Whitewater Township (part 5 of 17)

Such products, the direct fruit of the earth, the farmer plucks from her bosom. Many of them are food ready prepared for his palate, not even requiring to be cooked. But from these vegetable treasures come the animals. All flesh is grass. Cincinnati came to be called '' Porkopolis'' because the corn of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky was metamorphosed into hogs, and hogs are bacon, ham and lard. Cattle are beef and tallow and butter and leather; sheep are mutton and wool; poultry is edible flesh, eggs and feathers; and the bee is honey. Agriculture created Cincinnati. Beginning a village of farmers, it became a farmer's city. From near and far the country wagons drove in with loads of farm products. Down the river floated the boats laden with the results of the husbandman's toil. In the cold weather the streets of the town were noisy with squealing processions of fat swine. The horse-market was a great feature of the town. The countryman was ever in touch with the city-man. No wonder that when, in the days of the Civil war, Cincinnati was threatened by an invading foe, the " Squirrel Hunters,'' the minute men of the farms, came swarming to town, with rifle in hand, to defend the city which their acres had done so much to build, and which was to them a storehouse and reservoir of strength.

Development Of Commerce

Before manufacturing can fairly begin in a new country, commerce and exchange must provide for the wants of a community in many directions. Local trade sets in as soon as there is anything to buy or sell, be it only a fish hooked from the water, or venison shot .in the forest. When Demand calls ''Hello!'' Supply answers ''Here I am.'' The Cincinnati pioneers in 1789 wanted seed-corn, and corn for hominy and bread, and immediately corn-meal came from Lexington, down the Licking, in canoes. The hungry garrison at Fort Washington craved meat, and forthwith Jacob Fowler and his brother Matthew agreed to deliver, at the barracks, a regular supply of the flesh of buffalo and bear, taken in the Miami woods. Commerce, on a small scale, was thus carried on. Lexington was older than Cincinnati,

A frame building belonging to Israel Ludlow was used as a general store in 1791. This was the first store in the settlement, and was located on the site of what was afterward the "Cincinnati Hotel" on Sycamore street. It was kept by John Barth, who sold flour at ten dollars a barrel, and salt at eight dollars.

In 1792, Wayne's victory having opened the doors of traffic, the town was overstocked with stores. Nevertheless, there was in July, of that year, a scarcity of corn and flour. Shoes sold well; and there was an enormous demand for strong drink, which demand was met by ample shipments of Monongahela whisky and peach brandy. The military gentry of the barracks required New England rum and plenty of imported wine. It was the urgent call for spirituous liquor that induced an early beginning of the distillery business, one of the first of Cincinnati's manufacturing enterprises. In 17938 Matthew Hueston, merchant, realized large profits on leather goods. In 1796 gunpowder sold at from $1 to $1.50 per pound; wheat, seventy-five cents to one dollar per bushel; pork, fifty to seventy-five cents per 100 pounds. The English traveler, Bailey, deseribes Cincinnati, in 1796, as a noted depot for stores for supplying other western points, and a place of great business.

The sightseer of to-day, looking for curious landmarks of Old Cincinnati, will notice, at the corner of Pearl and Broadway, a quaint brown market-house, formerly called '' Fly Market,'' on the end of which is inscribed the words, " Erected in 1816." This seems to the modern eye a rather ancient piece of architecture, but Dr. Drake has left, in one of his graphic sketches, a description of the only markethouse of the city as it appeared in 1800, when the Doctor first came to Cincinnati. He says, "In front of the mouth of Sycamore street, near the hotel, there was a small wooden market-house, built over a cove [ Yeatman's Cove] into which pirogues and other craft, when the river was high, were paddled to be tied to the rude columns."

By the close of the eighteenth century the commerce of the young city had assumed considerable magnitude. From February to May, 1802, there were exported from Cincinnati 4,457 barrels of flour. Martin Baum (builder of the Sinton residence on Pike street) had recently organized the '"'Miami Exporting Company." The day of small things was drawing to aclose. The Ohio river was to add to her proud title, the Beautiful, the mercantile epithet, Useful. The merchants began to call the town an "'Emporium,'' and some spoke of it as a new Tyre. The Ohio Gazette, of Marietta, was not so sanguine in regard to the growth of commerce and the importance of river navigation. Herman Blennerhassett wrote for its columns in 1804: ''It will forever remain impracticable for shipping to perform a return voyage against the current of our great rivers.'' But the steamboat was soon to be invented, and to that invention our city owes the rapid development of her commerce before the time of railroads. Mr. Carnegie has estimated that, in 1884, the annual trade of the Ohio river alone amounted to eight hundred million dollars! The river brings annually to Cincinnati two million five hundred thousand tons of coal.

The routes and modes of transportation to and from Cincinnati, at first, were few and primitive. Bridle-paths, wagon-roads, and rivers furnished the lines of travel. Pack horses were much used. One of the few early roads was that marked out by Filson from Lexington to the mouth of the Licking. In 1799, Capt. Kibby cut a road to Vincennes, Ind. Good roads were slow enough in coming, and, in fact, there is yet much room for improvement in the roads of Hamilton county. One of the most useful exhibits at the Columbian Fair, of 1893, was that showing the latest approved methods of road-making.

The early commerce of Cincinnati depended mainly upon water transportation. The first regular ferry between Cincinnati and Newport was established in 1792. The first regular line of keelboats plied between our city and Mariettain 1794. Of course Pittsburgh, Gallipolis, Wheeling and Maysville were sources of supply to the young markets of the Miami settlements. In due time, navigation extended not only along the main water courses - the Ohio, the Mississippi, the Missouri - but also up the larger tributaries of these streams. The exporting association of Cincinnati established commercial relations with Europe, by way of New Orleans, a city which long held preéminence over all other cities in the Mississippi Valley, in population and trade. Many ships were built and rigged in yards along the Ohio, and the marine commerce came to be closely associated with the river business.

With the increase of population and the multiplication of farm products and manufactures, more and better facilities for travel, transportation and trade necessarily were constructed. '' Dirt-roads" and turn-pikes stretched from the '' Tyre of the West" to the tributary towns. The wheels and hoofs, that bore burdens over the land, like the keels and oars that furrowed the streams, were as so many flying shuttles weaving the web of an ever lengthening and widening commerce.

The application of steam to the propulsion of water-craft, followed soon by the adoption of the same tremendous force to drive locomotives over land, wrought changes that revolutionized the commerce of the world. Cincinnati was among the first cities of the continent to avail herself of the power of steam. The first steamboat that plowed the Ohio made its first trip in 1812. The steamboat interest rapidly rose to commanding importance. The western riversswarmed with magnificent vessels, hundreds of which, and thousands, were built in the docks of this city and were owned by resident capitalists. In 1840 there were launched, at Cincinnati, thirty-three boats, costing six hundred thousand dollars.

The first train of cars that carried passengers and goods out of Cincinnati sped along its new-laid, strap-iron track, up the lovely valley of the Little Miami, in the year 1845. The writer of this sketch, then a lad, saw with wide-opened eyes of wonder the steaming prodigy, as it roared past the station of Corwin, now Hast. Waynesville. Compare, or rather contrast the Little Miami road of that period, with the state binding lines of the vast Pan Handle system of to-day. There are now twenty-four railroads entering the city, uniting her with all the chief sections of the continent. One of these, the Cincinnati Southern railway, is peculiarly a Cincinnati enterprise. It was built by the city, at a cost of twenty-five million dollars, the right of way having been bought through Kentucky and Tennessee, a length of 340 miles, by our people, the first instance, it is claimed, in the world's history, of a city making a railroad for her own special convenience, and the benefit of local commerce.

Before steamboats and steam-cars had come into much use, the active promoters of internal improvement gave great energy to the furtherance of the canal interest. Turnpikes and canals were regarded as the ne plus ultra of transportation, when Clinton, Clay and Corwin were making speeches and laws for America. The National road and the Erie canal were considered as the climax of human achievement, and, indeed, they were and are great works. The Queen City was smitten in her youth with the canal mania. The Miami canal was dug, its picturesque locks were placed, the water was let in, and the slender, slow boats were roped along the watery way by horse and mule, tugging tandem, over the narrow tow-path. An inspiring sight it was to the crowd of enthusiastic Cincinnatians, who, on a grim day in November, 1826, gathered by the canal to see the first two boats start on a trial trip to Middletown. The old Miami canal was put to a novel use during the Exposition of 1888, when a fleet of real Venetian gondolas carried innumerable pleasureparties over its waters which shone and sparkled under electric lights. Now it is thought by many that the old canal has outlived its usefulness, and that it should be abandoned, and its place occupied by a boulevard. Others think it should be widened and deepened into a ship canal, and made a connecting aqueduct between Lake Erie and the Ohio river. Such a piece of engineering would not seem over-

Every modern city is indebted to railroads, and the means of rapid transit furnished by steam and electricity; and many cities have the advantage that navigable waters afford. Cincinnati is well supplied with railroads, and has also the benefit of river and canal navigation. Five bridges, costing about twelve million dollars, span the Ohio at this point, and give transportation ready access to the South. The valleys of the two Miamis are the natural base of roadbeds to the North. And such is the surface of the United States that all the great trunk lines running across the continent, east and west, must of necessity pass through Ohio, and it is convenient for them to make Cincinnati a central point. The city is not far from the present center of population for the Union. These facts and conditions give assurance that, with proper enterprise and city pride, Cincinnati, though outnumbered in population by rival cities, and though, in some respects, necessarily less prosperous than other cities, may continue to wear the crown and bear the name of the Queen City. Her commerce is increasing with her manufactures. In the words of another: '"' Her exports go to all parts of the habitable world. Only a few years ago one of her booksellers sold a large invoice of their law publications to the Japanese government. Wood working machinery made here has penetrated to the frozen regions of Siberia and the burning zone of Africa, has gone to Spain, to Italy, to Greece, to Palestine, to India, to China, to Japan, and to the islands of the Pacific. Invoices of Cincinnati saddles have been sent from here to Jerusalem, and Cincinnati-made carriages may be found in South Africa, in Egypt, and in every other part of the globe where vehicles are used. It has been said that the sun never sets on the English drum-beat, and, with closer fidelity to the fact, it may be said that outside the frozen zones the rising sun never ceases to shine on the products of Cincinnati."

Manufacturing In Cincinnati

The situation and environment of Cincinnati destined it to become a manufacturing city. Every condition favors mechanical industry, and the practice of the liberal arts. The resources of the country around invited to discovery and provoked to invention. The forest yielded best timber for building; the near quarry offered. limestone; the clay was good material for brick; the mine produced coal and iron. Raw material from the farm demanded to be metamorphosed into food and clothing.

One of the first experiments of Robinson Crusoe, on his solitary island, was the attempt to make vessels of clay. The potter's wheel began to turn in Cincinnati as early, at least, as the year 1799, when William McFarland started the manufacture of earthenware, thus inaugurating an industry which has since made our city distinguished over the world. Brick making was not undertaken until 1805.

The manufacturing of malt liquors, now conducted here on a prodigious scale, seems to have originated in the first decade of the century. The first Cincinnati brewery, the property of John Embree, was located on the river bank at the foot of Race street. The annual product of the establishment, in 1811, was five thousand barrels of beer and porter. A Cincinnati brewery in the World's Fair exhibit at Chicago, in 18938, displayed, as an advertisement, a booth with fixtures and decora-

The business of pork-packing, which gave the city the disagreeable title of '* Porkopolis,'' but which also, like the equally unpoetical whisky business, did much to lay the foundations of her prosperity and to enrich individuals, was carried on in Cincinnati as early as 1812, by Richard Fosdick, and by others. In the pork trade Cincinnati held the preéminence above all other cities of the world, until the distinction was captured some years ago by a younger western city.

The carriage trade in which Cincinnati now forges far ahead of most rival cities, and for which she has a world-wide reputation, began to assume importance in the city just after the war of 1812-15. George C. Miller's plow-works were started in 1812. There stood on the river's bank, about the year 1812, a steam-mill with a seventy-horse power engine. The mill is referred to in an old city directory, as "a noble and sublime piece of architecture."

The town contained, in 1815, a factory of red and white lead, a sugar refinery, and a place for manufacturing mineral waters. At that date there had been in operation for several years, manufactories of glassware, tobacco and snuff, soap and candles, furniture and clothes. Cincinnati hats and Cincinnati beer were exported to New Orleans.

The Cincinnati Bell, Brass and Iron Foundry was established about 1814, by William Greene & Co. The church bells cast in the Queen City are famed for sweetness of tone. Dom Pedro, the emperor of Brazil, when visiting the city asked especially to be taken to one of the celebrated bell foundries. In 1819 the Phenix Foundry was in operation.

Statistical View Of Cincinnati In 1825

'* The inhabitants of this city are principally emigrants from the different States and from every kingdom in Europe. And it may be said, to the credit of the citizens in general, that the greatest harmony exists between the people of different nations and tongues, all viewing each other as brothers drawn together by the natural consequence of emigration.

"The trade and manufactures exceed those of any other town in the western States. The healthfulness and pleasantness of the city are such as to induce strangers from many parts to make it their residence during the warmer season. Almost all articles of importation are sold here nearly as cheap as in the eastern cities. The facilities for conveying articles to and from this place have become so improved, that the expense is small compared to what it once was.

'The number of arrivals and departures of steamboats in five months, beginning the Ist day of April, 1824, and ending the 31st day of August following, was 480. Of the number of keel and flat boats no account was kept, though the greater proportion of the exports was carried in them.

'* During the past year, eight steamboats have been built in and near this place. The manufactories in general are fast improving, some of them have been doubled and tripled within the past five years. The type foundry of this city is the only one west of the Alleghany Mountains; it furnishes type for the principal part of the Western States. There are upward of fifty mechanical trades carried on here, many of which furnish a large surplus for exportation. The city is regularly improving from year to year, ninety-nine houses, sixty-eight of which are brick, have been erected during the past year. The public improvements of 1824 are such as might be expected from an efficient and enterprising city council. The new

_ "The markets in general are well supplied, and at acheap rate. It may be said, with great propriety, that there is one advantage to the citizen here over most other places, viz.: that all articles of provision, of clothing, in short, almost everything, whether of necessaries, convenience, or luxury, may be procured in greater plenty, greater variety, and ata cheaper rate, than in any other part of the Western States."

Then And Now

The foregoing records sufficiently show that Cincinnati took on the character of a manufacturing place, near the commencement of her career. Her increasing commerce stimulated manufacture, and was, in return, quickened and enlarged by the necessity of handling a constantly growing out-put of manufactured goods. Both manufacture and commerce were sustained and accelerated by agriculture, stockgrowing, by the lumberman and the miner. As, by degrees, competing cities encroached on the agricultural area of supply and subsistence which had at first been monopolized by the Queen City of the West, that city was obliged to rely more and more upon her internal and local resources, and so her people turned their attention more decidedly to manufacture, the arts, and to mercantile pursuits.

The total product of the manufactures of the city, in 1826, was valued at one million eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. It is pow estimated at more than two hundred million dollars annually. Col. Sidney D. Maxwell, late superintendent of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, in an address on ''The Manufactures of Cincinnati,'' said: '' We all recognize the fact that a diversity of production secures a more sure and steady prosperity. Here again is found an element of strength at Cincinnati. Our manufactures extend to a great variety of articles, many of them entirely distinct from each other. They embrace productions from wood, metal, stone, animals, earth, paper, leather, grain, vegetable fibre, tobacco, drugs, and other articles differing widely in their nature and in the wants and localities they are called upon to supply. The number of different kinds of goods made here is beyond the estimate of many of the best informed. If anything of a surprising nature were revealed by our industrial displays, it was the scope of our production. The statistician-finds it difficult to pursue the vocations. Men are working in their own houses. They are in obscure places. They are doing their business in a small way, but are swelling production. The kinds of manufactures are steadily increasing in number. You will hear of producers, in unlooked-for localities, commencing the manufacture of new articles, doing it in an unpretending manner, but laying the foundation of great future usefulness to the city.''

The number of manufacturing establishments in Cincinnati, according to the statistics of 1892, was 8,667; the number of hands employed 115,944; the capital invested was $106,599,000; and the total value of the products $250,000,000. Selecting the eight items of the highest commercial importance we find the values of these several products as follows: Iron, $30,422,000; liquors, $29,580,000; clothing, $28,631,000; food, $26,092,000; wooden goods, $22,195,000; leather, $15,000,000; carriages, $13,000,000; soap, candles, ete., $11,000,000. The value of commodities received in the city last year was $346,400,000, and the vaiue of shipments from the city $346,383,000. The amount of business transacted may be indicated by the amount of exchanges at the clearing house, which, for the year, was over seven hundred and twenty-one million dollars.

Whoever visited the great industrial display made by Cincinnati firms at the Centennial Exposition of 1888, must have been impressed by its vastness, variety and beauty; and the hundreds of thousands who saw the majestic palace of the Liberal Arts, in the World's Exposition of 1893, could not fail to observe that many of the finest exhibits there admired were from the city of Cincinnati.

A Rich City

Cincinnati is a rich city. The tax duplicate, for the year 1892, indicates returns: of property valued at nearly one hundred and eighty-nine million dollars, and this. probably does not represent half the actual wealth of the city. The revenue: from taxation is over five million dollars. The total banking capital, employed. by the seventeen banks, is $9,918,000, and, if we include the banks of Covington. and Newport, the total capital is $12,918,000. The Cincinnati Clearing House returns for 1892 show the actual exchanges for the year represented $720,980, 450. Though the city taxes at present are high, the rate being 2.740 cents, and though the municipal debt now amounts to over twenty-four million dollars, the people have received the value of the levy, and, in a proper reckoning of the property holdings of the city, including the Southern railroad, there is no indebtedness. not more than balanced by assets. The tax rolls show a long list of the names of millionaires, and not a few names of persons who own several millions. The source of this wealth is not far to seek. Cincinnati became rich, not by speculation, but by the industrial development of her own resources. She did not so much borrow capital as produce property. The land, the teeming soil, the primary source of all wealth, was at hand to begin with. It cost the original proprietors almost nothing; but, occupied and improved, it became a means of prosperity, a bank of supply richer than Fortunatus' purse. The corner, on which the Chamber of Commerce now stands, was offered to a Swiss hat-maker, in 1810, for twelve straw hats, but the hat-maker preferred six dollars in cash.

We have described the original state of the Miami Purchase, and the marvellous natural advantages of the area of subsistence spreading away for hundreds of miles in every direction from Cincinnati. The town opposite the Licking's mouth was like a stripling tree set in deep soil containing all elements to feed and stimulate. growth and vigor. From what has been said in the preceding topics on the agricultural and commercial activities of the city and surroundings, and the rapidly developing manufacturing industries, it follows that wealth must needs accrue in somebody's hands. And it is safe to say that the wealth of Cincinnati is as equitably distributed as the social and economic systems of our day will allow. Comparatively, the people are well off. Poverty is not abolished, misery not expelled; neither is want widely prevalent, nor labor habitually discontented.

The men who developed the resources of the central States, and who built up the business establishments of Cincinnati, were men of steady perseverance. Some, like our first millionaire, Nicholas Longworth, had the sagacity to buy land cheap and wait until it became dear. But the waiting required self-denial and entailed hardship. Mr. Longworth used to say it kept him poor to pay his $30,000 taxes on land. The reproach has been brought against some of the early property owners of the city that they were too conservative, too plodding, and gave all their attention to material interests and none to the things of higher import. They were prudent, they were saving, they built up a secure property of their own, and held on to it. 'heir fortunes were what they appeared to be, and not fictitious. Their credit was good as gold. They built their own ample houses and each lived in his independent home. This characteristic economy, and self-dependence was transmitted from generation to generation. Our rich men are men of affairs - they attend punctually to their business concerns. On this point Col. Maxwell, who, as superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce for many years, had a good chance to observe, says: "It is a noticeable feature of Cincinnati, that they who are managing our industrial establishments are generally men who are thoroughly acquainted with the practical features of their business. They are mechanics themselves who did not commence to build at the top of the structure, but at the bottom, when they had small means. These oaks, whose great spreading branches now shelter so many families of workingmen, were once small producers, who have grown up by degrees, gathering skill with experience, and strength with their skill. The result is a large intelligence in the prosecution of business. Then, as a sequel to this, we find that the capital used by our manufacturers consists largely of the accumulations from their business. Their surplus has not been committed to the treacherous wave of speculation, but has been turned into their business to enlarge their usefulness.

''Again, our manufacturers largely own the real estate which they occupy. Among the great producers, those who are manufacturing under the roofs of other people are limited in number. These conditions secure a stability which is not attainable under other circumstances, an endurance during periods of financial distress which is peculiar, and an ability to accommodate production to reduced wants, without impairing, in any way, the capacity of the manufacturer for promptly and advantageously providing for increased demand, when such demand may be warranted by the improved condition of the country." ,

The accumulation of property in private fortunes, public trusts, and in the resources of the municipality itself, makes it possible, when a demand arises, to raise a large guarantee fund, to consummate a vast purchase, or to bestow a great benefaction upon a worthy cause. The strong individuality of leading citizens, the stubborn personal opinion of capitalists, and the prevailing spirit of independence among the citizens of Cincinnati, render it difficult to induce a unity of feeling and a concentration of action in matters of general interest. While all have city pride and public spirit, each insists on his own mode of accomplishing a good object, and no one will submit to dictation as to how he should spend his own money. The quick tendency to association and combined effort which has done so much for the institntions of Boston, and the up-building of Chicago, is not so pronounced in Cincinnati. And yet the popular enterprises of the city have not been few or small. Nor have the wealthy citizens locked up their money from the public. The University lacks adequate endowment, and the parks and public drives require a liberal expenditure to make them what they should be, and there is crying need for more money to establish several new institutions and to place old ones on a secure financial basis; but, on the other hand. the city owns a railroad, has an excellent system of streets, and enjoys the benefit of as magnificent public buildings as can be seen in America. On occasion the city can open her purse and pay one million eight hundred thousand dollars for a bridge, six million dollars for pavements, or thirty million dollars for means of transportation to the south. In like spirit, her philanthropic eitizens, her Springer, her Longworths, Probasco, West, Sinton, Mc- Micken, Greenwood, Butler, Wilson, Dexter, and a shining list of others as generous, have made bequests and given gifts of princely cost to the endeared city that bestowed so much on them. The Music Hall, the Art Museum, the Davidson- Probasco Fountain, the University and the High Schools, the Y. M. C. A. and the Union Bethel, are a few examples of the fruits of a noble liberality on the part of private citizens. When lavish wealth is thus bestowed, no one can reproach the motives of the rich.

A Cosmopolitan City

Some enthusiastic natives of Cincinnati claim that their city is the freest city in America, therefore the freest in the world. This may be a hasty conclusion founded on insufficient knowledge, and smacking of provincial vanity. Founded only five years after the close of the Revolutionary war, only twelve after the first Fourth of July, the new town on the banks of the Ohio inherited all the glorious memories of the the past and few of its cramping influences. In a sense she was the first strictly American city that grew up on the continent, certainly the first great western city. It is true that her geographical position, on the border line between the South and the North, involved her business interests with those of a slave-holding people, and therefore, for a time, embarrassed her action concerning the moral questions which eventually drove the sections to civil war. But the very fact that slavery found apologists and supporters in the city was the direct provoking cause why Cincinnati became the burning focus of abolitionism. In this town Birney was mobbed; Phillips was egged; colored men were persecuted; but in this town Lyman Beecher erected the citadel of anti-slavery, Mrs. Stowe meditated her revolutionary story; and the union party that rallied around Lincoln was organized. When the fighting began, Cincinnatians did not waver. Their record in the war proves them worthy to be citizens of a city claiming to be the freest on the globe. :

The two great political parties are here pretty evenly matched, and each vies with the other to represent and advance the rights of the people. Though the city suffers, too frequently, as al] large American cities do, from the evils and corruption of partisan politics and the temporary rule of the gang - the people, in the main, control the bad element, and have both their will and their way, in vital matters. The administration of public affairs is reasonably wise and honest, the council is generally prudent, the courts are almost invariably true to their duty and dignity. We had a courthouse mob, but even this had its origin in a sentiment sternly just.

The several national and racial elements of our population, whether derived from England, Germany, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, France, or from other lands in Europe, Asia or Africa, all agree in claiming the fullest and freest rights of American citizenship, and each is willing to concede to others what it claims for its own privileges. There are many Germans in the city - one third of its population; there are many Irish, not a few from Russia and other north European states; not a few from south Europe. These people bring their national peculiarities, their habits, their modes of thinking. They have their organizations, their memories, their hopes, their politics, their religions. The Queen City has ever been an arena of wrestling ideas and beliefs, therefore it has become a city of practical toleration. Extreme radicalism lives amicably side by side with extreme conservatism, and though discussion never ceases, discord seldom arises, and the Cincinnatian is distinguished for his customary obedience to Jaw and order, no less than for his irrepressible opposition to what he deems injustice or folly. There have been as yet no inflamed and perilous disturbances of the relations of capital and labor, no long continued wasteful strikes, no vindictive and tyrannical lockouts.

The free play of public opinion, in matters of social, moral and religious characters, has given the city a cosmopolitan variety of standards of personal conduct, faith and belief. Here are agnostics who profess to know nothing, and gnostics who think they know everything. Here Jews and Gentiles meet in harmony and emulate one another in forbearance. Catholic and Protestant, while opposed in theology, agree in forwarding the common truths of Christianity. The city supports a Presbyterian Theological Seminary; a Hebrew College and several Synagogues; a Catholic College and priesthood. Orthodoxy '' fights" heterodoxy, but each concedes the right of the other to exist, to proselyte and to worship'in its own way. The city is full of churches, and while each congregation thinks itself in the right, every preacher grants that his brother clergymen, in a hundred neighboring pulpits, are like himself trying to do good and disclose truth. An occasional trial for heresy forms the exception that proves the rule. No sight more interesting to the thoughtful stranger who visits Cincinnati can be pointed out, than the impressive variety of steeples that rise from the houses of worship which one may take in at a glance from the corner of Eighth and Plum streets. There the sacred minarets of a Synagogue gaze across the street at the stone pinnacle of St. Peter's Cathedral, and in near proximity the domes and towers of Protestant churches of half a dozen different, denominations lift their spires toward Heaven, and in the goodly company of these

A Center Of Education

That Cincinnati is a center of education and polite culture, is sufficiently shown in the chapter of this work devoted to the history of schools and literary institutions, to which the reader is referred. Perhaps it will not be inappropriate or untimely here to remind the interested student of Cincinnati's progress and achievement, that, in the Columbian Exposition, our city's showing of educational, scientific and artistic work, was highly creditable to the exbibitors. Cincinnati and Cleveland each had a beautiful and elegant apartment in the ''Ohio Building,' while in the '" Woman's Building" the ladies of this city had the only room appropriated to a particular city - a magnificent room, decorated with perfect taste, and made the depository of works in art and artizanship that were the admiration of all beholders.

A Unique And Picturesque City

It is not easy for a stranger, without a guide, to obtain a just idea of Cincinnati by a burried attempt to observe its varied features. There is no one point from which even a correct birds-eye-view of it can be taken. Unlike New York, Chicago and other cities, which, though extensive are very simple in plan, owing to the prevailing regularity of surface on which they are built, Cincinnati is singularly complex and confusing, on account of the different levels to which it is accommodated, and the many windings of the streams and valleys that cut their way through it. He who sees the town in the low part where most of the business houses are located, without going to the hills; and he who sees only the hill portions without visiting the valley, are alike unprepared to say: '' I am familiar with the Queen City.'' Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, in a study of Cincinnati, published in Harper's Monthly, confessed that he was glad the nature of his obligation to his readers did not require him to describe the topography of the city. But, in fact, it is upon the topography of the city that its distinctive external character depends. Nature, and the exigencies of engineering for the purpose of street-making, grading, drainage, valley-filling, hill-carving, and hill-climbing, have given many sections of the town a remarkable aspect. The imperious caprices of the Ohio river, which sometimes falls to a shallowness of two or three feet, so that boys can wade it, and sometimes floods up to a high-water mark of over seventy feet, gives the city now the look of a town to which navigation is impossible, and now the appearance of a seaport when the tide isin. The serpentine valleys of the Miami, of Mill creek, of Deer creek, of Crawfish creek, with deep ravines dividing the bordering hills, and the long, arbitrary line of the old Miami canal, stretching, with many turns and angles, from southeast to northwest, through tbe city, are things that puzzle the tourist who can not understand how nature fashioned this Jocality before mau transformed the scene. Poor little Deer creek. the '' Dameta" of the Indians, the purling stream which was the delight of Dr. Drake in 1800 - who that is unacquainted with the fact would suspect that the captive stream now creeps its diminished way along its vaulted prison below his feet, seeking the Ohio, as the waste water of the canal does, through a sewer? Not only is Deer creek buried, the entire valley of ''Dameta'' is largely lost and sunk under the dump-heaps of the city carts. And Mill creek. at the oozy mouth of which are moored theswarming crafts of '' Shanty-boat Town," and whose valley is rapidly filling up with high-piled roadbeds for railways - who would now think of singing the beauty of Mill creek banks, once celebrated in song as '' Makatewa's Flowery Marge?" But while many of the original natural charms of the city proper are lost and gone forever, the general contour of the locality remains unchanged, and art has added much to compensate for what the needs of business have taken away.

Cincinnati rambles along the Ohio river, up and down, for a distance of ten or twelve miles. The low plateau or bottom ground on which it, and the Kentucky cities, Covington and Newport, are located, is, in form, irregularly oval or almost circular, with a rim of hills all round, except where the river cuts through, pursuing a southwesterly course, with a deep bend to the south sweeping down from Dayton to Covington, and a northward curve from West Covington to Ludlow. Near the lower curve of the southern bend the Licking flows in from the south, and near the highest point of the northern curve Mill creek runs in from the north. This alluvial plain, on which the compact business part of the city mostly lies, is not flat, slopes gently back from the river, for a varying distance, with an average width of three miles, and then rises abruptly. The highest of the hill-tops is about 300 feet above the level of the river, the whole valley with its several terraces having been cut, in the course of ages, by the erusion of the water. Strictly, we have no hills; that is the earth was not bulged up by pressure from below, but hewn down and sculptured by the busy fingers of rain and flood.

The streets of old Cincinnati, the original town plot, and its extension, from Ludlow, on the east, to Smith, on the west, running from the river toward the hills, and then intersecting them at right angles, from Water street to far beyond Fourteenth, were not conformable to the points of the compass, as are most of the streets and avenues recently platted. Main street, for example, does not run due north and south, but onein walking down it toward the Ohio goes in a southeasterly direction. Freeman and Linn, and the streets parallel to them, run exactly north and south, and Liberty street runs straight east and west. Going toward the river is not necessarily going south, for the river constantly bends.

When the comparatively level tracts spreading back from the river and between the two creeks became pretty well occupied by houses, business began to press upon the residential parts of the city, and, as there was no more space below for building, the people sought places for homes on the uplands. They began to scale the terraces. Streets and winding roads were projected to the most eligible situations, not too far from the conveniences of the mart, the school andthe church. The city, gradually extending its limits in all directions along the lines of least resistance, and to the most inviting regions, met and was met by the widening corporations of neighboring towns and villages, and the many gradually coalesced intoone. Thus it came about that Cincinnati, being an aggregation of once independent towns, each built without reference to the plan of the other, or of the great city, is now about as irregular in its structure as a ''crazy quilt," made of different shaped patches. But to this accidental irregularity the city owes much of its unique charm. If we except certain monotonous areas of the old city, which remind one of the least interesting parts of Philadelphia; and some oppressively uniform squares, "over the Rhine," and in the northwestern part of the city between the canal and Mill creek, we will find the remaining parts of Cincinnati abounding, not only in variety of surface and scenery, but in striking architectural features and picturesque surprises. Long ago the city swallowed up Fulton, Pendleton, Buxton ("Buck Town"), and Texas, so that these have as entirely lost their identity as Losantiville itself. In 1868 the city began a regular policy of annexing, and since then Mount Auburn, Columbia, Mount Tusculum, Walnut Hills, Woodburn, Corryville, Clifton Heights, Mount Harrison, Barrsville, Fairmount, Camp Washington and other piaces have been annexed.* The traveling guest, exploring the maze of hill and hollow answering to the common name Cincinnati, may be pardoned for not mastering in a day the confused topography and nomenclature of twenty towns in one. By street-car lines he may be conveyed through much of the labyrinth; from the deck of an excursion steamer he will see a world of striking scenes and objects, that no view from land could give an idea of; and by a twenty-mile drive through '' Cincinnati on the Hills," he would be made to realize why the people of this city are so enamored of their home, and why they

Access to the diversified plateau, that half encloses and overlooks the lower city, is afforded not only by numberless declivitous roads and footpaths, not only by electric cars and cable cars that ascend by winding roads of steep grade, but, more than all, by a series of strongly constructed inclined planes, up which passenger cars and heavily-laden wagons are lifted, as if flying, over tracks varying from 788 to 1,000 feet in length. There are four of these, one ascending Price Hill, west of the city; one leading up to Mount Auburn, one at the foot of Elm street, lifting the passengers on the way to Clifton, and one bearing them up to Eden Park, and summit of Mount Adams, east of the smoke of the city.

It is owing, of course, to the beautiful river and its tributaries that such variety of surface and altitude, so many hills and dales, entitle Cincinnati to the epithets unique and picturesque. The manner, also, in which the city was built, the modes of street engineering, and the styles of architecture add to its peculiarities and its attractiveness. The luxurious, almost tropical abundance of trees and shrubbery which embower the town give it another charm. . The landscape views, which take in the river and the hills of Ohio and Kentucky, are not excelled in beauty anywhere in the world.

The Suburbs

New York has her Broadway and ber Hudson river; Chicago has her system of parks and bouvelards; Cleveland shows her miles of Euclid avenue, but the pride of Cincinnati is her suburban scenery and palaces. Of the seven city parks within the corporate limits, though they comprise 539 acres, only two are of considerable importance, Eden Park and Burnet Woods; but to compensate for the lack of sufficient park space within the city proper, the entire region immediately surrounding the incorporated area is a continuous park and pleasure ground, though owned by private individuals. All the parks in Cincinnati together occupy less ground than Jackson Park, Chicago; and the whole space devoted to parks and public squares in Chicago is 1,974 acres. There can be no question that it is now high time for the people of Cincinnati to demand and secure additional land for public pleasure grounds, by purchasing suitable tracts in the suburbs. There is crying need for provision of this kind in the East End, in the vicinity of Tusculum Heights, and in the neighborhood of Avondale.

The suburbs of Cincinnati combine, in a most remarkable manner, the charms of nature and the superadded adornments of human skill, taste and imagination, exhibited in the arts of the landscape gardener and the architect. There are numerous villas, near the city, which for harmony of relation between the buildings and the grounds, and for general effects of elegance and beauty, must command the admiration of the most critical beholder. An old citizen of Cincinnati, writing in 1855, and referring to a time before the city had much encroached on the plateau, says: '"'At that time these hills formed a border of such surpassing beauty, around the plain on which Cincinnati stood, as to cause us who remember them in their beauty, almost to regret the progress of improvement which has taken from us what it can never restore.'' Fortunately the grand features of the wide-spreading, infinitely varied plateau, that like the terraces of an amphitheater half encircle the city on the east, north, and west, have, thus far, been devoted mainly to residential purposes, and to gardens, parks, reservoirs, and public resorts which add to, rather than detract from, the original attractiveness of the scene. It is upon these majestic hill-tops that the Queen City of the West really has her throne. Twenty-five years ago, James Parton, writing for the Atlantic Monthly, used the following language : "Behold the Fifth avenue of Cincinnati! It is not merely the pleasant street of villas and gardens along the brow of the hill, though that is part of it. Mount to the cupola of the Mount Auburn Young Ladies' School, which stands near the highest point, and look out over a sea of beautifully formed, umbrageous hills, steep enough to be picturesque, but not too steep to be convenient, and observe that upon each summit, as far as the eye can reach, is an elegant cottage or mansion, or a cluster of beautiful villas surrounded by groves, gardens and lawns. 'This is Cincinnati's Fifth avenue. Here reside the families enriched by the industry of the low, smoky town. Here upon these enchanting hills and in these inviting valleys will finally gather the greater part of the population, leaving the city to the smoke and heat, when the labors of the day are done. As far as we bave seen or read, no inland city in the world surpasses Cincinnati, in the beauty of its environs. They present as perfect a combination of the picturesque and the accessible as can anywhere be found. There are still the primeval forests and the virgin soil to favor the plans of the artist in 'capabilities.' The Duke of Newcastle's party, one of whom was the Prince of Wales, were not flattering their entertainers when they pronounced the suburbs of Cincinnati the finest they had anywhere seen." '

With the quarter century which has passed since Parton wrote his enthusiastic description, his prophecy in regard to the exodus from the business part of the city to the hill-tops has been realized. The lower city is largely given up to business purposes, and the people have built them new bomes in the suburbs. They have, in many cases, erected fine schoolhouses and stately churches on the hills. The delightful Mount Auburn, which Parton mentions as belonging quite to the environs, is now thickly settled and closely built, and must soon give up the rural distinction of being a place of secluded villas. The large estates have been divided, and sold in parcel, and blocks have taken the place of pleasure gardens. The suburbs have receded, and are receding. The circle is constantly widening. Hundreds, and thousands, and tens of thousands,-retaining their business houses and connections, in the city, have removed their place of residence to Clifton, Avondale, Madisonville, Norwood, Pleasant Ridge, Delhi, Fern Bank, Home City, Riverside, Mt. Airy, Westwood, Addyston, Bond Hill, Carthage, College Hill, Elmwood, St. Bernard, Winton Place, Mount Tusculum, Linwood, Mt. Lookout, Arlington, Wyoming, and twenty other suburban towns; while, on the Kentucky side, multitudes doing business in Cincinnati have their homes in Covington, Newport, Dayton, Bellevue, Ludlow, and points farther away. These surrounding cities, towns and villages, constitute the present suburbs of the Queen City, who sits in their midst, and smiles upon their prosperity, as a mother smiles on a family of fair daughters.

The Streets And Buildings

For the most part, Cincinnati is well and solidly built, as to her streets and bridges, her reservoirs and retaining walls, her railways of all kinds, and her edifices, public and private. The drainage of the lower or business portion of the city is almost perfect, owing to the fortunate circumstance that a vast bed of gravel and sand furnishes a substratum that absorbs and purifies any waste fluids that may penetrate to its depths. The upper city is founded upon a rock. The sewerage is pronounced excellent by the best judges of such engineering, and the sanitary condition of the city, though it may be much improved by a stricter cleanliness, is better than in most large cities. That the city is one of the healthiest on the globe is the clear testimony of statistics. The streets are from fifty to a hundred feet wide, and are laid out us regularly as the uneven character of the surface will allow. They are paved in a manner that gains the city credit and applause from the traveler. The principal avennes have been paved with granite at a cost of about three million dollars. Several streets are paved with asphalt, and not a few retain the old-fashioned but substantial surface consisting of small boulder stones gathered from the bed of the river. Brick is also used as a paving material, and, to a small extent, wood. The large, firm blocks of blue limestone, from the inexhaustible quarries of the river hills. supply a building material not more esteemed for its great durability than for its remarkable beauty. Stone of various kinds is also imported for building purposes, especially granites and red-sandstones. Brick and iron are extensively used in the construction of houses.

Cincinnati holds a very respectable rank among cities on the score of architectural achievements. The greater number of her public buildings were designed by home architects and constructed by local builders. The city, however, boasts of one of the noblest designs of Richardson - namely, the Chamber of Commerce building, on the southwest corner of Fourth and Vine streets. The City Hall, the Armory, the great Exposition and Music Hall, and the Odeon, all designed by Hannaford, are among the most imposing of our public buildings. The Art Museum and the Art Academy, in Eden Park, are noble specimens of the work of the architect, McLaughlin. The government building, in which are the post office, the custom house and the United States courts, was designed by Mullet.

The terminal stations belonging to the great railroads, the hotels, theaters, apartment houses, business blocks, club houses, hospitals and other benevolent institutions, the school buildings and churches of Cincinnati are, as a rule, quite as large. elegant and tasteful in their several lines as are the corresponding structures in rival American cities.

Of numerous private residences in or near the city, it may be said without exaggeration that they are magnificent. There are scores of stately mansions in the suburbs of Cincinnati, more costly, more beautiful, and far more conveniently and richly furnished than many a prince's palace in Europe.

In the foregoing pages an attempt is made to sketch the beginnings of Cincinnati; to show that her weaith was derived from three main sources - agriculture, trade and manufacture - and to present a brief summary and description of the city's present condition. It remains to write a few paragraphs concerning the people of Cincinnati, their number, character and amusements.

There is a saying that corporations have no soul; but they certainly have the passions of ambition, pride, emulation. Great cities, like powerful families, or enterprising men, are influenced by the spirit of rivalry; they strive to excel, and are humiliated by failure and defeat. One element of distinction among cities is largeness of population. Though it does not follow that the most populous city must be the most excellent, any more than that the heaviest man must be the wisest, yet there are many advantages which the accumulation of numbers can give, The more people, the more production, the more demand for public improvements, the more activity, the more accumulation of capital, the more power. At least so it is generally thought, and therefore the census returns are regarded as an index to the prosperity of states -and cities. According to the census of 1890 Cincinnati had within the limits of her corporation boundaries 296,308, and it is estimated that the number has since increased to 300,000. But this enumeration does not include that great multitude of families which, though not in the city, are of it - families residing in the suburbs, but maintained by city capital, and by the labor of fathers, sons, and often of daughters and mothers, following their vocation within the city limits. These thousands flock to their places of business every morning, coming into town by street cars and suburban trains, and returning in the evening to their suburban homes. From the Kentucky cities, Covington and Newport, and the fastgrowing towns of Bellevue, Dayton and Ludlow, thousands who carry on regular business in Cincinnati come swarming over the great bridges, or on ferry boats, and go back at night to sup and sleep. Covington has a population of nearly 35,000, and Newport has about 25,000. These cities and the other Kentucky towns adjacent to them belong commercially to the mother city, Cincinnati. If we include as properly belonging to the population of Cincinnati the people of these Kentucky cities, and of the suburban towns and villages which are directly dependent on this city, and have their business and social interests in its institutions, the whole number of inhabitants amounts to about 500,000. There is no reason why the greater part of these, the people residing in the suburbs on the Ohio side of the river, might not be taken into the city proper by annexation, as so many have been thus added to Chicago and other cities. Whatever the City Directory may show to be the actual population housed inside of the corporation lines, a true count will also prove that within the circle naturally comprising the city's unified interests and improvements half a million people now dwell. By counting these the Cincinnati statistician may claim that his city ranks in population fifth in the scale in the Jist of American cities. It is impossible to foretell what changes, absolute and relative, the census of 1900 may reveal in regard to centers of population; but from present prospects there is no reason to fear that Cincinnati will not continue to grow. Now that facilities for the rapid spread of population on the upland are provided, there is no limit to the available room for expansion. The whole of Hamilton county is eligible for city purposes. The rate of increase of population for the last eighty years has been regular and comparatively rapid. The population in 1810 was 750; in 1820, 9,602; in 1880, 24,831; in 1840, 46,338; in 1850, 115,438; in 1860, 161,044; in 1870, 216,239; in 1880, 255,139; in 1890, 296,308.

But numbers are not the only or the chief thing that makes a city great. Not how many but what kind of men determines the character of a community. Every city in the long run finds its true mission in the world's affairs, and fultills its destiny. Cincinnati has passed through several phases of development, and present indications seem to promise for her a high career in the skilled industries, liberal arts, and in enterprises social, intellectual and esthetic. No longer is she called Porkopolis or the Tyre of the West, but the City of Beautiful Suburbs, the Paris of America, the Central Metropolis of Art and Music, the Social Capital of the Ohio Valley. :

A majority of the original settlers of Cincinnati was from the middle States, from New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. They were property-getting, steadygoing conservatives, who believed in prudential maxims, safe land-titles, and reliable neighbors. They were patriotic and moral, honoring George Washirgton, and the precepts of "Poor Richard's Almanac;" their religion while uot so aggressive as that of the Puritans was quite as austere, and they found the Bible full of stern requisitions and uncompromising judgments. These men from the middle zone, between the Yankees of New England and the Planters of Virginia, came to the Miami Country, bought their lots, and went about their business, ''improving'' the settlement, and putting money in their purses.

The shaping influences that modeled young Cincinnati came from Philadelphia. The town was laid out regularly, its streets like those of its prototype were named Walnut, Vine, Sycamore, and so on, from the sylvan catalogue. Dr. Drake, a native of New Jersey, completed his medical education in Philadelphia, and brought to the West ideas and opinions imparted by Dr. Wistar, and, like a second Franklin, he impressed many of the early institutions of Cincinnati with the stamp of his conclusions, original or acquired. Dr. Drake's "Picture of Cincinnati,'' published in 1815, was patterned after a little book called ''Picture of Philadelphia," and the author more than once draws comparisons between the new city on the Ohio, and the old one on the Delaware.

erful elements which flowed to the Ohio Valley, and to Cincinnati, from New England and from the South. The history of civilization presents no more significant chapter than that which explains the blending of different classes of people, and the interaction of ideas, in Cincinnati, from the close of the war of 1812, to the end of the Civil war. Massachusetts and Virginia were brought together, with all their respective prejudices and predilections, under new conditions, in a new town, and were held together and compounded by the moderate sentiments of Pennsylvania. After the war of 1812-15, the tide of migration to the Ohio Valley was swollen by a foreign stream: the Germans began to pour in, and the Irish. One consequence of this, which gradually developed, was an inhospitable opposition to foreigners in general, and the consequent organization of the political party called the ''Know- Nothings." Cincinnati and Louisville were chief centers from which started the movement, the old Cincinnati Times, and Prentice's Louisville Journal being its organs. The discussions of the' Know-Nothing'' campaign involved not only political questions, but points of religion and social order, which led to fundamental inquiry concerning nationality, and race, and forced debate on the nature of liberty and the primary rights of man. The final result was a larger toleration, a liberal welcoming of the foreigner, and the doing away with slavery. Whatever the nationality, color, or belief of the new-comer to Cincinnati, he is now sure of a friendly reception, and his tenure of personal freedom depends upon his good behavior as a citizen. The population of Cincinnati, like the English language, is composite, though most of the elements are naturalized, making a genuine American municipality. No other class of citizens is more loyal to the city, or more obedient to the State than the German, a class embracing more than one hundred thousand individuals, enough to form a large city. That part of the city which lies north and east of the canal is called ''Over the Rhine,'' because it was once specially occupied by Germans who there kept up most of the customs of the '' Fatherland.'' But now the German inhabitants are to be found in every quarter of the city - they own much property, and are distinguished for industry, frugality and public spirit. They are devoted patrons of education, and the foremost promoters of music and the fine arts. The German language is taught in the public schools, the city has several German newspapers, some book-stores, a German theatre, and innumerable German societies. The Germans take a leading part in city politics, and represent every shade of opinion on religious subjects, some belonging to the Church of Rome, some to the Protestant Churches, some to the Jewish, and some to what is called the "Broad Church,'"' which is no sect at all.

The Irish population of Cincinnati is important, numerically and otherwise. They are mostly Catholic. Not afew of the leading citizens are Irish; they are prominent on every public occasion, are noted for energy and wit, for bravery and enthusiasm. The '' Emerald Island'' is never forgotten here; nor the cause of '' Home Rule;" nor St. Patrick's Day; nor the names of Burke, Goldsmith and Tom Moore. It isa glorious memory in Cincinnati that when the Union drums beat to arms in 1861, the Irish and the German soldier, side by side with the American, marched away to the common defense of liberty, and that, among the thirty-six generals whom the Queen City gave to the army, a noble quota drew their blood from German or Irish stock.

The Hebrew element in Cincinnati is large, energetic and zealous. Many of the business establishments are owned by Jews, and much of the best residential property. Two magnifjcent synagogues, and several smaller temples of Hebrew worship may here be seen; the Hebrew Union College is located here; and here the American Israelite, is published. The Jews are profoundly interested in education, and the high schools and the university are largely attended by their young people.

The several racial, national and sectional] elements just noticed as entering into the make-up of the Cincinnati people, tend to unite and codrdinate. 'The band that binds the sheaf together is the Anglo-Saxon element, which, of course, is numerically strongest. The city, while it is cosmopolitan in its population, 1s distinctly American in its ideals.

The dependence of Cincinnati upon agriculture and manufacture, determines the occupation of a large body of her people. Most are busily engaged in earning a living, or amassing a'surplus. There are many property owners, and but few that are absolutely poor. Food, clothing and fuel are cheap in Cincinnati. The markets are stocked with the meats of the North and the fruits of the South.

The half-northern, half-southern character of the city, a natural result of its location and climate, is discernible in the habits and tastes of the people, in their favorite pursuits and leisurely ways. One does not encounter, on Fourth street, the rush and noise of New York or Chicago; he sees a rather easy-going multitude, who seem to be living at home and not going on a journey. They are indeed a homeloving people, given to hospitality and domestic enjoyment.

Compared with other western cities, Cincinnati is old, and has the air of an old city, with well established institutions and customs. She has a history, and traditions and local haunts fraught with dear associations. She has hereditary estates and old families who derive distinction from honored ancestors. She has great wealth, and a class of rich people who have retired from the rush of business to the repose of leisure. Society is as completely organized, and all its distinctions are as rigidly observed in Cincinnati, asin Boston, or conservative old Philadelphia. _

If it were asked: ''How do the people of Cincinnati employ their leisure? How do they rest and recreate themselves in acity so far inland?'' The answer is, their inland situation has compelled them to invent a hundred modes of enjoyment, several of which are peculiar to the town. Perhaps it is due to the introduction of some foreign tastes and customs, derived from Germany and more southern countries of Europe, that many of the modes of recreation in vogue here, have become popular. Sunday amusements, both out of doors, and in theaters and public halls, are common.

The number and variety of summer amusements that attract crowds, in and around Cincinnati, are extraordinary. When the warm weather comes on, the Zoological garden, with its wonderful collections, its pony-tracks, its '' Mr. and Mrs, Rooney," trained chimpanzees, its concerts and fireworks, is thrown open to young and old. Throngs of people go by steamboat to '' Coney Island," on the Ohio, or by rail to '' Woodsdale Park,'' on the Big Miami. Other multitudes swarm to the hill-tops, or tothe Art Museum in Eden Park. Burnet Woods Park is always open to the public, and there, on stated days, concerts are given by the best bands that can be engaged. There are innumerable summer picnics and driving parties, and trips in sailboats or naphtha launches on the river. Hundreds camp out, along the Little Miami, and the Ohio, to hunt and fish. Short excursions are made to Fort Thomas, the United States Military Post, just across the river, in Kentucky, to see the soldiers parade, and to hear the music; or to Fort Ancient, the famous earthwork, some distance.up the Miami; and longer outings to High Bridge over the Kentucky river, or to the Mammoth Cave, or up the river to Blennerhassett's Island, or down to Louisville or to New Orleans. Besides all these attractive pleasures, there are swimming schools, riding schools, tennis courts, bicycle clubs, gymnasiums, field day sports, base ball games, and the exciting annual races at Chester Park, near Carthage, and at the far-famed race-track of Latonia, in Kentucky. Occasionally the citizens are treated to a great military display, or a sham battle. For a number of years the Order of the Cincinnati has provided for the public entertainment every summer, an immense spectacular show, representing on a vast scale such subjects as '' The Fall of Babylon,'' ''Rome under Nero," ''The Last of the Montezumas.'' But most notable of all the city's enterprises designed both to amuse and elevate her people are the grand '' Expositions," held at Music Hall, and the delightful May Musical Festivals which draw audiences from all parts of the United States.

When cold weather sets in, the craving for excitement and amusement is gratified within doors, excepting when a deep snow makes coasting possible, or a cold wave brings a coating of ice for the canal, the river andthe ponds inthe parks. But the absorbing pleasures of winter in the Queen City are those of the reception room, the ball and the social party. There is a constant round of banquets, dances, card parties, fashionable weddings, club-meetings, lectures, concerts and visits. 'Society' controls everything. The several church organizations, with their adjunct societies for instruction and entertainment, make duty a pleasure, and utilize, for religious ends, the banquet, the bazaar, the illustrated lecture, the concert, the private theater, and even the dance. The Unity Lectures for the million are given on Sunday afternoon, as are the excellent concerts known as the '' Sunday Pops,"' the word '' Pop'' being an abbreviation of the word popular. The eight theaters, which the city amply supports, attract crowds of pleasure seekers to their ever-varying performances, which are given every night of the week, and frequently at afternoon matinees.

Conclusion

In concluding this sketch of Cincinnati, past and present, it is perhaps due to the reader to say that no attempt at completeness or continuity of narrative has been made, nor any endeavor to furnish a minute description of the city and its people. Only a broad outline is given; only the most significant facts and figures, and the most suggestive generalizations. Although written in full sympathy with the subject, the chapter is based upon clear evidence, amply proven, and claims to be a judicial statement rather than an advocate's special plea. If it be such, the sketch seems to justify the conclusion that Cincinnati may be proud of her past career, contented with her present prosperity, and confident of her future progress and distinction.

Chapter Vi Parks, Societies And Objects Of Interest

PICTURESQUE SCENERY aND LovELy ParkKs - THE GARDEN OF EDEN - SECRET SOCIETIES AND SocraL CriuBs - PuBiic Burtprnes anp IxstTiruTiIoONsS - THE PosT OFFICE AND ITs Bust- NESS - PonIcE AND FIRE DEPARTMENTS - ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN - BANKS AND BANKING.

HE location of Cincinnati is one of peculiar natural beauty. The city is principally built on a plateau, through which the river passes from the southeast to the southwest. This plain is nearly twelve miles in circumference, and is bisected by the river in nearly equal parts. On the north half is Cincinnati, and on the south are Covington, Newport and Dayton, in Kentucky. This great plain is entirely surrounded by a chain of hills, rising to an altitude of three hundred feet, forming one of the most beautiful natural amphitheaters to be found anywhere on the continent, from whose hilltops may be seen the splendid panorama of the cities below, with the winding Ohio, spanned by five magnificent bridges, trains, steamers, and incessant movement along its shores. No large city of the United States presents such a strikingly picturesque variety of position and scenery. The hills which surround the extensive plain upon which the city stands present to the eye of the beholder one continued ridge, irregularly elevated and of diversified configurations. They do not exhibit an aspect of colossal grandeur, but are always beautiful and pleasing to the eye. There are many gentle and varying slopes, which are mostly covered with imposing and stately residences, and surrounded by lofty native trees: and beautiful foliage. And when ascending these hills by the inclined planes of the street railways, the scene becomes more beautiful by degrees, reminding one of the dissolving views of the kaleidoscope. On the east the amphitheater is approached by a narrow way on the bank of the river from the valley of the Little Miami, whilst. the Mill creek valley affords an outlet to the northwest. From the Kentucky hills in the south the view of the city is particularly fine, as they afford a greater scope or range of vision tu the eye. The cities of Covington and Newport, divided by the Licking river, appear as settings in the foreground of the picture, and add to the beauty of the whole. The site of the city is particularly fine, while for health and drainage a better spot could not have been selected in the lovely alley of the Ohio, on which to build a great city. W.J. Kenny, in his "Illustrated Guide to Cincinnati,'' gives much valuable information relating to the city, its environs, parks, societies and objects of interest, for which we acknowledge our indebtedness for many facts used in this chapter. CITY PARKS.

There are several very beautiful parks within the environs of Cincinnati. In name and area they may be enumerated as follows: Garfield, 1 acre; Hopkins, 0.90 acre; Washington, 5.60 acres; Lincoln, 10 acres; Markley Farm, 148.81 acres; Burnet Woods, 163.50 acres; Eden, 209.25 acres. Total, 539.06 acres. When the Markley Farm is deducted, which is not yet strictly park property, the acreage is reduced to 390.25. While some of these "breathing spots'' are very attractive, Mayor Mosby strongly advocates the acquisition of more ground for park purposes. He claims, and rightly too, that they are the public lawns, as it were, where all the people have a right to congregate and to enjoy nature in the particular way they choose. The census of 1890 shows that the portion of Cincinnati below the hills is probably more densely populated than any city in the Union. Hence the necessity for more '' breathing spots." The value of the present parks will reach four and a half millions of dollars.

Burnet Woods Park, north of the city, was purchased in 1872, and opened to the public in August, 1874. The following year Hon. William S. Groesbeck gave the munificent sum of $50,000, as the nucleus of a fund for the purpose of giving public concerts during the warm weather. Concerts are also given in other parks, and all are greatly enjoyed by the pcople.

Lincoln Park was formerly the Potter's field of the city, and if its lovely shades could tell its story they would reveal many a tale of crime and woe. Here is where the resnrrectionists used to ply their gruesome occupation by securing specimens of castaway humanity for the medical colleges, and here they met with many a fright while despoiling the graves of the friendless. But all is changed now. Childhood gambols on the green, and mirth, frivolity and pleasure banish all thoughts of weird associations, and in time all knowledge of the former uses of the ground will be forgotten. :

The most charming of all the parks is Eden. Suggestive name. It lies upon a hill, east of the city proper, between the city and East Walnut Hills, with Columbia uvenue on the east, and Gilbert avenue on the west. Its lawn is beautiful: its grassy hill-slopes and valleys are penetrated in every direction by broad, smooth carriage ways. The two new city reservoirs so exactly correspond with the character of the scenery that they look almost like natural lakes, They have each a capacity of one hundred millions of gallons of water, and are valued at four and a quarter millions of dollars. In 1865 the city purchased of the Longworth estate what was known as the "Garden of Eden.'' It contained 156 acres, and cost the sum of #3,000 per acre. In 1869 twelve acres more were purchased from Washington McLean for $125,000, and four and one-fourth acres of Joseph Whittaker, for

$100,000; and nineteen acres of the estate of Nicholas Longworth, for which the city was to pay an annual ground rent of $5,500. Another small purchase from another party was also made; which brought the park up to its present area. The cost has been great, but in time the benefits will be greater. The avenues and paths pass through the grounds in the most graceful curves, and as the park lies three hundred feet above the river and the lower portion of the city, the views rise almost to the degree of sublimity. As remarked by a writer: '' The river, the miles of distant hills extending along the Kentucky side of the stream, the less remote hills of Ohio, rolling away in multitudinous waves of improved lands, the suburbs of the city to the north and east, and the city at the foot of the hill, teeming with the busy thousands, makes up a scene so fair that it may be said that the park hardly has its peer inmatural situation.''

In this magnificent park is also found the stately building of the Art Museum. This association was organized in 1880, in consequence of Charles W. West's offer to give $150,000 toward establishing an Art Museum in Cincinnati, on condition that other citizens should give as much more. Within a few weeks more than that amount was raised. The new building was dedicated May 17, 1886, and covers an area of 17,227 square feet of ground surface, with a floor space of 32,266 square feet, and wall space of 26,820 square feet. It was erected at a cost of $330,000, and composes the center and west wing of the building designed, of which the east wing remains to be constructed. A separate building has been erected to accommodate the Art Academy, which is a department of the museum, where instruction is annually given to about four hundred students in drawing, painting and decorative art. The city granted a reservation of nineteen acres of park ground to the association perpetually for the uses of the museum. Visitors can quickly reach the museum by electric cars, which run through a portion of the park.

Garfield Park, although small, is a pleasant place, and attracts many visitors because it is adorned by a bronze statue, in heroic size, of the late President Garfield. It is a notable work of art executed by Charles H. Niehaus, who is represented by important works in other cities. It stands at the intersection of Eighth and Race streets, and represents the martyred President in a graceful and natural pose, with a scroll in his hand.

Secret Societies

There are many secret societies in Cincinnati, and to notice all would require the space of asmall volume. Of course the Masonic is the oldest. The Temple, situated at the corner of Third and Walnut streets, is an imposing building. It is of the Byzantine style of architecture, resembling some of the famous Florentine palaces which excite the admiration of all travelers. Itisfourstoriesin height. The first and second stories are occupied by banks and offices; the third and fourth stories are devoted to Masonic purposes entirely. The charter for Nova Cesarea Lodge, No. 2, the first instituted here, was obtained August 8, 1791, from the Grand Lodge of New Jersey, by Dr. Burnet, but owing: to his absence, no organization was effected until December 27, 1794. At first the growth of the order was slow. In 1804 the lodge received the lot on which the Temple stands from Hon. William MeMillan by will. Atthat time it was esteemed of little account, but time bas enhanced its value to many thousands of dollars, and to-day Nova Cesarea Harmony is accounted one of the wealthiest lodges in the world. 'This is the third Masonic structure that has been erected on this site; the first in 1818, the second in 1846, and the present in 1859, at a cost of $200,000. The first lodge within the limits of Ohio was instituted at Marietta, where the first settlement was founded. A monument in honor of Mr. McMillan has been erected by this lodge. He is accounted to have been the foremost benefactor of Masonry in the West.

Lafayette Lodge No. 81 was instituted May 16, 1825, in honor of Gen. Lafayette's visit to Cincinnati that year, during which he was made an honorary member and personally signed its by-laws May 19. The signature of the distinguished Frenchman is sacredly preserved as a precious souvenir of an illustrious member of the order.

The Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite was established in Cincinnati in 18538. All these bodies have ample accommodations in the Temple. The Scottish Rite is established and conducted here on a scale of grandeur and magnificence unequaled by any other place in the United States. Although the Masonic Temple is owned by one lodge, all the Masonic bodies meeting in it enjoy equal privileges, at a merely nominal rent. The Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Free Masonry meet in the Scottish Rite Cathedral, Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth streets. .

Odd Fellows. - The first lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the State - Ohio Lodge No. 1 - was instituted in Cincinnati December 23, 1830, under a charter from the Grand Lodge of the United States. The Order spread rapidly, and in 1841 there were four lodges in the city, the Grand Lodge, incorporated by the legislature in 1839, being one of the number. The semi-centennial of the foundation of the first lodge was duly and handsomely celebrated December 23, 1880. On this occasion one of the original members was present, and this amusing incident of the first meeting to institute the lodge was related by him: '' When the _ cards of the brothers present were demanded at the meeting, the chairman solemnly presented his, which, upon examination, turned out to be the Declaration of Independence! This document, splendid as it is, hardly answered the purpose, and the lodge kindly waited until a trip could be made to his house by Brother Thomas and the needed card procured.''

The Cincinnati Temple of Odd Fellowship, an imposing and beautiful structure, was completed in the spring of 1898. It stands on the northwest corner of Seventh and Elm streets, with a frontage of 156 feet on Elm and 124 feet on Seventh street. The ground alone cost $150,000. The corner stone was laid with great ceremony on the 12th of September, 1891, and a large number of appropriate articles were deposited therein.

Other Orders. - The Ancient Order of United Workmen has upward of thirty lodges in Cincinnati. It is a mutual benefit and life insurance association. The Workingmen's Benevolent Association, like this, includes members of all trades, and was organized in 1857.

The Ancient Order of Good Fellows, established in Cincinnati about 1859, has over fifteen lodges, with a large membership, composed mostly of Germans.

The Sons of Temperance and the Order of Good Templars both have a nuthber of lodges. There are a number of open temperance societies, chief among which is the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The Templars of Honor are also represented.

Besides the foregoing there are many other Orders and Associations, which are secret, and others purely belonging to the benevolent 'order. The following are among the leading societies having halls, lodges or camps in Cincinnati: The Colored F, & A. M., Ancient Order of Hibernians, Sons of Veterans, Druids, G. A. R., Order of B'nai B'rith, Heptasophs, Independent Order of Red Men, American Legion of Honor, Knights of Honor, Ancient Order of Foresters, Knights of Pythias, Sons of Temperance, Royal Arcanum, Chosen Friends, Knights and Ladies of the Golden Rule, United Brothers of Friendship, Fraternal Mystic Circle, Sons of St. George, Knights of the Golden Eagle, Order of Aegis, National Provident Union, Order of Mutual Protection, National Fraternal, Order of Germania and the Loyal Legion. Besides these enumerated there are over one thousand public societies, associations, clubs, casinos and leagues established and in working order all over the city devoted to at least two hundred and fifty different objects, such as mutual aid, art, cycling, smoking, fishing, singing, boating, gymnastic, political, etc., and in addition thereare also in active operation ninety trades unions and 351 building and loan associations. From this it will be seen that few cities of the size of Cincinnati have more secret societies, benevolent associations, and organizations instituted for the protection, culture and advancement of their members.

The Clubs

Mr. Kenny informs us that club life in Cincinnati has been developed very largely during the past fifteen years. There are a few, however, which stand out from the general mass and may be called the leading clubs of the city. Among these may be mentioned the Allemania Club, consisting of members of the Jewish faith. It was founded in 1849, with but few members and limited accommodations. In 1863 the Melodeon building, corner of Fourth and Walnut streets, was leased and repaired, and the club occupied it until the beginning of 1879, when better and more elegant quarters were obtained in the Springer building. The ladies of the members' families are privileged visitors at all hours of the day. Weekly amateur dramatic and musical performances are given, and a grand masquerade ball once a year.

The Cuvier Club. - This club was founded in 1871 by a few gentlemen fond of field sports, for the purpose of elevating the tone of such sports and to enforce the game laws. Subsequently the original idea was abandoned, and it was resolved to enlarge their scope, so as to inciude game preservation. Out of this resolution sprang the 'Ohio State Society for the Protection of Game and Fish." It grew slowly and had a struggle for existence. Finally the name was changed to the '' Cuvier Club,'' and throughout 1874 there was gradual progress. On the Ist of January, 1875, the club issued invitations to the citizens at large, and received the calls of a large number. The effect of this display was most beneficial. Those who had never dreamed of the existence of the club and its collection were greatly pleased and became warmly interested. Their Florida collection was greatly enlarged by donations, new members flocked in, and the club soon became prosperous. In 1880 the large club house on Longworth street was erected and handsomely furnished. The museum is an exceedingly attractive and instructive feature, and as it is free to the public, many persons avail themselves of the opportunity to visit it. '' But,' remarks Mr. Kenny, '*while the museum and library are both attractive and educational, and the social features of the club room are most proper and enjoyable, it is upon the fundamental principle of caring for the fish and game of the country that the club has obtained its support in the past and must continue to obtain it in the future."

The Commercial Club was organized in 1880 for the purpose of promoting the commercial prosperity of Cincinnati, by social intercourse and an exchange of views. Not more than two members of* any one firm can be admitted to membership. At present the club consists of over fifty members, and its success is assured.

The Duckworth Club occupies handsome quarters in the building situated at No. 165 West Seventh street. The club is political and social, and numbers nearly one thousand members.

Lincoln Club, Garfield place, is probably the oldest political club in the State, in point of organization and continuous life. It was incorporated in 1879, and since that time it has been actively engaged in promoting the success of Republican principles. Ordinary ward politics are eschewed - it only aims at cultivating the broader and wider field of maintaining its influence as a conservator of good government, in the words of the illustrious man for whom the club was named, the immortal Lincoln: "A government of the people, by the people, and for the people." Near by also stands the bronze statue of President Garfield, who, like Lincoln, perished by the bullet of an assassin.

The Young Men's Blaine Club is one of the most important and influential political clubs in the city. Their building, No 62 West Eighth street, is a handsome structure. The membership is large.

Other Political Clubs. - The,Samuel J. Tilden Club meets every month at 232 Walnut street; the West End Republican Club; the Jefferson Club; the Young Men's Democratic Club.

The Phenix Club, located on Central avenue and Court street, has its rooms in its own building. It was founded on the Ist of May, 1856, by an association of thirty members, on Walnut street. In March, 1874, the club occupied its present beautiful building, which cost sixty thousand dollars. The objects of the club are social enjoyment, and literary and dramatic culture. A large hall, with a fine stage and a perfect collection of theatrical properties, is admirably adapted for music, opera and dancing. Foreign and domestic journals are taken, and during the winter entertainments are given weekly, where the wives, sisters and daughters of the members are admitted. Everything is arranged with the utmost attention to harmony, elegance and propriety.

The Queen City Club was organized and incorporated in 1874, with a capital stock of $150,000, divided into shares of $250 each. The yearly subscription is $75, payable semi-annually. Members are elected by ballot. The affairs of the club are managed by a committee of fifteen governors, from which a president, vice-president, treasurer, and secretary, are selected by the committee. The club was founded for literary purposes and mutual improvement. Card playing for money is prohibited. The club house is elegantly furnished and all its appointments are first-class. The membership is composed of the leading, most active and intelligent gentlemen of Cincinnati, drawn from the upper ranks of commercial and professional society.

The University Club, Broadway and Fourth streets, was organized November 17, 1879, and incorporated September 14, 1881. Its object is the promotion of higher education and social and friendly relations between the members. The stock of the club consists of 500 shares, valued at $25 each; it bears no interest, is not transferable, and upon death or resignation of a member the share owned by him reverts to the club, and no member can own more than one share. There is a ladies' department which may be used by members accompanying ladies, by ladies of a member's family or by any ladies and gentlemen accompanying them.

Cincinnati Gymnasium, situated in the Grand Opera House building, stands second to no institution of its class in the country. It was organized August 1, 18538, with only fifty members, and an exercising room about 60 x 20, no larger than the present private instruction room. Its growth at first was slow; now its membership is over one thousand, and the institution occupies 12,560 square feet of floor room in one of the most substantial buildings in the city. Dues are merely nominal - just sufficient to cover the running expenses.

Other Clubs. - In addition to the foregoing there are several other clubs, among which may be mentioned the Literary Club, organized in 1849; the Shakspere Club, organized in 1851, which gives weekly readings from that author. The Wallack and two or three others are more strictly dramatic clubs, for practice in the histrionic art. The Athletic Club is a product of the year 1879, its object being to promote manly sports and physical culture. The Musical Club, organized in 1879; the Etching Club, also of 1879; the Pottery Club, which dates from the same year, all of which have objects sufficiently defined in their titles. There are several boat clubs - as the Cincinnati, organized in 1872; the Americus, of 1874; the Dauntless, and a number of others.

Public Buildings

City Hall. - The new City Hall, which was formally opened in the spring of 1898, is justly conceded to be one of the most elegant structures of the kind in the

United States. It is situated on the square, bounded by Eighth and Ninth streets, and Central avenue and Plum street. Its dimensions are 332 by 2038 feet, of a total area of 67,396 feet. The height of the building to the roof is 158 feet, and the main tower is 32 feet square and 250 feet high. In this tower isa clock with a dial ten feet in diameter, lighted at night by electricity. There are elevators communicating with the upper stories. In this magnificent building are located the Mayor's office, council chamber, office of the chief of police, and all other offices of the city government. The building is constructed of brown Iron Mountain granite and buff Ohio stone. The trimmings, windows, doors, cornices and ledges, are of red sandstone, and the vestibules are lined with Vermont marble, and the floors and roofs are tiled. The style of architecture is of the Romanesque order. The building has been solidly and honestly constructed, and is admired by all who see it. It cost $1,610,000. The government of Cincinnati is vested in.a mayor, elected for two years, with a salary of four thousand dollars, a board of thirty aldermen, one for each ward, and a board of common councilmen of two for each ward.

Police Department. - The Chief of Police, Col. Philip Deitsch [see biographical sketch], has his headquarters in the City Hall building. The force consists of one superintendent, one inspector, two surgeons, twenty-two lieutenants, thirty-two sergeants, and, including station house keepers, mounted patrolmen, patrol wagon men, court officers, etc., numbers four hundred and seventy-five men. The active force consists of four hundred and thirty-one officers and men, who patrol an area of twenty-four square miles. The arrests average about seventeen thousand annually. The first ordinance establishing a night watch in Cincinnati was passed March 29, 1803 - just ninety years ago - and was suggested by a fire. It was made the duty of the president [mayor] of council to cause a poll of all citizens to be made, of - twenty-one years of age, when they were to be divided into classes consisting of twelve men each, who were to serve as watchmen in rotation. Two years later it was found necessary to pass an ordinance to protect the '' watch'' from insult, any person so offending to be fined $25; and any person who refused to act as a commander of the watch, when so elected, was fined in a sum not to exceed $10. Men are not now s0 indifferent to the honors of office as to subject themselves to a fine for refusing to accept! In those days the watchman carried a rattle, which served to call for assistance and for the purpose of giving signals.

Concerning the police in 1817, a traveler wrote: "The police of the city are respectable; they have, however, no Jamps or watchwords, nor do they need any. We boarded in the heart of the town, and our doors were mostly open night and day. Theft is very rare; the lowest characters seem above it.'' It is not so now; all they want is the opportunity to steal.

Before Cincinnati became a city, and as early as 1818, stringent laws were passed for the government of the watch. In 1826 the watch was increased to two captains and eighteen men, at an expense of three thousand dollars per annum. The captains, as a guarantee for the faithful discharge of their duties, were each compelled to give a bond in the sum of five hundred dollars, and each watchman in the sum of two hundred dollars. The marshal of the town at the same time was compelled to give a bond in the sum of ten thousand dollars. The first marshal under the city charter was Samuel R. Miller. His election occurred at the same time with that of the first mayor, Isaac G. Burnet. He served but one year, and was succeeded by William C. Anderson, and he in turn was followed by William Doty. Until 1827 the mayor and marshal were chosen annually. On that year the charter was revised, and again amended in the legislative session of 1828-29, when the election of mayor and marshal was made biennial, and the day fixed for the first Monday in April. William Doty was re-elected marshal in 1829, and during the second year of his administration an ordinance was passed authorizing the marshal to organize a night watch, to consist of not more than twenty persons, and to procure a building in the center of the city for a watchhouse. This was the first house of the kind in Cincinnati, and from it grew the present system of station houses.

In 1833 Jesse Justice was chosen marshal. He served but one year, and was succeeded in 1835 by James Saffin. When he came into office the salary was raised to one thousand dollars. In those days the office was a ''fat'' one, on account of the fees, which were numerous and liberal. It was a common thing from Saftin's time until the office was abolished by legislative enactment, to make from $15,000 to $20,000 a year, and sometimes $25,000, in addition to his fixed salary. [See "Our Police,'' by Roe, pp. 23 to 34. ]

Up to 1842, Cincinnati had no day police, but on May 27, of that year, council passed an ordinance creating a day watch to consist of "two suitable persons'' to be elected by that body, and the compensation for each was fixed at $1.20 per diem. In 1848, under the administration of Mayor Spencer, Marshal Saffin temporarily lost his control of the city watch, the mayor having assumed it and immediately delegated it to a captain. When Spencer was chosen mayor for the third time Saffin was succeeded by Ebenezer Hulse, who served but one term, when James L. Ruffin became marshal, and he filled the office for three successive terms.