Whitewater Township (part 13 of 17)

The Cincinnati Enquirer

The leading paper of the city to-day is the Enquirer. It has a long and interesting history. In its beginnings it was mainly the creation of Moses Dawson, the editor of an old-time paper called the Phenix, and the Commercial Advertiser, as early as 1828. In the latter part of the 'thirties'? John Brough purchased the Phenix and changed it to the Enquirer. He was a distinguished editor and politician, and his editorials were noted for their clearness, strength and brilliancy. He retired in 1848. In 1863 Brough was elected governor of Ohio, over Vallandigham by 101,099, the largest majority ever cast for a governor since the foundation of the State. In early years the Enquirer changed its location many times. During the great fire of 1866, which destroyed Pike's Opera House, the office was consumed. Finally it found a home on Vine street, between Sixth and Seventh, near the great Public Library. In 1844 the Hon. James J. Faran took an interest in the paper; afterward Washington McLean purchased the interest of Mr. Derby, and became a joint owner with Mr. Faran and Mr. Wiley McLean. John R. McLean, son of Washington McLean, soon became interested, and he and Mr. Faran finally became the sole proprietors. Mr. Faran served as managing editor from 1844 to 1867. Among the eminent journalists connected with the managing editorship have been John A. Cockerill and Joseph B. McCullagh. About 1880 John R. McLean became sole owner of the plant, and under his direction it has made rapid advances, and takes rauk with the great papers of Chicago and those of other progressive western cities. Its Sunday edition has a wide circulation. Politically it is Democratic.

A Decade Of Activity

In the beginning of the "'forties,'' journalism was in a flourishing condition. There were six English dailies and eight weeklies. The German weeklies numbered five, with one daily, The Volksblatt, founded in 1838, after running two years as a weekly. During much of its later and more important history it was under the editorial management of the Hon. Frederick Hassaurek. At this period there were also a number of book publishing houses, and all signs pointed to prosperity in the publishing line.

Mr. Cist in his annals for 1841 refers to these publications: The Gazette and Liberty Hall, Whig, issued 900 daily, tri-weekly, 400, and weekly, 800. The Advertiser and Journal, Democratic, issued 400 daily, tri-weekly 150, and 1,600 weekly. The Times, a nentral evening paper, circulated 1,500; the Public Ledger, a neutral evening penny sheet, 1,400; the Volksblatt, Democratic, claimed a daily issue of 312, and a weekly of 1,400; the Unabhaengige Presse, likewise Democratic, 250 tri-weekly; the Deutsch Im Westen, 1,500; Wahrheits Freund (Roman Catholic), 1,050; the Apologete (German Methodist), 1,000 - al] weekly; and the Licht Freund, a Universalist semi-monthly, 500.

Besides these publications, the Western Christian Advocate, Methodist weekly, bad a circulation of 14,000; the Cincinnati Observer, New-School Presbyterian, 1,300; the Western Episcopal Observer, 500; the Catholic Telegraph, edited by Bishop Purcell, 1.100; the Star in the West, Universalist. 2,800; Western Temperance Journal, 6.000; the Ladies' Museum, 1,200; Ladies' Repository, 7,000, Western Messenger (Unitarian), 1,000; Christian Preacher (Disciple), 2,500; Precursor (New Jerusalem), 400; the Evangelist (Disciple), 1,000; Family Magazine, 3,000; the Counterfeit Detector, 750; and there was one other periodical, the Western Farm and Garden, the circulation of which is not given. We are particular to give the circulation of the foregoing papers and periodicals at that time, for the purpose of enabling the reader to contrast them with the publications of to-day. The majority of them have ceased to exist, or lost their individuality by being merged in other publications, whilst many new ones have appeared.

In the fall of 1843 a new weekly literary venture appeared under the name of the Western Rambler. It was published by Austin T. Earle and Benjamin St. James, under whose auspices it flourished for a short time and then disappeared.

It was during this year (1843) that the Cincinnati Commercial, one of the ablest and most influential morning journals, was started by Curtis & Hastings. During its brilliant career of forty years, until its consolidation with the Gazette, many changes took place in its editorial and business departments, but it was ever aggressive, able and influential. In 1853, Murat Halstead, one of the most distinguished journalists of the day, became connected with it, and remained until the union with the Gazette, having been editor-in-chief since 1866. In 1879 a reorganization of the firm took place, and a joint-stock company was incorporated. The capital stock was fixed at $235,000.

Another candidate for public favor appeared in 1848, called The Great West. The title was as captivating as it was suggestive of a wide field. It was started by Robinson & Jones, with a strong corps of Cincinnati editors, and all prominent writers throughout the Mississippi Valley were engaged as paid contributors. With this strong array of journalistic and literary talent the enterprise was kept going for nearly two years, when, in March, 1850, it was consolidated with the Weekly Columbian, as the Columbian and Great West, published by E. Penrose Jones and edited by William B. Shattuck. The celebrated Celia M. Burr (Mrs. Kellum) was the literary editor for atime. A daily Columbian was also started, but it broke the establishment down, and all failed together in August, 1853. The mistake was in trying to cover too great a territory, and then in loading the enterprise with a daily to quickly sap its remaining vitality.

More Literary Ventures

In 1850 the local chroniclers inform us that there were nine English and four German dailies in Cincinnati, most of them with weekly and some with other editions. Altogether there were eleven English and four German weeklies, with two semimonthlies, which shows the rapid progress that was being made in the diffusion of literature for the masses.

It is claimed that one of the finest publications of this era was a monthly quarto magazine, embellished with fine steel engravings, which was published by R. E. Edwards, in connection with the Arts' Union Gallery. In January, 1853, a weekly magazine of sixteen octavo pages, of somewhat similar character, called the Pen and Pencil, was started by William Wallace. It only survived about a year. Next came the Genius of the West, a bright and promising monthly of thirty-two octavo pages, started in October of the same year by Howard Dunham, who had been conducting for some time a semi-monthly musical and literary journal known as the Gem. It started with a vigorous life, and embraced among its contributors Miss Alice Cary, and a number of other writers of note. About the middle of 1854 Mr. Dunham took into editorial partnership Coates Kinney and Charles S. Abbott, but soon withdrew to start another periodical of like character, which he called The Western. His venture proved a failure at the end of three numbers. In the following August we find W. T. Coggeshall engaged as a co-editor of the Genius. The next month Mr. Abbott withdrew, and Mr. Kinney in July, 1855. In the latter part of this year Mr. Coggeshall disposed of the magazine to George K. True, a young poet and essayist of Mount Vernon, who bravely maintained it for six months, when it went to join the innumerable caravan of literary failures. It was a very excellent magazine while it lasted, and had many friends, but at no time more than paid expenses of publication.

Dailies: - At the close of 1859 Mr. Cist enumerated the dailies as follows: Gazette and Liberty Hall, Enquirer, Times, Commercial, Volksblatt, Volksfreund, Republikaner, Penny Press, Law and Bank Bulletin.

Weeklies : - Western Christian Advocate, Presbyter, Central Christian Herald, 'Journal and Messenger, American Christian Review, Western Episcopalian, Star of the West, New Christian Herald, Catholic Telegraph, Christian Leader, Sunday- School Journal, Wahrheits Freund, Christliche Apologete, Protestantische Zeitb]etter, Horwechter, Scientific Artisan, Journal, Helvetia, Israelite, and Deborah.

Semi-Monthlies : - Type of the Times, Presbyterian Witness, Sunday-School Advocate, Lord's Detector, United States Bank Mirror, White's Financial and Commercial Reporter, and Counterfeit Detector.

Monthlies : - -Repler's Bank Note List, Ladies' Repository (discontinued in 1880), Masonic Review, Odd Fellows' Casket and Review, Lancet and Observer, Medical News, Cincinnati and Eclectic and Edinburgh Medical Journal, College Journal of Medical Science, Physio- Medical Recorder, Sonntag-Schule Glocke, Young People's Monthly, Youth's Friend, Sunbeam, and Dental Register of the West.

The first publication, entitled " Pictures of Cincinnati," was by Drake, in 1815. The first city Directory was published by Oliver Farnsworth, in October, 1819, and included an almanac for 1820. The printers were Morgan, Lodge & Co. The Directory, only about two hundred pages in size, contained 1,693 names. The second Directory, by Harvey Hall, appeared in 1825. Among its unique features was an analysis of the nativities of the inhabitants. It showed a very large percentage of Pennsylvanians and Jerseymen in the population, 394 of the names given being those of natives of the Keystone State, and 324 of New Jersey birth. Ohio was only able to show 52 natives. It contained 2,600 names, and the number of houses was given at 1,663. In 1826 Drake published his history of Cincinnati, in which he gave the population at 16,230. The next Directory appeared in 1829, by Robinson & Fairbanks. It contained 4,563 names. In 1834 E. Deeming published a Directory which contained 6,354 names. The record does not show any new Directory until 1836, when J. H. Woodruff appears to have published one. It contained 6,500 names, showing that the city was slowly advancing. Some time in 1839 a book entitled '' Picture of Cincinnati'? was published by Glezen & Shepherd, but it was not a regular city Directory. In 1840 D. H. Shaffer came before the public with a Directory, in which he gave the number of names at 9,170. Cist's Directory appeared in 1841, and he published one annually until 18438. The last one contained 13,625 names. In 1844 R. P. Brooks issued a Directory, but it was simply a reprint of Cist's last one, with one thousand new names added. Kobinson & Jones came to the front in 1846 with a Directory, which contained 14,600 names. In 1848 C. S. Williams published his first Directory. It contained 320 pages and 21,545 names, besides much valuable historical data, from which the foregoing facts have been deduced. Mr. Williams continued to issue a Directory annually until 1861, when he disposed of the business to Americus V. Williams & Co., the present firm, who have continued the publication annually up to the present time. Compared with the Directory of 1819, that of June, 18938, presents a wonderful contrast. The latter contains 2,130 pages and 147,500 names, from which the publishers estimate the population of the city at 832,000. Another curious fact in connection with these veteran Directory publishers should be noted, viz.: No relationship existed between C. S. Williams and Americus V. Williams, the superintendent of the present publishing house. .

Improvement Of The Press

Thus stood the journalism of Cincinnati on the eve of the great Civil war. That event caused a number of changes, and gave birth to other publications. That it resulted as a purifying process is evident, for in 1867 James Parton, tbe eminent essayist and historian, in an article on Cincinnati for the Atlantic Monthly, remarks that ''nowhere else, except in New York, are the newspapers conducted with so much expense.'' He was assured by observing Cincinnatians 'that the improvement in the tone and spirit of its daily press, since the late regenerating war, 1s most striking. It is looked to now by the men of public spirit to take the lead in the career of improvement upon which the city is entering." This was a high tribute, and spoke volumes in favor of the prosperity of the city. Mr. Parton was deeply impressed with the conditions of the Press, and declared it '' astonishingly rich." 'Think of an editor," he exclaims, 'having the impudence to return the value of his estate at five millions of dollars!" And that, too, in the Queen City of the West. But the conditions have greatly improved since Parton wrote in 1867, and the growth of newspaper property has kept pace with other great interests, and its value to-day is far in advance of what it was at that time.

The Times-Star, the leading evening Republican paper, takes its name from the consolidation of two evening papers. The Times was founded in 1821 by Calvin W. Starbuck, as a weekly, when he was but nineteen years of age. He was the fastest type-setter in the West at that time, and being desirous to economise his funds until his enterprise proved self-supporting, be for years set up a great portion of the paper himself, and also assisted in its delivery to subscribers. He was eminently successful as a publisher and business man, and, to use the words of a modern writer, ''was great in goodness."" The Star was started February 2, 1872, by the 'Star Publishing Company." After the death of Mr. Starbuck, which occurred November 15, 1870, his paper was purchased by Benjamin Egleston, Alexander Sands, Calvin W. Thomas and others, the proprietors of the Daily Chronicle, which had become a daily in 1839. .The Times was for some time called the Times-Chronicle, but soon afterward returned to its original title. The paper was then resold to David Sinton, Charles P. Taft and H. P. Boyden, and it was consolidated with the Star in June, 1880. The paper now occupies a magnificent building, specially erected for it, and its appointments in every respect are first-class. It bas no Sunday edition.

Another literary publication, first known asthe Fat Contributors Saturday Night, and afterward as the Cincinnati Saturday Night, attracted wide attention for a few years. It was started July 20, 1872, by Capt. L. Barney and A. Minor Griswold. Under the first title it ran until 1878, when it was changed to Cincinnati Saturday Night, and the following April Griswold became sole owner. He was a well-known humorous writer of his day. In 1880 J. C. Getzendanner became associate editor, and remained as such until 1883, when Mr. Griswold went to Europe. He then took entire charge of the paper as editor and publisher, and kept it up to the high standard it had reached. Mr. Griswold returned in September, 1884, and finding business very much depressed, the result of the riots in March of that year, he offered the paper and outfit for sale, but failing to find a purchaser for the entire concern, he disposed of the plant by piecemeal, and the publication was suspended.

The Cincinnati Post, established January 38, 1881, is a four and six-paged evening paper. It is noted for its industry and activity in gathering the news and laying it promptly before the public. It is independent in politics, and publishes several editions during the day and evening. Being sold for a penny it has a large circulation. No Sunday edition is issued. It is published by an incorporated company, of which Edward W. Scripps is president, and Milton A. McRae, secretary and treasurer. The office of publication is on Longworth street, and the mechanical equipment is first-class.

The Cincinnati Tribune, a new morning Republican paper, was founded January 4, 1893, by acompany. It coutains from four to eight and ten pages, and is sold at two cents in the city. It bas a Sunday edition. The office of publication is in

Without any further attempt to particularize the various publications of Cincinnati, by giving the dates and the names of the founders of all papers and magazines started within the last quarter of a century, it may, however, for the benefit of the reader and future historians, be proper to give the titles of all, properly classified, as they appeared in Williams' Directory for June, 1893. They were as follows:

Weekly, English : - American Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer, American Catholic Tribune, American Grange Bulletin, American Israelite, Buds of Hope, Business and Pharmaceutical Record, Catholic Telegraph, The Chic, Christian Leader, Christian Standard, Bulletin of Prices Current, The Enquirer, Golden Rule, Item, Lancet Clinic, Live Stock Review, Price Current, Railway Guide, Record, Suburban News, Weekly Gazette, Weekly Times, Columbia Times, Crockery and Glassware Journal, Family Herald, Farm Implement News, Herald and Presbyter, Iron Age, Iron Trade Review of Clevejand, Journal and Messenger, Light of Truth, Lutheran World, Merchant and Manufacturer, Merchant Sentinel, Merchant Traveler, Metal Worker, Once a Week, Pharmaceutical Record, Primary Lesson Paper, Produce Trade Reporter, Pure Words, Sabbath Visitor, Shopping, The Southwest, Standard Lesson Leaf, Suburban Enterprise, Tonsorial Advocate, Sunday-School Advocate, Trade Bureau, Trade Bureau of New York, Transcript, Western Christian Advocate, Western Tobacco Journal, Williams' Weekly Courier, Young Men's Institute Weekly Record, Young People's Standard, The Anti-Boodler.

Monthly: - American Ecclesiastical Review, American Furniture Gazette, American Industrial World, American Rural Criterion, The Artizan, The Auxiliary, Beta Theta Pi Magazine, Carpenter and Builder, The Carriage World, Children's Home Monthly Record, Chips, Christian Press, Church Bulletin, Church Chronicle, The Cigar Trade Magazine, Cincinnati Medical Journal, Club and Society News, The Courier, The Dental Register, Eclectic Medical Journal, The Elks, Express Gazette, Family Herald, Farm Implement News of Chicago, Financial Review and American Building Association News, Fliegende Blaetter, The Harness World, Haus und Herd, Indiana Standard, The Informer, The International Detective, Iron Molders' Monthly Journal, Knights' Journal, Lehrer Zeitung, The Lumber Worker, Masonic Review, Medical Gleaner, The Merchant, Merchant and Manufacturer, Merchants Magazine, Monthly Caller, Musical Messenger, Musical Visitor, The New Age, Ohio Builder, Ohio Dental Register, Ohio Medical Journal, Ohio Propaganda, Ohio Standard, People's Aid, Picture Lesson Paper, Public School Builetin, Sabbath Papers, The Sabbath Visitor, Saloon Trade Magazine, Saxby's Magazine, St. Francisci Gloecklein, Der Sendbote, Shoe and Leather Age, The Sokesman, Squire's Musical Advertiser, Sunday-School Journal, The Tonsorial Trade Magazine, The Watch Dial, The Western Architect and Builder, The World's Progress, Young Men's Christian Monthly Bulletin, Y. M. I. Journal.

Semi-Monthly : - Bonfort's Wine and Spirit Circular of New York, Classmate, Co-Operative News, Deutscher Hauschatz, Furniture Worker, Die Glocke, The Iron Age, Pharmaceutical Record, Sunday-School Classmate.

Summary

The foregoing classifications may be summarized as follows: English dailies, 10; German dailies, 6; Italian dailies, 2; English weeklies, 57; German weeklies, 15; semi-weekly, 1; monthly, 68; semi-monthly, 9; Quarterly, 14; annual, 7; semiannual, 1 - making a grand total of 210 publications of all kinds.

Looking back over the past hundred years we are impressed with the great number of publications that have appeared since Maxwell's Centinel in November, 1798, and the Anti-Boodler, by Charles H. Scott, September, 23,1893, that have arisen, sought fame for a short time and then passed away. Whilst the foregoing review of the journalism of Cincinnati is more exhaustive, perhaps, than any that has yet appeared, it is not claimed to be perfect. In the span of a century it is very easy to overlook ephemeral publications, especially when no record of their existence has been preserved, and the wave of oblivion has long since swept over their graves. Neither has it been possible within the scope of this chapter to notice all as fully as they deserved, or to speak of the traits, characteristics and history of the many eminent writers and journalists that have been connected with them.

For a city of less than four hundred thousand inhabitants, the foregoing final summary of its publications must be accepted as a very creditable record. They cover every subject - politics, religion, education, trade, commerce, manufactures, science, medicine, literature, society, and sports. The great dailies are unsurpassed in enterprise, ability and industry. Many of the magazines and literary publications are conducted by editors of high standing, experience and ability, and their writings and opinions have a powerful influence in molding public sentiment, and in advancing education, religion and civilization.

Chapter Xvi The Germans In Cincinnati

Ear.ty AND DISTINGUISHED SETTLERS - First History oF THE TOWN WRITTEN BY HECKEWELDER - THE First EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF THE Town A GEeRMAN - LONG LINE OF MeEn EMINENT IN LITERATURE AND THE PROFESSIONS - GREAT RESULTS.

N O element has been more intimately and powerfully identified with the success and prosperity of Cincinnati than the German. Always noted for their industry, frugality and steady habits, these people have contributed largely to make the city what it is to-day; and to no class of settlers, therefore, is more credit due. The sturdy German came with the first settlers; first in a military capacity in the service of his adopted country, and when the wars were over he quickly resumed the peaceful habits of his race, and turned a willing hand to aid in the development of the county just reclaimed from the savage.

The first man to write a full account of the settlement of Cincinnati was the celebrated John Heckewelder, the pious Moravian missionary among the Indians. He came here July 2, 1792, accompanied by Gen. Putnam, of Marietta, and spent several days in thetown. While here he preached to the people and mingled among them freely. He was then on his famous journey to the Wabash, and the journal he kept on that occasion is one of the most interesting contributions to our early history. His description of Cincinnati is very full and interesting, and those who care to read it will find it inthe '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History"? for 1887. Mr. Heckewelder was somewhat acquainted with the Northwest Territory, having some years before aided in founding Gnadenhutten, on the Tuscarawas, where the Christian Indians were so atrociously butchered in 1788 by Williams and his militiamen from Pennsylvania. After making his great journey through the wilderness, and conferring with numerous tribes, he returned to his beloved Bethlehem.

In the first years of the legal existence of the infant village, two Germans were elected to fill the first municipal offices, viz.: Maj. David Zeigler, 1802-3; Martin Baum, 1807-12. The former was here as early as 1788, in the military service.

Cincinnati'S First Official

Maj. David Zeigler was born at Heidelberg in 1748. At an early age he began his military career as a subordinate officer under Frederick the Great. He also served in the Russian army during the reign of Catharine the Second in the campaign against the Turks, which ended with the cession of the Crimea to Russia. He came to America in 1775 for the purpose of entering the Revolutionary army. Early in that year he was commissioned third lieutenant in Capt. Ross' company at Lancaster, Penn., which was recruited in that county, and was: immediately sent to escort a supply of powder to Washington's army at Cambridge. On the 25th of June, 1775, he was promoted first lieutenant and adjutant of Col. William Thompson's battalion of riflemen. This regiment was the second in Pennsylvania to enlist for the war. On the 6th of January, 1776, he was promoted first lieutenant of a company of the First Pennsylvania Continental Infantry, and December 8, 1778, he was raised to the rank of captain. From bis promotion to the end of the Revolution he served as senior captain.in this famous regiment, which Wayne said ''always stepped to the front for glory.'' He distinguished himself in the battles of Long Island, Brandywine, Monmouth, and Bergen Point. The same day he was promoted he was made inspector of the Pennsylvania brigade. He was once taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. He served in the Carolinas in 1783, returning to Philadelphia by water. At the close of the war he became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. When Gen. Harmar was sent on his western expedition Capt. Zeigler accompanied him. He was also with Gen. Lincoln. On the 29th of December, 1791, he was promoted to the rank of major. He saw much hard service during the Indian wars in the Northwest Territory. As an officer he stood high, being noted for his military bearing, promptness to obey orders, and for having one of the best drilled companies in the service. In the spring of 1789 he married Lucy, youngest daughter of Benjamin and Hannah (Coggeshall) Sheffield, of Marietta, while stationed at the fort there. Maj. Zeigler resigned in 1792, settled in Cincinnati, and engaged in business as a storekeeper. After serving as the first president of the village council in 1802, he was appointed by Jefferson in 1804 the first marshal of the Ohio District, and in 1809-11 he filled the office of surveyor of the port of Cincinnati. Maj. Zeigler was greatly esteemed by the people for his many noble qualities as a soldier and civilian. He died in 1811, aged sixty-three years, and was buried with military honors. His name and fame have always been held in grateful remembrance by his posterity.

A Representative Man

Martin Baum (born at Hagenau, July 15, 1761; died in Cincinnati December 14, 1831,) did much - wore, perhaps, than any man of his time - to improve and elevate the German element in Cincinnati and the great Ohio Valley. Through his great wealth, which he had accumulated through many successful business enterprises, he helped a great deal to raise his people to a higher standard. As early as 1803, he called into existence the first bank in the West, entitled the " Miami Exporting Company,'' whose president he remained for many years. Through this company, which carried on at the same time a great transportation business, Baum became one of the most important promoters and improvers of the navigation of the rivers of the West. He called to life the first sugar refinery, the first iron foundry, the first woolen factory, the first steam flouring-mill, and other industrial establishments so much needed by the people. Through these industries many persons found work and profit who otherwise would have been compelled to struggle hard for existence; and when he could not find enough good and skilled workmen in the new country, he would enlist in Baltimore and Philadelphia newly-arrived immigrants, and bring them to the new settlement on the Ohio. In this way the current of emigration was directed toward the West, and it increased in strength and volume from year to year. Not only this, but the first ornamental garden, as well as the first vineyard, which Baum laid out at Deer Park - now within the city hmits - marks him as one of the most industrious and progressive men of his time.

His spirit was ever active - his mind was restless. He aided more than anybody else to push along improvements. His taste for art, science and literature attracted the attention of men of culture who settled here early, largely on account of the beautiful natural surroundings and the loveliness of the scenery. The foundation of the Lancaster School in 1813, out of which arose the Cincinnati College in 1818, was, besides Judge Burnet's, principally Baum's work. He was its first vice-president, and served for many years as an active member of the board. This great and good man, whose restless mind ever yearned for the intellectual advancement of his people, was one of the original stimulators and founders of the first public library of the West in February, 1802; of the Western Museum in 1817; of the Literary Society in 1818; of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture in the West in 1819; and of the Apollonian Society in 1823.

As early as 1812 he was nominated for Congress, but positively refused to be a candidate, because he could not spare the time to be absent from his many business operations. If we consider that he was in those days the wealthiest and most respected citizen of Cincinnati; that he was also president of the Cincinnati branch of the Bank of the United States; and that he stood in connection with the most important men of the land, it is clear that Baum was to the German element in the first period of the history of the settlement a powerful support. His house was always open and his hospitality was unbounded. All intellectually great men were especially welcome. Julius Ferdinand von Salis, cousin of the great German lyric poet, Count Johann Gaudez von Salis, lived with him about the year 1817. He had traveled through the Orient as a natural philosopher, ' and wrote here," says Klauprecht, ''in the retirement of this western market town, his experiences and impressions of the cradle of mankind for a German publisher, when in the year 1819 death took the pen out of his hand."'

Other Prominent Early Settlers

In 1817 Albert von Stein came to Cincinnati. Previous to this he had gained in the United States quite a reputation as an engineer. He was the promoter and builder of the Cincinnati water-works, the first water-works of the country which were worked by pumps. Afterward Stein was for a while engayed in Philadelphia as draughtsman for Wilson's " Illustrated Ornithology.'' He built the waterworks at Richmond and Lynchburgh, Va., the Appomattox canal, near Petersburgh, Va., and the water-works at New Orleans, Nashville, and Mobile. Of the last named works he was the owner until his death, which occurred in 1876, when he was aged eighty-four years.

Dr. Friedrich Reese, a very learned, active, and popular man, was the first German Catholic priest in Cincinnati. This was in 1825. He was at one time bishop of Detroit. He was born at Vianenburg, near Hildesheim, and had, like Pio Nono, first served in the cavalry, and then studied theology. He died at Hildesheim December 27, 1871, after having been called to Rome and given up his episcopate in 1841. While in Cincinnati Dr. Reese was the founder of the Scientific School, the Athenzeum, which passed afterward into the hands of the Jesuits, and was changed by them into the present St. Xavier College. He wrote a history of the Bishopric of Cincinnati, which was published in 1829 at Vienna, and was otherwise busy in literary pursuits. Joseph Zaslein, Jakob Gulich, and Ludwig Heinrich Meyer were the first German Protestant pastors in Cincinnati. Reference to the founding of the first German papers, political as well as religious, will be found in the chapter on the Press.

Another prominent early settler was Karl Gustav Rumelin (now spelled Reemelin). He was born in Heilbronn, March 19, 1814, and came to the United States in 1832, when the great emigration from Wurtemberg and Hessen took place. He landed in Philadelphia August 27, 1832, and remained there for some time. He reached Cincinnati in 1833, and soon found a position in a store. Having a taste for politics he took much interest in political affairs and public life. In 1834 he was one of the founders of a German society, of which he remained a member for forty years. In 1836 he became connected with the German press, and took an active part in politics. He learned the trade of a printer, set type on his own paper, ran the press, and, when it was necessary, carried and delivered his own papers. It was largely through his influence that Hamilton county, which in 1834 had given a majority for the Whigs, gave from 1836 to 1840 a majority for the Democrats. In 1887 he married a Swiss lady, and in the spring of 1843 he sold his press and removed to the country. After making a visit to Europe he returned in time to be elected from Hamilton county to a seat in the Lower House of the Ohio Legislature for 1844 and 1845; and in 1846 he was elected for two years tothe Senate. He madean active member of both bodies. His report in favor of the annexation of Texas was reprinted in many Democratic papers, and altracted much attention. In 1846,1847, 1848 he studied law with Judge Van Hamm, passed his examination and was admitted to the law. But he did not follow his profession. In 1849 he visited Europe again, and while abroad acted as correspondent for the New York Evening Post. While in Germany he was elected a member of the convention which was to revise the Constitution of Ohio. This was in 1850. He took his seat in the convention, and the article in the Constitution of 1851, which prevented the legislature from making arbitrary divisions in the electoral districts, was due to his efforts. He supported Fremont, but did not vote for Lincoln or Douglas. He was a warm friend of Breckinridge, whom he knew personally and greatly respected. Altogether he made six journeys to Kurope. In 1876 he voted for Tilden. This same year he was elected by popular vote for two years to the honorary office of a member of the board of control for Hamilton county. In addition to his newspaper work, he found time to write several books, many scientific and descriptive articles, as well as magazine contributions. One of his most important works is a '' Treatise on the Science of Politics," which was published by Robert Clarke & Co. At this writing (1893) he is still living at the ripe age of eighty years. ory :

Heinrich A. 'Ratterman, for many years editor of the Pionier. He is a native of Ankum, District of Osnabruck, Germany, where he was born October 14, 1832. He came to this country with his parents in 1846, and settled in Cincinnati. At leisure moments he devoted his time to learning the English language, which he speedily acquired, and there are few in the city to-day who speak it more correctly. ' On the death of his father in 1850, the care of the family devolved on him, but he did not shrink from the task. He continued his studies in the meantime, and finally grad-

_ uated from a commercial college, becoming then bookkeeper for one of his relatives who was engaged in the lumber business. Through his influence and continued efforts, the German Mutual Fire Insurance Company was founded in the spring of 1858, and became soon after one of the most successful institutions of the kind in the United States. For more than thirty years he has served as secretary and business manager of the concern. But the great activity which he has devoted to this institution has not checked his inner impulse for literary work and music. He has written poetry in the German and English languages,and worked with especial industry in the field of historical investigation, particularly in the history of civilization. He traces up, with a peculiar zeal and genuine entbusiam, the generations of the German immigrants into the most remote period, and his investigations into this and kindred subjects are not only deeply prosecuted, but betray a sharp and critical judgment. And it is doubtful if there is a better posted man to-day in Cincinnati on the history of the early German settlers. There is hardly a book or pamphlet which can give him any material for his historical work that is not known to him. He takes especial pride in the fact that the first history of Cincinnati was written by a German in 1792. Being engaged for a number of years with such historical work, he edited for eleven years the Deutscher Pionier - started in 1869 - which aimed to give in an entertaining style a view of the past and present of German life in America. This journal, which was discontinued at the end of the eighteenth volume, contains a vast amount of valuable information, which no one can use to better advantage than Mr. Ratterman in compiling a history of immigration, and there is a strong desire that he will put it in shape not only for the benefit of the present generation, but for posterity. Several years ago he published an historical sketch of Cincinnati, several novels, and a history of the Great West. He is also very fond of music, and is himself a good musician; he was one of the founders and a member of the Seengerbund, the Mennerchor and,the Orpheus societies; also a member of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio; a member of the Cincinnati Library Club; a corresponding member of the New York Historical Society, and one of the founders of the German Literary Club of Cincinnati. He owns a large and valuable library, which is particulary rich in works of a historical character. In the interest of the insurance company he has also studied law, especially that branch which relates to insurance, and is, therefore, qualified to give advice on matters pertaining to his business.

Literary And Professional Men

In noting the literary and professional lights the name of Dr. Joseph H. Pulte should not be omitted. He was a native of Westphalia. After finishing his medical studies, he emigrated to the United States in 1834, following a brother who was a well-known physician in St. Louis. Settling in Allentown, he devoted his attention to the practice of homeopathy, then but recently introduced in this country. After laboring there for several years in the Homeopathic College of that place, he came to Cincinnati in 1840 and settled. In 1850 he published a work entitled '"The Domestic Practice of Homeopathy," which appeared also in London, in English; and in Havana, in Spanish.- He followed this by several other medical works from time to time. He also conducted for several years the " American Magazine of Homeopathy and Hydropathy." In 1852 he became professor of clinical practice and obstetrics in the Homeopithic College at Cleveland,.and founded in Cincinnati, from his own means, the Pulte Homeopathic Medical College, which was opened September 27, 1872. Besides his poetical writings mention should be made of his philosophical work, with which he enriched the literature of the country. It is an attempt to bring revealed religion into harmony with philosophy. Dr. Pulte did much to advance and elevate his school of medicine, and his name stands high among those who have followed in his footsteps. He died about 1883.

Another eminent physician, Dr. Friedrich Roelker, is eminently deserving of notice in this connection. He was born in Germany in 1809, and educated in that country. After finishing his studies he taught for a short time in Osnabruck, whence he came to this country in 1835. In 1837 he located in Cincinnati and became an English teacher. He held this position two years, when he was made principal of the Catholic Trinity School. At the end of a year he resigned to study medicine at the Ohio Medical College. Having graduated he devoted himself to the practice of medicine in Cincinnati. His position as English teacher in the public schools had brought him into association as well with the most prominent men of the city as with the most influential members of the board of education; and when the Germans nominated him as a candidate for the school board in 1843 he - was elected. He was appointed chairman of the committee on instruction in German, and succeeded in mollifying the hostile feeling which formerly existed in the board against instruction in German, by his moderate and thoughtful, but earnest efforts. The German-English schools, which so far had shown very little life, rallied and flourished under his untiring care. That was a triumph for the Germans which filled everybody with gladness, and a meeting of German citizens was called to give Roelker publicly their thanks for his zeal, activity and success. His re-election in 1844 was easy. He understood clearly that the preservation of the German language did not depend on school instruction alone, but that continued effort afterward would be necessary to ripen the seed planted at the school. For this purpose he proposed the founding of a library company, which was brought about in the autumn of 1844. It was called the '' German Reading and Educational Society," and in its foundation Roelker was largely aided by a number of eminent and well known German citizens. He was made the first president of the society, and it continued to grow and prosper until the Civil war caused its dissolution. The four thousand volumes owned by the library were presented to the Mznnerchor singing society for the free use of its members. Dr. Roelker resigned his position asa member of the school board in 1846, and in 1849 he made a visit to Europe. There has not been a man in Cincinnati who is entitled to more credit for the snecessful introduction of German instruction in the public schools than Dr. Roelker, nor one: whose name is more honored on this account. He died at Providence, R. I., about 1883.

Military Heroes

In the military line the name of Angust Moor is worthy of mention. He was born in Leipzig March 28, 1814, became a pupil in a military school, and there developed a decided taste for the military profession. He came tothe United States in 1833, and found occupation in Philadelphia. There he became a lieutenant in the Washington Guard of that city, and during the Seminole war of 1886 he enlisted in a volunteer dragoon company, in which he became lieutenant-colonel. When his term of service expired be came to Cincinnati and engaged in business. On the breaking out of the Mexican war in 1846, he became captain of a company of Ohio Voltnteors, and so distinguished himself in several battles that he was soon advanced to major, then lieutenant-colonel, and finally colonel of the regiment. A few years after his return he was made major- general of the First Division of the Ohio Militia, but resigned in a few years. On the breaking out of the Civil war he was one of the first to enlist under the flag of the Union, and was made colonel of the Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteers - the second German regiment - which was attached to Gen. Rosecrans' army. He distinguished himself in West Virginia - fought under Hunter in the Shenandoah Valley and was considered one of the best and bravest officers of the army. He led a brigade during the whole of his three years' service, but was not until his discharge made a brevet brigadier-general. He was highly appreciated by Rosecrans, Averill, Burnside and Hunter, and by them his advancement was urged, but owing to the jealousies which prevailed among officers he did not receive the recognition to which he was entitled until he was out of service. He died about 1883.

Gen. Gottfried Weitzel, another adopted Cincinnatian, was born in Germany November 1, 1835, but came to this country in early youth. His parents settled in Cincinnati, and in his seventeenth year he was sent to West Point, whence he was graduated in 1855, after having passed an excellent examination, when he was made second lieutenant in the Engineer Corps. When the war broke out he was already

'a captain, became attached to Gen. Butler's staff, and accompanied him to New Orleans. Having reached the rank of brigadier-general he was assigned to the command of a brigade in the corps of Gen. Banks, when that officer undertook his unfortunate expedition up Red river. Afterward he was assigned to the army of the Potomac, under Gen. Grant, and was given the command of a brigade. It is well-known that he took an active part in the operations against Richmond, and he was the first general officer, who, at the head of his command, entered the city of Richmond by the side of President Lincoln. Strange coincidence! The German Gen. Schimmelpfenning was the first who led his brigade into Charleston, and another German general was the first who carried the flag of the Union into the abandoned capital of the Confederacy. Gen. Weitzel was an officer in the United States Engineer Corps with the brevet rank of a major-general. That he was a German by birth is proved by the fact that he was a member of the German Pioneer Society of Cincinnati, to which only German natives are admitted. He died many years ago.

Art And Music

The tutor of Hiram Powers was a German named Friedrich Eckstein. He was born at Berlin about the year 1787, studied art, and came to Cincinnati in 1825 or 1826, and founded an Academy of Fine Arts, of which he remained a director until his death in 1832, which was caused by cholera. It was in his school and under his direction that Powers took his first lessons in sculpture, and from him he drew the inspiration which made him famous. Aside from the busts of Governor Morrow and President William H. Harrison, but few of Eckstein's works are known to be in existence. These busts, however, are of great artistic value. The first is in the State Library at Columbus, and the second is in the possession of Gen. Harrison's descendants. After the death of Eckstein his art school was discontinued, but his eminent pupil achieved high distinction in after years, and always bore in kind remembrance the name of his German tutor.

About the time of Eckstein came the two brothers, Johann Peter and Gottfried N. Frankenstein, as painters. The latter made a great reputation. His large landscape painting of the Niagara Falls has been multiplied by engravers and lithographers, and a bust of Hon. John McLean, executed by him in marble, was much admired. Mr. Ratterman says of him in one of his lectures: '' His paintings show individuality in their conception, combined with a bright coloring, which later has been surpassed only by his genial pupil Wilhelm Sonntag.'? In 1838 Gottfried Frankenstein succeeded in bringing to life again in Cincinnati the Academy of Fine Arts, and became its first president. It was, however, of short duration. Another artist, Friedrich Franks, was in 1828 the founder of a gallery of fine arts in Cincinnati, and afterward the owner of the Western Museum.

Academies Of Art

It is worthy of notice that the various endeavors to found academies of art in Cincinnati have always proceeded from Germans. About the efficiency of these artist schools it need only be said that some of the most prominent American artists have come forth from them, as for instance Miner K. Kellogg, William H. Powell, the brothers Read, the American artist and poet, T. Buchanan Read, and others. Mr. Ratterman thus speaks of their artistic worth: ''The artists of this first period of art in Cincinnati were principally the pupils of nature, and only reached in their studies the point where greater justice is done to the real than the ideal. They belonged, therefore, more to the realistic school. Only Eckstein, who was a pupil of the celebrated Schadow, and who has been honored by the title of professor, was an idealist. His pupil Powers, however, in spite of all his efforts at idealism, had a natural tendency to realism, as is observable in all his productions."

That music has been introduced by the Germans, and has been especially fostered by them in Cincinnati, as well as throughout America, is well known. As early as 1823 there existed here a musical society, and in 1839 another singing society was founded, from which originated in 1844 the Deutsche Liedertafel. Ever since 1846 the three German singing societies, which existed at that time in Cincinnati, have celebrated every year a musical festival, and in 1849 the first great German musieal festival of the United States was held in this city. On this occasion the first German Sengerbund of North America was founded, whose musical festivals have now gained a world-wide reputation, and prepared the way for the foundation of the magnificent Music Hall and the Cincinnati College of Music. The idea for the erection of the great Music Hall was conceived soon after the festival of 1875. It was carried out by public-spirited citizens, who raised $302,000 for the purpose, and in November, 1875, the Cincinnati Music Hall Association was incorporated. Mr. Reuben Springer and Mr. John Shillito were the moving spirits in this great enterprise, and contributed the bulk of the money for the building. The association entered into an agreement with the City Council, by which the perpetual control of the lot was vested in the association, tax free, on a covenant that it would build the hall, keep it in repair, and as nearly free from cost to the public as might be consistent with the expense of repairs and insurance, neither stockholders nor trustees to receive any dividend or compensation in any form therefrom. The building is immense in size, and contains a hall with a seating capacity of 4,428. The organ cost $26,000, not including the case or screen.

The College of Music has rooms for study and practice in the great Music Hall building, also in the Odeon adjoining, with seating capacity of 1,200, aleo in the Lyceum, with seating capacity of 400. The aim of the college is to impart instruction theoretically in all branches of musical education. Competent professors are employed and special instruction is given in German, Italian and English elocution, as well as the theory of music and its practice, both vocal and instrumental.

The Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, a leading private school for musical education, is well conducted and Jiberally patronized. In a word Cincinnati abounds with public and private musical societies, orchestras and bands. In the German portion of the city, or ''Over the Rhine,"' there are at least fifty musical and singing societies.

Very few are aware that S. N. Pike, the founder of the great opera house which bears his name, was a Jew. He was the son of parents by the name of Hecht, and was born near Heidelberg in 1822, and came to this country in 1827. His father changed his name from Hecht to Pike, because that is the English meaning of the word. After receiving a good education he traveled about the country considerably, when he finally settled in Cincinnati in 1844 and engaged in business. He married, in Cincinnati, the youngest daughter of Judge Miller. Having engaged in the liquor business, he soon acquired great wealth. When Jenny Lind visited the city he became greatly interested in her singing, and resolved that he would build an opera house specially adapted for such concerts, and which should be a credit to Cincinuati. The foundation was laid in 1856, but, owing to the financial panic which then prevailed, the magnificent building was not completed until the winter of 1858. On the 22nd of February, 1859, the Opera house, at that time the largest, finest and most beautiful in this country, was opened with due solemnity. It marked the beginning of an epoch in the musical and dramatic history of the city. Not contented with this splendid building, he commenced, in 1866, the erection of a dramatic palace in New York called the Grand Opera House, which he sold to James Fisk, then in the zenith of his career, for $850,000. But he bad not more than got his New York building fairly under way, than his Cincinnati Opera house was destroyed by fire in the spring of 1866. It was rebuilt, and is still one of the principal ornaments of the city. Pike was afterward successful in a land speculation near New York City which brought him great profit, and at the time of his death, in 1872, his fortune amounted to several millions of dollars.

An Eminent Scholar

One of the most eminent of German scholars, teachers and authors, was Johann Bernard Stallo, born in 1823 in the Grand Duchy of Oldenberg. He received a good education and adopted teaching as a profession. In 1839 he came to Cincinnati. Being provided with letters of introduction from his father and grandfather, he at once fonnd a position in a private school. There he compiled his first book on the rudiments of spelling and reading, which immediately became very popular, aud many editions were called for. Soon afterward he was engaged as a teacher of the German language in the newly founded St. Xavier College, where he remained three years. His tastes ran to mathematics and physics, and in these studies he excelled. The study of the higher mathematics led him to Germau philosophy. He was called to New York in 1843, and made teacher of mathematics, physics and chemistry at St. Jobn's College, which position he filled until the end of the year 1847. Returning to Cincinnati, he took up the study of the Jaw, passed a brilliant examination, and was admitted to the Bar in 1849. He soon distinguished himself in his new ealling in such a way that in 1803 the governor appointed him judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton county, to fill a vacancy. The people elected him the same year for the regular term of that office, but he resigned in 1855 on account of the inadequate salary, and returned to the practice of the law. His career as a lawyer, politician aud author has been brilliant in the extreme.

The Germans of Cincinnati early became identified with the manufactures, and down to the present time they have ranked among the highest engaged in fostering the great industries of the city. In the chapter on manufactures it is shown that their investments in the production of beer alone amount to many millions of dollars, and that some of their manufacturing plants rank among the largest and most costly in the United States. They are also engaged in other large industries, notably the manufacture of organs, pianos and other musical instruments. The manufacture of organs was commenced as early as 1831, when a factory was established by Mathias Schwab, from which have gone forth great numbers of excellent instruments. This plant is the oldest of its kind in this country, and it is still in existence.

About 1836 the first attempt to use machinery extensively in the fabrication of furniture was made by Friedrich Rammelsberg, a Hanoverian, by the introduction of Woodworth's planing machines. Some years later others became interested with Rammelsberg. His practical knowledge thus united to a moderate capital soon more than 1,500 workmen - the largest furniture factory in the world - owe its" existence to him, but the general successful rise of the furniture trade in Cincinnati,

Wonderful Attainments

The wonderful success attained by Germans in the brewing business, together with the millions of dollars they have invested in this productive industry, will be found very fully described in the chapter on manufactures. In the founding of this line of business their achievements have been greater, almost, than those of their 'countrymen in any other American city, and when the amount of money invested and the products are considered, one is amazed at what has been accomplished. No class of people have contributed more in brains, sinews, labor and money, toward building up Cincinnati, and making it what it is to-day, than the Germans. And no class is entitled to greater credit. They are modest and retiring in their disposition, not given to brag or bluster, and make no boisterous claims of what they have accomplished, but are content to plod along in the paths of industry, and let their work tell the stranger what they have accomplished. To write the history of this German element of fully one hundred thousand people, from the beginning of Cincinnati up to the present time, would require a book as large as this volume. All we can do, therefore, is to point to a few of the early settlers, as has been done, and call attention to the fact that the illustrious example which they have set is worthy of emulation by the coming generations, because it demonstrates the fact that the humblest, most obscure and helpless, if they cultivate industry and economy, find it possible to rise to eminence and wealth, obtain political preference, and command the respect of their fellow men.

River Transportation And Trade

From THE CANOE TO THE STEAMBOAT - How EArRLy EMIGRANTS DESCENDED THE RIvVER - THE Fiat anp KEEL Boats - CURRENCY IN USE AMONG THE First SETTLERS - THE Maru Car- RIED BY CANOE - First LINE OF PackETS - APPEARANCE OF THE STEAMBOAT - ITs RISE AND DECLINE - SEAGOING YVESSELS - VAST COMMERCE BY RIVER.

canoe, the flat, keel, and steamboat flourished. | When the vast volume of the transportation business of to-day is considered, it is interesting to inquire into its origin and history, and contrast the past with the present.

Probably the first Englishman * to descend the Ohio with any force at his command was George Croghan. On the 15th of May, 1765, he started from what is now Pittsburgh, on a visit to Vincennes and Detroit, on a commission from Sir William Johnson, then serving as the English Indian Commissioner. Croghan had two batteaux and a number of white men and Indians under his direction. In his

* It is claimed by a French writer that LaSalle descended the Ohio river in 1670-71, but the claim lacks confirmation. But that he discovered it in 1677 is pretty well authenticated. He himself says so ina memorial addressed to Count Frontenac in that year. - {" Lliinois and Louisiana Under French Rule," p. 77.)

journal he says that on the 29th of May they came to the mouth of the Little Miami, and on the 80th they passed the Great Miami. Three days afterward he was captured by the Indians and carried a prisoner to Vincennes.

Long after this came military expeditions against the Indians, in which batteanx and flatboats were used to transport the forces and stores. Early emigrants 10 search of homes in the wilderness also used the same means of transportation, but very likely the canoe predominated.

When the first emigrants settled at Columbia, Cincinnati and North Bend, the only means of transportation they had was by the canoe and flatboat, because the country was a wilderness, and the only roads were narrow Indian paths. The river therefore had to be depended on as the quickest and surest channel of communication, and all supplies were drawn from Old Redstone Fort on the Monongahela and Pittsburgh.

Early Currency

One of the first drawbacks in the beginning of trade with the early settlers was the lack of a circulating medium. John G. Olden, in his reminiscences, says that the skins of wild animals were first used as currency. A deer skin was valued at a dollar, a fox skin one-third of a dollar, and a raccoon skin one-fourth of a dollar. These were passed almost as readily as silver coin at these valuations. This method lasted but ashort time. The establishment of the garrison at Fort Washington, and the campaigns against the Indians, brought a fair supply of specie into the country. This being principally either gold, or Spanish silver dollars, did not relieve the natural difficulty of making change in the same currency. In this perplexity the early settlers coined ''cut money '' - that is to say, the dollar was cut into four equal parts, each piece worth 25 cents, and again divided for 124 cents. This was soon superseded by a new and more profitable emission from the same mint,* which formed an additional quarter, or two additional eighths, to pay the expense of coinage. This last description of change, which was named "sharp shins,' from its wedge shape, became speedily as redundant as were the dimes of 1841, when they ceased to pass eight and nine for a dollar. Later a great proportion of the cireulation was in bills of $8. The soldiers of Fort Washington were paid in these bills of the old United States Bank. They were called ' oblongs,"' and three dollars was the monthly pay of a soldier. In 1794 a Cincinnati merchant, named Bartle, imported a barrel of copper pennies to inflate the currency, but his fellow merchants were so exasperated at his action that they almost mobbed him.

Early Crafts

The early craf's used in river navigation were crude and clumsy in their construction, and would excite almost:as much curiosity as the unique caravels used by Columbus to discover America, when compared with the magnificent boats now plying on our streams. They first consisted of flat-bottomed boats, keelboats and barges. One of the early river traders was Col. James Ferguson. In a record which has been preserved he informs us that he was trading on the Ohio river in 1790, and made several trips between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh during that year. From 1791 to 1794 he made two trips each year, being at the latter periods " keeping store" at Cincinnati. Produce was brought down the river from Red Stone and Pittsburgh in Kentucky boats. They were small keelboats, constructed with sharp roof covers over the principal part, leaving a small section of the boat uncovered for oars, which were used as in a skiff below, the steepness of the roof not permitting the use of oars above. But more generally the transportation was in flatboats. He ascended the river in a canoe, poling when the water was shallow enough, and " bushwhacking or poling along the shore by the bushes, and paddling the canoe in the intervals of deep water.'' By this method he usually made thirty miles a day.

These voyages, as late as 1793, were attended with considerable danger from the, Indians, who, up to that time, were hostile and lurked along the shore for the purpose of surprising canoes and boats. Col. Ferguson informs us that he had repeatedly to land and camp on the shore at night. A fire was built when the nights were so cold as to render it absolutely necessary for comfort and health. While thus camping it was not safe to remain more than a few minutes at a time by the fire, but after obtaining some warmth, to immediately retreat to the seclusion of a spot selected for sleeping in the bushes, at some distance from the fire. This was for the purpose of not being exposed to the view of savages who might be lurking in the thickets, and, on account of the light of the fire, be able to shoot with accurate aim.

Major Swan, one of the officers at Fort Washington, who had taken a small detachment of troops from the fort to Pittsburgh, wrote back: '* We arrived here after a passage of only forty-four days, in which we exhausted our provisions and groceries, and had to lay in fresh stock at Marietta."

In 1794, T. Greene, of Marietta, carried the mail between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati in a pirogue, or large canoe, propelled by poles and paddles. The post office had been established at the latter place in 1793, and all the mail matter at that time could be carried in a small hand-bag. Long intervals elapsed between the deliveries at each point.

Traders at oid Fort Redstone, Pittsburgh and Wheeling furnished boats for em1- grants. They also furnished all necessary articles - provisions, furniture, cooking utensils, farming implements and boats at a moderate price. Hach had a boat yard where the arks, keel or flat boats and barges were made. A boat of sufficient size for an average family, say thirty to forty feet long, cost $1 to $1.25 per foot, so thata pretty respectable vessel, well-boarded up on the sides, and roofed to within six or eight feet of the bows, could be had for $35. This did not include the expense of a mooring cable, a pump and a fireplace, which cost, perhaps, $10 more. After these "family boats'' had been used to descend the river, they were frequently employed for transient purposes, and then broken up for their lumber. Besides these craft a number of keelboais plied on the Ohio and its tributaries, in use as common carriers of merchandise. Their principal cargo, by way of import or export, was flour, apples, whiskey, cider, peach and apple brandy, bar iron and castings, tin, copperware, glass, cabinet work, millstones, grindstones, nails,etc. Returning they brought cotton and tobacco from Kentucky, lead, fur and peltry. Messrs. Raum & Perry, Riddle and others of Cincinnati, who dealt in the New Orleans trade, brought cotton from Natchez, sugar, coffee, rice, hides, wines. rum and dry goods. The Navigator, for 1818, notes the great advantage it was to the commerce of Cincinnati, to have this line, slow as it was, and limited in its capacity.

First Packet Line. - The first regular and periodical line of packets between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati was formed January 11, 1794, by the estabiishment of four keelboats, of twenty tons each, as appears by an advertisement in the Centinel of the Northwest Territory. The advertisement,* which is quite a curiosity, is omitted on account of its great length. The proprietors of this new enterprise announced that each boat would make the voyage between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, '"' once in every four weeks." And, as an assurance of safety to passengers, they announced that 'no danger need be apprehended from the enemy, as every person on board will be under cover made proof to rifle or musket balls, and there are convenient port holes for firing out. Each boat is armed with six pieces carry-

* The curious may see the advertisement in full in Cist's annual for 1859, p. 156. The Centinel was the first newspaper started in Cincinnati, November 9, 1793, by William Maxwell.

Such were the conditions and assurances, on the part of the proprietors of the "first line of packets," established on the Ohio river. We are nowhere informed of the success of the new enterprise, or the cost of passage between the two points, but as it was a step forward in river navigation in those days, it is reasonable to conclude that, inasmuch as this was the most expeditious method of travel in those primitive days, they met with the encouragement which their enterprise deserved.

A notable event occurred at the hamlet of Cincinnati April 27, 1801, in the arrival of the brig "St. Clair,' from above, commanded by Capt. Whipple, and bound on an ocean voyage. She was full-rigged and equipped, and loaded with produce for the West Indies, and was the first of the kind out of the Ohio. As she anchored off the port, says the Spy and Gazette, ''the banks were crowded with people, all eager to view this pleasing presage of the future greatness of our infant country."

At this time boats reached Natchez in seventy-two days. On their arrival below, and the cargo discharged, they were usually broken up and the material sold. The crew then generally returned home on foot and horseback through the wilderness of the Southern States, and from three to four months were required to make the journey.

A herald of the coming good time of steam navigation was manifest in March, 1801, in a call for a meeting of citizens at '' Yeatman's tavern," to consider the merits 'of a contrivance" for propelling boats against the current ''by the power of steam or elastic vapor." This was fully tea years before the attention of Fulton and his associates was turned to the western waters as a hopeful field for the introduction of his invention. Somewhat later than 1801 Samuel Heighway and John Poole, proprietors of a ''mechanical project constructed for the propelling of boats against the stream of rivers, tides and currents by the power of steam or elastic vapor," advertised for subscribers to their scheme of introducing it on the western waters, subscriptions ' to become payable early on the [our] invention succeeding, and the boat performing a voyage from New Orleans to Cincinnati.'' As history is silent regarding their proposition it is inferred that nothing came of it.

Drake, in his description of Cincinnati in 1815, informs us that flat-bottomed and keel boats, and barges, were the vessels in which the commerce of Cincinnati had hitherto been carried. The first, he concluded, would long continue to be employed in the transportation of heavy articles down the river; but the latter, he thought, would probably be in a great measure superseded by steamboats, as two kinds were then coming into use on the western waters. This sentiment, although only uttered about seventy-eight years ago, sounds very strange to-day. In further discussing the probable change, Dr. Drake thought the ''reduction of the voyage from New Orleans to Cincinnati from 130 days, is equivalent to an approximation of the two places, or to the annihilation of two-thirds of the distance.''

But the era of steam was not yet, and the river navigation was still conducted by barge, keelboat, '' broad horns,'' or ' Kentucky boats,'? moved commonly by oars and poles, but also by sails when the wind was favorable. They carried from fifty to one hundred tons, and the charge for freightage from Cincinnati to New Orleans was $5 to $6 per hundred. In good - that was wet - seasons they could make as many as two round trips to New Orleans per year. Col. James Ferguson, it is recorded, made two trips a year from 1791 to 1794, while he was storekeeping in Cincinnati. The principal firms then engaged in the river traffic were Baum & Perry, and Riddle, Bechtle & Company. Their primitive business, indeed, was not destroyed by the river steamers until 1817, or six years after the first steam vessel passed down the Ohio.

First Steamboat

The first successful operation by steam on the western waters was in 1811-12 by the steamboat " Orleans,'' of about two hundred tons, built by Fulton & Livingston at Pittsburgh. She descended to New Orleans during the memorable earthquake, and ran between New Orleans and Natchez until July 14, 1814.* She was of three hundred tons burden, carried a low pressure engine, and cost about. $38,000. She was finished and departed in October, reaching Cincinnati the day before Christmas, causing infinite surprise as well as joy. She was wrecked while lying at the wharf at Baton Rouge over night. The river was falling and the boat settled on a sharp stump which cut a hole through her bottom. The engine was taken out and, with a new boiler, placed in another boat, called the '' New Orleans," in 1818.7

But the vision of Dr. Drake was not a prophetic one. The invention of Fulton was destined to catise a greater revolution in the transportation business than he anticipated. As shown, the first steamboat was built at Pittsburgh in 1811. The Jirst constructed at Cincinnati was the '' Vesta,'' which was launched in 1816. She was only 100 tons burden, and consequently was quite diminutive in size. She wore out in 1821.

It was not, however, until 1817, that steamboat building was actively and extensively engaged in at Cincinnati. The second boat built here was called the '**Comet.'' This was in 1817. She was 154 tons burden, a considerable increase over the '' Vesta.'' She was lost in 1828. The ''Comet'' was built on a new plan. Her machinery was known as French's stern wheel vibrating cylinder plan.

The " Eagle,'' a small steamer of 70 tons, was also built at Cincinnati for James Berthoud & Son, of Shippingport, Ky., to run in the Louisville (afterward Natchez) trade. Then followed several other small boats. The first steamer owned entirely by Cincinnati capital was constructed in 1818 - the '" Experiment,' a forty-ton craft. ''Thus,'' says Cist, ''it seems that thirty-two boats had to be built before we could furnish capital and enterprise to own one."'

As Dr. Drake records in his " Picture of Cincinnati in 1815,'' navigation was still conducted by flat and keel boats and barges only, though two kinds of steamers were beginning to ply on the Ohio. One hundred days were still necessary for the New Orleans round trip, which it was expected steam would reduce to thirty. Cincinnati had been made a port of entry in 1808, but no vessel was cleared here until 1815 on account of the cessation of ship building on the Ohio.

Flour was now the chief article of export from the Miami country, several thousand barrels being sent thence annually to New Orleans. A good business had also been begun in the exportations of pork, bacon, lard, whiskey, etc. At this time more than seventy shops in "the village'' were now keeping imported goods for sale, about sixty of which were selling dry goods, hardware, glass and queensware. Castings were already made in Ohio, at Zanesville and Brush Creek, and were brought thence to Cincinnati. Pennsylvania and Virginia furnished bar, rolled and cast iron, and various manufactures in iron, besides millstones, coal, salt, and so forth.

New Orleans was then, and Dr. Drake thought must continue to be, the great emporium of the southwestern country, and even in 1815 many articles of import from the East could be obtained more cheaply from that city than by Pittsburgh. This was not to be wondered at. The only means of transportation from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was by pack horses and wagons; from New Orleans the goods came direct by water at a less cost.

The "ingress of foreign merchandise through other channels,' remarks an early writer, " was already anticipated.'' The general government was expected to com- plete a National road from the Potomac to the Ohio, which would greatly reduce the expenses of transportation by reducing the time en route.

The imports this year at Cincinnati, from places east and south, amounted to $534,680. In 1816 they had reached $691,075; in 1817, $1,442. 266, and in 1818, $1,619,030. During the two years following the last war with England, there was a great increase in the importation of foreign goods, with a consequent depression of prices.

'' Numbers of arks, with emigrants and their families bound to various parts of the western country, are generally near the landing. Whilst we were here I counted the different craft which then lay in the river; and as it may convey some information, I shall state their number - seven Kentucky boats similar to ours with coal, iron and dry goods, from Pittsburgh; four barges or keelboats - one was at least 180 tovs, and had two masts. These boats trade up and down the river, exchanging and freighting goods from and to New Orleans, Pittsburgh and other places; four large flatbuats ur scows with stone for building; salt from the Kanawha; six arks laden with emigrants and their furniture. Emigrants descending the Ohio mostly eal] at Cincinnati to purchase provisions and collect information. These arks are - similar to the Kentucky boats, only smaller. They can only descend the river."'

During the season of 1818-19 the amount of flour inspected at Cincinnati for export reached 130,000 barrels. It was estimated that at least 50,000 tons of produce went abroad that year out of the city andthe two Miami rivers. The imports that year were only about half a million. The balance of trade had been against Cincinnati, and the local merchants were uncommonly prudent and cautions about their imports. The exports, however, from October, 1818, to March, 1819, amounted to $1,384,085 of flour alone, pork 10,000 barrels, worth $150,000. To the Indiana, Illinois and Missouri territories, alone, the value of the exports amounted to $8C0, - 000 for that time.

To show the steady growth of commerce it may be mentioned that the imports for 1826 amounted to $2,528,590, and the exports reached $1,063,560. The difference in trade is explained on the ground that the country was new and the products fell short of supplying the home demand. For 1832 the commerce of Cincinnati was estimated at four million dollars; for 1835 at something more than six million dollars. The steamer arrivals this year numbered 2,287, and among the imports were 90,000 barrels of flour and 55,000 of whiskey.

Steamboat Building

Steamboat building, when it was fairly started, soon began to look up briskly. Navigation changed rapidly from the keelboat to the steamboat. The first steam vessel, as already stated, was the '" Vesta,'' built in 1816. During the next year steamboat building began to be active, and was most successfully prosecuted. Vessels were built at Cincinnati and elsewhere on the Ohio more cheaply than in any eastern city, and the preference was given to Cincinnati. Of all that were built on the entire western waters in the two seasons between 1817 and 1819, nearly onefourth was launched here. A large number was also built here in the years 1824-26; in fact, it is considered doubtful whether more were constructed during that time in any city in the world. The woodwork especially wassuperior. Black locust, which was not found even at Pittsburgh, was considerably used for boats, and vessels thus made were more desirable than those constructed at the east from Jersey oak. Upon these waters there had been 233 steamboats by 1826. Ninety had been lost or destroyed, and there were 143 remaining. of about 24,000 aggregate tonnage. One was built in 1811, and another in 1814; two in 1815; three in 1816; and in the years following successively, 7, 25, 84, 10, 5, 18, 15, 16, 27 and 56. Of these 48 were built at Cincinnati, which had half a million dollars invested in the river business. By this time the primitive craft had been almost wholly superseded by the steamers, some of which were so adapted to the river as to run through the very driest season. Thenceforth steamer building was to be exceedingly prominent among the industries of the Queen City. The number built, however, has varied greatly from year to year. Marine reports show that in 1833, for example, only eight steamers were launched from the Cincinnati shipyards, with a total tonnage of about 1,730.

In 1840 thirty-three steamboats, representing a carrying capacity of 5,361 tons, were built at Cincinnati at an aggregate cost of $592,500. The '' Joan of Arc" was the largest and finest. She carried 343 tons, and cost $32,000. The ''Ben Franklin,'' another popular boat of a later date, carried 312 tons, and cost $40,000. The

. passenger traffic up and down the river afforded an important item of revenue in those days. Older readers will recall the scenes of excitement attendant on the arrival at the wharf of these "magnificent floating palaces," as they were called, and the pride with which they were regarded by their owners and the people. A trip on one of them was regarded as a peculiar privilege, and marked an epoch in the life of the traveler.

By the census of 1840 it appears that the capital invested in Cincinnati houses in foreign trade and in the commission business was $5,200,000; capital employed in the retail dry-goods business, and other branches of trade, $12,877,000. There were twenty-three lumber yards, employing seventy-three hands. The capital invested amounted to $133,000, and the sales reached $342,500. The total manufactures for that year showed 10,667 hands employed, and the value of products $17,432,670.* The capital invested in manufactures is given by the authority at $14,541,842.

So rapid, however, was the development of commerce, that in January, 1841, there were ejghty-eight steamboats belonging to the district of Cincinnati. These boats plied between Pittsburgh, St. Louis and New Orleans, and did a large transportation business in freight and the carrying of passengers.

The aggregate tonnage ranged from 1,745 in 1862, to 20,838 in 1870. The first year of the war, it will be observed, caused a great depression in the business. But in 1863 and 1864 the great demand for boats caused unusual activity. After peace was made there was a decline, but it revived in 1870. The range of boats plying to and from the city was 224 in 1862, to 446 in 1865.

The eleventh annual report of the Cincinnati Board of Trade says of the boat building of 1880-81, that ''a good number of boats were built during the past year - the number of all crafts being 20, with a tonnage of 6,688, against 24 the preceding year, and tonnage 10,641. A heavy increase of tonnage was expected, but not in the number of boats. This was expected to be in stern-wheel boats for making short trips. Many of these had reached a carrying capacity of 3,000 tons."'

For the commercial year ending August 31, 1880, the Chamber of Commerce reported that 'the arrival' for the year aggregated 3,163 boats, compared with 2,725 in the year immediately preceding, and the departures 3,167, in comparison with 2,730. The whole number of steamboats and barges which plied between Cincinnati and other ports in the past year was 322, with an aggregate tonnage of 83,569."'

Seagoing Vessels

Very early in the century the construction of sailing vessels, for river and ocean navigation, began on the upper Ohio. Among the sailing vessels built at Marietta between the years 1801 and 1805, was a beautiful little 70-ton schooner called the " Nonpareil,'' constructed by Capt. Jonathan Devoll, one of the earliest shipwrights on the Ohio, for himself and sons, and Richard Greene. In the spring of 1805 she was finished and loaded for a voyage down the Ohio and Mississippi, and Gen. Mansfield took passage on her with his family. The little craft left Marietta April 21st. The distance to Cincinnati, 160 miles, she made after a voyage of seventeen days, being kept back by adverse winds and a low stage of water. Cincinnati then hada population of 950. Capt. 'Devoll also made the boats which brought the first settlers to Marietta for the Ohio Company.

In 1844 a bark was built at Marietta of 350 tons burden, and named the '' Muskingum,'' which loaded at Cincinnati for Liverpool. She reached her destination safely in January, 1845, and the Liverpool Times noted her arrival in flattering terms, and said that by her it received a file of Cincinnati papers. She was the first vessel that ever cleared here for Europe. The voyage was regarded as a very remarkable one.

Other seagoing vessels were fitted out here at various points on the Ohio. John Swasey & Company, of Cincinnati, built three vessels, before 1850, of 200 to 350 tons - one full-rigged brig, the '' Louisa," and two barks, named, respectively, the '' John Swasey'' and the ''Salem.'' They were towed to New Orleans, and prepared for sea. One made a six months' trading trip to the west coast of Africa. She proved to be a good sailer. The '' Minnesota," a ship of 850 tons, was built here about the same time by another firm, for a New Orleans owner.

The Canal System

The canal system of Cincinnati, which also became an important factor in the transportation business and: the development of the city, was commenced in 1824, but was not fully completed until 1842. The Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and follows the Great Miami valley until it passes the summit at St. Mary's and enters the Maumee valley, terminating at Toledo. In 1826 it was fairly under contract, and thirty-one miles, from Main street to the dam at Middletown, were nearly finished. In 1828 it was completed to the mouth of Mad river, a distance of 67 miles. In 1841 it was in operation to Pequa, and the extension was completed eighty miles beyond Dayton. For two years it had paid more than the annual interest upon the debt incurred in its construction, which was considered 'the best evidence of its utility."

The amount of tolls for 1850 collected on the canal was $315,103.60. During this year there arrived at Cincinnati 117,655 tons of merchandise, and there were cleared during the same period 42,784 tons. The total amount of tolls collected from 1828 to 1840 was $637,887. 10.

The Wabash canal, which is wholly in Indiana, joins the Miami at the junction in the Miami valley, and therefore becomes a contributor to the commerce of Cincinnati.

The growth of the commerce of Cincinnati has been rapid. In 1869 the river trade was $169,500,000, against $150,000,000 of imports and exports for Pitts- burgh, $115,000,000 for Louisville, $30,000,000 for Wheeling, and $40,000,000 for Paducah. This year crackers were exported to China and candies to Greece.

The local commerce for 1873 - about $540,000,000 - was nearly half of the commerce of the United States. The law of Congress passed July 14, 1870, allowing direct importation of goods from abroad to Cincinnati greatly facilitated foreign transactions. The total of direct importations entered at the port of Cincinnati in the fiscal year of 1877-78 was $632,528 ; for 1878-79 it was $896.549 ; for 1879- 80, $998,372, showing an increase of $101,831, or nearly 12 per cent. in favor of the last.

From an elaborate table prepared by the Merchants Exchange it appears that from 1856 to 1880, inclusive, there were received at Cincinnati 38,662,428 bushels of wheat, and 15,468,911 barrels of flour. For the same period the receipts of corn amounted to 58,311,493 bushels.

But it is from the carefully prepared and elaborate reports of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants Exchange, that we are enabled to get the best insight of the trade and commerce of the Queen City and the wonderful progress it has made in a little over fifty years. This powerful association of merchants was organized October 15, 1889, and has therefore been in existence about fifty-four years. The forty-fourth annual report shows that at the beginning of 1893 there were about 2,200 members. The organization represents the concentrated activity of the leading business men of the city in every departinent of trade and commerce, and the influence it exerts in the advancement and material wealth is farreaching and invaluable. The following extract from the report for the commercial year ending August 31, 1892, will give the reader a comprehensive idea of the business situation of Cincinnati :

The exhibits and detailed statements relating to the commercial and industria] interests of Cincinnati make it plain that the past year [1892] has been one of important advancement, and of very satisfactory results. These conditions, yielding a good degree of prosperity, have been reached through no inflation in values, affording unusual margins for profits, but are due to business enterprise and energy and meritorious work, supported by the various special advantages which the locality affords for economical prosecution of competitive pursuits. It is quite apparent that the tendency of prices in staple lines for the year was more in the direction of reduction than otherwise. And yet our merchants and manufacturers have had a good year, the volume of general business operations having been materially enlarged. Perhaps the clearing house exhibit of bank exchanges is as fair an index in these matters as anything available. This shows a gain of ten per cent. in these returns in comparison with the preceding year. There has been an increase in the volume of business in nearly every important line, and insome the gain has been large. There has been also a fair increase in the value of manufactures turned out by local establishments, with a still greater enlargement in volume of products, as values bave been lowered in most of the prominent lines of such industry.

A pleasing feature in the affairs of Cincinnati is the evidence of more of co-operative effort than heretofore on the part of manufacturers and merchants, not only in the way of securing fuller recognition of just claims from transportation companies, but also in the extension of business into fields where other markets have heretofore had more important control, Our people have prospered in all the years'of the past, and many of them have been content with conditions which have surrounded them, and have not manifested a full degree of determination to sound abroad the advantages of this locality as a market and more positively assert the merits of facilities here commanded, and thus to invite more generally the attention of the commercial and industrial world. This locality is especially favored in facilities for securing supplies of cheap fuel for manufacturing and household uses - a feature of prime importance. It has convenient and cheap homes for the working classes and those of limited incomes. It has a climate comparing favorably with any other region in the country. Our city has abundant educational facilities, from the free public schools to the university, with also those covering technical fields, music and art, all of the first order of merit.

A very clear illustration of the substantial and phenomenal advancement in the industrial growth of Cincinnati is shown by a tabulated statement accompanying the report, but as it is too elaborate for these pagesa few extracts and comparisons must suffice. For 1891-92 the value of commodities received was $346, 000,000; value of manufactures, $250,000,000. During the same period the Clearing House exchanges amounted to $721,000,000. The figures for 1890-91 are: Value of commodities received, $326,000,000; value of manufactures, $244,000,000. The Clearing House exchanges for the same period reached $655, 000,000, or fifty-six millions below what they were the subsequent year.

These figures not only indicate the comparative volume in many interests, but also suggest the important extent to which values have receded in the past ten years. The report shows that in 1881-82 the value of commodities received reached $298, - 000,000, whilst the value of manufactures was $186,000,000, and the Clearing House exchanges $485,000,000. In these ten years, continues the report, the decline in prices has averaged fully 25 per cent., while the aggregate valuation represented by commercial and manufacturing operations has been enlarged to an extent of probably 40 per cent. On this basis the volume of goods, so far as quantity is concerned, has increased during the period to the extent of fully 85 per cent.

The report states that full detailed returns of the manufacturing interests of Cincinnati have not been obtained since 1890, but sufficient information has been acquired relative to prominent industries to indicate that the past year [1891-92] has been one of decided progress. In 1870 the value of products of manufacturing establishments at Cincinnati and the immediate vicinity was about $125,000,000. In 1880 this had increased to $155,000,000. In 1890 the total, according to special investigations of the Chamber of Commerce, was $236,000,000. For 1892 the aggregate may safely be estimated at $250,000,000. It is thus indicated that in the value of products there has been an advancement of 100 per cent. in the period of twenty-two years from 1870 to 1892, and more than 60 per cent. in the twelve years from 1880 to 1892.

These totals will convey to the mind of the reader a fair comprehension of the magnitude of the trade and commerce of Cincinnati, and show him the vast increase in transportation since the days when the flat and keel boats navigated the river.

The flat and keelboats gradually gave way to the steamboat, which appeared, as has been shown, in 1816. It hada grand and glorious day, and exerted a powerful influence in the development of trade, while the period of its supremacy lasted. The first interference was the canal-boat, then-came the locomotive, which marked the beginning of its decline. 'The struggle between the two methods was a long one, but finally the locomotive trinmphed, and the steamboat, as a great factor in the work of transportation, was driven from the waterway.

The Chamber of Commerce report gives some interesting facts as showing the decline of the steamboat interest brought about by the constant increase in railway facilities. In 1883-84 the trade was represented during the yearby 81 vessels with an aggregate tonnage of 40,000. In 1891-92 the number had declined to 40 vessels with a tonnage of 24,000. Previous to the opening of the Cincinnati Southern and the Louisville & Nashville railroad from Cincinnati the Southern Transportation line maintained from fourteen to sixteen vessels of large carrying capacity, with three arrivals each week during favorable water. In the past year (1891 - 92)'this line had but four vessels in the trade, and one departure each week. At the present time railways intercept all important points, and a great portion of the smaller ones from Pittsburgh to Cairo, and with the rapid business methods which prevail there must necessarily be rapid transit. The steamer '' Golden Rule," of the Southern Transportation Line, was burned at the wharf in Cincinnati March 31, 1892, on the eve of departure for New Orleans, causing a loss of six lives and total loss of cargo and vessel.

Steamboat building has almost entirely disappeared from Cincinnati yards. Ten years ago she built the principal part of the boats engaged in her trade, and employed annually from three to five hundred men. But if one source of employment declines another takes its place. Such are the inscrutable ways of Him who rules over the destiny of nations. The world is constantly advancing in every department calculated to elevate the condition of man. With the increase of population, there is a corresponding increase in the facilities calculated to meet his wants, and therefore better his condition. The greatest of these facilities, so far as the transportation of articles of commerce are concerned, is the railroad. So great is this mighty factor in the promotion of trade and commerce that the history of the railroads of Cincinnati must be reserved for a separate chapter.

Chapters Anvil Cincinnati Railroads

Tue LirtLe Miami, THE Frrst RartroapD Burtt Intro Crncrnnati - ItTs Earty History AND STRUGGLES - THE CINCINNATI, HAMILTON & Dayrox, anpD THE "Big Four" Sys- TEMS - OTHER Eariy anD Important Lixnes - THE "QUEEN & CRESCENT" - SUBURBAN STEAM RariLWAys - STREET RatLway SERVICE OF CINCINNATI.

HE advent of the locomotive marked the beginning of a new epoch in the transportation business of Cincinnati, and gave an impetus to trade and commerce that has been productive of the grandest results. The first movement toward the establishment of railroads in Ohio was made February 23, 1830, by Representative William B. Hubbard, of Columbus, who submitted to the General Assembly "' An act to incorporate the Ohio Canal and the Steubenville Railway Company." In this conglomerate act was the germ of the magnificent railway system of Ohio, to which Cincinnati and Hamilton county owe so much of their material prosperity and greatness. New charters were thereafter applied for in large numbers, and rarely failed to be granted. Among these early charters may be mentioned the one granted in 1832 to the Mad River, Lake Erie Railroad Company, and another in 1835 to the Monroeville & Sandusky City Railroad. The year 1836 was somewhat prolific in charters, among those granted being the organic acts of the Mansfield & New Haven, the Cleveland & Pittsburgh.

It was not until 1835,ten years after the success of the Liverpool railway, that it was seriously proposed to build a railway from Cincinnati. The line selected was the Little Miami, which received its charter from the State March 11, 1836. The agitation in behalf of the building of this road had its beginning in Cincinnati from a pressing sense of the need of a railroad connection with the north and east through a route to Sandusky, and as a more ready outlet for the increasing products of the Miami Valley than the river supplied.

Everything having been arranged, the work of survey was entrusted to the young scientist, O. M. Mitchell, then but twenty six years of age. He threw his best energies into the work, surveyed the route, and then sought aid for its construction from the East. Under the act of March 24, 1837, the company secured a loan of State credit amounting to $115,000. The work of construction was slowly pushed, and on August 10, 1846 - more than a decade after obtaining the charter - the road was completed to Springfield. Thirty miles of the road, however, had been opened to public traffic in 1843. Everything was primitive and limited. The rolling stock was then confined to one eight-wheeled locomotive, two passenger coaches and eight freight cars. All of this equipment, including the locomotive, was built in Cincinnati. This achievement was something that the mechanics of a later day referred to with pride, and it was an accomplishment which gave the Queen City a proud standing.