Whitewater Township (part 8 of 17)

1887, to give more room to the pupils, who then numbered sixty, Madame Fredin rented No. 17. Finally, in the summer of 1889, a new building was added to the three houses; this, with a handsome hall, meets all the requirements of light, ventilation, drainage, ete. The hall, recitation rooms and cloak rooms are all on the first floor. The school proper is entirely independent of the residence, though all four houses communicate with each other.

The school is remarkable for its broad and systematic teaching, Mme. Fredin being herself a teacher of thirty years' experience, an earnest and enthusiastic edueator. English composition and literature, history, modern languages and sciences, are taught in all grades, for Mme. Fredin is a strong advocate of the doctrine of development rather than juxtaposition. Latin is optional, as are also advanced mathematical studies. The school is unsectarian, but strongly Christian - all teaching being based upon the Scriptures. Mme. Fredin bas increased the number of her associates whenever the increase of pupils rendered it necessary, choosing her assistants among able and experienced teachers and college graduates. Mme. Fredin does not give diplomas, but prepares young ladies for life, and tries to realize the destderatum of the Latins - '' Mens sana in corpore sano." A few daughters of gentlemen can find in Mme. Fredin's family a retined home life and the advantages of European education.

The Preparatory Day School, formerly The Central Select School. - The Central Select School - primary and intermediate - for girls and boys, was opened by Misses E. B. and L. W. Huntsman in September, 1879, it being the '' pioneer"' among the private schools of Cincinnati to continue co-education through a course of study beyond the primary grades. The school was opened and was continued in the interest of such parents as hold in favor of the system of co-education, and who esteem a thorough '' grading" according to individual] attainments in the primary and intermediate grades as the surest way of laying a good foundation for an academic course of study. The success of the school more than realized the hopes of its originators.

In September, 1893, Miss E. B. Huntsman, principal of the Central Select School, having discontinued regular teaching, Miss L. W. Huntsman opened a preparatory school for upper primary and intermediate classes, regularly *' graded" according to the public-school course of study. It is guaranteed that pupils in good standing in any of the classes named will be prepared to enter a corresponding class in any school, public or private, if a change be unavoidable before the full "course" is completed. The school is located at No. 134 Locust avenue, Walnut Hills. Both girls and boys are admitted to its privileges.

The Hillebrand School for Boys and Girls. - For more than twenty years Miss Hillebrand and Miss Gardthausen's English, German and French boarding and day school for boys and girls has been an institution in Cincinnati. Established in 1872, it was kept on Clark street until 1889. It is now located at No. 299 McMillan street, Walnut Hills. The aim of this school is not only to impart intellectual culture to the pupils. but also to develop their moral faculties. Instruction is given in all the English branches of study. German and French resident teachers offer to the pupil every opportunity of acquiring a thorough knowledge and practical use of the German and French languages. The classical and mathematical studies are under the charge of a resident Harvard graduate. Special attention is paid to vocal and instrumental music. The excellent repute of this school may be inferred from the fact that it is vouched for by Hon. Carl Schurz, New York; Judge Taft, Sr., Cincinnati; Ph. H. Hartmann, Cincinnati consul of the Netherlands; A. E. Wilde, foreign bookseller, Cincinnati; Dr. Wise, rabbi, Cincinnati; Edwin L. Godkin, editor of The Nation, New York, and Messrs. Ax and Gail, Baltimore, Maryland.

Miss Lupton's School. - A schoo] for girls was established in 1881 by Miss Storer and Miss Lupton. Besides serving the purpose of a broad general culture, it has always given especial opportunity for college preparation. In this work it has been very successful. A number of pupils have taken the Harvard examinations, receiving certificates for several subjects; and others have passed 'without conditions the entire examination which admits to Harvard University, Vassar College, the Cincinnati University and the Chicago University.

In 1886, Miss Storer withdrew from the school, and since that time Miss Lupton alone has conducted the school, removing its location from the Cocknover House on Seventh street to Mt. Auburn. It is centrally situated at No.44 East Auburn avenue, within convenient access from the Sycamore and Vine street cables, and the Mt. Auburn Electric road, and from the Oak street station of the Cincinnati Northern railroad. Prof. George Schneider is in charge of the piano department of the school, and Miss Newton conducts the water-color painting classes. Afternoon classes of ladies and girls out of school are formed for the special study of English or the sciences. 'The boarding department of the school is at Miss Lupton's residence, No. 31 Bellevue avenue.

The Misses Harbaugh's Family and Day School for Girls and Boys (Misses Joanna V.S., Margaret E., and Mary F. Harbaugh) is located on East Walnut Hills, at the northeast corner of McMillan street and Madison road. It was established by F. Eugenia Fisher in 1888, and conducted successfully under her management until 1892, when she was succeeded by the Misses Harbaugh. There are three departments: Primary, a three years' course; Preparatory, a three years' course; Academic, a four years' course. In the academic department there are two courses, the English and the Classical. The Classical affords thorough preparation for any of the colleges which admit women. The English offers to those who are not preparing for college broader courses in history, literature and science, than are afforded by the Classical course. In the English course two languages in addition to English may be elected, one is required to continue through the Academic department. If begun in the last year of the Preparatory department the language elected may become an optional study after the third Academic year. The study and practice of the English language isa special feature of the school. Classical and modern languages receive careful attention. The Art department offers thorough instruction in drawing and painting. Pupils in piano music are instructed by a skilled teacher. Lectures on topics connected with the regular class work are given from timetotime. The aim isto furnish thorough instruction after the most approved methods. Children are received at six years of age. Boys may remain in the school until ten years old. Classes are arranged for those wishing to pursue special studies. This school has successfully introduced Swedish Wood Sloid.

Miss Butler's School for Girls was opened in 1892, and reopened September 27, 1893. The proprietor and directress is Miss Sarah Butler, formerly connected with Miss Lupton's school. The aim of the school is to develop the mind and character of the pupils, and to train them to careful and systematic habits of study by a constant cultivation of concentration and application. As far as possible, it is desired to reduce home study and to have the instruction given by the teachers; with this aim in view, some time for study is given to each pupil during school hours; this time, if properly used, is sufficient for the preparation of all the work required of the younger pupils. From the beginning of the course, constant practice is given in the correct use of spoken and written English, and, in all departments, written exercises are criticised in regard to the manner in which they are expressed. The work in reading is designed to form the foundation of a later study of history and literature. In all departments the constant aim is to have the pupils learn to depend upon themselves, to do their own work and to form careful habits of thought. Every effort is made to have the work thorough and progressive. Pupils are fitted for entrance into the University of Cincinnati, or any institution of similar requirements. Especial attention is given to children who have just passed the Kindergarten age In addition to the English branches, German, French and Latin are taught. The schoolhouse is centrally situated, on Oak street, the fifth door from the Reading road, and is easily accessible from Mt. Auburn, Walnut Hills and Avondale.

Other Schools And Colleges

Mrs. Westendorf's School of Elocution. - Mrs. Katharine Westendorf, whose special training in voice culture and the art of expression was obtained of the best teachers in the East, started a school entirely devoted to reading and elocution, in Cincinnati, in 1874. "Having subsequently graduated from the Boston School of Oratory, she resumed her chosen work in her native city, and was called to the department of elocution in the College of Music, in its first Faculty. About the year 1882 she withdrew from the college, and organized a school on Ninth street. Of this school the principal of the Chickering Institute wrote in June, 1882: "It is ten years since Mrs. Katharine Westendorf first entered upon the work of elocution in Cincinnati. She started out very quietly and modestly, and has gradually won her way to her present rank as an authority in her specialty. She is a diligent student, and has made a close, scientific and philosophical study of her art. The aim of the school just opened on Ninth street is not to make recitationists and declaimers of pupils, but to correct their individual faults and supplant them by a knowledge of the inherent laws of expression, through gesture, voice and speech. Those who are the best acquainted with Mrs. Westendorf's system esteem it highly, because it gives a dignity and vast educational importance to a subject hitherto much abused by a mountebank horde of so-called elocutionists. It is not Mrs. Westendorf's intention to create a sensation. The work she proposes to do is radical, earnest and conscientious. Her quiet, impressive mode of training is in strong constrast with the stormy and insincere spouting of the old school."'

The school grew and prospered, and is now one of the established institutions of the city. From the latest prospectus issued by its enterprising head we take the following:

' Historic outline of the school. - The school of elocution is essentially a Cincinnati institution. Since its modest beginning in the 'School of Reading,' in 1874, its influence has quietly made itself felt throughout the country. Many of its representatives are filling responsible positions in public and private schools, colleges and universities, not only ia this city and throughout the State, but in the east, west and south as well, while some of the recognized teachers of the oratoric and dramatic schools of Boston and New York received their training in the School of Elocution of this city. The pulpit, the rostrum, and the stage have received worthy additions from among some of its earnest young men and women students. During the first ten years the founder of the school devoted much time to teaching in schools and colleges in the city and throughout the State. The work growing steadily, however, necessitated concentration, to which end a suitable place was found, and in 1882 the 'School of Elocution' was informally established at No. 188 West Ninth street. The success of the school was assured, and before long it became apparent that what were regarded as very desirable and commodious quarters, were entirely unsuitable and outgrown. In the city proper, the noise from increasing traffic, granite streets, and cables did not encourage the permanent establishing of a school, where speech and voice work were conducted almost every hour of the day. The suburbs, therefore, were the only resource, and a building, suitable in every respect, was accordingly planned and constructed to meet the needs of the school, so that now, in 1892, after nearly twenty years of substantial growth, it has entered upon what may be termed its third period, enlarged, beautified, and with nobler promise for good than ever before." af :

The Phonographic Institute. - This Institute was established in Cincinnati by Benn Pitman in the year 1853. The Institute was at first, as its name implies, a school for the teaching of phonography, or Pitman's Phonetic Shorthand - instruc-

In 1854, only one year after the establishment of the Institute, Mr. Pitman found it necessary, because of the insufficiency of the English text books for American use, to publish a '" Reporter's Companion," containing the then best development of phonography for verbatim reporting, and this work was the first of the famous series of text-books which has held such a high place in the estimation of American shorthand writers, and which presents in its original purity what the Commissioner of Education at Washington has lately called " The American system of shorthand." The popularity of the text-books soon reached a point which made their publication and sale the chief business of the Institute, and the dissemination of phonography within its walls by personal instruction gradually fell into the background, until with the death of Mrs. Jane Pitman, in 1878, it was suspended altogether. In 1881 Jerome B. Howard was admitted to a partnership with Mr. Pitman, and assumed the business management of the Institute, assisting Mr. Pitman, moreover, in a complete and thorough-going revision of the series of text-books. Since this revision the sale of the books has increased to a phenomenal extent, the annual issue of the '*' Manual of Phonography " being at the present time over thirty thousand copies. In 1892 the Phonographic Institute Company was incorporated, for the purpose of taking over and carrying on the business theretofore conducted by Messrs. Pitman and Howard, who became the president and general business manager, respectively, of the new company. In organizing the company the following was stated by the incorporators as being among the objects of the corporation: '' The dissemination of the knowledge and practice of phonography by means of schools by it organized and conducted.'' Acomprehensive plan was matured for the re-establishment of the Phonographic Institute as a school of phonography of the most modern and complete type.

The school went into operation March 1, 1893, and its suecess was immediate. The course of study includes phonography, typewriting, business correspondence, business forms and tables, legal forms, copying, filing, and special lessons in Jaw reporting and the teaching of phonography. The faculty consists of Benn Pitman, president; Jerome B. Howard, director; Julius E. Rockwell, principal; and a full corps of instructors. F

The Nelson Business College. - Richard Nelson, president of the Nelson Business _ College Company, of Cincinnati and Springfield, Ohio, is the author of a well-known '* Mercantile Arithmetic,'' published in 1859, and of Nelson's " Bookkeeping.'' For many years he has been identified with the mercantile and manufacturing interests of the city; and the college, which he established here in 1856, bas been carried on by him with indefatigable energy and zeal. It occupies two separate buildings, and has all the departments of a completely equipped business school. The branches taught are business penmanship, mercantile law, banking and business transactions, bookkeeping, correspondence, shorthand, typewriting, etc. The institution has a special '' Practical School for Boys," in which are taught reading, business forms, writing, bill-making, penmanship, geography, civil government. and composition. The College provides an annual course of lectures by prominent men.

The Nelson Business College, originally located on the corner of Court and Central avenue, was in 1859 removed to the southeast corner of Fourth and Vine streets, where it remained till 1885. It now occupies two sets of rooms, the one on the northwest corner of Fourth and Walnut, the other on Fifth and Walnut. The officers who manage its business are Richard Nelson, president; Ella Nelson, vice-president and treasurer; Alice Bagott, secretary.

Bartlet?'s Commercial College. - Robert M. Bartlett, founder of ' Bartlett?s Commercial College and School of Business," in 183+ established in Philadelphia '' the first exclusively commercial college in the world." Later he organized a similar institution in Pittsburgh. He removed to Cincinnati in 1838, where he built up the school which bears his name, and of which he was the head until March 7, 1892, when he died at the ripe age of eighty-four. The college is now conducted by his son, C. M. Bartlett.

The subjects taught in the college are commercial arithmetic, bookkeeping, concise correspondence, mercantile forms and customs, business penmanship, commercial geography, banking, spelling and composition; and, as special branches, phonography, typewriting, telegraphy, and artistic penmanship.

Cincinnati Business College. - This institution, located in the Miami building at Fifth and Elm streets, is under the direction of Prof. C. W. McGee, a practical stenographer and instructor of shorthand of more than thirty years' experience, who is also president of the college, with W. R. Hoeg as secretary, and M. A. McGee, as treasurer. The course of instruction is ample and complete in all its parts, and will with proper attention enable young men and women of ability to take charge of and conduet large and complicated business, or keep the books of the same upon scientific principles. It embraces business, bookkeeping, actual business practice and banking, commercial law, penmanship and correspondence, commercial arithmetic, clerking and office drill and lectures. The system of bookkeeping here taught is exceptionally thorough and practical. The system of actual business practice conducts the students through a course of transactions, correspondence and records, its scope is large, embracing a great variety of transactions, the keeping of a practical set of books, the drawing of business and legal papers, ete. The students engaged in this work conduct their business in connection with the College National Bank, Merchant's Emporium, Commercial Exchange, Transportation Offices, and various lines of business houses, precisely as does the business man on the street; banking business is conducted in banking as in the best regulated banks. Each department is in charge of a principal who is a thorough master of the work in hand. The College is zealous and successful in securing positions for its graduates.

Louis Traub's Shorthand and Business College. - A knowledge of phonography and bookkeeping, and the use of the typewriter are necessary in this progressive age, and this institution, which affords such knowledge, has a wide and well-earned reputation. It was founded by Louis Traub, November 1,1888, an expert phonographer and typewriter operator, who possesses a peculiar knack of imparting his knowledge to his students. The College is devoted to phonography, typewriting and business education, giving to the students a thorough and practical training in all the branches necessary to become competent shorthand writers and bookkeepers; teaching the Graham system of phonography. Mr. Traub is highly recommended by the legal fraternity, stenographers, merchants, manufacturers and ministers, and endorsed by Andrew J. Graham, author of the Graham system. The College is centrally located at Seventh and Walnut streets, well ventilated and lighted, and every convenience is provided to enable pupils to obtain a thorough practical training and become proficient shorthand writers, operators of the typewriter and bookkeepers.

Law School

This school was founded in May, 1833, by lawyers who had received their instruction in the Law School of Reeve & Gould, at Litchfield, or in the Dane Law School, at Cambridge, and who sought to introduce the advantages of that method of the study of the law in the West. It is understood tobe the first law school established west of the Alleghany Mountains. The first term began on October %, 1833. In 1835 the Law School was incorporated with the Cincinnati College, a literary and academic institution founded in the year 1819; and from that time it has been conducted under the name of the '' Law School of the Cincinnati College." As such it became permanently located in the College buildings, on Walnut street, Cincinnati, and has been liberally endowed from the college funds for the establish-

Prof. Rufus King, who died March 25, 1891, after a long connection with the School, had a hereditary interest in it, for his father, Edward King, was one of its founders. This interest Rufus King manifested, not only by his earnest and able work as professor and as dean, but he provided in his will for the future endowment of the chair of constitutional law. The School has a library of five thousand volumes, comprising the works of the best writers on law and jurisprudence, and the more important reports. It has been selected with special reference to the wants of the School, and is devoted to its exclusive use. Large additions are annually made, a yearly appropriation of one thousand dollars for that purpose being provided by the corporation. Students who are non-residents have, by the courtesy of the directors of the Public Library of Cincinnati, the use of the library, and are admitted to the reading rooms without charge. Very valuable advantages are thus open to those who have time for pursuing any branch of literary or scientific culture in connection with the study of the law. The number of students in the Law School for the academic year 1892-93 was: Senior class, 106; junior class, 61 - total 167. The degree of Bachelor of Laws is conferred by the corporation upon all students who have been regularly admitted to the senior class, have attended the full course of senior lectures, and have passed the examination required for graduation. This examination is both oral and written, and is conducted by a committee appointed by the supreme court of Ohio.

The Faculty of the Law School consists of the following gentlemen: Jacob D. Cox, LL. D., dean, professor of constitutional law, civil procedure, real property and elementary law; George Hoadly, LL. D., emeritus professor of the law of appellate jurisdiction and practice in the Federal courts; Henry A. Morrill, LL. D., professor of the law of contracts and torts; George R. Sage, LL. D., professor of equity jurisprudence and criminal law; Channing Richards, M. A., professor of commercial law and the law of contracts; Hiram D. Peck, LL. D., professor of the law of corporations and of evidence; Francis B. James, LL. B., lecturer on the statute law. Trustees of the Cincinnati College. - William Howard Neff, president; Alex. H. McGuffey, secretary and treasurer; Stephen C. Ayres, M. D., Samuel P. Bishop, Rey. Alfred Blake, Jacob D. Cox, John F. Follett, Marcellus B. Hagans, George Hoadly, William Hooper, E. W. Kittredge, Sidney D. Maxwell, George R. Sage, Edward Sargent, Rt.-Rev. Boyd Vincent, D. D., and Obed J. Wilson.

Medical Education In Cincinnati

From the latest edition (1891) of Dr. John H. Rauch's '' Medical Education and Medical Colleges in the United States,' published by the Illinois State Board of Health, we obtain severely authentic data for the brief statements that follow.

The Medical College of Ohio, a "regular" college, in the prevailing sense of the word, was organized in 1819. In 1858, the Miami Medical College was merged into the ''Ohio,'' but was separated from it in 1865. The Faculty consists of ten professors, ten assistants, three adjunct professors, two lecturers and four demonstrators. After the sessions of 1890-91, four years' professional study and three regular courses of lectures will be required as conditions of graduation. Since 1879 the College has graduated 863 students. The percentage of graduates to matriculates is 33.2. James G. Hyndman, M. D., secretary.

Miami Medical College, also ''regular,'' founded in 1852, was in 1858 merged into the Ohio Medical College, but was re-established in 1865. It has eleven professors, six demonstrators, and one assistant demonstrator. Lectures on all the subjects usually taught in the best medical colleges. Requirements for graduation, four years' study, and three courses of lectures. Graduates since 1860, 313. Percentage of graduates to matriculates, 29.6. W. H. Taylor, M. D., dean.

Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery was organized in 1849. It has eleven professors, seven special and adjunct professors and demonstrators. Requirements for graduation, same as the ''Ohio" and " Miami.'? Graduates since 1880, 205. Percentage of students graduated, 40.2. William R. Amick, M. D., secretary.

Women's Medical College of Cincinnati, a department of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, was organized in 1887. The Faculty consists of ten professors, one demonstrator and three lecturers. A three years' graded course is required, with four years' study, to graduate. Within the four years of its existence, eighty-two ladies have matriculated, and thirteen have received diplomas, a percentage of 19.1. D. D. Bramble, M. D., dean.

Eclectic Medical Institute, the successor of Worthington Medical College (organized in 1832), was organized in 1845. In it were merged the American Medical College, in 1857, and the Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, in 1859. The Institute has eleven professors, one adjunct professor, one lecturer and a demonstrator. Students applying for graduation must have read medicine for four years, and attended three courses of lectures. Number of graduates within the last ten years, 750. Percentage of graduates to matriculate, 386.1. Jobn M. Scudder, M. D.

Pulte Medical College was organized in 1872. It is homeopathic. The Faculty consists of fifteen professors, three lecturers, and one demonstrator. For graduation, three full courses of lectures of at least six months each, and three years' study. Number of graduates within last ten years, 253. Percentage of graduates to matriculates, 38.6. Charles E. Walton, M. D., registrar.

Clinical and Pathological School of the Cincinnati Hospital was organized in 1821. Its medical staff is derived from the Faculties of the Ohio and the Miami

"Colleges. Jt is controlled by a board of trustees presided over by Dr. David Judkins. The medical staff consists of two consulting physicians, two consulting surgeons, four visiting physicians, four visiting surgeons, four obstetricians, two oculists, two pathologists, four curators and microscopists, one resident physician, seven internes and seven externes. In 1891-92 there were 233 students.

The Ohio College of Dental Surgery, established in 1845, is controlled by a board of nine trustees, the president of which is now C. L. Keely, D. D. S. The Faculty numbers six professors and five demonstrators. The number of students matriculated in 1892-93 was 120.

The Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, established in 1871, has a Faculty of seven professors. The deanof the Faculty is Charles T. P. Fennell, Ph. G., Ph. D. The number of students in 1892-93 was sixty-seven.

The Presbyterian Hospital Woman's Medical College, the purpose of which is '*to furnish to women a thorough medical education of the highest standard," was organized in 1892. The college building is No. 424 West Sixth street. The president of the board of trustees is Mrs. Alexander McDonald, and all the trustees are ladies. Tbe dean of the Faculty is Dr. John M. Withrow. There are eigbteen professors. The number of matriculates for 1892-93 was fourteen. The number of graduates for 1893 was three. The requirement for graduates calls for four years' study and three courses of lectures.

The entire number of students matriculated in the eight schools briefly described above, for the year 1892-93, as shown in their published reports, was 946. If we deduct the number 233 attending the clinics at the hospital, as probably having been counted twice, the number remaining amounts to 713, which may fairly be taken to indicate the demand for medical and kindred information, and yearly supplied by the schools. of Cincinnati.

Lane Theological Seminary

what led to the first decisive steps towards the foundation of this Seminary. Mr. EK. Lane and brother, merchants of New Orleans, Baptists, moved with a desire to bring the means of education within the reach of 'pious but intelligent young men,' offered assistance thereto to their Baptist brethren in Cincinnati. The Baptists declined the offer. It was then proposed that it should be a joint affair, the Baptists and Presbyterians uniting. This partnership the Presbyterians declined to go into. The offer was then made to the Presbyterians alone, and by them entertained, and the first meeting was convened in the First Presbyterian church, September 27, 1828. To this meeting a paper was presented exhibiting the plan of an institution, and containing the proposition of the Messrs. Lane. It was resolved to act upon it, and committees were appointed to wait on Messrs. Lane, draft a constitution and prepare a circular for appeal to the public."

In October, 1828, an association was organized, having for its purpose the establishment of a ''seminary of learning, the primary object of which shall be to educate pious young men for the Gospel ministry.'' In January, 1829, Elnathan Kemper donated sixty acres of land on Walnut Hills, on which buildings were erected from the years 1830 to 1836. The Seminary was incorporated February 11, 1829. Rev. George C. Beckwith, of Lowell, Mass., was called to take charge of the theological instruction, and he accepted. The Seminary was opened in '' Kemper's Schoolhouse,'' the old quarters of an academy founded by Rev. James K emper, in 1819, and suspended in 1825.

In September, 1830, Prof. Beckwith resigned, and on the 22nd of October following, Dr. Lyman Beecher, of Litchfield, Conn., was chosen president of the Seminary, and professor of theology. Dr. Beecher, however, did not come to Cincinnati until 1832. On December 26, 1832, he was inducted into the chair of systematic theology, which he filled until 1850, when he resigned. Before this, in January, 1831, Rev. Thomas J. Biggs was appointed professor of ecclesiastical history and church polity, which chair he occupied until 1839. Rev. Calvin E. Stowe, of Andover, was appointed professor of Biblical literature, August 9, 1832. He resigned in 1850. In October, 1835, Rev. Baxter Dickinson was made professor of "Pastoral Theology,'' and he held the position until 1839. Rev. D. Howe Allen succeeded Prof. Dickinson. In 1851, after the resignation of Dr. Beecher and Dr. Stowe, Rev. George E. Day and Rev. Jonathan B. Condit, D. D., became professors in Lane. Prof. Condit was succeeded, in 1855, by Rev. Henry Smith. Other noted names of professors connected with Lane are Rey. H. A. Nelson, D. D., Rev. E. Ballantine, D. D., and Rev. T. E. Thomas, D. D. ;

The institution has been brought into prominent public notice, of late years, on account of discussions concerning higher criticism in theology, resulting in the trial for heresy of one of its distinguished professors, Rev. Henry Preserved Smith. The later history of the Seminary is succinctly stated by a writer in the Commercial Gazette, September 17, 1893. ''In 1890 there were in the Faculty Rev. Drs. Edward Morris, Henry Preserved Smith, William Henry Roberts, Arthur McGiffert Llewellyn Evans and Edward Craig. Smith, Evans and McGiffert were pronouneedly on the side of the higher critics; Morris and Craig leaned that way, but with a conservative inclination, while Roberts was the sole advocate of that orthodoxy which the General Assembly lately indorsed. Before the battle warmed, Craig left and Evans accepted a call to the Seminary at Bala, Wales, in which country he died before the full force of the attack on the higher critics, begun by the Cincinnati Presbytery, was felt. Then came the trial and conviction of Dr. Smith by the Cincinnati Presbytery, followed by the resignation of Dr. Roberts. Quickly followed the acceptance by Dr. McGiffert of a call from Union Seminary, from which school he had graduated, and the conviction of Dr. Briggs by the General Assembly. At the time of his conviction Dr. Smith tendered his resignation, but the board refused to accept it, and he was allowed to continue his teaching in the Seminary for the term. He, however, declined to resume with the new term, as it would appear to be a defiance of the Church authorities. So his resignation was renewed and accepted, and Dr. Morris, who assumed the presidency of the Faculty on the death of Dr. Allen, as the remaining member of the dispersed Faculty, was charged with the election of a corps of instructors for the session at hand."'

The following statement of Dr. Morris' plans, for the year 1893-94, is taken from the Cincinnati Tribune: ''Naturally, Prof. Morris himself stands first in this extemporaneous faculty. He will continue his courses in theology and apologetics as well as lecture upon important epochs in the history of Christian doctrine, and on the structure and delivery of sermons. He will also have charge of all rhetorical exercises and act as dean of the Seminary. The instructor in Hebrew and Greek Scriptures, as well as in general and special introduction, will be Rev. Kemper Fullerton, Princeton '88 and Union Seminary '91. Mr. Fullerton has been ' in Berlin during the past ten years asa Fellow of Union. His specialty has been Hebrew.

'"'Among the lecture courses, which Dr. Morris has arranged, is one of eighteen lectures on the 'External History of the Christian Church,' by Prof. Henry W. Hulbert, A.M., of Marietta College. Rev. 8. M. Maxwell, D. D., will lecture once a month on 'Studies Scientific and Practical in the English Bible.' Rev. A. B. Riggs, D. D., will lecture weekly on 'The Pauline Epistles.' Other lecturers include Rev. R. W. Patterson, D. D., of Chicago, upon 'The Christian Evidences; ' Pres. G. S. Burroughs, D. D., of Wabash College, on 'Old Testament Prophecy as Illustrated in Isaiah;' Pres. W. A. Williams, D. D., of Franklin College, on 'New Testament Exegesis;' Pres. S. F. Scovel, of Wooster University, on ' Biblical Ethics,' especially as applied to current questions in society and government. In practical theology, W. E. Moon, D.D., will lecture upon ' Church Government;' G. H. Fullerton, of Springfield, Ohio, on 'The Christian Pastor;' H. A. Nelson, editor of 'The Church at Home and Abroad,' on 'Our Church and Her Work;' Rev. W. F. McCauley, president of the Ohio C. E. Union, on 'The Christian Endeavor Movement.' Other courses, in which lecturers ltave not yet been secured, deal with 'Historical Persons' and 'The Art of Preaching.' An eminent lawyer will lecture on 'The Relations of Civil Law to Church Polity, Property and Discipline.'

'' Tt is probable, also, that lectures will be given upon missions, Sabbath-schools, revivals and kindred topics, as it is intended to make the department of training especially prominent. Many isolated lectures are also contemplated. The general aim of the year's work will be to make it as popular and practical as is possible without loss of scientific thoroughness. Prof. Morris has been authorized by the executive committee to assure to all deserving students who may come to Lane precisely the same amount and measure of financial aid they would ordinarily receive in any other seminary of the Presbyterian Church."

The Lane Seminary buildings occupy very beautiful grounds, in Walnut Hills. The institution has an extremely valuable library of theological books. The endowments of the school produce about thirteen thousand dollars annual income.

St. Xavier College

The institution, known at present as St. Xavier College, was established October 17, 1831, by the Rt.-Rev. E. D. Fenwick, D. D., first Bishop of Cincinnati, under the name of the " Athenzum.'' In the year 1840 it was transferred, by the Most-Rev. Archbishop J. B. Purcell, D.D., to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, who have conducted it ever since under the title first mentioned. It was incorporated by the General Assembly of the State in 1842. In 1869 an act was passed which secures to the institution a perpetual charter, and all the privileges usually granted to universities. The course of study embraces the doctrine and evidences of the Catholic religion, logic, metaphysics, ethics, astromony, natural philosophy, chemistry, mathematics, rhetoric, composition, elocution, history, geography, arithmetic, penmanship, bookkeeping, actual business, commercial law, the Latin, Greek, English, German, and French languages. The College is provided with suitable chemical and philosophical apparatus, and possesses a valuable museum, containing a large collection of mineralogical and geological specimens. The library numbers about sixteen thousand volumes. There are also select libraries for the use of the students. The institution is not endowed, it is entirely dependent for its support on the fees paid for tuition. Tuition per session of ten months, for | all classes, sixty dollars.

There are two main courses of study in the College, the classical and the commercial. The classical course has a Collegiate and an Academic department. The number of students in all departments, for the academic year 1892-93. was 423.

The College sustains the following societies: The Alumni Association; The Sodality of the Immaculate Conception; the Acolythical Society; the Philopedian Society; the German Literary Society; the Students' Library Association; the Glee Club; The Gymnasium. The president of the College is Rev. Henry A. Schapman, 8. J.

Other Roman Catholic Schools

Besides St. Xavier College, there are, in Cincinnati, a number of other colleges, academies, and select 'schools, under the control of the Roman Catholic Church.

For elementary education the Church maintains a system of parochial schools, conducted in accordance with the religious views of the Catholics. The number of parochial schools at present is thirty-three, in which are employed 214 teachers, and in which are taught 13,662 pupils, of whom 7,142 are girls, and 6,520 boys.

Hebrew Union College

The following account of the Hebrew Union College is taken from Mr. Kenny's ''New Illustrated Cincinnati:'" The Hebrew Union College on West Sixth street was founded in 1875, and permanently established in the city of Cincinnati. It is entirely supported by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. The College provides free instruction to every one, irrespective of religious belief, who may wish to avail himself of its benefits, and it is hoped that the future rabbis and Sabbathschool teachers of American Israel may be selected from its graduates. The Bible is studied in the original language, translated into English and German, and read with commentaries in Aramean, Syriac, and Chaldean, and the students are introduced into the whole of that wonderful literature, the Talmud. In order to obtain a thorough, liberal, secular education, students of the College are required by its rules and regulations to be regular attendants at, or graduates from, high schools, colleges, and universities. Worthy poor students, a large number of them selected from the best inmates of the Jewish Orphan Asylums throughout the United States, have their boarding, clothing, books, and other necessities paid from the fund of the College, and from voluntary contributions, especially those subscribed by the

Hebrew ladies of America. All students are placed with respectable families and watched over by the board. The nineteenth annual report, for 1892, says: ''We find that the receipts from all sources, during the past seventeen months, have amounted to $30,969.80, and that the expenses for the same period, all told, have amounted to $26,591.99. The cost of properly maintaining the Hebrew Union College for seventeen months, with all, its expenses in every direction, has only amounted to $22,804.01. It is questionable whether there exists a similar institution of learning anywhere on this continent, which produces so much good at such comparatively slight cost.''

Music In Cincinnati

Music as a fine art, and as a branch of education, has received so much attention in Cincinnati, and has been so long a favorite study and amusement of our people, that the city holds a pre-eminent rank on these accounts. The excellent singing in the public schools, the celebrated bands and choral societies, the farfamed May Music Festivals conducted by Theodore Thomas, the proud reputation of many individual singers and instrumental players, conductors, and composers, who were trained here, all join to make the Queen City a musical center, known and respected by all lovers of the divine art. The musical critic of the New York Tribune, H. E. Krehbiel, wrote, in 1888, as follows: "There are more phases than one in which the musical culture of Cincinnati is an interesting subject of study. Eight years ago I spent a long time searching through the musty old newspapers in the file-room of the Gazette, and turning over all the historical data afforded by public and private libraries, in search for facts appertaining to the origin and growth of music in the Ohio Valley. To the discoveries made then I have often turned since with surprise at the vigor and fertility of its social soil in the early days of the State. Three years later, when I undertook a similar task in New York City, this surprise grew into amazement.' Mr. Krehbiel gives a summary of the growth and progress of music in Cincinnati, from the time of the Haydn Society, in 1819, to the great Centennial Festival of 1888. We have no space for even a bare outline of his survey, but must be content to furnish the reader with only a brief account of some of the music schools now flourishing in the city.

The College of Music. - The fifteenth academic year of the Cincinnati College of Music closed June 29, 1893, and at the annual commencement diplomas of graduation were presented to twenty-one persons, and certificates to sixty-five. The College is known throughout the length and breadth of the land, and among its hundreds of pupils, studying the various branches of music, are found representatives of every State.

The College is an incorporation under the laws of the State of Ohio. Its objects are in the act of incorporation stated as follows: "To cultivate a taste for music, and, for that purpose, to organize a school of instruction and practice, in all branches of musical education; the establishing of an orchestra; the giving of concerts; the production and publication of musical works, and such other musical enterprizes as shall be conducive to the ends mentioned.'' The first session of the College began October 14, 1878. It is an eleemosynary institution handsomely endowed by Reuben R. Springer and a number of benevolent citizens of Cincinnati. Its entire income is devoted to instruction and cultivation in the art of music and collateral branches, such as dramatic action, modern languages and elocution. Nostockholder can own more than one share of stock, which is valued at fifty dollars. This stock can not be transferred without it is first offered to the College trustees, and upon the death of the stockholder it reverts to the College, to be disposed of in its discretion. The board of trustees numbers fifteen, who are elected by the stockholders from their own body. At the first election they classify themselves by lot in five classes. Onefifth goes out each year, and their places are filled in turn by election of the stock-

The value of the Springer endowment, comprizing stocks, building and equipment, is estimated at $306,750. The buildings alone are valued at $150,000. The valuable buildings and land the College occupies adjoin the great Music Hall. Besides some forty rooms for purposes of instruction, the College has a large and beautiful concert hall - the Odeon - which has a seating capacity for 1,200 persons. The stage is thoroughly equipped for operatic and dramatic performance. An additional hall has been erected with a seating capacity of about 400, with a large, new Roosevelt organ. In this new hall, named The Lyceum, the Saturday students' recitals, frequent professors' piano recitals, chamber concerts, annual examinations, orchestra classes, and organ recitals are held. Through the generosity of R. R. Springer there is a fund in the College, the interest of which is annually devoted to the distribution of prizes, consisting of gold medals. The Springer prize gold medals, ten in number, are presented to students who have been selected from those who have superior ability, have been in the College at least one year, have complied with the rules, attended obligatory classes, have been diligent and punctual, and have good character. Free scholarships are established for the purpose of assisting poor but talented young people who study music as a profession, and are conferred by the board of trustees upon the recommendation of the board of examiners. The scholarship for the voice has been established in memory of the first president of the College, George Ward Nichols, and the scholarship for the organ in honor of the present president, Peter Rudolph Neff.

In regard to the plan of education in the College, the catalogue states that: It is the object of the College of Music to educate the student upon a well-regulated and scientific plan of instruction. This plan includes instrumental and vocal instruction, with that for theory and musical composition, and direction of chorus and orchestra.

1. The academic department is the College of Music proper, which students can not enter for less than one academic year, from September Ist to June 30th. Its members will be required to pursue a definite course of study described in the following pages. In order to be members of said department, students must begin the entire course of obligatory studies with the beginning of the year; but the official admission by the board of examiners can be delayed, though not later than the January examinations. To its members alone certificates and diplomas are awarded at the end of each scholastic year, after an examination by the board of examiners. This department embraces thorough instruction in all studies appertaining to each specialty, and the more advanced education in solo and ensemble playing of orchestral instruments and the piano; in the study of the piano and organ, solo and chorus singing, and finally in the participation in musical performances, wherein the resources developed in the school are utilized. :

2. The general music school, which serves as a preparatory department, is for general or special instruction, where any one may enter for a number of terms, receiving the valuable instruction which is afforded by the presence of a large number of excellent teachers (with the advantage of free admission to ''lectures,'' " pupils' recitals," ''chorus,"' and all free classes), with the best methods, exercises, text-books, and the discipline of a well-appointed school. The general music school gives to many thousands of persons, who have neither the means nor time for graduation, a certain amount of the best kind of musical instruction at low prices.

The College of Music was undoubtedly the outgrowth of an enthusiasm developed by the influence of a series of Saengerfests and May Music Festivals, which originated in the German singing societies of Cincinnati and surrounding towns. A union of several of these societies was effected in June, 1849, when the German Saengerbund of North America was formed. This organization held its Festivals or Saengerfests in Cincinnati in 1849, 1851, 1858, 1856, 1867, and 1879. The first of the celebrated May Festivals was held in May, 1873, the second in 1875, the third in 1878. These Festivals, managed by an association of which George Ward Nichols was president, were conducted by Theodore Thomas, and it was owing to their brillant success that Mr. Springer conceived the idea of founding a Music Hall and organizing a College of Music.

The first officers of the College were: President, George W. Nichols; treasurer, Peter Rudolph Neff; secretary, J. Burnet; other directors, R. R. Springer, John Shillito. Upon the death of Mr. Shillito, A. T. Goshorn was elected in his place. The number of directors was increased to seven, and Jacob D. Cox and William Worthington were chosen to complete the board. Theodore Thomas was called to the position of Musical Director of the new College, and he controlled its internal affairs until the end of the year 1879, when he retired.

George Ward Nichols died September 15, 1885, and he was succeeded in office by Pres. Peter Rudolph Neff. From his annual report, for 1898, in behalf of the trustees, to the stockholders of the College, we extract the following exceedingly interesting passage: '' With the exception of Sunday, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas the College has been open daily. Consequently for three hundred and ten days of 1892 our work has been continuous and constant. In the department of the voice lessons are given by five professors and ten instructors; in the department of the piano there are eleven professors and nine instructors; in the department of the organ, two professors and one instructor; in the department of theory, four professors and two instructors; in the department of the violin, one professor with two assistants; in that of the cello, one professor and one assistant; in the bass viol, oboe, flute, cornet, French horn, trombone, bassoon, clarionet, guitar, mandolin and harp, one professor for each instrument. In the department of elocution, one professor and two assistants; in English literature, one professor; in the school for the opera and dramatic expression, one professor; chamber music and ensemble classes, one professor; sight-reading chorus classes, two professors; normal classes, two professors; prima vista piano classes, one professor; choral and oratorio department, two professors; orchestral department, one professor; history and esthetics of music, one professor; Italian, one professor; German, one professor; French, one professor. The board of examiners consists of sixteen professors. The duties of this board are to prepare a standard for the admission of students to the academic department, and to make the requisite examinations therefor. They also examine and pass upon the musical qualifications of candidates for free scholarship, certificates and diplomas of graduation, and the board of trustees grant these honors upon the recommendation of the board of examiners, unless there are good reasons for withholding them. The number of lessons given during the year 1892 was 49,771.

"The capacities of the College buildings and of the Faculty are severely taxed to properly care for the students, who numbered nine hundred and seven for the academic year ending July 1, 1892. This year the number will probably be larger. Over seven thousand students have attended the College since its organization. Of this number, over one thousand are teaching, and it is within bounds to say that the income of these persons last year was not less than $1,000,000. As to the pecuniary value of a musical education, a few instances from our own experience may be interesting. The College has paid one of its eleves as large a sum of money for singing fifteen minutes as her vocal instruction cost her for a year. A young man who entered the College as a free scholar received a three years' engagement as a teacher in the College, at $3,000 per annum. A graduate of 1883 received, for singing and vocal teaching in a sister city, during the two years preceding her marriage, the sum of

$5,000 per annum. Of those who have received our certificates or diplomas, twentytwo have found engagements as instructors in the College, and twenty-three others. have been, or now are, regular members of the Faculty. Our first graduate has been, ever since his graduation, one of our honored and successful professors of the iano. The expenditures of the College, during its existence, have been over $1,250,000. Seven gold medallions have been granted in the department of elocution and oratory. Eleven prizes in money, for best original musical compositions, have been presented; one hundred and thirty Springer gold medals have been distributed; two hundred and thirty-seven certificates have been granted, and one hundred and eighteen diplomas.''

Students board in the college dormitories which immediately adjoin the College,. and are under the charge of a competent matron and steward. Parents can send their children direct to the office of the College with confidence that they will be provided with a suitable and comfortable home.

Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. - This institution was establisbed in 1867. In the history of music in Cincinnati, the Conservatory of Music stands as the first organized school of art modeled after European conservatories. In a spirit of conscientious ambition, the founder and present directress determined to offer an artistic education on a par with the best European schools. Three things are uecessary for the perfect efficiency of a music school, a distinct consistent method in all the departments of art, a larger and varied faculty of musicians prepared both by natural gifts and by culture to present their specialties, and thorough, straightforward business methods combining energy and foresight. In the case of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, we have a conspicuous illustration of the solid and brilliant success that crowns such a combination of excellencies as here indicated. Despite all the changes in the evolution of our city's musical history, the Cincinnati Conservatory has continued to grow, strengthen and spread.

The vocal department has always been under the immediate supervision of Miss Clara Baur herself; of her method of dealing with the human voice, it can be said with truth that she is, in the best sense of the words, artistic, original and consistent. Certain effects which are habitual with her students rank among the very highest known in the vocal art, and are too rare in these chaotic and spuriously dramatic days, such, for example, as steadiness of the breath current, approximating the tone to that of the organ, distinctness of consonants by which the stamp of definite meaning is placed upon the phrases, and equality of scale from the lowest to the highest tone, may be mentioned. Her method is that of the old Italian masters, who brought about the golden age of vocal art, modified as it must necessarily be to cope with the wider demands of modern composition and the changes of style which have been made from epoch to epoch. The piano department has always been equally consistent, having placed as its corner-stone, square and solid and based upon the bed-rock of eternal principles, a clear, technical system from which it has never deviated. The public can have only two criteria for deciding the methods of a school, viz.: the students' concerts and the artists' concerts which it gives, in both which respects the Conservatory has been industrious and successful. The pupils' concerts of the Conservatory are of a high order of merit, showing judicious taste, catholicity in the selection of numbers, infinite patience in the development of technique, and a deep, poetic insight into the highest significance of music.

The harp is taught by the celebrated artist, Mrs. Louis Hosea; the violin has during a number of years been under the efficient direction of Jacob Bloom, and is in a state of artistic prosperity. In the early days of the Conservatory the pianist, H. G. Andres, was at the head of the piano department; but in 1883 a brilliant New York pianist, George McGrath, who had been six years in Europe as student and concert player, was engaged by the Conservatory. In 1889 Frederic Shailer Evans, also of New York, and fresh from a four-years' residence abroad, was added to the Faculty; and Theodore Bohlmann, who brings the strongest credentials from D' Albert, Bulow and Moszkowski, and has won reputation as a composer, became one of the corps of instructors in 1890. All the adjuncts, such as theory classes, elocution, languages, and lectures on history and zsthetics, which are implied in the name Conservatory, are thoroughly developed.

In its early days, the school was located on West Seventh street, near Vine; it was then changed to the corner of Eighth and Vine, and when that building became insufficient for its purposes, it was transferred to Fourth and Lawrence, where it has commodious quarters. In providing a boarding department for students from a distance, the Conservatory differs from all other schools in the city, and such a safeguard for young ladies pursuing a course of study at a distance from home can not be too highly estimated.

Cincinnati Music School. - This excellent school, founded by its present proprietor, George Schneider, in 1880, is now located at Room 62, Pike building. Miss Emma Cranch, the well-known vocalist, now of Chicago, was for years at the head of the singing department. Since her departure the teaching in the school has been more than ever concentrated on theory and the practice of piano playing. No master in Cincinnati is more respected or more accomplished in his art than Mr. Schneider. He is a thorough musician and musical scholar, as well as teacher. A special feature of his school has been the piano recitals by Mr. Schneider (from six- 'teen to twenty every year), by which the pupils became familiar with a great part of the old and the modern piano literature.

Art Academy Of Cincinnati

The Art School, formerly the School of Design, founded in the year 1869, now known as the Art Academy of Cincinnati, constitutes a department of the Museum under the administration of the Cincinnati Museum Association. 'The Academy building isthe gift of David Sinton. It is adjacent to the Museum on an elevated position commanding an extended view of the city and surrounding country. The Academy was liberally endowed in February, 1884, by Hon. Nicholas Longworth, in fulfillment of the desire of his father, the late Joseph Longworth, the first president of the Museum Association, and long a patron of art education. Froma sketch of the ''Art Museum and the Art Academy,'' prepared in 1888, by the director, Hon. A. T. Goshorn, we obtain the following particulars:

'The Cincinnati Museum Association was organized in the year 1880 as a result of thelate Charles W. West's offer to give $150,000 toward establishing an art museum in ~ Cincinnati, on condition that other citizens should give as much more. The subscription within thirty days reached $166,500. In addition to the money thus provided for the erection of the museum building, an endowment fund of $250,000 was secured, toward which Mr. West contributed another $150,000. This building, dedicated on the seventeenth day of May, 1886, aud covering an area of 17,227 square feet of ground surface, was erected at a cost of $330,000, and composes the centre and west wing of the building designed, of which the east wing remains to be constructed. The Art Academy building. which stands north and west of the Museum, was completed in October, 1887. It is the gift of David Sinton. The Academy has an endowment fund distinct from that of the Museum, amounting to $397,000, given by the Hon. Nicholas Longworth, in accordance with the wish of his father, the late Joseph Longworth, a warm and active friend of the Museum and Academy, and the first president of the Cincinnati Museum Association. The Academy is the outgrowth of the old School of Design, started in the year 1869 by the trustees of the McMicken University, and afterward continued as a department of the University of Cincinnati until the year 1884, when it was transferred to the Cincinnati Museum Association, the transfer being followed by Mr. Longworth's endowment. Twelve instructors are engaged in teaching and lecturing, and during the past year over four hundred students were in attendance. The regular session begins at the end . of September, and continues into the following May. There are both day and night classes. The only charge is an enrollment fee of $10. This year a summer term of ten weeks has been added. The subjects in which instruction is given in the regular course, are drawing, from elementary outline drawing to studies from life, painting in oil and water color, modelling, decorative design and wood-carving. Lectures are delivered on artistic anatomy, perspective, and occasionally other subjects. The students are admitted free to the Museum, and are encouraged in studying and copying the objects there."'

From the ninth annual catalogue of the Academy, 1893-94, we learn that the school has courses of instruction in drawing, oil painting, original composition, sculpture, pen drawing, decorative design, water color painting, carving, illustration, anatomy, perspective, etching, china painting, and photography. The number of pupils enrolled for the academic year 1892-93 was 380. A certificate is given to students who have completed any prescribed course.. Home and foreign scholarships and other prizes are awarded, to aid deserving students, to stimulate skill.

Prof. Thomas S. Noble, who has been principal of the Faculty ever since the organization of the Academy, thus expresses his general view of the utility of the work which he directs: '' Training in the various directions embraced in the Art Academy, in the serious way in which it is gone about with us, may be made to form a very important factor in general education; it tends to round out and render practical the powers of observation, it enlightens regarding facts and reveals charms in the ordinary aspects of nature, it makes the common uncommon, the familiar resplendent. It gives direction to the powers of the mind gained by the study of other subjects. It confers upon the eye accuracy, to the hand nicety of touch and precision.

'" The intelligent study of the arts of the past, architecture, sculpture and painting, furnishes the mind with correct standards of taste, which cause it to reject whatever is ugly or incongruous, this taste, extending to standards in ideas, becomes a guide in the selection of books, the choice friends, to personal manners and conversation.

"The response that I made to Mr. Larz Anderson decided my being chosen to conduct the school. He asked me, ' What can an art training do for a country boy in Ohio?' 'Sir,'said I, 'he would plow a straighter furrow.' The systems and methods are largely personal; they are not copies of any other institution. I have endeavored to create.a system as free from faults as I could devise.''

The instructors now in the Academy besides Prof. Noble are Vincent Nowottny, T. H. Sharp, L. H. Meakin, Caroline A. Lord, Henrietta Wilson, Rebecca R. W. Gregg, Louis T. Rebeiso, William H. Humphreys, William H. Fry, F. H. Lungren, Anna Riis, and Kate Reno Miller. The officers of the Museum Association are: President, M. E. Ingalls; vice-president, Alexander McDonald; treasurer, Julius Dexter; director, A. T. Goshorn; secretary, R. H. Galbreath; assistant director, J. H. Gest; cashier, M. Rochester; clerk of Art Academy, H. A. Foster. The trustees are the first four officers, above named, W. W. Seely, L. B. Harrison, J. G. Shmidlapp, W. P. Anderson, Thomas T. Gaff, Charles P. Taft, and, on behalf of the city, Leon Van Loo, Herman Goepper and John B. Mosby, mayor, ex-officio.

Other Art Activities. - There are many accomplished artists in Cincinnati who devote a portion of their energy to instructing special students in painting, drawing or modeling. The most distinguished of these is the eminent Charles T. Webber, whose skill in the chief departments of art, especially in painting, has won him a deserved fame on both sides of the Atlantic. T.C. Lindsey, one of the best of American landscape painters, also gives lessons to a favored few. Among Cincinnati ladies who teach arts in which they excel as specialists are Mrs. ©. A. Plimpton and Miss Mary Spencer. The women of Cincinnati have achieved eminent success in several of the fine arts, more particularly painting, pottery, and wood carving, for which they enjoy a wide credit. The display of their art products in the Cincinnati room of the Woman's Building in the Columbian Exposition won universal admiration. The Cincinnati School of Design was organized by women in 1854. The " Woman's Art Museum Association of Cincinnati" was organized in 1877. The "' Pottery Club" was formed in 1879 under the presidency of Miss M. L. McLaughlin, author of several hand-books of instruction on china painting, etc. Mrs. Storer established in 1880 the celebrated '' Rookwood Pottery,''

Society Of Natural History

In a "' Petition for a Building Site in Eden Park '' by the Cincinnati '' Society of Natural History,' addressed to the board of public affairs in 1888, is included a '*Sketch of the property and of the objects and aims" of the Society, which is here copied, with some omissions: ''This Society in its presént condition is the outgrowth of and the upgrowth from individual associated exertion through a space of time of over fifty years. A regular combined association of individuals for the purpose of investigation into the realms of natural history, and promoting study therein and the science thereof, was formed in this city in the year 1835. At the first meeting of such a society or association, beld on April 25, 1835, James H. Perkins was chosen its secretary, and there were present as participators in the movement the following-named gentlemen: Robert Buchanan, Hon. James Hall, Dr. John T. Shotwell, Dr. Daniel Drake, Dr. William Wood, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, Dr. J. L. Riddell, Joseph Clarke, Samuel Eells, Peyton Symmes, Mr. Flagg, Dr. Josiah Whitman, W. D. Gallagher, Dr. Isaac Colby, George Graham, Jr., Dr. Joseph N. McDowell, Dr. V. Marshall, James H. Perkins, Dr. James M. Mason, J. S. Armstrong and Dr. John Locke.

'* Following upon this meeting for association application was made for, and on February 5, 1836, a perpetual charter, incorporating the Western Academy of Natural Sciences, was granted by the State of Ohio to Robert Buchanan, Dr. John Locke, Dr. Daniel Drake, George Graham, Jr., 'and their associates.' In this year the following well-known names were added to the academy, viz.: John G. Anthony, Dr. John A. Warder, Dr. James Lakey and S. T. Carley ; and later on U. P. James, Horace Grosvenor, Jacob Resor, Henry Probasco, Robert Clarke, John Talbot, John Bartlett, John P. Foote, David Christy and David E. Bolles became members. Henry Probasco, Robert Clarke and S. T. Carley are now the only surviving members of the academy.

'*The Association of the Western Academy of Sciences served the purpose of a nucleus for concentrating the efforts of the few who were inclined that way and who were then the representatives of the population of a new and growing, but small, city in the right direction, and, after as great a success as could have been expected by a pioneer body, fell into a state of inaction and desuetude. It had made some collections for a museum, 'had a library of 265 volumes, and an accumulated fund of $351.45, which was the sum of its possessions, all of which were on the 5th of September, 1871, merged into (the present) The Cincinnati Society of Natural History (a then newly organized body) by an act of donation, signed by Robert Buchanan and six others, as representing said academy. In addition to which 'At the meeting held on January 2, 1872, the same society received from Robert Buchanan 111 volumes from his library and three upright cases with drawers, containing fossils, shells and minerals.' This donation was a valuable acquisition to the Society, and was brought about through the generosity of Mr. Probasco and nine other gentlemen, who presented Mr. Buchanan with $1,000 as a partial compensation for his parting with his collection. The same society elected Robert Buchanan an honorary member at the meeting held the following month, and on March 5, 1872, at a regular meeting Robert Clarke, U. P. James, George Graham, D. E. Bolles, Jobn Talbot, S. T. Carley and Robert Buchanan, surviving members of the Western Academy of Sciences, were duly elected to life membership in the Society in pursuance of the arrangement made at the time of receiving the donation from the Western Academy. Dr. John A. Warder also should have been so elected, and would have been, save by oversight, because of his being chairman of the electing body. The Cinciunati Society of Natural History was organized and a constitution adopted on January 19, 1870, at No. 6 West Fourth street, in the city of Cincinnati. The following persons were enrolled as original members: Dr. F. P. Anderson, Ludlow Ap-Jones, Robert Brown, Jr., Dr. R. M. Byrnes, J. B. Chickering, Robert Clarke, Lucius Curtis, V. T. Chambers, Julius Dexter, Charles Dury, C. B. Dyer, John M. Edwards, Dr. H. H. Hill, R. E. Hawley, Dr. W. H. Mussey, R. C. McCracken, Dr. C. A. Miller, 8S. A. Miller, Dr. William Owens, Henry Probasco. J. R. Skinner, Dr. John A. Warder, Dr. E. S. Wayne, Dr. E. Williams and Horatio Wood.

'* By Article II. of said constitution it is declared that ' The object of the association shall be to investigate natural history ; to carry on observations which may tend to increase the sum of scientific knowledge ; to establish a public museum and a scientific library, and to provide for the diffusion of science,' under which last clause, as the true meaning and intent thereof, it is declared in the Aprii number, 1878, of its journal, that The Cincinnati Society of Natural History is an institution of learning and teaching, 'devoting all its energies to the advancement of science and free education. Its rooms are kept open tothe public.' It may be stated emphatically that from the time of its organization the Society, following these declarations, has regularly, systematically and unremittingly essayed the fulfillment of these objects, and its measure of success has been satisfactory and gratifying. The Society was regularly incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio on June 2(), 1870, as shown by Church Record Book No. 2, page 633 of the records of Hamilton county, Ohio.

"On May 10, 1875, Charles Bodman, who had been elected a memher September 1, 1874, died, leaving a will containing a bequest to this Society of $50,000, which was paid over to the trustees of the same July 16, 1877. In the month of October following about $11,500 was invested in the purchase and repairing of the property on the southeast corner of Broadway and Arch street in said city. The collections and other property of the Society were at once transferred from the rooms, 46 and 48 College building (which had been kindly placed at its disposal by the trustees of the Cincinnati College, and which the Society continued to occupy until it was able to purchase a building), and removed to No. 108 Broadway to the new premises, where the Society has remained ever since, the Society having held its first meeting therein on November 6, 1877. :

Historical And Philosophical Society Of Ohio

A complete history of this important Society* includes the partial history of many other literary institutions, and furnishes an extremely valuable chapter of our Western annals educational. It was chartered in Columbus in 1831. In 1849 the Society was removed to this city, where it has since remained, and has grown steadily in size and usefulness under the fostering care of such men as Robert Clarke, Judge M. F. Force, Julius Dexter, Eugene Bliss and a few other devoted friends of such institutions.

The Society is properly classed among educational organizations, for it constantly exerts a strong intellectual influence of the highest and purest kind. Article I of its constitution states that the object of the Society shall be the collection and preservation of everything relating to the history and antiquities of America, more especially of the State of Ohio, and the diffusion of knowledge concerning them.

In the summer of 1885 the Society purchased a fine three-story building on Eighth street, No. 115, west of Race and next to Lincoln Club building, where its books and other possessions are now deposited. The library now contains over twelve thousand volumes and over fifty-three thousand pamphlets. Valuable lectures have recently been read before the Society by Hon. Samuel F. Hunt, on "The Treaty at Greenville;" by Judge Joseph Cox, on '' Historic Persons and Places in the Miami Valley; and by Prof. P. V. N. Myers, on '' The Coming of Apollo." The officers of the Society are as follows: Eugene F. Bliss, president; Frank J. Jones, vice-president; Nathaniel Henchman Davis, vice-president; Robert Clarke, corresponding secretary; Miss Clara B. Fletcher, recording secretary; Julius Dexter, treasurer; Mrs. Catherine W. Lord, librarian; and Mrs. Louise N. Anderson, Albert H. Chatfield, Mrs. T. L. A. Greve, Jerome B. Howard and Reuben H. Warder, curators.

Clubs And Societies

The clabs of a city afford a good criterion by which to measure its people's intellectual state and tendency. Cincinnati has long stood preéminent among American centers of culture for the number and variety of her polite associations having for their object some special class pursuit combined with social enjoyment. A club isa supplementary school or college - it often does more for its members than did the routine of years in some regular seminary. Reading-rooms and small collections of books are usually part of the equipment of the city club, whether its specific function be religious, political, mercantile, artistic, musical or athletic. The leading political clubs of the city - The Lincoln, The Blaine and The Duckworth - possess libraries and give occasional entertainments in the.way of popular instruction. There are lecture courses under the auspices of the Society of Natural History, the Historical Society, the Mechanics' Institute, the Teachers Club and the University. The Unily Club is known far and wide, and deservedly so, on account of the courses of Sunday afternoon lectures that for many seasons have been given by it through the personal efforts of A. W. Whelpley, librarian of the Public Library. These lectures, by the most eminent, popular orators of the age, educate the million at a trifling cost. They have accomplished a world of good by bringing to the people knowledge and thought in eloquent words and in beautiful stereopticon views. There is scarcely a church society in town which has not connected with it an association which provides a series of literary, historical or musical entertainments during the winter months.

The Queen City Club, purely social, has the handsomest club-house in the city, and its membership is made up of wealthy citizens mostly from business circles. The Commercial Club is one of vast influence. The University Club, composed exclusively of college men, is among the most distinguished institutions of the city. The Cuvier Club unites with its social features the protection of fish and game by securing proper legislation. Its rooms, adorned by collections in ornithology, are very attractive.

The musical clubs of Cincinnati are famous. Prominent among them are the Apollo Club and the Orpheus, both possessing fine musical libraries. The Ladies' Musical Club, the membership of which includes much of the best singing talent in the city, is a noble instance of what women can do in sustaining a professional society of high order.

The ladies of the Queen City have a distinguished reputation for united efforts in organizing and maintaining literary and art clubs. The Women's Press Club is an energetic and successful association of practical writers, several of whom are authors of national note. Les Voyageurs, a club devoted to the systematic and thorough study of the history of civilization, may be called a model of its kind. The ladies who belong to it are true scholars, and their reading is far more profound and complete than that done by most college graduates. There are, within the city and its suburbs, a score of flourishing clubs established and conducted by women, for purposes of study and investigation. The zeal and persistent interest, with which these are kept up from year to year, prove how sincere is the interest in them, and how capable their members are of executive work, with definite aim. The Women's Art Club, the Pottery Club, and other societies for the practice of fine art, by ladies, are mentioned in the general chapters on Cincinnati.

The Sketch Club, the Architects Club, and the Engineers Club, are important organizations, each a power in its own field. The Literary Club of Cincinnati, organized October 29, 1849, is the oldest society of its class, in the United States. The membership has always been limited to a certain number of men. This, at first twenty-five, was changed in 1851 to thirty, then to thirty-five, and in 1853 to fifty. In 1878 it was increased to eighty, and in 1875 fixed at one hundred. The membership includes or has included the most distinguished professional people in the Ohio Valley. The catalogue of members past and present, shows more than five hundred names, among which are Rutherford B. Hayes, Salmon P. Chase, Thomas Corwin, Thomas Ewing, Oliver P. Morton, George B. McClelland, John Pope, John B. Stallo, Fred. Hasausek, Stanley Matthews, Benjamin Butterworth, J. B. Foraker, M. F. Force, Alphonso Taft, Murat Halstead, A. R. Spofford, William F. Poole, Thomas B. Read, M. D. Conway, Donn Piatt, John J. Piatt, John M. Crawford, and many others of distinguished character. The meetings are held every Saturday night from September to June. The club-room is adorned with rare engravings, sketches, paintings, busts and statuettes, presented by members. The library consists of several hundreds of volumes, exclusively the writings of club members.

Of clubs avowedly educational in object, and having direct relation to the schools, the Teachers Club is preéminent. Its meetings are held in the rooms of the Y. M. C. A. building, corner of Seventh and Walnut. In the same place are held the monthly meetings of another purely educational body, the Philological Club, now presided over by Prof. W. E. Waters, of the University.

Educational Journals

Cincinnati enterprise has given origin to many enterprizes in educational journalism, though most of the school periodicals here projected have had but short life. The oldest publication of this class now issued in the city is the Public School Journal, conducted by F. E. Wilson. It is a monthly, devoted to the local interests of the schools.

In June, 1893, was started The Student. a monthly, also devoted to the interests of the schools of Cincinnati and vicinity. It is published by ''The Student Publishing Company,'' and edited by Prof. J. Remsen Bishop. The University students publish a monthly, the McMicken Review, and the city high schools sustain each a periodical, Old Hughes, and the Woodward Banner.

As books, next to teachers, are the chief agents employed to impart knowledge and promote education ; and since, as Carlyle puts it, "a collection of books is the true university of these days,'' it is proper to include in this chapter a brief notice of the city libraries.

The Public Library is, indeed, a recognized part of the school system ; it is supported by a general tax, and controlled by a board of trustees, chosen by the board of education. The Library was started, in 1856, in a room in the old Central High School building. In 1857 it was united with the library of the Mechanics" Institute and placed in the Institute building, with N. Peabody Poor as librarian.

In 1866, Mr. Poor died, and the office of librarian was conferred on Lewis Freeman, who held it until 1869, when he was succeeded by W. F. Poole, now of Chicago. The present library building, on Vine street, between Sixth and Seventh, was built in 1869-70, after plans drawn by McLaughlin. The Library was opened in the new building December 8, 1870, its entire collection then amounting to about thirty-three thousand volumes. Mr. Poole resigned in 1873, and Thomas Vickers was elected in his place. On March 17, 1874, Dr. W. H. Massey gave to the Library his private collection of medical books numbering 5,513 volumes. Mr. Vickers, on being elected rector of the Cincinnati University, resigned the position of librarian, and Chester W. Merrill was his successor. The present librarian is A. W. Whelpley, who was called to the position several years ago, on the retirement of Mr. Merrill.

According to Mr. Whelpley's latest report, the number of volumes now in the Library is 197,484. The receipts of the institution for the year ending July, 1892, were $92,585, and the expenses $52,797. The total use of the Library forthe same year was 766,024 books and periodicals. :

The Public Library is much used by students and professional scholars, as a place of study and investigation, its collections being rare and extensive in many lines of special learning. The college students and the pupils of the public schools also make good use of the Library. The librarian is very efficient, intelligent and obliging, and his unremitting efforts to improve the library and benefit the community are highly appreciated by his fellow citizens. In his last report Mr. Whelpley presents a most important recommendation in these words: ''The Library is becoming crowded, and it is inconvenient in many departments to properly shelve the books ; and it is likewise growing, from year to year, at a rate that renders action necessary looking toward the building of more commodious quarters, which shall combine the latest results of library architecture and library economy, as shown in the many new structures now being erected, or recently completed. This library building does not meet the wants and needs of its patrons, and is not up to the requirements of our city, either for working purposes or for adornment. More satisfactory work, with greater economy and comfort, could be transacted with the same number of attendants in a properly-planned building, and better care and attention be bestowed on the books. An examination of our present building, and a comparison with some of the newer libraries, by the joint committee of this board.and the board of education recently appointed to consider this interesting subject, will furnish convincing proof of the correctness of my statements, and the importance of early action."

Young Men's Mercantile Library. - Next in importance to the Public Library, as a resort for readers, is the Young Men's Mercantile Library, an old and favorite institution organized in 1886. This is located in '' Cincinnati College,'' on Walnut street, opposite to '' Gibson House," and its internal affairs are ably and gracefully administered by the librarian, John M. Newton. A fee of five dollars per annum admits properly introduced citizens to full library privileges. The reading-rooms are continually sought on account of the many newspapers and other periodicals there on file. The total number of volumes issued by the library in 1892 was 55,537. The number of novels taken out was 21,170. The total membership in the Library Association was 1,729.

Other Libraries. - Besides the Public Library and the Mercantile, there are in the city the library of the Historical Society, with about twelve thousand volumes and fifty-three thousand pamphlets; the library of the Mechanics' Institute, some six thousand volumes, with many current scientific periodicals; the Law Library, twenty-five thousand volumes, and the special libraries connected with the several educational institutions.

Eminent And Prominent Jurists

Earty Courts anp LawyerRs - CrrminaL Courr - Tue NEw ConstituTioN - CoUuRTHOUSES - Crncinnatr Law Lrsprary - SvuPeRioR CourT aND OTHER CoURTS - BIOGRAPHIES OF EMINENT AND PROMINENT JURISTS.

Gye of the earliest instances of the administration of justice, in Hamilton county, occurred in the year 1788. At that time there were no settlements to speak of, and but few houses, in the country. There were no courthouses to administer the law, and not much law to administer. The citizens convened in a mass-meeting, and elected a judge and sheriff; apparently it did not occur to any one that anything further was necessary to run a community upon perfectly safe principles. No laws had been furnished or existed for the occasion; but the simple-hearted fathers, after their day's work. slept the sleep of the just, content with the belief that, with a judge and a sheriff, they were securely reposing under the protecting eegis of a legitimate Constitutional Government. The first practical application of this new jurisprudence was the arrest of an Irishman for robbing a garden patch. The case is not found in the Ohio Reports, but it seems that 'a jury was regularly called" (regularly is quite appropriate in this connection), the defendant was found guilty, in some way or other, and sentenced to receive twenty-nine lashes. The judgment of the court was carried out the same day, so that an appeal or writ of error would have been ineffectual. This improvised court, however, did not last long. It came in conflict with the military. The commandant at Fort Washington and the judge differed in their views as to some matters, and a recourse was had to violence. In the interview, the civil conservator of the peace was badly damaged. "'

Civil government became a necessity upon the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. In October of that' year Congress appointed Arthur St. Clair, governor; Samuel Holden Parsons, John Armstrong and James Mitchell Varnum, the first judges of the Territory. Armstrong declining the position, John Cleve Symmes was appointed to the vacancy. Upon the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 1789, Judges Parsons and Symmes and William Barton were appointed judges. Barton declined, and George Turner was appointed in his place. Rufus Putnam succeeded Parsons, who died in 1790. In December, 1796, Putnam resigned, and was succeeded by Joseph Gilman. Judge Turner was succeeded by Return Jonathan Meigs, in 1798, and the judges then in commission continued in office until the Territorial government was succeeded by the State of Ohio.

The county of Hamilton was created by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, January 2, 1790, and on that day he appointed, as judges of the county court, William McMillan, William Goforth, and William Wells. Of these first judges of the Territory not much is known, but William McMillan appears to have been no ordinary man. William M. Corry, a gentleman himself well qualified to judge, and who did not bestow eulogy indiscriminately, in a published address says of him: " During his professional career there was no higher man at the western bar than William McMillan. Its accomplished ranks would have done honor to older countries, but it did not contain his superior. Some of our distinguished lawyers of that day were admirable public speakers; he was not. Some of them were able in the comprehension of their cases, and skillful to a proverb in their management. Of these he ranked among the first. His opinions had all the respectability of learning, precision and strength. They commanded acquiescence, they challenged opposition, when to obtain assent was difficult, and to provoke hostility dangerous.''

Judge Burnet says of him: ''He possessed an intellect of a high order, and had acquired a fund of information, general as well as professional, which qualified him for great usefulness in the early legislature of the Territory."

But not much of written history remains of these pristine lights of the profession. We can only glean here and there an item of information which at best is uncertain and unsatisfactory.

The first Constitution of the State of Ohio does not seem to have been particularly adopted by anybody, in the sense in which that word is now used. It was prepared by the Constitutional Convention, signed by the members thereof on the 29th day of November, 1802. and appeared to go into operation of its own motion. It was not submitted to the People for ratification or approval by them, though for many years they appeared to be satisfied with it. There is a curious uncertainty about the date of admission of Ohio, under this Constitution, into the Union. As many as seven different dates are assigned, by as many different publications. April 30, 1802, has been given by the editor of the 'United States Statutes at Large," in Volume I. This was the date of the passage of the enabling act of Congress, authorizing the people to form a Constitution, and for the admission of the State into the Union. But as the date of the enabling act of other States has not been regarded as the date of admission, there is no reason for making an exception with regard to Ohio. June 380, 1808, is said to be the time, in the report of the Ninth Census. But as Congress was not in session that day, having adjourned in May, this is evidently an error. November 29, 1802, being the day the Constitutional Convention signed the Constitution and adjourned, is held by many to be the proper date. Hildreth's '' History of the United States" gives it as March 1, 1803, being the time when the first General Assembly met in accordance with the. provisions of the Constitution. Another authority states March 3, 18038, that being 'the date of an act of Congress assenting to certain modifications proposed by the convention, relating to reservation of lands for public schools. Atwater's ' History of Obio,'' Mansfield's '' Political Grammar," and others, give February 19, 1803.

The enabling act, as said, was passed April 30, 1802, under which the Constitutional Convention proceeded with its work, and the Constitution, with certain propositions relating to laws within the State, was laid before Congress, for its action. Committees were appointed in both Houses to whom the papers were referred. The Senate resolution was, that a committee be appointed to inquire whether any legislation was necessary, and if so what, for the admission of the State of Ohio into the Union and for the extending to that State the laws of the United States. On the 19th of January, 1803, the committee reported that under the enabling act, the people had formed a Constitution and State Government, Republican in form, and in conformity with the principles of the Ordinance of 1787, and that it was necessary now to establish a District Court within the State, to carry into complete effect the laws of the United States within the same. On this report a bill was presented and passed February 7; the House took up the bill, and passed it February 19. This was the first law of Congress recognizing the new State. Thereseems to have been no formal act of admission at anytime. There is, however, a collection of charters and constitutions compiled by order of the United States Senate, and printed in 1877. In this work, the Constitution of the State follows the enabling act, and is then followed by the act of admission. In this publication, the Constitution of Ohio is followed by the act of February 19, 1803, under the heading "An act recognizing the State of Ohio.'' The inquiry, probably, is of but little consequence now, its chief interest is the puzzling nature of the question.

Under the Constitution of 1802, the judicial power of the State of Ohio was vested in a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Justices of the Peace, and, such other Courts, as the Legislature might see fit to establish. The Supreme Court at first consisted of three judges, but was afterward increased to four. Courts of Common Pleas were composed of a presiding judge and associates. The president judge, being a member of the Bar, was supposed to be learned in the law; the supposition did not, however, prevail as to his associates, who were not lawyers. They, however, acted as probate judges, and most of them were competent to hear the probate of wills, appoint executors and administrators, and review accounts current and final. A list of the presiding judges of the Court of Common Pleas under the old Constitution is as follows, as far as can be ascertained: Thomas Gibson, in 1803; Michael Jones, in 1804; from 1805 to 1819, Francis Dunlevy; from 1819 to 1832, George P. Torrence; from 1832 to 1835, John M. Goodenow; from 1835 to 1838, David K. Este, who then went upon the Bench of the Superior Court of Cincinnati, organized that year. Este was succeeded by Oliver M. Spencer. Spencer was succeeded by Nathaniel C. Reed, who went upon the Bench of the Supreme Court of the State, being succeeded by Timothy Walker in 1841. William B. Caldwell was the next presiding judge, who also became a judge of the Supreme Court in 1850. Charles Brough and Samuel M. Hart were upon the Bench in 1850, and Robert B. Warden was the last presiding judge prior to the adoption of the new Constitution. Of the associate judges of the Court of Common Pleas, James Silvers served for three terms; Luke Foster, from 1808 to 1810; Matthew Nimmo, from 1804 to 1806; William McFarland in 1807; John Matson, from 1808 to 1810; Stephen Wood, from 1810 to 1816; James Clark, in 1811; Othniel Looker, in 1817; William: Burke, in 1818, and also John C. Short. During 1820 and 1822 Othniel Looker, James Silver and Peter Bell were judges. In 1823 and 1824 Samuel R. Miller; in 1825-26, Patrick Smith and Ben Piatt; Peter Bell, Patrick Smith, and John Jolly, from 1825 to 1829; in 1829 and 1831, Enos Woodruff; Samuel Rees, in 1831; Thomas Henderson, in 1831 and 1836. Jonathan Cilley and John Burgoyne, in 1834 and in 1836, and Joseph Brown and Richard Ayers, in 1839 and 1840. Henry Moore, in 1839 and 1845. Israe] Brown and Robert Moore served from 1845, and with James Saffin and John A. Wiseman were the last associates under the old system. It is impracticable to give the exact time of service of these various gentlemen, and it is possible the list is not complete, but the sources of information are meager, and the fact that the courthouse in this county has been twice burned deprives us of those records which in law impart absolute verity.

Although Judge George P. Torrence served for a longer time than any presiding judge except Dunlevy, the record of early days show that he assumed his political functions under circumstances that occasioned considerable comment, principally of an unfavorable nature. The Legislature of 1818 appointed him, then a sitting member of that body, presiding judge of the Ninth Circuit, Hamilton county. This Circuit was created at the same session and a few days before the appointment. The appointment was claimed to be unconstitutional under the clause:

No senator or representative shall during the term for which he shall have been elected be appointed to any civil office under the State which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term.

This appointment created great excitement, it being claimed to be a flagrant violation of the fundamental law, and a judicial consideration of the question would seem to indicate that the objection was well taken. The matter was brought before the Supreme Court on quo warranto, but was dismissed for want of jurisdiction, any expression of opinion in favor of the appointment being carefully avoided. The Legislature then endeavored to exterminate the obnoxious judicial existence, by abolishing the Ninth Judicial Circuit. The Senate passed a bill for that purpose, but the House, after considering the matter several times, refused to concur, by the close vote of thirty-six to thirty-two. Nothing, however, seems to have disturbed the placidity of the judge's nature. He held on to his office with an aggravating persistency, and a serene indifference to fate that was a discomfiture to the evil-minded. He lived to a green old age. He was a man of amiable, jovial nature, with a kind word for every one, and he retained the respect of the entire community.