Whitewater Township (part 12 of 17)

Children's Hospital. - Established through the efforts of a number of ladies resident in and near the city, the 'Children's Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Southern Ohio'"' was incorporated in November, 1883. In part, at least, it was the successor and heir of St. Luke's Hospital, which had suspended in 1870. In March, 1884, a house was taken on Walnut Hills, and the hospital for children opened. On November 23, 1887, removal was made to the new building on Locust street, Mt. Auburn, donated by the Messrs. Emery, in every way fitted for its purpose and containing forty-five beds. From November, 1885, to November, 1892, 839 patients were under treatment, the greater part of them surgical cases. On its attending staff are two surgeons, two physicians, one oculist and one dentist.

Christ's Hospital. - Through the liberality of the late James Gamble and his family, there was established in September, 1889, a hospital under the management of the Deaconesses Home Association to be known as Christ's Hospital. Located for several years in a row of private houses on York street, it was removed February 21, 1898, to the Female Institute Building on Mt. Auburn, which had been purchased, altered and properly equipped for hospital use by the Messrs. Gamble. Up to the time of writing 744 patients have been under treatment, the present capacity of the house being eighty beds. The medical staff numbers twenty-nine: one director, nine consultants, nineteen active physicians and surgeons.

Lunatic Asylum. - The original Act of the Legislature January 22, 1821, establishing the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio was the first official recognition in the West of the duty of the State to care for its lunatics. For thirty years after the opening of the hospital, the insane of Hamilton county, if cared for at all, were chiefly so in the ''crazy wards'' in the rear of the hospital building proper on Twelfth street. The provision was very inadequate, and little or nothing could be done for other than the safe keeping of the patients. The over-crowding became so great and the conditions so bad that professional and popular clamor compelled the county commissioners in 1854 (June 10) to remove the insane from the wards of the Commercial Hospital, and place them by themselves in a building on Lick run, now, and for many years past, known as the " Woolen Mill.'? This place proving for many reasons unfit, a tract of land was purchased near Carthage, buildings were erected, and in March, 1860, '' Longview Asylum" was occupied. Its original cost was over a half million dollars, and its entire cost to November 1, 1892, has been but a trifle less than one million two hundred thousand dollars, ''all of which has been paid by the county of Hamilton.'' 'The frontage of the building,'' says Dr. Harmon in his last report, '' measures 1,0103 lineal feet, while the north and 'south wings have a depth of 283 feet, and 374, feet, respectively. It was originally built to accommodate 400 patients. With the additions now completed, 955 patients can be comfortably cared for.'' In all, 6,706 patients have been admitted, of whom 2,616 have been discharged recovered, and 1,562 have died. The asylum is under the charge of a board of directors, five in number, appointed by the Governor of the State. While at Lick run it was under the charge of Drs. J. J. Quinn, William Mount and O. M. Langdon in succession, and since the removal has had five superintendents: Dr. O. M. Langdon, 1860-1870; Dr. J. T. Webb, 1871-75; Dr. W. H. Bunker, 1874-77; Dr. C. A. Miller, 1878-90; Dr. F. W. Harmon, 1891 to date. The asylum is well administered, though the medical staff is altogether too small for the number of patients under treatment, the superintendent having only two medical assistants; and because of such number of patients comparatively little can be done except to provide for their care and protection.

Private Asylums. - Of these there have been at least two - the Cincinnati Retreat for the Insane and the Cincinnati Sanitarium. The former, located beyond College Hill at a distance of about seven miles from the city, was established in 1852 by Dr. Edward Mead, a native of England, who graduated at the Medical College of Ohio in 1841. For ten years afterward he had charge of a private asylum at Chicago, coming to our city in 1852 and continuing in residence here until 1869. At one time he was a lecturer in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and during the year 1853 edited the American Psychological Journal. The later years of his life were spent in Boston, his death June 28, 1893, being caused by shipwreck in the Azores while on a vacation trip.

The Cincinnati Sanitarium was opened in 1873 under the superintendency of Dr. E. C. Beckwith, followed later by Dr. Peck, previously at the Columbus (Ohio) asylum, and yet later by Dr. W. 8S. Chipley, of Lexington, Ky., who died February

10, 1880, and was succeeded by Dr. Orpheus Everts, still in charge of the institution. The original building at College Hill, previously occupied as a female college, has been at various times enlarged, and at present a new building is in process of erection to take the place of the one burned on April 6 last. The capacity of the Sanitarium has of late years been about seventy, and its patients have been not only lunatics, but also inebriates, and those having the morphia, chloral or cocaine habit. Up to the date of the last annual report, November 30, 1892, 2,296 patients have been under treatment, 223 during the year ending at the time stated.

Cincinnati Training School For Nurses

In the spring of 1889 a number of ladies in the city, recognizing the value of trained nursing, organized a society, under the direction of which a training school was established, with Miss Annie Murray as superintendent. On January 1, 1889, the nursing in a ward in the Cincinnati Hospital was entrusted to their care, the working force being the superintendent, a head nurse and five pupil nurses. In the following May four other wards were opened to the school ; in December four others, and in October, 1890, all the wards of the hospital, with two exceptions. Though the nursing done was excellent and to the entire satisfaction of the medical staff, cireumstances rendered it advisable for the school to retire from the hospital in January, 1898. The National military homes at Dayton, Ohio, and Marion, Ind., have been supplied with nurses by the Society, the former since April, 1891, the latter since April, 1892. Up to the present time sixty-one pupils have been graduated, and are now employed in private or public nursing. Since August, 1891, the Society has maintained a '' Directory for nurses,'' which has been found of great value.

Medical Societies

By legislative enactment of date of February §, 1812, seven District Medical Societies were organized in the State, the first district embracing the counties of Hamilton, Butler, Clermont, Warren and Clinton. This society, which was a Board of Medical Examiners for the counties named, first met in June, 1813. But that it was something more than an examining board is shown by the fact that the act of establishment directed that "it shall be the duty of the several members of the Medical Society aforesaid, according to their abilities, to communicate useful information to each other in their respective district meetings ; and said district meetings shall from time to time transmit to the convention aforesaid such curious cases and observations as may come to their knowledge ; and it shall be the duty of the said convention to cause to be published such extraordinary cases and such observations on the state of the air and on epidemical and other diseases as they may think proper for the benefit of the society and of citizens in general."

Karly in 1819 the Cincinnati Medical Society was organized, Elijah Slack being its president. It did not outlive the year of its formation, and on January 8, 1820, was succeeded by the Cincinnati Medical Society. At the time of its organization it adopted an elaborate '' Code of Medical Police and Rules and Regulations," which had originally been prepared by Dr. Jesse Smith, professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, together with a '"'fee bill." The list of names appended to this code is eighteen in number.

In 1824 the First District Medical Society was revived, and maintained a more or less active existence for ten years when, in common with all the other District Societies of the State, it ceased to exist. Again, under the name of the Cincinnati Medical Society, a society was organized in 1831, which survived until 1858, its members at that time or soon after joining the recently organized Academy of Medicine. During the following year, 1832, the Ohio Medical Lyceum was founded, meeting once a week to listen to a lecture delivered by some one of its members. Its life was a short one. In 1887 the Hamilton County Medical Association was organized, and in 1850 the Hamilton County Branch of the Ohio State Medical Society, neither of which long continued in active existence.

The Miami Medical Society, in the membership of which are to be found many physicians of Hamilton, Clermont and Warren counties living in or near the valley of the Little Miami river, dates from March 26, 1853.

On March 5, 1857, the Academy of Medicine was organized, largely through the efforts of Dr. R. R. McIlvaine, and it soon absorbed all the other societies of the city. In 1874, after a loag, acrimonious, ethical controversy, a number of its members seceded and organized The Cincinnati Medical Society (the third of that name), which continued in active operation until the present year, when it was reunited with the Academy of Medicine, now the only regular general Medical Society here, with the exception of the Walnut Hills Society. The present membership is 301, and its meetings are held weekly.

The Cincinnati Obstetrical Society has been in existence seventeen years (since December 23, 1876), holding monthly meetings and having a membership roll of twenty-three, with a maximum limit of thirty.

The Walnut Hills Medical Society was organized in 1886, and, as its name indicates, is a local organization of those regular physicians residing in the northeastern portion of the city. It now has a membership of thirty-five, and its meetings are held semi-monthly.

Medical Journals

Of the journals that have been published in this city the first (the first as well in the West) was the Western Quarterly Reporter, which appeared in March, 1822, under the editorship of Dr. John D. Godman. But six numbers appeared. ''Three years later, in the spring of 1826," writes Dr. Drake, '"'Dr. Guy W. Wright and Dr. James M. Mason, western graduates, commenced a semi-monthly under the title of the Ohio Medical Repository. At the end of the first volume I became connected with it in place of Dr. Mason. The title was changed to Western Medical and Physical Journal, and it was published monthly. At the end of the first volume it came into my exclusive proprietary and editorial charge, and was continued under the title of the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, with the motto, at that time not inappropriate, of 'E sylvis nuncius.' My editorial associate was Dr. James C. Finley ; then next was Dr. William Wood ; then Drs. Gross and Harrison. After the dissolution of the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College in 1839 it was transferred to Louisville.

"In the autumn of 1832 the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio projected a semi-monthly journal under the title of the Western Medical Gazette. It was edited by Profs. John Eberle, Thomas D. Mitchell and Alban G. Smith. At the end of nine months it was suspended. Five months afterward Silas Reed revived it as a monthly, and Dr. Samuel D. Gross, then demonstrator of Anatomy in that school, was added to the editorial corps. It was continued to the completion of the second volume from the beginning; then in April, 1835, the editors withdrew, and Dr. Reed united it with the Western Journal, the history of which has just been given. In the following autumn, September, 1835, Dr. James M. Mason, already mentioned, recommenced a new publication, to which he gave the name Ohio Medical Repository, the same with that of which he was one of the editors and publishers in 1826. Like that, also, it was issued semi-monthly. It did not, I believe, continue through its first year.''

In 1842 Dr. L. M. Lawson began the publication of the Western Lancet, a journal which under various names has regularly appeared until the present time. In January, 1858, it absorbed the Cincinnati Medical Observer, for twenty years afterward being known as the Lancet and Observer ; then it was united with the Clinic in July, 1878, and its title was the Lancet and Clinic, later the Lancet-Clinic, its present name. ; The Clinic, the issue of which began in August, 1871, was the first weekly medical journal in the West, and up to the time of its union with the Lancet and Observer was under the control of the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio. Since 1847 there has been regular publication of the Dental Register (Dental Register of the West prior to 1866), and since 1843 of the Helectic Medical Journal, which for seven years before had been published at Worthington, Ohio. The Cincinnati Medical Journal, originally known as the Cincinnati Medical and Dental Journal, has been in existence since 1885, and the Ohio Medical Journal (for two years known as the Journal of the Medical College of Ohio) since 1890. ; A number of journals, general and special, have from time to time appeared in our city, and after awhile suspended publication. Among these may be named the Obstetric Gazette, the Cincinnati Journal of Health, the American Psychological Journal, the Cincinnati Journal of Medicine, the American Medical Journal, the Cincinnati Medical Recorder, the Cincinnati Medical News, the Cincinnati Medical Repertory, the Journal of Rational Medicine, the Physio Medical Recorder, the Cincinnati Medical Gazette and Recorder, and the Cincinnati Medical Advance. The last named, a Homeopathic journal, first appeared in 1873; in 1880 its title was changed to The Medical Advance, and in 1888 its publication was suspended.

Medical Libraries

Though there have been small libraries, chiefly of current journals, in connection with several of the Medical Societies in existence at various times, beginning with the Cincinnati Medical Society of 1819, there have been but three collections of books and journals of any considerable size open to the profession at large - that of the Medical Coilege of Ohio, that of the Drs. Mussey, and that of the Cincinnati Hospital. The first composed of about two thousand volumes was for nearly fifty years locked up in the library room of the college, and could not be readily consulted, though it contained many rare and valuable books. Since 1875 it has bzen on deposit at the Public Library. The second, also a part of the medical collection of the Pablic Library, through the' generosity of the late Dr. William H. Mussey, contains at the present time 6,008 volumes, and 3,769 pamphlets. The third, which has year by year been supported by the fees paid in by students for clinical instruction, is at the Cincinnati Hospital in a commodious room opened on May 11, 1892. Its collection now numbers 8,087 volumes, and about 1,500 pamphlets, any of which may be consulted by any physician during eight hours of each week day. This library was created by Act of the State Legislature March 1, 1870, and owes its establishment to the long-continued efforts of the late Dr. John - H. Tate.

Brief Sketches Of Some Eminent Physicians

Of the many eminent physicians whose home has been in our county, special notice can be taken of but avery few in addition to those already mentioned; and selection has been made of representative men in the several departments of medical practice: Mussey and Blackman in surgery, Grabam and Woodward in medicine, Wright and Mendenhall in obstetrics, and Williams in ophthalmology.

R. D. Mussey. - Born in Pelham, N. H., June 23, 1780, and a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1803, Dr. Mussey began his medical studies under the preceptorship of Dr. Nathan Smith, graduated as Bachelor of Medicine at Dartmouth in 1800, and as Doctor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1809. After a few years of private practice in Massachusetts, he was, in 1814, appointed a professor in the Dartmouth Medical School, and for twenty-four years resided at Hanover, N. H., holding at one time or another every chair in the medical school. For four years he was also a professor of anatomy and surgery at Bowdoin, Maine, and for two years lectured on surgery at Fairtield, N. Y. In 1838 he accepted the chair of Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, and continued to hold it until 1852, at which time he passed over to the newly organized Miami Medical College. In 1859 he retired from active work, and spent the remainder of his life with his daughters in Boston, in which city he died June 21, 1866, aged eighty-six years. He was elected president of the American Medical Association in 1850, and was made an LL.D. by Dartmouth in 1854. As practitioner, teacher and citizen Dr. Mussey exercised a strong influence upon the communities in which he lived, and that always for good. As a surgeon he was well and very favorably known on both sides of the Atlantic, and in the execution of several operations of magnitude he was the pioneer.

George C. Blackman. - Born in Newtown, Conn., April 21, 1819, and graduating in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1840, Dr. Blackman came into the Medical College of Ohio as professor of Surgery in 1855, and continued in that position until his death July 19, 1871. The years after graduation, and prior to coming to Cincinnati, had been spent in private practice in New York City and in Newburgh, N. Y., instudy in London and Paris, and as surgeon of an Atlantic liner, in which latter capacity he crossed the ocean thirty-six times. During these fifteen years, as indeed throughout his whole life, he was an indefatigable student, and entered upon his professorial career with an extraordinary acquaintance with the lterature of his profession, which passing years only served to increase. As an operator he was bold and brilliant, second to none in the land. As early as 1842 he began writing on medical subjects, and his published reviews, reports and lectures were very many. He edited Mott's Velpeau's '' Operative Surgery,'' translated '' Vidal on Venereal,'' and together with his friend, Dr. Tripler of the army, brought out a hand-book of military surgery. A long-time student in England and France, and counting among his personal friends the ablest surgeons of those countries, he '' vindicated the honor of American surgery on all occasions, and wrested from foreign pretenders claims to priority which justly belonged to American surgeons.'' As early as 1847 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society of London.

James Graham. - As a teacher of medicine (in contradistinction to surgery), especially at the bedside, the superior of James Graham has never been in our city. A native of Ohio, and a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Graham was for thirty years in practice here, dying October 6, 1879, aged sixty-one. Possessed in a high degree of a clear analytical mind, almost intuitive in his perception of the nature of a disease coming under observation, imparting ivformation in language at once plain and forcible, for more than a quarter of a century he was respected and followed by medical students, and looked to for counsel by his fellow practitioners. Whatever peculiarities there may have been of life and manner, whatever may have been lacking of scholarship and study, bis - twenty years of active work in the Medical College of Ohio were recognized by all as productive of great good to the profession and the community at large, and for a long time he was a citizen of wide influence.

Charles Woodward. - During nearly fifty years Dr. Woodward was one of the leading family physicians here, and his geniality, his faithfulness and his skill endeared him to a large number of our citizens. Born in Philadelphia, September 9, 1802, a graduate of Princeton in 1822, he came to Cincinnati very soon after receiving his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1825. Well read in his profession and fond of its practice he from the start devoted himself to family work, neither seeking nor accepting any college position, nor busying himself in writing. For many years bis practice was large and lucrative, and his popularity within aud without the profession certainly as great as that of any of his associates.

The last years of his life were spent in ease and comfort; and, possessed of troops of friends, he quietly passed away on August 16, 1874, leaving behind him the remembrance of a long life of usefulness.

Dr. M. B. Wright. - At the opening of the session of 1838-39 there came into the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio, as professor of materia medica and therapeutics, Dr. M. B. Wright, of Columbus, who for forty years thereafter was one of the most active, influential and distinguished of our medical citizens. A native of Pemberton, N. J., where he was born November 15, 1803, and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1823, he began his active life at Columbus; soon becoming as well known politically as professionally. In 1840 he was transferred to the chair of Obstetrics in the college, and for ten years afterward was a leader in the school. Put out in 1850, he was brought back ten years later, and continued his teaching until 1868, when he resigned. His active connection with the Cincinnati Hospital, which began with his entrance into the college, was continued until 1876. He died August 15, 1879, in his seventy-sixth year. All through lifea man of great activity, a leader in everything with which he was connected, a born controversialist, he was at the time he retired by far the most widely known physician in the city. As a lecturer he was able and instructive, and his practice was for years all that he could desire. His writings aside from addresses of more or less miscellaneous character were not numerous, but his paper on '' cephalic version," for which he received the gold medal of the State Medical Society, gave him a world-wide reputation.

George Mendenhall. - A native of Beaver county, Penn., where he was born May 5d, 1814, and a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, Dr. Mendenhall came to Cincinnati in 1843, and remained a resident of the city up to the time of his death June 4, 1874. Very soon after settling here he became one of the physicians of the Cincinnati Dispensary, and shortly afterward was a lecturer in a summer school of medicine which was carried on for several years. In 1852 he was one of the organizers of the Miami Medical College, taking the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. In 1857, upon the consolidation of the school with the Medical College of Ohio, he was appointed to a like professorship, and held it until the union of the colleges was dissolved in 1860. Five years later, upon the reorganization of the Miami Medical College, he resumed his former chair, which he continued to fill up to the time of his death. In 1869 he was elected president of the American Medical Association, and in 1872 was honored by election to the Fellowship of the Obstetrical Society of London. For two years (1850-52) he was an associate editor of the Western Journal, and early published a '' Vade Mecum'"' for students which ran through many editions.

Eikanah Williams. - As the first physician in our country to strictly confine his practice to that of diseases of the eye and ear, and the first professor of Ophthalmology on this side of the Atlantic (at the Miami Medical College in 1865), Dr. Williams deserves to be kept in remembrance. A native of Lawrence county, Ind., and a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Louisville in 1850, he began the practice of medicine in his native State, but two years later came to Cincinnati. In a few months (November, 1852) he left for Europe, where for two and a half years he was a diligent student, returning in May, 1855, to begin his life work as an ophthalmologist, a work continued for thirty-one years. In 1886 ill health compelled him to retire, and death came to his relief October 6, 1888. Accomplished in his specialty, aa earnest worker, a pleasing instructor, and a voluminous writer, Dr. Williams enjoyed through many years the respect and esteem of the medical profession, and the confidence of a very large number of patients. The Medical Society of Athens (Greece) elected him an honorary member in 1880, the Ophthalmological Society of Great Britain, one of its three honorary members in 1884; he was president of the Ophthalmological Congress in 1876, and held the same office in the American Ophthalmological Society (of which he was one of the founders), and the Ohio State Medical Society.

Of a number of physicians at various times resident here, who have achieved distinction in the scientific rather than the medical world, the two most eminent are John Locke and Daniel Vaughan.

John Locke was born at Bethel, Maine, February 19, 1792. Circumstances preventing his having a college education, and native inclination leading him toward the natural sciences, especially botany and chemistry, at the age of twenty-four he began the study of medicine, completing his course at the Yale Medical School, having before graduation held, for a short time, a commission as assistant surgeon in the United States navy. Failing as a young doctor to secure a living practice, he turned to teaching, at first at Windsor, Vt., and later in 1821 at Lexington, Ky. He had already become favorably known as a teacher, lecturer and writer on botany. In 1822 he came to Cincinnati, and opened a young ladies institution which for many years was the leading school of its kind in this section of the country. In 1835 he was appointed professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio, continuing as such for fifteen years. During this time he was largely occupied with geological investigations, in the course of which he conducted the first geological survey of the State.

His study of the phenomena of electricity and magnetism was close, and prolific of discoveries, and his great mechanical skill enabled him to devise apparatus of much value. To him the astronomical world owes its electro-chronograph, or magnetic clock, for these many years in regular use everywhere. The last six years of his life, one of which was spent at Lebanon, Ohio, were troubled ones, his mental and physical powers becoming enfeebled. He died of paralysis July 10, 1856. '"'In the death of Dr. Locke," says his friend and long-time colleague, Dr. M. B. Wright, ''the world has lost a philosopher, science a tireless and original thinker, the medical profession a cautious and wise observer, and the Queen City a bright jewel from her diadem.'' ;

Daniel Vaughan. - At the Good Samaritan Hospital, April 6, 1879, died of exhaustion, it might well be said of starvation, the most learned man and the most profound scientist who has ever been a resident of Hamilton county. Born near Cork, Ireland, in 1821, or about that time, Daniel Vaughan came to America when sixteen years old, aud for some years taught school in Kentucky. While so occupied "'he studied in seclusion, and made great proficiency in the highest branches of scientific study, but famishing for books and intelligent associates he left there," and for more than a quarter of a century was a resident here. For two sessions he lectured on chemistry at the Eclectic Medical College, and for twelve sessions at the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. An extensive writer upon astronomical and geological subjects, and those of most abstruse character, he was wellknown to and highly regarded by the leading scientific men of Europe and our own country. At home comparatively few' were acquainted with him by name or by sight. A recluse by long habit, if not by nature, morbidly sensitive and that in the extreme, as proud as he was poor, regardless of personal appearance, absorbed in study and philosophic thought, he, perhaps of all men here, was in the world but not of it. Only the very few whom he permitted to know him recognized the gentle spirit that was lodged in the worn, stooped, feeble body, that year after year passed along our streets. Viewed from the ordinary standpoint, his life was a failure, but he deserves to be remembered for his profound intellect, his marvelous memory and his great learning.

Chapter Xiii Dental Surgery

came into legal existence, was passed January 24, 1845, and constituted Drs. B. P. Aydelott, Robert Buchanan, Israel M. Dodge, William Johnson, J. P. Cornell, and Calvin Fletcher, of Cincinnati; Dr. G. S. Hampstead, of Portsmouth, and Dr. Samuel Martin, of Xenia, and their successors, a board of trustees, with power to establish a College of Dental Surgery in the city of Cincinnati.

In the spring of 1845 the trustees met and organized by the appointment of B. P. Aydelott, M.D., D.D., president, and Israel M. Dodge, M.D., secretary ; and then organized the Ohio College of Dental Surgery by the creation of the following departments : Dental Anatomy and Physiology, of which Jesse W. Cook, M.D., D.D.S., was made professor; Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, of which M. Rogers, M.D., D.D.S., was elected professor ; Practical Dentistry and Pharmacy, of which James Taylor, M.D., D.D.S., was appointed professor ; Jesse P. Judkins, M.D., was appointed demonstrator of Anatomy ; and Prof. Taylor discharged the duties of demonstrator of Practical Dentistry.

The Faculty elected Prof. Cook, dean. He issued the first annual announcement; and the college session for its first course of lectures opened on the first Monday of November, 1845, and closed on or about the 20th of February, 1846, four young men receiving degrees. President Aydelott delivered the opening address, conferred the degrees, and, in behalf of the college, gave each graduate a copy of the Holy Bible. Prof. Cook made the valedictory address to the graduates.

For the second session the venerable Christian philosopher, Elijah Slack, D.D., LL.D., was appointed lecturer on Chemistry, and, it is believed, delivered the first course of lectures, on this science, ever given to dental students.

The Department of Chemistry struggled for existence. After Dr. Raymond, G. J. Van Emon, D.D.S., was appointed lecturer, in 1851. In 1853, George Watt, M. D., succeeded him as lecturer, and he was succeeded by George M. Kellogg, M.D.

The chair of Pathology, after the resignation of Prof. Mendenhall, was filled by the election of J. B. Smith, M.D.: and this position has been subsequently held by oe Watt, M.D., Edward Rives, M.D., F. Brunning, M.D., and A. O. Rawls,

In 1851, a chair of Operative and Mechanical Dentistry was created, and John Allen, D.D.S., was elected to fill it. In 1853 this was divided, leaving the department of Operative Dentistry to Prof. Allen, who in 1854 resigned the chair, and was succeeded by Jonathan Taft, D.D.S., who occupied the place till March, 1878.

Additional studies, other than those indicated by the names, were added to most if not all these departments, such as Dental Hygiene, Microscopy, Histology, Metallurgy, Materia Medica, etc., and special professorships were, from time to time, provided for the departments of Oral Surgery, Irregularities, etc. And besides these, special clinical instructors have been selected for many years, from among those in the dental profession of high repute as operators. It is probable that this College was the pioneer in this direction ; but, at any rate, the example has been well and profitably followed. Previous to the session of 1851, the duties of the College were discharged in a building leased for the purpose. It had been mainly built by the distinguished educator, John L. Talbot, with special reference to the wants of the College, the lease, for ten years, included the privilege of purchase. By correspondence, and personal solicitation, arrangements were made to buy the building ; shares of stock, having been issued, were promptly taken by members of the profession, and a few others, interested in dental education. It would be unjust should we fail to give Prof. Taylor due credit for this effort. Accordingly, in November, 1851, the College session opened in the building owned by the profession, and specially dedicated, for all time, to the cause of dental education, and became another '' new: thing under the sun."

The stockholders held their first regular meeting in the lecture room of the College, February 19, 1852. Dr. Charles Bonsall was called to the chair, and Dr. Thomas. Wood was appointed secretary. Drs. Thomas Wood, H. R. Smith, and James Taylor were appointed to report a draft of a constitution for an Ohio College Dental Association, which, after some modifications, was adopted. The first election of officers resulted in the selection of James Taylor, president; W. M. Wright, first vice-president ; Thomas Wood, second vice-president ; Charles Bonsall, secretary ; Edward Taylor, treasurer. And thus was the association organized, and equipped for action ; and it has had virtual control of the College ever since, in its educational, as well as its financial, aspects. Eighteen members were present, and signed the constitution. At this first meeting, the stockholders generously relinquished their interest on stock, for the good of the College, for three years ; and this principle of generosity has ruled ever since. New shares of stock were issued and taken. In 1854 the old building, purchased from Mr. Talbot, having been found inadequate to the growing wants of the College, the stockholders took steps toward the erection of an entire new edifice. As the location, College street, between Sixth and Seventh streets, was central, it was decided to rebuild on the same ground. With marvelous energy and promptness the new building was erected and furnished in time for the opening of the ensuing course of lectures. This is the first building erected for the sole and special purpose of dental education. In 1865, a change in the charter and general management of the College occurred. One object of the change was to bring the institution more directly under the immediate supervision and control of the College Association.

At a later year the College Association was abandoned, and from this time the College has been controlled by its trustees elected alone by the stockholders. In the year 1878 there was a complete reorganization. Dr. James Taylor, who had been connected with the Faculty from the organization, again connected himself with the teaching body, and remained an active member until his death, June 12,1881. The Faculty elected at this time were Dr. James Taylor, Dr. J. S. Cassidy, Dr. H. A. Smith, Dr. Frank Bell, Dr. C. M. Wright. Dr. H. A. Smith was elected dean of the Faculty, and under the new management an era of prosperity was begun, greater than the College had ever known before, which has continued up to the present time under the deanship of Dr. H. A. Smith.

In 1878 the number of matriculates increased from eighteen to fifty, the following year to sixty-nine, the following to eighty-one, steadily increasing until, in 1890-91, the College had the largest class in its history, numbering 208. In 1888 the College became the Dental Department of the University of Cincinnati, assuming this in addition to its old name, its diplomas being so inscribed. This annexation with the university was a convenient mutual working arrangement, the College remaining in its own property and under its own management as heretofore. The trustees and Faculty of the College consist at present of: President, C. I. Keely, D.D.S.; vice-president, D. W. Clancey, M.D., D.D.S.; secretary, James I. Taylor, D.D.S.; treasurer, James Leslie, D.D.S.; W. S. How, D.D.S.; B. O. Doyle, D.D.S.; F. A. Hunter, D.D.S.; H. A. Smith, D.D.S.; J. 8. Cassidy, A.M., M.D., D.D.S., professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica; H. A. Smith, D.D.S., professor of Operative Dentistry and Dental Pathology; C. M. Wright, D.D.S., professor of Physiology and General Pathology; William Knight, M.D., D.D.S., professor of Anatomy and Oral Surgery; Grant Molyneaux, D.D.S., professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and Metallurgy; C. I. Keely, D.D.S., lecturer on Irregularities of the Teeth; L. E. Custer, D.D.S., lecturer on Anesthetics and Obtundants; H. C. Matlack, D.D.S., demonstrator of Anatomy; T. I. May and H. A. Whiteside, D.D.S., demonstrator of Operative Dentistry; F. A. Lush, D.D.S., demonstrator of Prosthetic Dentistry; H. T. Smith, D.D.S., demonstrator of Analytic Chemistry; H. A. Smith, D.D.S., dean, and H. T. Smith, D.D.S., secretary.

This school was incorporated April 17, 1893, under the laws of the State of Ohio. It has graduated one class of five students. To insure better instructions to all, it has limited its class annually to fifty students. It teaches dentistry in every branch, and thoroughly equips men and women for the practice of their profession. The Faculty of the College are: A. V. Phelps, M.D.; W. T. McLean, M.D., D.D.S. (secretary of the Faculty); L. S. Colter, B.S., M.D.; Lincoln Mussey, M.D.; G. S. Junkerman, M.D., D.D.S. (dean of the Faculty). The officers of the College are: Hon. Francis B. James, LL.B., president; O. W. Martin, A.M., secretary; George B. Harte, Esq., treasurer. This College gives one regular session of six months, and a post-graduate course of six months each year. An entrance examination and the attendance of three regular sessions are required for graduation.

Chapter Xlv Civil Administration

INCORPORATION OF THE VILLAGE AND City oF CINCINNATI - CIVIL OFFICERS FROM THE BrEGINNING - ROsTER OF CoUNTY OFFICIALS - STATE SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF HAMILTON CoUNTY - UNITED STATES SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES - INCIDENTS AND ConTESTS - POLITICAL CONVENTIONS.

7 Mc a settlement of Cincinnati remained under township government until January, 1802, when the Territorial Legislature passed an act incorporating the village. Its population at that time was about seven hundred and fifty, and as the military exercised much tyranny over the people, life was made very unpleasant. The original town, as laid out by Israel Ludlow, was bounded by the river, Seventh street, Broadway and Central avenue, and contained about a section of land, and the actual cost was about sixteen and two-thirds cents per acre. By the act of incorporation the judicial power was vested in a court, which consisted of a mayor and three aldermen, appointed by council, and from among the citizens of the village. The legislative power was lodged with the council, chosen annually, and made up of a president, recorder, and nine trustees. The act defined the limits of the corporation as follows: "' Mill creek on the west, the township line, which lies about one mile from the river, on the north, and the eastern boundary of fractional Section 12, which extends nearly half a mile above the town plat on the east." The southern boundary was the river, of course.

Self-government of Cincinnati commenced March 5, 1802, by the election, by council, of David Zeigler as president of their body. Capt. Zeigler, to whom belongs the honor of being the first executive officer of Cincinnati, was a Prussian by birth, and served as an officer in the early campaigns against the Indians. He was stationed at Fort Finney, near the mouth of the Great Miami, more than two years before Losantiville was founded. Maj. Denny, who was an officer of the first regiment of the army, pays him a handsome compliment in his journal, for gallant conduct and soldierly bearing. On the 22d of February, 1789, he was married at Fort Harmar, near Marietta, to Miss Sheffield. Maj. Denny was his '" best man,"' and he says that it was the first event of the kind that he had been a witness to. Capt. Zeigler was a very popular man in the new settlement, and had many friends. He died September 24, 1811, was buried with military honors, and his name has been held in grateful remembrance by a numerous posterity.

Andrew Parks, William McFarland, trustees; Joseph Price, assessor; Abraham Carey, collector; William Ruffin, town marshal. * At the same meeting which elected the first president, the first ordinance was passed. It was for the prevention of swine running at large in the streets of the village, showing thus early that the local Jaw-makers had the proper conception of what constituted true cleanliness, if it has not been so strictly observed: in modern days.

"The first seal for the use of the corporation of the town of Cincinnati was ordered by an ordinance passed July 17, 1802. It was to be procured and made of copper, having the following design, to wit: " Cincinnatus, with the word engraved above his head in a circular manner; a plow, sheaf of wheat, bee-hive and rising sun, with an inscription round the edge, and near the extremity thereof these words, to wit:

Corporation of the town of Cincinnati, and with the numeral letters, mpcccr.'" This design was readopted under the new law of 1815, by the council, with the change only of the year.

Capt. David Zeigler served two years as president of council. His successor was Joseph Prince, chosen in 1804. A year later, James Findlay succeeded to the presidency of the village, and he was followed, in 1806, by John L. Gano. In 1807, Martin Baum was president; in 1808 and 1809, Daniel Symmes; in 1810, James Findlay was again re-elected, and re-elected the following year; in 1812, Martin. Baum was again made president; in 1813, William Stanley was elected, and reelected in 1814; in 1815, Samuel W. Davies was chosen president at the regular meeting in January. On the 10th of this month, however, the legislature passed a new law dividing the town into four wards, by straight lines, but retaining the original boundaries, in each of which three trustees were to be chosen for two years. This involved a re-organization of the town government. When the new charter was received on April 5, 1815, the following trustees "met at Samuel McHenry's tavern:" William Correy, Jonathan Pancoast, Oliver M. Spencer, Joseph Warner, Christopher Walker, David Kilgour, Samuel W. Davies, Nicholas Longworth, John. Shaw, William Ruffin, Francis Carr, and Jacob Burnet, three from each ward, and proceeded to elect new officers. William Correy, who had been clerk, was chosen mayor for two years. Mr. Davies, therefore, was only in office a short time when he. was legislated out by the provisions of the new charter. His successor, William Correy, continued to be mayor until 1819, the year Cincinnati was incorporated as a city. Under the provisions of this charter Isaac G. Burnet was chosen mayor April, 1819. Mayor Burnet was a man of more than ordinary ability and tact, as was manifest in the fact that he served the city as chief executive until 1827, when the charter was revised and again amended in the legislative session of 1828-29, the election of mayor and other officers was made biennial, and the first Monday in April fixed as the day for holding the election.

Under The New Law

In 1829 Isaac G. Burnet was again re-elected mayor, the total vote cast being 2,628. In 1827 the city was divided into five wards, and the division so continued until 1838. Mayor Burnet was succeeded in 1831] by Elisha Hotchkiss, who had been repeatedly defeated for that office. From that time on the succession has been as follows: In 1833, Samuel W. Davies, who continued in office for ten consecutive years, was one of the prominent figures in the history of Cincinnati of that time. Early writers speak highly of his "intelligence and strict integrity, both in public and private life. In his personal appearance there was nothing striking, except his queue, a fashion in hair dressing affected by the elderly men of that day. He was nearly six feet in height, and his smooth-shaven face always wore a severe mien. He was a Whig in politics, and an Episcopalian in religion. Public-spirited or nothing, he was one of the first in a company to establish the city water-works, from which grew pe De extensive system of water supply. His death occurred December 22, 1843."

In 1843 Henry E. Spencer succeeded Mayor Davies, and he held the office for four consecutive terms, winning the respect and admiration of all parties for his. honesty, ability and public spirit. He was born and raised in Cincinnati, and was a lawyer by profession. In politics he was an Old-line Whig, but became a Democrat. in 1856. In 1839 the wards were increased to seven, and in 1843 to nine. Mayor Spencer was succeeded, as follows: Mark P. Taylor, 1851; David T. Snellbaker, 18533. James J. Faran, 1855; N. W. Thomas, 1857; R. M. Bishop, 1859; George B. Hatch, 1861; L. A. Harris, 1863; re-elected; Charles F. Wilstach, 1867; John W..

The county of Hamilton was established by proclamation of Gen. St. Clair, military governor of the Northwest Territory, issued January 4, 1790. Its original boundaries were as follows: '' Beginning on the Ohio river at the confluence of the Little Miami, and down the said Ohio to the mouth of the Big Miami; and up said Miami to the standing stone forks or branch of said river, and thence with a line to be drawn due east to the Little Miami, and down said Little Miami to the place of beginning.'' This territory embraced about one-eight of the present State of Ohio, and, as it had been the scene of so many fierce conflicts between the Kentuckians and Indians in their raids to and fro, it was called the '' Miami Slaughter-House'' by the early settlers. After issuing his proclamation Gen. St. Clair busied himself for several days in making a list of civil and military appointments for the new county. The former were necessary in order to set the machinery of local government in motion. The highest civil officer, aside from the court judges, was that of sheriff. The line has been as follows:

Recorders. - This officer was appointed by the court until 1831. Since that time he has been elected by the people; term three years. The line, with the exception of some breaks, caused by the loss of records, has been as follows: 1790, James Burnet; 1802, Oliver Spencer; 1819, Thomas Henderson; 1841, Griffith Yeatman; 1845, Thomas Heckewelder; 1850, William Horn; 1857, John W. Carlton; 1862, Henry Ives; 1865, F. H. Oehlman; 1868, John E. Rees; 1870, Thomas L. Young; 1873, George J. Leininger; 1875, Frank Bruner; 1878, George O. Deckebaugh; 1882, George Rabenstein; 1885, John Hagerty; 1888, George Hobson; re-elected, term expires in 1894.

Territorial And State Lawmakers

Legislative Council. - Mr. Taylor, in his excellent work entitled the '' Ohio Statesman and Hundred Year Book," published officially by the State in 1892, informs us that the Legislative Council (Senate) and Territorial Legislatures of 1 799- 1801,and 1801-1808, were as follows; the members of the Council being selected by Congress for the term of five years, and the representatives being elected by the people for the term of two years. The following gentlemen represented Hamilton county in the council: Jacob Burnet and James Hamilton.

House of Representatives. - Hamilton county, during the Territorial period, had the following representatives: Robert Benham, Aaron Caldwell, Francis Dunlavy, William Goforth, John Ludlow, Isaac Martin, Moses Miller, Jeremiah Mortow, William McMillan, Daniel Reeder, John Smith and Jacob White.

Ohio was admitted as a State in 1802. {n 1808 the following represented Hamilton county in the Senate, the term having been fixed by the Constitution of 1802 at one year: Francis Dunlavy, Jeremiah Morrow, John Paul, Daniel Symmes.

By the Constitution of 1851 the State was divided into thirty-three Senatorial Districts, and Hamilton county was constituted the First. The entire membership was chosen biennially. The county of Hamilton was entitled to seven representatives, and four additional, one in the first, one in the second, one in the third, and one in the fourth session of the decennial period. The first election was held on the second Tuesday of October, 1851. The Convention to frame the new Constitution was held at Cincinnati, and it concluded its labors on the 10th of March, 1851. Under this Constitution the representation of Hamilton county in the Legislature was as follows:

Notes And Incidents

During the foregoing legislative period of one hundred years, many incidents. relating to senators and representatives from Hamilton county occurred, which, thanks to the industry of Mr. Taylor, have been culled from the voluminous records. We note some of the most important as follows:

In the Forty-eighth General Assembly (1849-50), Lewis Broadwell successfully contested the seat of Senator William F. Johnson. In the Sixty-seventh General

Assembly (1886-88), William Bohnert, A. P. Butterfield, Calvin H. Crane, Frank A. Grever, Charles A. Howe, Fred. A. Johnson, James Maloney, Edwin W. Murphy, Stephen P. Sands and Charles A. Zimmerman were succeeded (by contest) by Frederick Bader, James F. Bailey, Henry Brockman, John Eggers, Thomas W. Graydon, Robert Harlan, Walter Hartpence, Theodore F. Neiman, Oliver Outcalt, and Byron S. Wydman as representatives.

In the Tenth General Assembly (1811-12), Senator Aaron Goforth, who died during his term of office, was succeeded by Elnathan Stone. During the sessions of 1852-54 Representative James Struble died, and was succeeded by Henry Buckman; and in 1864-66, George Keck deceased, and was succeeded by N. P. Nixon. In the House of the Fifty-second General Assembly (1856-58), John P. Slough was expelled for striking Darius Caldwell, of Ashtabula, while on the floor of the House, and was succeeded by Robert Hosea, who was elected at the polls over Slough by one vote.

Ephraim Brown served eight terms in the Senate, and three in the House. The following senators resigned during the terms of their office, and were succeeded by the persons named: In the Sixth General Assembly (1807-8), Senator John Taggart, succeeded by Hezekiah Price. In the Ninth (1810-11), Senator Stephen Wood, succeeded by Aaron Goforth. In the Twenty-third (1824-25), Senator Benjamin M. Piatt, succeeded by Nathan Guilford. In the Fifty-seventh (1866-68), Representative Maxwell P. Gaddis, succeeded by G. M. Bunce; same Assembly, George B. Wright, succeeded by Charles E. Cist; in the Sixtieth (1872-74), Representative Robert Creighton, succeeded by H. F. Brashears, and same Assembly, Robert O. Strong, by M. W. Oliver.

During 1803-5 Daniel Symmes was speaker of the Senate. He resigned as speaker in 1805, and was succeeded by James Pritchard, of Jefferson. Othniel Looker was speaker in 1813-14, and when President Madison appointed Governor Return J. Meigs postmaster-general, in 1813, he served as acting governor until the close of the term; Samuel R. Miller in 1830-31, and in 1832-338, and David T. Disney in 1833-34; James J. Faran 1841-43. Under the constitution of 1851 Thomas L. Young was president of the Senate, 1876-77, by virtue of his office as lieutenant-governor. When Governor Hayes succeeded to the Presidency, he (Young) became acting governor and filled out the term. H. W. Curtis succeeded him as president of the Senate pro tem.; Andrew Hickenlooper, 1880-82. Hamilton county does not appear to have had a speaker of the House until the sessions of 1824-25, when Micajah Williams was invested with that honor. In 1832-83 David T. Disney was speaker; in 1838-39, James J. Faran, and in 1870-72, A. J. Cunningham.

Territorial Delegates In Congress

Hamilton county, before Ohio was admitted as a State, had two Territorial delegates in the Fifth Congress, viz.: William Henry Harrison and William McMillan. The election of a delegate to Congress resulted in the choice of William Henry Harrison, by a vote of eleven to ten cast for Arthur St. Clair, Jr., a son of the governor. Before his term expired Gen. Harrison resigned to become governor of Indiana Territory, and Mr. McMillan succeeded him.

United States Senators

Hamilton county has been represented in the Senate by a number of her most distinguished citizens. We note the following: John Smith, 1803-9. He resigned near the close of his term of office, under charges of alleged complicity in the Burr- Blennerhasset conspiracy to erect a Southwestern Confederacy. His resignation prevented an investigation by the United States into the charges, which had already been set on foot, and his impeachment foreshadowed. Very little is known of the early history of Senator Smith. He was born in one of the eastern States in 1735, and died in Hamilton county, June 10, 1816. He had few early advantages, but by persistent effort acquired a respectable education, and, possessing much natural ability, was one of the most conspicuous of the early politicians in Ohio. He was also a popular Baptist preacher, and in 1790 organized, at Columbia, the first church of that denomination in the State. He was a member of the first Territorial Legislature, in 1798, and in 1803 to 1808 was U. S. Senator from Ohio, having been chosen as a Jeffersonian Democrat. During the early part of his service he enjoyed the close friendship of President Jeffersou, who, in 1804, sent him on a confidential mission to Louisiana and Florida to discover the attitude toward the United States of the Spanish officers who were stationed in these States, that be might learn how far their friendship was to be depended on in the event of a war between this country and France. Smith's intimacy with Jefferson was interrupted by the charge of his implication in the Aaron Burr treason. Smith and Burr were personal friends, and appearances were so much against him that a motion was made in the U. S. Senate to expel him, but it failed by one vote. Smith denied all connection with the affair, and was believed to be innocent by bis constituents.

Concerning this strange case the following interesting letter, in the handwriting of Senator Smith, was recently found in Cincinnati, by Col. Wiliiam J. Patterson, when some old buildings were being torn down. It is as follows:

Gents - I am now on my way to the Western country to collect testimony for my defense before the Senate of the United States, and to return with it if possible by the first of March next. Not having a compulsory process, I cannot have a witness subpenaed, and, therefore, I have to rely on the voluntary affidavits of you and others to prove the facts which I deem material to my exculpation. Should General Carbery go to Washington City, I will thank him to call on Francis F, Key, Esq., my counsel at Georgetown, D. C., who will state the points which I expect to prove by that gentleman, and if he should not go thither, I would be glad to have a letter from him at Cincinnati, immediately after the receipt of this, stating all that he can recollect affecting Colonel Taylor's deposition, in which I am charged with having asserted to him (General Findlay) that a separation of the Western country from the East would shortly take place, together with everything he can remember that will go to support the inclosed deposition, and whether he does or not, I shall be glad to have a letter from him and Major Biggs also, at Cincinnati, on the subject; but they must soon be written, orI shall not receive them. I want you and Major Biggs to state that in the month of January last, you saw me in the County of Ross, in the State of Ohio, on my way to Washington City, and that I showed you a copy of my letter to Burr of the 23d of October, 1806, which I sent by Blennerhasset's servant to him, and that I showed you Burr's answer of the 26th of the same month, and that you believe the same copy I showed you the last of November or the beginning of December, 1807, under date of 23d of October, 1806, and which you understood was afterwards laid before the Committee of the Senate appointed to inquire into the conduct of John Smith, was the same which he (Smith) showed to you on his way to Washington last January 7th. State those things in the form of an affidavit as precise as your recollection will permit, and send it by General Carbery to Francis F. Key, Esq., my counsel at Georgetown, or should he not go, enclose it to some member of Congress with a request to giveit to him. I have been stopped by high water, but expect to leave this to-day. I want General Carbery to write immediately to the Secretary of the Navy the progress made by Mr. Thomas Reagan in building the gunboats near Cincinnati, where he saw them early in November last - and that they are progressing with them, as well as how he approved of their timbers and the work as far as it is done. My last account from them is very favorable, as the weather has been good. The work was going on very well. The reason I make this request is that Mr. Reagan can not get one dollar until General Carbery makes his report of them to the Navy Department. I wish you, General, would not fail to write me about them, as Mr. Reagan has engaged $2,000 to be immediately paid, and the balance is to be paid to Major Biggs. The Secretary paid me last spring $2,000 in advance for Mr. Reagan, and I had it charged to me, and as that sum precisely closes my account, he is unwilling to advance anything to Mr. Reagan or now consider that the $2,000 is to be applied otherwise than as it stands charged applied in balancing my account. My having advanced to Mr. Reagan induced him to authorize me to apply for money on his account - but the Secretary must see you or hear a favorable report before he will pay a cent. You may guess the cause of this scrupulosity. God bless us with better times. Joun SmiruH.

P. S. - I will thank you to have advanced $2,000 for Mr. Reagan as soon as possible, and have sent to the Treasury of the United States at Philadelphia one of them to keep up my note to the Miami Exporting Company, payable the 4th of March next, otherwise it will be protested - and I want all the money to come through your hands and paid to my friend Major Biggs except the first $2,000. J. SMITH.

His resignation must have taken place soon after the above letter was written; possibly his failure to secure the evidence he was seeking was the reason for the sudden abandonment of his defense and retirement from public life.

The following succeeded Senator Smith from Hamilton county: Ethan Allen Brown, 1822-25; William Henry Harrison, 1825-28; Salmon P. Chase, 1849-55, 1861; George E. Pugh, 1855-61; Stanley Matthews, 1877-79; George H. Pendleton, 1879-85 - eight in all, or nearly one-third of the entire number from the State. Senator Trimble died in 1822, and Ethan Allen Brown was appointed by the goyernor to fill the vacancy caused by his death, and the Legislature subsequently elected him to fill the remainder of the term of six years to which Trimble had been elected. Gen. Harrison resigned in 1828, to accept the office of minister to Colombia, and was succeeded by Jacob Burnet. Senator Chase resigned in 1861 to become Secretary of the Treasury under President Lincoln.

Representatives In Congress

Statistician W. A. Taylor, of Columbus, says that during the ninety years - the time Ohio has been a State - Hamilton county has sent thirty-two different men to Congress. The first congressman, Morrow, came from Hamilton, but subsequently he was legislated into a new county, Warren. Up to the year 1821 Hamilton was districted with other counties, and the only citizen of the county that represented it in Congress between 1813 and 1823, was William Henry Harrison. Between 1823 and 1853 Hamilton county constituted the First District of the State. Since the latter date it has composed the First and Second Districts.

Changed while in office. - The fractions of terms came about in this way: John McLean, of Warren county, resigned his seat in Congress in 1816 to accept the office of Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and William H. Harrison was elected to succeed to the vacancy.

In 1867, shortly after the beginning of his second term in Congress, Rutherford B. Hayes resigned to become governor and Gen. Samuel F'. Carey was elected to the vacancy, which was practically the full term.

In October 16, 1884, Robert T. Lytle, to demonstrate that he had been unjustly criticised by some of his constituents, resigned his seat and stood for re-election, which he secured on the 8th of the ensuing November.

Joshua R. Giddings, of Ashtabula county, sought a similar successful vindication on April 26, 1842. Daniel Kilgore, of Jefferson county, taking offense at an imputation supposed to have been put on him by Edwin M. Stanton, resigned in 1888, but his constituents failed to vindicate him by a re-election. Aside from these three gentlemen, no other Congressmen from Ohio ever resigned in search of a vindication.

Hamilton county can maintain a claim superior to any other county in any State since the foundation of the government. Two men whom it sent to the Lower House of Congress subsequently occupied the Executive chair in the White House - William H. Harrison and Rutherford B. Hayes.

Morrow, the first Congressman for Hamilton county, was United States senator and Governor of the State, and after filling these positions not only went back to Congress, but into the Ohio Legislature.

James J. Faran was mayor of Cincinnati, and made a national reputation as a journalist. George H. Pendleton became United States senator and minister to Germany. Milton Sayler was speaker of the House during a portion of the Fortyfourth Congress.

State And National Conventions

Cincinnati has been selected as the place for holding several State and National political conventions. In June, 1856, James Buchanan was nominated for President, and John C. Breckinridge for Vice-President, by the Democratic National Convention, which assembled in Smith & Nixon's Hall. Early in May, 1872, the National Liberal Convention assembled at Exposition Hall, and on the 3d nominated Horace Greeley for President, and B. Gratz Brown for Vice-President. On the 14th of June, 1876, the National Republican Convention met here and nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, a former Cincinnatian, for President, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, for Vice-President. The last National Convention to assemble here was the Democratic, which nominated Gen. Hancock for President, and William H. English, of Indianapolis, for Vice-President. Among the State Conventions we note that of the Republican, which assembled in Music Hall, June 12, 1878; and the last was the Democratic, which met August 9, 1893, and nominated Lawrence T. Neal for governor.

The Press Of Cincinnati

WHEN THE First PAPER WAS FOUNDED AND BY Wuom - Irs NuMEROUs SuccEessors - A LONG LIne or PoniticaL, LITERARY AND RELIGIous PuBLICATIONS - AN OFFICE MoOBBED AND DESTROYED - CINCINNATI DIRECTORIES - N AMES OF ALL PUBLICATIONS IN 1893.

2 bias write the history of Cincinnati journalism and speak in detail, if it were possible, of every publication, weekly, semi-weekly, daily and monthly, during tbe past hundred years, would require the space of a large volume. During that period hundreds of publications have existed - some for only a few weeks, others for months and years. The first settlers were a rugged, brainy race of people, and they speedily recognized the importance, if not the necessity, of at once having a newspaper. They clearly foresaw that one of the most potent agencies in the van of civilization was the Press. And where such desire existed it did not take long to find an editor. He is ubiquitous. William Maxwell came to the front in that capacity, and being encouraged he straightway ''set up'' an office. It was a primitive affair, located in a small room in a log cabin, which stood at the corner of Front and Sycamore streets. But it served as the beginning of what has long since grown into a mighty power. The office was little better than a rude improvised affair, as the settlement at that time scarcely consisted of two hundred inhabitants. The outfit was small. All the type, and the Ramage press, fashioned after the one first used by the illustrious Dr. Franklin, could have been carried in a large canoe. It was brought by water from Pittsburgh, having been carried over the mountains on pack horses. Everything being in readiness, Editor Maxwell issued the first number of The Centinel of the Northwest Territory, November 9, 1793, one hundred years ago! The title was appropriate, for Fort Washington was virtually the gateway through which the early pioneers, seeking homes in the mighty domain beyond, had to pass. A sentinel therefore on the outer limits to signalize danger, or proclaim 'all is well," was of transcendent importance to those who were starting out to lay the foundation of what has proved to be a mighty western empire.

How it appeared. - The Centinel was a weekly, printed on " whitey-brown paper, of half royal size, each page about as large as a small window pane, and the whole no larger than a handkerchief.'' It bore at its mast-head the following significant motto: ''Open to all parties; influenced by none." The first number contained few advertisements, no editorials, or local items. Its news, principally foreign, was very old, but nevertheless it was news to its readers, many of whom had not seen a paper for a year or more. A copy of the issue for April 12, 1794, which has been preserved, has dates from Marietta only eight days old, New York fifty-six, and from London to the preceding November - over four and a half months before the date of publication in Cincinnati!

Maxwell's Centinel was not only the first paper published in Cincinnati, but the first north of the Ohio river, and the third or fourth west of the Alleghany Mountains. It was emphatically a sentinel on the outpost of civilization, and from this humble beginning has developed a local press which now wields a mighty influence among the enlightened and progressive inhabitants of the Queen City. The comprehensive and significant motto, which the young publisher adopted, has never been departed from by his numerous successors, when viewed in a general sense, the Press of to-day being characterized by a spirit of independence, fairness and liberality toward all, which is truly the secret of its great power and success.

This pioneer editor and publisher hailed from the land of New Jersey, whence so many of the prominent early settlers came. For his enterprise in establishing the first paper he was not forgotten. He was made the second postmaster of Cincinnati, and succeeded Abner Dunn, the first, who died July 18, 1794, after being in office but a short time. As Maxwell was the owner of the only printing office in the embryo city, his principal duty was the publication of the Territorial laws; and it is surmised that he gave more attention to this than news gathering, because it paid him better. But being entrusted with office he could not carry on both, and in the summer of 1796 he disposed of the Centinel to Edmund Freeman. What he realized from the sale of his plant history fails to inform us, but the sum was undoubtedly small, when compared with the value of some of the great newspapers of to-day. With this sale the glory of the Centinel departed, for the purchaser, evidently more emulous of fame than his predecessor, immediately changed the name to F'reeman's Journal, under which title he continued the publication till the beginning of 1800, when he removed the plant to Chillicothe, which had then become the seat of Territorial government, and founded the Chillicothe Gazette.

The Second Paper

Drake, in his sketches of the infant city, published in 1815, informs us that Joseph Carpenter founded the second paper, called The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, May 28,1799. As the settlement had had a sentinel it was evidently deemed proper that there should beaspy. Cist claims that this was the first regularly printed journal in Cincinnati. From this remark we infer that he considered it possessed more of the attributes of a newspaper than Maxwell's publication. The latter was certainly the first printed sheet, even if it did devote more space to the publication of laws and ordinances than news.

Mr. Carpenter came from Massachusetts, and was one of the earliest settlers. He became popular in the settlement, and was honored with many small offices, both by appointment and election. During the war of 1812-14 he went out as captain of acompany, and for six months served under Gen. Harrison, dying in service from exposure endured during a forced march from Fort St. Mary's in midwinter, 1814. He was buried with military honors in Cincinnati, and his death was greatly lamented. Thousands attended his funeral, and many flattering testimonials to his worth and memory were freely bestowed.

That Capt. Carpenter possessed the instincts of a true journalist all the contemporary accounts agree in stating, and under his management the Spy steadily grew and prospered. .

Among the curious advertisements occasionally published about the beginning of the century, one may be noted. In the issue for April 26, 1802, Andrew Jackson - afterward President of the United States - offers a reward of tifty dollars for the recovery of his negro slave, George, who had eloped from his plantation on the Cumberland river.

The Spy changed hands several times during'the first ten years of its existence, but always retained its name until Carney & Morgan became the owners, when its title was changed to The Whig. Only fifty-eight numbers were published, when new parties became the owners and it became The Advertiser, but only existed a short time.

In September, 1810, Capt. Carpenter appeared in journalism again, as editor of anew Western Spy,which was continued under his direction and management until his death. It appears to have been in existence in 1815, when it was conducted by Morgan & Williams. It was also published in 1823, when its name was changed to The National Republican and Ohio Political Register. Notwithstanding the Spy was a bright and aggressive paper for its time, it appears to have had many ups and downs during its career.

The Third Paper

On the 9th of December, 1804, the third paper made its appearance. It was called Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury, but the latter half of the title was soon dropped, as it was deemed superfluous. A local historian says that' the Rev. John W. Browne, enterprising editor, publisher of almanacs, etc., preacher, town recorder, bookseller, and occasionally vendor of patent medicines, was proprietor of the new venture, and had rather a troublous time of it, being once or twice personally attacked by citizens aggrieved by his sheet.'' The first number was issued in the loft of a log cabin which stood at the southeast corner of Sycamore and Third streets. Editor Browne, though he at times wielded a caustic pen, did not make a great success of the enterprise. In 1815 it was conducted by J. H. Looker and A. Wallace. This was a book-publishing firm, and they doubtless acquired possession of the paper for the purpose of more particularly advertising their business. The paper was now of super-royal size, and had more than fourteen hundred subscribers, which was regarded as a good circulation for that time.

Sometime in June, 1814, an ephemeral paper, called The Spirit of the West, was started, but it only survived through forty-four numbers. The names of its projectors and publishers have not been preserved.

But the city and country were filling up rapidly with settlers, and others became ambitious to embark in journalism. On the 13th of July, 1815, a new paper called The Gazette was started by Thomas Palmer & Company, and on the 11th of December following Liberty Hall was purchased and consolidated with the new enterprise, under the title of Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette. This was the beginning of the great daily of to-day known as the Commercial Gazette. Early writers inform us that it was the first paper in town with column-rules and other marks of modern. typography.

In November, 1819, Joseph Buchanan started a new weekly paper of a somewhat. distinctive character, called the The Literary Cadet; but after twenty-three numbers. had been issued it was merged in another paper, which added the name to its own in the compound title of The Western Spy and Literary Cadet. Mr. Buchanan continued as editor, and made his paper quite popular with those of literary tastes. The date of its discontinuance is unknown.

This year (1819) the papers of Cincinnati were the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, semi-weekly and weekly, published by Morgan, Dodge & Company; the Western Spy and Cincinnati General Advertiser, weekly, issued by Mason & Palmer; and the Inquisitor, also weekly, by Powers & Hopkins. All were imperial sheets, with six columns to the page, and they were larger and contained a greater variety of matter than any others in the State. Good book and job offices were attached to each.

Early Book Printing

Cincinnati early became the center of active book printing. In 1811 twelve different books, besides many pamphlets, had been published. These books averaged more than two hundred pages each, and were bound. From that time to the present there has been a steady growth in the book publishing business, and it is. doubtful if in this line of work it is excelled by any western city. At first the paper for both newspaper and book work was obtained from Pennsylvania, partly from the mills at the Redstone Old Fort, on the Monongahela, which were started' in 1800, and later from Georgetown, Ky. In 1803 the Spy got out of paper, and several numbers appeared upon a variety of sizes and tints. An old German papermaker named Waldsmith, who had settled on the Little Miami, near where Camp Dennison was afterward established, was prevailed upon, about this time, by the publishers to start a paper-mill on that stream, which he did. It was a crude affair, but proved a success, and the pressing needs of the printers and publishers were relieved.

After 1820 there was a rapid growth of journalism, and periodicals, weekly, semi-weekly and monthly, rose and fell with astonishing rapidity. This was largely caused by the rapid increase of population and the development of trade and commerce on the river. So numerous were the publications, and as many were short lived, it were a waste of time and space to attempt an enumeration of all. From 1815 to 1820 there had been at different times but one semi-weekly paper and five weekly papers in the city, but the next decade ushered into existence a large number, because of the influences spoken of above. Between 1820 and 1830 the long and honorable list of Cincinnati magazines and literary publications had their beginning. In the early part of 1821, a semi-monthly, in quarto, called the Olio, was started by John H. Wood and S. 8S. Brooks, editors and publishers. It only survived about a year, but during that time it afforded a medium for the publication of the contributions of such industrious collectors of local history as Robert T. Lytle, Sol. Smith, Dennis McHenry, John H. James, Lewis Noble and a number of other well-known writers of that time.

Monthly And Other Publications

Medical journalism had a beginning in 1822 in the Western Quarterly Reporter which was published by John P. Foote, and edited by Dr. John B. Godman. In a short time the editor removed to Philadelphia whenthe publication was discontinued. In 1823, John P. Foote projected the Cincinnati Literary Gazette. It was a weekly, and soon attracted attention from the character of its literary contributions. Among other things discussed in its columns was the "' Symmes theory of concentric spheres." This was a new topic, and occupied public attention for some time. The two volumes of the Gazette, that were issued, contained much valuable matter relating to local history. In its columns appeared the first articles of Benjamin Drake, who proved himself one of the most industrious local writers of the time, and his contributions are eagerly consulted by historical gleaners of the present time.

After the discontinuance of the Gazette there was a lull in local literature until July, 1827, when the Western Monthly Review appeared with W. M. Farnsworth as publisher, and Rev. Timothy Flint, editor. Although the editor was the author of several books, and an industrious gleaner and writer, the Review did not prove a success, and, after a number of changes in both the editorial and publishing departments, the subscription list was sold in 1835 to James B. Marshall, of Louisville, who removed it to that city. It was succeeded by the Saturday Evening Chronicle. Messrs. Hatch, Nichols & Buxton were the publishers, and it was edited by Benjamin Drake. Strange as it may seem, however, it did not succeed, and was merged in the Cincinnati Mirror, another literary enterprise of the time. The Shield and The Ladies' Museum, also started during this decade, were short lived, the latter only existing but a year or two.

The first daily, called the Commercial Register, was started in 1826 by S. S. Brooks, and edited by Morgan Neville. It was not only the first daily in Cincinnati, but the first daily started west of Philadelphia. It was printed on a '"'half-sheet royal every day but Sunday, at six dollars a year,'' but it only survived six months. It was resuscitated again in 1828; but only lasted three months.

Soon after its first suspension a party of merchants waited upon the proprietor of the Gazette, then a weekly, and requested him to start a daily. They argued that the times demanded a daily paper, and claimed that it would grow intoa great enterprise. Their arguments succeeded, and the second daily came, which still exists, and is recognized as a leading paper of its class in the Ohio Valley. The first number made its appearance June 25, 1827, with an edition of 125. It was printed on old-fashioned hand presses for nearly ten years, the speed not exceeding 250 sheets per hour. Some time in 1836 an Adams press, the first ' power-press'' brought west of the Alleghany Mountains, was purchased and set up. It was run by handpower, but the improvement in speed was so great that. 750 sheets were turned out per hour. In 1848 a Hoe press was introduced. The first publishers of the daily Gazette were Morgan, Lodge and Fisher, with Charles Hammond as editor.

&. D. Mansfield, in his Memoirs of Dr. Drake, pays a flattering tribute to Editor Hammond. 'That the public opinion of Cincinnati was corrected, and the Press maintained its independent position, was chiefly due to the intrepid character and great ability of Charles Hammond," remarks this great writer. He '' was the ardent friend of liberty," he continues, 'and, being thoroughly acquainted with the laws of the country, fought its battles where only it can be successfully fought, with liberty by the side of law, and rights protected by the constitution.''

While editing the Gazette in 1828, Mr. Hammond also conducted a monthly called Truth's Advocate, published in the political interest of Henry Clay, of whom he was a great friend and admirer. Mr. Hammond continued as principal editor of the Gazette until his death, which occurred April 3, 1840. He was succeeded by Hon. Isaac C. Burnet, another notable man of that time. He wasa brother of Judge Burnet, and first mayor of the city of Cincinnati. In the meantime the death of James Lodge, one of the publishers, had occurred. This necessitated some changes in the publishing and editorial departments, but to follow them in the order of their succession would involve more space than the limits of this work will warrant.

Taken all in all, the history of this great journal is most interesting, both on account of its many changes, and the eminent men who have from time to time been connected with it, up to the achievement of its greatest success. Its final consolidation with the Commercial in January, 1883, was one of its greatest triumphs. The latter was established in 1843 by Curtis & Hastings, and after a number of changes the celebrated Murat Halstead became connected with the editorial staff, and finally editor-in-chief. It was the great morning rival of the Gazette for many years, consequently the union was for the interest of both parties.

In early days the Gazette was an evening paper, and it continued to be so published for many years. The public demanded a morning issue, however, and it was so ordered. Being greatly strengthened by its union with the Commercial, its success has been more marked since that time, and to-day it takes rank with the great morning dailies of the country. In politics it is stanchly Republican. By the terms of the consolidation the title became the Commercial Gazette. The latter had been in existence for more than seventy years, and was able to trace its history back through many changes and titles to the old Centinel of the Northwest Territory, which, as has been shown, was the first newspaper started in Cincinnati. Its two noted editors of modern times, before the union, were Richard Smith and Murat Halstead. Both are distinguished members of the journalistic profession. The latter has been for some years the New York representative of the paper, and the former is still connected with the editorial department in the home office. The paper is published by the '"' Commercial Gazette Company,'' which is regularly organized and officered. It is superbly equipped in every department, mechanical and intellectual, and presents a strange contrast to the humble outfit of a century ago. It has Sunday and weekly editions.

Other Journals Of The Long Ago

In 1823 the celebrated Sol. Smith, the actor, established the Independent Press, which attracted much attention on account of its satirical sketches and witty sayings. Its career was a short and merry one.

On the 25th of August, 1826, a new candidate for public favor, called the Western Tiller, was issued by James W. Gazlay. It expired some time in 1827.

Some time in 1829, E. S. Thomas commenced the publication of the Daily Commercial Advertiser in connection with his son Thomas. The career of the paper was brief. In 1834 the elder Thomas, in association with John B. Dillonand L. S. Sharp, began the publication of the Democratic Intelligencer, a daily, tri-weekly and weekly, supporting Justice John McLean for the Presidency. Mr. Dillon afterward became the distinguished historian of Indiana. Like the Advertiser, the Intelligencer had a brief career. In 18385 the Thomases are found conducting a new daily, called the Lvening Post. It obtained some celebrity on account of its notes on arts and artists, but it was discontinued in 1839,

During this period many papers appeared, and almost as quickly disappeared. Among them we find the National Reporter, the Pandect, the Sentinel, the Chronicle and Literary Gazette, all weekly; the Ladies' Museum, semi-weekly; the Western Review, and the Western Journal of Medical and Physical Science, monthly.

The Cincinnati Mirror, started in 1831 by John H. Wood, was edited by a wellknown literary character of his time, W. D. Gallagher. It was a neat little quarto of eight pages, and appeared semi-monthly. It built up a large circulation in a short time. At the beginning of its third year Thomas H. Shreve became joint owner and assistant editor. In November, 1838, it was enlarged and changed toa weekly. Its circulation was greatly increased, but financially it was not a success. In April, 1835, the Chronicle, then under the management of James H. Perkins, was consolidated with the Mirror, which was now owned by Gallagher, Shreve & Perkins, and ; published by T. H. Shreve & Company. 'The paper was kept up to the end of this year, when it was sold to James B. Marshall, who changed the name to the Buckeye, maintained it three months, and then sold it to Flash, Ryder & Company. They restored the old name, and retained the editors. Gallagher and Shreve soon drew out, when J. Reese Fry took the editorship for a few months, when he in turn abandoned the sinking craft. Its subscription list was transferred to the Weekly Chronicle, and that was the last of the Mirror.

An Office Mobbed And Destroyed

The Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, formed in 1834, authorized the publication of a paper called The Philanthropist. It was started at New Richmond that year by James G. Birney, but met with strong opposition and threats of mob violence from the start. On the encouragement of friends it was moved to Cincinnati, the headquarters of the society, in the spring of 1886. At a meeting of pro-slavery citizens held in July, it was "resolved that no Abolition paper should be published or distributed in the town."' On the 14th of that month, the publication of The Philanthropist still continuing, the printing office was violently entered by a mob, and the press and materials, which were the property of Mr. A. Pugh, the printer, afterward of the Chronicle, were defaced and partially destroyed. Even this did not daunt the fearless editor, and the publication went on. On the 23d a great meeting of citizens was held at the Lower Market, '"'to declare whether they will permit the publication or distribution of Abolition papers in this [Cincinnati] city.' A committee was appointed, which requested the executive committee of the Anti-Slavery Society to stop the publication. They refused, much to the chagrin of the mobocrats, whereupon the committee published the correspondence, adding remarks which deprecated a resort to violence, but which really still further inflamed public sentiment. Previous to this - April 11th - there had been a mob, which rose against ' the colored people, and fired a number of their houses in a locality known as '' The Swamp,"' just below Western row, now Central avenue, at the then foot of West Sixth street. From that time yp to the 30th of July the volcano had been slumbering. On that day, which was Saturday, another mob assembled at the corner of Main and Seventh streets, held a short consultation, then marched down to the office, only two squares distant, effected an entrance and again seized the press and materials, which they carried into the street. The type were scattered broadcast, the furniture smashed, the press broken, and a part of it dragged to the foot of Main street and thrown into the river. The mob then visited the house of Mr. Pugh in search of other materials, supposed to be there, but finding none, offered no violence. The dwellings of Birney, Donaldson, and other prominent Abolitionists were visited, but no mischief was done. Returning to Main street, a proposition was made to make a bonfire of the inflammable materials of the office, but the fear of endangering other property caused the mob to desist. Threats were then made to mob the Gazette, whose editor, Charles Hammond, had not pleased the malcontents by his fearless course toward them in his paper; but better counsels prevailed, and the office was not molested. After further noisy demonstrations, when the houses of several blacks were damaged, the mo® dispersed in disorder. Thus was this outrage against

Early German Newspapers

As early as 1826, a German weekly called Die Ohio Chronik, appeared, but it only survived a short time. It was followed in 1832 by a campaign paper - whose name has not been preserved - in the interest of the Whig party. On the 7th of October, 1834, appeared the Weltburger, edited by Hartmann, whose energies were first directed against the Democrats, but in a short time it passed into the hands of Benjamin Boffinger, who called it Der Deutsche Franklin, and advocated the election of Van Buren. The Democrats now founded the Volksblatt, which was edited by Heinrich Rodter, who filled that position from 1836 to 1840. Rodter paved the way to a better, more worthy and higher development of the German press in Cincinnati. In 1840 he sold the Volksblatt to Stephen Molitor, and removed to Columbus.

In 1837 another German paper, the Westlicher Merkur, was founded by Christian Burkhalter. It was devoted to the advocacy of Whig principles. In 1836 Burkhalter had taken part with Birney in the publication of the Philanthropist. He conducted his German weekly until 1841, when the name was changed to Der Deutsche im Westen, and was edited by Burkhalter and Hofle. In a few months the paper passed into the hands of Rudolph von Malitz, and was named the Ohio Volksfreund. Burkhalter now retired and became a silent partner in the Cincinnati Chronicle, edited by Pugh, Hofle and Hubbell. As early as 1837 the Catholics established the Wahrheits Freund, the first Catholic periodical of the country. Its publication was superintended by Rev. J. M. Henni, archbishop of Milwaukee, and it soon attained a large circulation. On the Protestant side appeared for a while Der Protestant, under the supervision of Georg Walker - and afterward, in 1838, Der Christliche Apologete, a Methodist paper, conducted by Wilhelm Nast, whose permanent editor he remained for some time. He also founded the Sonntag-Schule Glocke, a juvenile paper. This learned and eminent theologian went to Germany in 1844 asa Methodist missionary, and labored in that country with good results for - his church.

In 1843 appeared the first belles-lettres journal in the city, entitled the Fliegende Blatter, by Emil Klauprecht. He was born at Mainz in 1815. came to the United States in 1832, and in 1837 located in Cincinnati and established the lithographic business. His literary publication was the first German illustrated publication in the United States. Soon after starting the Blatter he became editor of a Whig paper, the Republikaner, which he made for ten years the principal organ of this party in the western States. He also wrote a number of novels, and an historical work entitled '' German Chronicle in the History of the Ohio Valley.'' It went back to the beginning of the history of the Territories and States of the West. During the years 1856 to 1864 he was engaged on the Cincinnati Volksblatt,and was then appointed consul of the United States at Stuttgart, which position he filled until 1869.

Religious Publications

The Baptist Weekly Journal of the Mississippi Valley was founded July 22, 1831, Rev. John Stevens, editor. It was published under his editorial direction for seven years when it was moved to Columbus. In the meantime (1834), a Baptist paper of Kentucky, called The Cross, had been purchased and merged with it. The name was then changed to The Cross and Baptist Journal of the Mississippi Valley, but on its removal to Columbus it was abridged to Cross and Journal, which made it less cumbrous and more popular. About 1850 it was moved back to Cincinnati, and the Christian Messenger, an Indiana Baptist paper published at Madison and Indianapolis, was united with it; hence the present name Journal and Messenger. A number of changes in editorship have occurred in recent years. It is said that there are but five other Baptist publications in the country as old as this one.

It was in the spring of 1834 that The Western Christian Advocate, that famous northwestern organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was founded by the Book Concern. The editor was Rey. T. A. Morris, who afterward became Bishop Morris. The Concern also founded the Ladies Repository in January, 1841, Rev. L. L. Hamline, editor; and also the same year The German Advocate, with Rev. William Nast as editor.

In June, 1835, the Western Messenger, a Unitarian publication, under the patronage of the Unitarians of the West, was commenced. Rev. Ephraim Peabcdy was the editor, with Shreve & Gallagher as publishers. In its second year it was removed to Louisville, placed in charge of a pew editor, but came }ack in a short time and was taken in hand by the famous Rev. W. H. Channing. It was popular in the denomination, but as it did not pay it was discontinued in April, 1841.

The Family Magazine, a small monthly, appeared in January g1836. It was conducted by Eli Taylor, who was succeeded by J. A. James. It was published for six years. Mr. Taylor was also for a time publisher of the Cincinnati Journal, an anti- Catholic and anti-slavery organ. In July of the same year W. D. Gallagher, as editor, issued the first number of his Western Literary Journal and Monthly Review. Local historians say it was a magazine of considerable pretension and real excellence. the largest, till then, established in the West, each number containing seventytwo pages royal octavo. It was published by Smith & Day. In November, 1836, it was consolidated with the Western Monthly Magazine, which had been removed to Louisville and was still under the charge of James B. Marshal]. He changed the name to Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, retaining Mr. Gallagher as editor, but as it failed to pay it was discontinued in 1837.

The Literary Register, a short-lived folio sheet, belonged to this era. It was published by 8. Penn, Jr., and William Wallace. Also the Literary News, quarto, by Edmund Flagg, editor, and Prentice & Weisinger, publishers. The former afterward became the celebrated poet-editor of the Louisville Journal. In 1839 E. D. Mansfield conducted for a skort time a very creditable magazine called the Monthly Chronicle. Achilles Pugh was the publisher. It devoted mucb attention to local antiquarian subjects, and its files are much sought after by modern local writers.

Another publication called The Chronicle, a weekly, had been started in 1836, with Mr. Mansfield as editor, assisted by Benjamin Drake. It was really a revival of the old Chronicle of 1826, which in 1834 had been merged in the Mirror, and after that was sold to Drs. Drake and Rives, of the Medical Department of Cincinnati College, partly to become an organ of that institution. The medica] gentlemen were unsuccessful, and in 1887 the paper was sold to Mr. Pugh and William Dodd, printers and publishers. Mr. Mansfield was retained as editor, and gave the sheet a distinctive character as an anti-slavery Whig organ, but stopping short of abolitionism. In December, 1839, the Chronicle became a daily with the subscription list of the Cincinnati Whig, but its career was short. The Whig had been founded some time before by Maj. Conover, who obtained the services of Henry M. Spencer. In March, 1840, Mr. Drake severed his connection with the paper, when Mr. Mausfield conducted the paper alone till 1848, and afterward resumed connection with it, until 1850, when the Chronicle finally lost its identity in the Atlas, a paper originating with Nathan Guilford, and which survived through threeor four years. It is a notable historical fact that Miss Harriet Beecher's first printed story appeared in this paper about 1885, during the residence of her father and her prospective husband, Prof. Stowe, at Lane Seminary. Many other brilliant lights honored the Chronicle with their contributions, and added lustre to its name. Several notable editors of the State commenced their career in its columns, Richard Smith, editor-in-chief of the Commercial Gazette, being one of thenumber. And it may be mentioned that the