, at the age of twenty-two he came to Maysville, Ky., and, after eleven years of successful practice there, in 1799 removed to Columbia, where his father, Judge Goforth, was living. The next year found him in Cincinnati, and for eight years he was a most popular and peculiar physician, '' having,''-as Drake says, '' the most winning manners of any physician I ever knew, and the most of them.'' First in the West, he in 1801 secured through Dr. Waterhouse, of Boston, someof the " Jennerian lymph,"' and began vaccinating the people of the town and neighborhood. '' Fond of schemes and novelties, in the spring of the year 1803, at a great expense, he dug up at Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky, and brought away the largest, most diversified and remarkable mass of huge fossil bones that was ever disinterred at one time or place in the United States; the whole he put into the possession of that swindling Englishman, Thomas Ashe, alias Arville, who sold them in Europe and embezzled the proceeds.''? [Drake.] He was much occupied with the business of collecting ginseng and shipping it to China, and the preparation of what he thought to be the columbo root. All the glittering specks that were found in the country about, and believed to be gold, were brought to him for examination, the finders generally contriving to "' quarter themselves on his family,'' at the Peach Grove House that Dr. Allison had built just east of Fort Washington, and near the present corner of Fourth and Lawrence streets. Too restless to long remain in any one place, he had serious thoughts of moving to the upper Mad River country, but finally decided to go to Louisiana, that had recently become United States territory; and in 1807 he took up his residence there. Nine years later, after having been prominently connected with the political affairs of the new State, he returned to Cincinnati, and again began the practice of his profession. He bad continued it, however, but a few months when in the spring of 1817 death brought to a close his checkered career. Medi- cally, the most important fact in his history was that he was the preceptor of Daniel Drake, the first medical student in the West, the first of such students to receive the degree of Doctor of Medicine, the earliest of our medical writers and teachers, and professionally and socially the most influential physician who has ever lived in our city, county, State or section.

Daniel Drake, coming to Cincinnati December 18, 1800, a boy fifteen years old, for fifty-two years was a leader in all professional, educational, literary and scientific movements in Cincinnati and the West. After three years of association with Dr. Goforth as " medical student or apothecary's boy and lad of all work,'' he was taken into partnership, an arrangement yielding little comfort, and less money. A year later he received from his preceptor '' Surgeon General of the' first division of Ohio militia'' an 'autograph diploma setting forth his ample attainments in all the branches of the profession, the first medical diploma ever granted in the interior valley of North America.'' The following winter was spent in attendance upon lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, he returning to Cincinnati in April, 1806. After practicing for a time at his old home at Mayslick, Ky., on April 10, 1807, he established himself permanently in our city, in succession to Dr. Goforth, who had left for Louisiana. He busied himself for a number of years not only in professional work, but in careful study of the botany and geology of the country, and of its archeological remains, in observing and recording the direction of the winds and the state of the weather, and in preparing his '" Notices of Cincinnati,'' published in 1810, and his " Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country,'' issued in 1815. In 1814 he reports himself as '' much employed in the business of the Lancaster Seminary (the original foundation of the Cincinnati College), and in that of the Library Society,'' of which he was president.

In the winter of 1815-16 he was again a student in Philadelphia, graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1816, receiving ''the first medical degree ever conferred on a citizen of Cincinnati.'? The following year he became a member of the first Faculty of the Medical Department of Transylvania University at Lexington, Ky., the pioneer medical school of the West. Having, as he always had, a strong attachment to Cincinnati, he felt that this city, not Lexington, should be the medical center, and after much delay, and in spite of great opposition, he secured in 1819 the passage of an Act of the State Legislature establishing the Medical College of Ohio, having previously, in the autumn of 1818 and the following winter, carried on, in association with Dr. Coleman Rogers, a preparatory school of medical instruction. In 1822 his connection with the Medical College of Ohio was abruptly terminated, to be temporarily renewed in 18381, in 1849 and in 1852. In 1824 he was a second time appointed professor in Transylvania. ''wo years later he was back again in Cincinnati, where the following year he established an eye infirmary, and assumed editorial charge of the Western Medical and Physical Journal. During the winter of 1830-31, he was in the Faculty of the Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, and in 1835 organized the medical department of the Cincinnati College, in which he held the chair of Theory and Practice, a school which four years later suspended for want of proper endowment. In 1840 he went to the University of Louisville, remaining there until 1849, returning a year later after a winter's connection with the Medical College of Ohio. Two years after, he was once more elected to a professorship in the Medical College of Ohio, but his death (on November 5, 1852) occurred before he was able to enter upon its duties. '' He had resigned more professorships, and been oftener expelled, than any other medical teacher in the United States. His appointments amounted to not less than ten, and he was connected with five schools, two of which were of his own projecting." at Png

His professional writing began as early as 1809, and his great work, which is his real monument, a "Treatise on the principal diseases of the interior Valley of

North America,'' was published in part two years before and in part two years after his death. Its preparation occupied much of his time for thirty years, and in collecting materials for it he traveled from the lakes to the Gulf, from the Alleghanies to the Rockies. His literary, historical and scientific publications were numerous and of great value. To him was largely due the credit of the establishment of the earliest Collegiate institution in Hamilton county, and of the first Museum in this section of the country. As far back as 1815 he 'pointed out distinctly all the canals which have since been made in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, connecting the waters of the lakes and the Ohio,'' and in 1835 ''became specially interested in the construction of a great railway which should connect the Ohio Valley at Cincinnati with the Atlantic at Charleston." From an early date he was prominently connected with the politics of the West, and was the friend of many of the leading statesmen of the day. As physician, writer, teacher and citizen, he was the most influential medical man who has ever lived here. His life was in many respects a stormy one; his antagonisms and antagonists were many. But with it all, his genius, his industry, his high moral principle and his devotion to duty earned him, what he will always have, the respect, esteem and kind remembrance of those familiar with our medical history during the first half of the century.

Another of Dr. Goforth's students, who was long in practice in the county, was Dr. Edward Young Kemper. Born in Fauquier county, Va., January 11, 1783, he came to Cincinnati with his father, Rev. James Kemper, in 1790. He probably never graduated in medicine, though it is believed that he attended one course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. It is likely that he practiced on a certificate given him by Dr. Goforth similar to the one given to Dr. Drake, or perhaps a license received from the District Medical Society. As a medical officer of volunteers he was at Hull's surrender at Detroit. For many years he was in practice at Montgomery, in this county, but the latter part of his life was spent at the old Kemper homestead on Walnut Hills, where he died June 10, 1863, aged eighty; probably the last survivor of the little band of medical students gathered in Cincinnati prior to the establishment of the Medical College of Ohio.

Beginning with the opening of the School of Preparatory Instruction in 1818, the after medical history of Cincinnati and Hamilton county is mainly that of its colleges, its hospitals, its societies and its journals; and its physicians of eminence have been, with but few exceptions, those connected therewith.

The number of practitioners increased but slowly for many years; in 1821 there were but twenty-one in the city; in 1827, as appears by the records of the Common Pleas Court, where they were registered for taxation, but twenty-six in the county ; in 1831 the Medical Society had a membership roll of forty-seven. To-day the number can not be less than six hundred and fifty, nearly or quite six hundred of them being in the city and the adjacent villages.

Very few of the practitioners, prior to 1840, were of foreign birth and education. Dr. John Moorhead was born in Ireland and was a graduate of Edinburgh, as was his brother Robert, who after some years of service in the British army settled here in 1830, and died February 9, 1845. A third brother, Thomas, was for a time a practicing physician here, but later became an attorney at law. The Doctors Bonner, Hugh and Stephen, were also natives of Ireland, but they came to America as boys, and received their medical degrees at Transylvania, the one in 1825, the other in 1834. The earliest physician here of German birth and education, was Dr. Mundhenk, who came in 1815 and left a few years later, removing, probably, to Montyomery county; little is known about him. Following him was Dr. F. J. C. Oberdorf, who settled here in 1819, at the age of forty-three. Born near Heidelberg, he commenced his medical studies at Montpellier but soon entered the medical service of the French army, serving under Napoleon in Italy, Egypt, Germany and Russia, leaving the army in 1815. After thirty seven years residence in Cincinnati, he removed to Kentucky, where he died November 21, 1860, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. So far as can be learned, he was, after Dr. Mundhenk had left, the only German physician in the city or county until 1827, when Dr. Frederick Bunte, who had been educated at Marburg and Wiirzburg, came to Cincinnati. Not succeeding well in practice, he in a few years turned his attention to teaching. In 1860 he went to Brookville, Ind., where he died.

During the ten years after 1830 there were settled in the city Drs. Schneider, Tellkampf, Huber, Paul, Topp, Wilhelmi, Wocher, Emmert and Homburg. Of these Dr. Schneider after an unusually long professional life retired from practice only a few years ago, and is still living in the city. Dr. Theodore A. Tellkampf removed to New York City in 1845, returned to Germany in 1881, and died at Hannover in 1883. He was aman of much learning and influenee, and an extensive writer on medical and scientific subjects, especially upon the effect upon health of prison and asylum life. Drs. Wilhelmi and Homburg were residents here but a few years.

Our section has never been a very unhealthy one, and now has an annual mortality rate of about twenty per thousand; but few cases of yellow fever have ever occurred here; cholera prevailed, epidemically, in 1832, 1849, 1850, 1866 and 1873.

As far back as 1802 sanitary regulations began to be established, an ordinance passed by the select council on July 17 of that year requiring the speedy removal from the streets, lanes, alleys and commons of the town, of all dead animals, and forbidding any one exercising the trade of butcher within certain portions of the town, except ina slaughter-housealready established. On December 10, 1804, inoculation for smallpox was forbidden under penalty of not less than $20 nor more than to such penalty being liable not only the inoculator but the one inoculated, if knowingly and willfully receiving it; and a fine of from $2 to $10 was imposed on any one who having been in a room or house where there was smallpox should within twenty-four hours thereafter go into any house where there were persons who had not had the disease; the owner or occupant of an infected house being ° required to display before it a red flag. This ordinance was repealed two weeks. later because of a want of vaccine virus. An ordinance of date May 10, 1813, required physicians to prepare, in every case of death, a certificate showing the name, age, sex, and cause of death, and made it the duty of the master or mistress of the house to file such certificate within five days with the president or recorder of the: Council to be permanently retained by the clerk for general inspection.

An ordinance of date of March 26, 1816, made it the duty of the mayor to prepare a "' pesthouse,'' and to cause the removal thereto of cases of smallpox. The office of health officer was created by ordinance of May 10, 1821, such officer being required to make inspection of the streets, lanes and alleys, at least once a week from April 1 to October 1, and as often as might be expedient during the rest of the year, and to cause the removal of everything prejudicial to health. On November 26, 18238, the city Council forbade the excavating, as in brick making, of any holes or ponds which might become reservoirs of stagnant water, and directed the health officer to see to it that any such existing holes be filled up by the owner, or, if he did not do it, by the city, the expense becoming a lien on the property.

A smallpox scare, in 1826, caused the establishment of a Board of Health by ordinances passed April 26 and 29; such board being composed of five members, the mayor being one, and ex-officio president of the board. This board was required to weekly report in the newspapers the number of cases of smallpox in the city. By June, 1827, the membership of the board had been increased to seven, and its duties and powers much enlarged; the first being to prevent the introduction into the city of smallpox, yellow fever and other contagious, malignant or infectious diseases, and to recommend to council such measures as might be deemed necessary to promote and secure the health of the city. In 1831 was passed the first ordinance regulating the care of dogs. Since the organization of the original Board of Health, many similar ones have been in turn created and abolished, according to the apparent necessities of the time and the demands of party. For twenty-seven years last past the ' Department of Health" has had a continuous existence; and now has charge of the collection of vital statistics, the abatement of nuisances, the inspection of milk, dairies, meats and live-stock, the regulation of public markets, the medical care of the outdoor poor, and the official oversight of contagious and infectious diseases. Its working force is made up of a health officer (Dr. J. W. Prendergast), one registrar, six clerks, thirty physicians, thirty druggists, one chemist, one legal clerk, three superintendents, twelve inspectors, seventeen sanitary policemen, eight market masters and four market watchmen. The total expenditure for the year 1892 was seventy two thousand seven hundred and thirty-three dollars and forty cents.

Medical Colleges

Cincinnati for three-quarters of a century has been a center of medical instruction. As early as 1818, Dr. Drake, who had been a lecturer at Transylvania during the previous winter, had in association with Dr. Coleman Rogers conducted a recitation and lecture course. In the following year a charter was obtained for the Medical College of Ohio. At the present time there are in the city seven institutions conferring the degree of M. D., two of which are for the instruction of women.

The Medical College of Ohio was incorporated by Act of the Legislature January 19, 1819, and organized a year later. In the circular (written by Dr. Drake) announcing a prospective session of the second medical school established west of the Alleghanies - -Transylvania had been started at Lexington, Ky., three years earlier - it is stated that "the considerations which originally suggested the establishment of a medical college, and which doubtless induced the General Assembly to give its sanction were, first, the obvious and increasing necessity for such an institution in the western country; and, secondly, the peculiar fitness and advantages of this city for the successful execution of the project. These are its central situation, its northern latitude, its easy water communications with most parts of the western country, and, above all, the comparatively numerous population. This already exceeds ten thousand, more than double the number of any other inland town in the new States; and, from the facility of emigrating to it by water, the proportion of indigent emigrants is unusually great. The professors placed on this ample theatre will, therefore, have numerous opportunities of treating a great variety of diseases, and thus be able to impart those principles and rules of practice which are framed from daily observations on the peculiar maladies which the student, after the termination of his collegiate course, will have to encounter." The Faculty at the opening of the first session was composed of Daniel Drake, M. D., professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine, including Obstetrics, and the Diseases of Women and Children; Jesse Smith, M. D., professor of Anatomy and Surgery; Elijah Slack, A. M., professor of Chemistry.

Alone of the Medical Colleges of the country, its course was of five-months duration, and, to stimulate students to secure a higher preliminary education, a prize medal was offered for the best inaugural thesis written in Latin.

The class numbered twenty-five, and the graduates in the spring of 1821, seven. The next year the class was slightly larger, thirty students being in attendance, and the school seemed to be on a fair road to success. But with the close of this second session trouble arose in the Faculty, and Dr. Drake was summarily ejected by the abolition of his chair. For fifteen years thereafter the history of the college was one of internal dissensions and outside opposition. The Faculty underwent frequent changes, some of its members were of very ordinary ability, though some, as Godman and Eberle, were of high professional standing; the classes were generally small; and the college in no proper degree commanded the respect and had the confidence and support of the profession of the State and neighborhood. Its charter was amended in the winter of 1822-23, and a board of trustees appointed; and in 1825 the State Legislature directed that for five years there should be paid over to the college one half of the tax on auction sales in Hamilton county. The whole amount of money received from this source was a little less than twenty-five thousand dollars, which was invested in a building, a library anda museum. This is the only pecuniary aid ever received from the State, which even until now retains nominal control of the college, since its board of trustees is appointed by the governor once in ten years. The building in the erection of which much of this money was expended was located on Sixth street between Vine and Race streets, the ground being purchased at a cost of fifteen dollars per foot, and was first occupied in the winter of 1826-27. From 1888 to 1851 the school flourished, and in its Faculty were men of great ability and high repute, among them being Mussey, Moorhead, Locke, Wright, Kirtland, Harrison, Oliver and Shotwell. Moorhead, who had been in the city since 1820, resigned his chair in 1849, returned to Ireland, his native country, sueceeded to the family Baronetcy and, as Sir John Moorhead, lived in dignified ease until his death in 1873. In 1851 a new building was erected, the one now occupied, than which at the time there was none better arranged and appointed in the United States. The next ten years was another period of trouble, of quarrels and of changes.

In 1857, the Miami Medical College, organized in 1852, was merged in it. In 1860 this consolidation was broken up, and the Faculty reorganized. For two years during the war, two graduating sessions were annually held. Since this last reorganization the history of the college has been one of prosperity; during the last twentytwo years there have been but two resignations and two deaths of members of the Faculty; the classes have been large; the facilities for teaching much increased; and the graduates have shown themselves to be well educated and competent to discharge their professional duties. The teaching force now numbers thirty-one: ten professors; four adjunct professors; eight lecturers and demonstrators, and nine assistants. The class of 1892-93 numbered 226, and the graduates sixty-one. The entire number of graduates is about four thousand.

Cincinnati College. - In 1835 Dr. Drake organized a medical department of the Cincinnati College, with Drs. McDowell, Rives, Harrison, Jameson. Gross and Rogers as his colleagues. A year later Dr. Willard Parker succeeded Dr. Jameson in the surgical chair. The school continued in active operation for four years, having large classes (114 were in attendance in the winter of 1838-389), and commanding the respect and confidence of the profession of the country. Its suspension in 1839 was because of its want of endowment and its limited clinical advantages.

Eclectic Medical College. - In 1843 the Worthington Medical College, established at Worthington, Ohio, in 1832, was removed to Cincinnati, and in 1845 it was incorporated under its present title. Connected with it as teachers have been many of the most eminent eclectic physicians of the West, among them being Drs. Morrow, King, Newton, Cleveland, Cox, Hill, Buchanan, and Howe, all now dead. In 1856, owing to dissensions in the Faculty, there was organized the Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, which was united with the original schvol in 1859. Fora number of years past it has been under the financial control of Dr. John M. Scudder. Two sessions a year have been and are still given. Its Faculty, professors, lecturers and assistants, numbers. fifteen, and its graduates, to date, 3,237. In the year 1892-93 (two sessions) there were 288 students matriculated, of whom forty-seven graduated.

Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. - Organized under Act of the Legislature of date of March 7, 1851, this college, of which Dr. A. H. Baker was the founder, has a Faculty of seventeen professors and five assistant professors. Holding its sessions for many years at the corner of Longworth and Central avenues, and for many years more on George street, between John and Smith, it is now located on Vine street, above Liberty. Its Faculty during the forty-two years existence of the college has included a number of teachers afterward connected with other colleges of the city.

Miami Medical College. - On November 1, 1852, the first course of this newlyorganized college commenced, the Faculty being composed of Drs. R. D. Mussey, Jesse P. Judkins, ©. L. Avery, John Davis, John F. White, George Mendenhall, John'A. Murphy, C. G. Comegys and John Locke, Jr. The class numbered thirty - five, and five graduated in 1853. The lectures were delivered in the building still standing at the northwest corner of Fifth and Central avenue. Regular annual sessions were held until the spring of 1857. In that year the school was consolidated with the Medical College of Ohio; such consolidation continuing until the spring of 1860. In 1865 the school was revived, and the Dental College building was secured, and a class of 154 students gathered together, of whom twenty-six graduated in the following spring; no charge was made for tuition.

In the autumn of 1866 a new building on Twelfth street, between Elm and Plum, was erected, and in it.the college sessions have since been regularly held. Its Faculty has had in it, and still includes, many of the distinguished physicians of the city, among them being Drs. W. H. Mussey, E. Williams, George Mendenhall and William Clendennin, no longer living. The present Faculty embraces eleven professors, as many lecturers and demonstrators, and fifteen clinical assistants.

The College Museum contains the large and valuable collections of the late professors, Mussey and Shotwell. There were eighty-eight students in attendance. upon the lectures of the sessions of 1892-93, and twenty-eight were graduated at its close. Tbe entire number of its graduates is 1,153.

Pulte Medical College. - This institution, located at the southwest corner of Seventh and Mound streets, was organized in May, 1872, the lecture session beginning in the following October. An outgrowth of the Homeopathic Dispensary inaugurated three years earlier, the College started with a cash fund of $4,600 (the balance remaining of $14,000 raised by a fair held in 1869), and $5,000 furnished by Dr. Pulte (J. H.) for incorporation purposes. There were thirty-eight matriculants during the first session, and ten students were graduated at its close. For a number of years the financial condition of the college was an unsatisfactory one, but after many years of litigation there was secured from the estate of the late Dr. John H. Pulte $25,000 in compromise satisfaction of a much larger claim for endowment of the college bearing the name '' Pulte.'"' The present Faculty is made up of eighteen professors, lecturers and assistants; the last class numbered thirty-seven, with twelve graduates; and the entire number of graduates is 536. The specified requirements for graduation are four years study with attendance upon three courses of lectures. ''No discrimination is made on account of sex in attendance on the lectures or clinies.''

Cincinnati College of Pharmacy. - Originally chartered in 1850 as a Society of Pharmacists, the College of Pharmacy as a teaching institution dates from December, 1871. Steadily growing in numbers and enlarging its curriculum, the College now takes high rank among the Pharmaceutical Schools of the country. Its Faculty is made up of six instructors; it has a graded course of two annual sessions of six months each, and is one of the allied departments of the Cincinnati University. Its present class numbers about seventy-five, and it has graduated 392 of its students. For several years past it has occupied a very conveniently arranged building on Court street, west of Mound. A. Wetterstroem is president of the college, and Dr. Charles T. P. Fennel, dean of the Faculty.

Woman's Medical College. - This college was organized in 1887 as a female department of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. In 1890 this union with the Cincinnati College was dissolved, and the college was incorporated under its present title. Its corps of instructors numbers twenty-six, fifteen professors.

and eleven assistants: and its course of study is a thorough one. A convenient building at No. 262 West Eighth street is occupied, in which have been fitted up rooms for lecture, laboratory and clinical purposes. The whole number of students in attendance since the original organization is 155, of whom twenty-one have been graduated.

Presbyterian Hospital Woman's Medical College, a college for the medical education of women, was opened in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital in October, 1890. Its students to date have numbered forty-nine, and its graduates six. The Faculty includes sixteen professors, two lecturers and two assistants.

Dental Schools

The Ohio College of Dental Surgery was incorporated January 24, 1845, the second dental school in the world; that at Baltimore having preceded it by four years. Its founder was Dr. James Taylor, for years the most eminent dentist of our city. The first course of lectures was given in the following winter (1845-46), four students graduating at its close. The session of 1851 '' was opened in a building on College street, near Seventh, owned by the profession, and especially dedicated for all time to the cause of dental education.'' This building was torn down three years later, and the one at present occupied built. The school has had, and has, a high reputation; a large number of students have attended its lectures, and it has conferred the degree of D. D. S. on 938 of them. Its present Faculty includes five professors, two lecturers, and four demonstrators. Since 1888 the college has been the Department of Dentistry of the Cincinnati University.

Cincinnati Hospital. - For its first hospital, as for its first medical college, Cincinnati is indebted to the wisdom and labors of Daniel Drake. An Act of the Legislature January 22, 1821, established the '' Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum for the State of Ohio,' and apprepriated for that purpose $10,000 in depreciated funds in the State Treasury, which yielded, when disposed of, about $3,500. The trustees of Cincinnati township, to whom the money was paid over, were required to provide grounds, not less than four acres in extent, and to erect suitable brick buildings. City property on Twelfth street, between Plum and Central avenue, was set apart for that purpose, and a building 53 x 42 feet, three stories high, erected in 1828, to which in 1827 was made an addition for the confinement of lunatics, and in 1838 another building accommodating 150 patients was built. By the original act the medical care of the hospital was entrusted to the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio, who were to '' furnish all the medical and surgical services necessary, and have the privilege of admitting the students of their college to the hospital practice upon such terms as they might choose to prescribe."

From 1821 to 1853, inclusive, the hospital received one-half of the duties on auction sales in the city, amounting, it has been stated. to the sum of $100,000, and the balance of the funds required for its maintenance was supplied by taxation. Boatmen and the indigent poor of the township were entitled to care in its wards, and until 1838 such 'idiots, lunatics and insane persons" of the State as might be brought to it. Patients having smallpox and other infectious diseases were treated in the '' pesthouse,"' at first located on the ground now occupied by the Music Hall, later on what is to-day known as Lincoln Park, and yet later on Roh's Hill. With the organization of the Cincinnati College efforts were made to take the hospital out from under the exclusive control of the Medical College of Ohio, and in 1889 (February 26) the Legislature authorized the Faculty of that college to share equally in the medical and surgical care of the hospital; but the '' Act'' remained inoperative. Similar efforts at displacement were made during the '"' fifties,' and in 1860 the students of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery petitioned the city council for the privilege of attending the hospital practice. A special committee to which this application had been referred reported favorably, and presented a resolution calling upon the city solicitor to petition the State Legislature to grant to the city full and exclusive control of the hospital. As the result of the long continued agitation which had been going on, the Legislature, March 11, 1861, passed an act transferring the control from the Infirmary board to a special board of trustees, composed of seven members, one appointed by the Governor, two by the Superior Court of Cincinnati, two by the Court of Common Pleas, the mayor and senior infirmary director ex-officio.

The name was changed to 'Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati,'' and later to that of 'Cincinnati Hospital.'' For a number of years the unfitness of the buildings for hospital purposes had been fully recognized, and in 1866 a commission was appointed to secure plans and attend to the construction of a new hospital, such commission being composed of the hospital trustees and three members of the city council. Under orders from this commission of date of December 12, 1866, the old buildings were vacated: the male patients being sent to St. John's Hospital, corner Plum and Third streets, the females remaining at the Orphan Asylum on Elm street, near Fourteenth, where they had been for nearly two years before. The new hospital was ready for occupation very early in 1869 (January 7), its wards being io six pavilions, three on a side, the administration and general service buildings completing the quadrangle. On October 1, 1871, the medical staff was re-organized, all medical teachers being excluded ; but the resolution of the trustees under which this change was effected was rescinded December 26, 1878. The active medical staff is now made up of sixteen members: four surgeons, four physicians, four obstetricians and gynecologists, two oculists and two pathologists. There are also four curators of the museum, a resident receiving physician and seven internes. A training school for nurses is in operation. For the year ending October 1, 1898, 4,267 patients were under treatment.

During the sessions of the Medical Colleges in the city daily clinics are held in the amphitheatre, open to any student on payment of five dollars, the amount received from the sale of the clinic tickets going to the support of the hospital library. The ''Branch Hospital." for the reception of cases of contagious diseases, which were removed from Roh's Hill in pursuance of an Act of the Legislature May 10, 1878, is located at Lick Run in the western portion of the city, and has accommodations for 150 patients.

Good Samaritan Hospital. - On November 15, 1852, the Sisters of Charity opened a twenty-bed hospital in a building at the corner of Broadway and Franklin streets, with the Faculty of the newly organized Miami Medical College as its medical staff. Three years later they removed to the corner of Plum and Third streets, where for more than eleven years ''St. John's Hospital' was maintained, with accommodations for seventy-five patients. During the war its capacity was taxed to the utmost, consequent upon the large number of sick and wounded soldiers received, and, as the scene of much of Dr. Blackman's work, its reputation was widespread. On Angust 16, 1866, Messrs. Lewis Worthington and Joseph C. Butler donated to the Sisters the Marine Hospital property, corner Sixth and Lock streets, which they had just purchased from the United States at a cost of $70,500. The conditions of the deed of gift were that it should be held in perpetuity as a hospital under the name of '' The Hospital of the Good Samaritan;'' "that no applicant for admission should be preferred or excluded on account of his or her religion or country, and that, with the exception of cases of contagious or chronic diseases, any and all afflicted requiring medical or surgical treatment should be admitted if there was room for their accommodation; that one half of the rooms or wards should be kept for the destitute sick, the preference being always given to women and children, and if practicable one ward should be devoted especially to sick children, and as far as practicable, consistent with the object of the trust, rooms should always be kept for receiving those victims of accidents occurring in shops, on railroads, or from fires and other causes; that when the resources from paying patients, donations or endowments should afford revenue sufficient to support the institution as an entirely free hospital, it should then become such, and should be devoted exclusively to the use of the destitute sick, except that the managers might receive persons who were able to pay for special medical or surgical treatment to the extent of one-third the capacity of the institution, such persons paying or not, as their sense of right might dictate, provided that all the funds received after securing an endowment sufficient to make the hospital a free one should go toward extending the buildings and accommodations: provided always that any patient should be at liberty to send for any medical adviser he or she might desire, though not employed by the institution, but such medical attendance was to be without charge or cost to the institution; that a portion of the ground might be used for the erection of a dispensary, medical or surgical lecture room or a building devoted to the promotion of medical or surgical science, but such building or buildings must always belong to the institution and estate, and no portion of the funds derived from the hospital should be appropriated to such improvements."

In October following, '' St. John's'' was given up, and the ''Good Samaritan '' occupied. The medical charge of the hospital was, as it had been for some years before, largely under the control of the Faculty of the Medical Coilege of Ohio, and a few years later became entirely so. The capacity of the house was about one hundred and fifty, and, with the erection of the new buildings in 1890, was decidedly increased. The records of the hospital show that the whole number of patients under treatment from November 13, 1852, to October J, 1898, has been 34,832 (Frauklin Street, 1,500; St. John's, 6000; Good Samaritan, 27,382), a large number of them pay patients occupying private rooms.

Early in 1873 Sister Antbony, then and for 'many years before and after the Sister Superior in charge, appreciating the great want of a hospital here devoted to the care of lying-in women and foundlings, consulted Joseph C. Butler as to the propriety of the Order purchasing property near the city for that purpose. On May 20, of that year, Mr. Butler secured at a cost of $15,000 a very desirable piece of property on the Reading road about four miles out, and presented it to the Sisters of Charity for the establishment of a branch hospital of the Good Samaritau. His letter of notification to Sister Anthony closes with the following words: '' That it may be of some service to the poor and afflicted, and soften the burdens of a few wounded hearts through many generations, through the self-denying ministrations of your Sisterhood, is the earnest hope of your friend Joseph C. Butler."' This "St. Joseph's Maternity Hospital and Foundling House'' was at once opened. The building on the property secured soon proved to be too small to accommodate the number of those seeking admission, and in 1884 a first, and in 1888 a second, enlargement of it was made, so that now over one hundred women and as many children can be cared for.

Of the various gifts that have from time to time been made to our people by generous citizens, none probably have been, are and will continue to be such great service as those of Mr. Worthington and Mr. Butler, and those of the Messrs. Emery and the Gamble family for a like purpose to be noticed later in connection witb the Children's and Christ's Hospitals. From the first the hospital bas been a school of clinical instruction, for more than a third of a century, an important and integral part of the organization of the Medical College of Ohio. In 1875 an amphitheatre with a seating capacity of over four hundred was erected on the Good Samaritan grounds, and in it clinics have ever since been regularly held during the lecture terms.

St. Mary's Hospital. - This hospital, under charge of the Sisters of St. Clara of the Order of St. Francis, was opened for the reception of patients on Christmas Day, 1859, a temporary hospital on Fourth street, near Central avenue, having been occupied since the 21st of September of the previous year. Though receiving patients without regard to nationality or creed, the large proportion of those under care have been and are German Catholics. By the erection of new buildings from time to time its capacity has been gradually brought up to 200 beds, chiefly in public wards, and at the latest report there were 190 patients in the house, the whole number treated since September, 1858, being 37,112. On the medical staff at present are two surgeons, six physicians, two gynecologists, two ocujists and one pathologist. Clinical instruction of medical students is not permitted. ;

St. Francis Hospital is a branch of St. Mary's, intended chiefly for chronic and incurable cases. It was opened in 1889, and has at the time of writing 240 patients, attended by four physicians.

St. Luke's Hospital. - In November, 1865, the 'St. Luke's Hospital Association," of the Episcopal Church, opened its hospital at the southwest corner of Broadway and Franklin streets, in a building which had previously been used as a '*Hotel for Invalids," Dr. Taliaferro's private hospital, and the first home of the Sisters of Charity, before their removal to "St. John's." Ten of the leading physicians and surgeons of the city were on the staff of 'St. Luke's,'' its wards were open to all, its patients in the first two years numbered 531, and its work was well done, and seemed to be well appreciated; but for want of funds the institution was crippled from the start, and after an existence of about four years its doors were closed.

Jewish Hospital. - In 1866 the '' Jewish Hospital" was opened at the corner of Third and Baum streets, its accommodations being quite limited. In 1890 it was re-organized, and a new and well appointed hospital erected on Burnet avenue, Avondale, in close relation with the Jewish Home of the Aged and Infirm. Its present capacity is forty beds, and the whole number of patients treated in the year ending September 1, 18938, was 441. Its visiting staff is constituted of twelve of the Jewish physicians of the city. Connected with it is a training school for nurses, with seven pupils in attendance.

German Hospital. - Under the direction of a society of citizens of German birth there was opened in 1888, at No. 138 East Liberty street, a non-sectarian charitable hospital to be supported by subscriptions, donations and bequests, and to receive any proper patients, except those having incurable diseases. The nursing has from the beginning been done by "deaconesses."" There are now accommodations for twenty-five patients, fifteen being at present under care; 842 in all have been treated. The medical staff numbers six.

Presbyterian Hospital. - This hospital, located at No. 424 West Sixth street, originated in a free dispensary for women and children, started in February, 1889, by Drs. Thorp, Osborn and Bogle. It was opened for the reception of patients May 2, 1890, has a capacity of twenty-seven beds, and has received in all 338 patients.