Whitewater Township (part 16 of 17)

On the 14th of October the advance guard reached the Indian villages, but the inhabitants had all fled. On the 17th, the main army arrived, and for four days the troops were employed in burning villages and cornfields. Five villages were destroyed, and more than twenty thousand bushels of corn burned. Before the return, however, detachments of the army, sent out to find the Indians, were involved in ambuscades, and suffered severely. The usual results of want of discipline were made manifest. On the part of some, great personal courage was shown, but on the part of the majority, only-an eager desire to flee from danger. The losses were heavy, the army was demoralized, and the return march was resumed at once. The only effect of the expedition had been to exasperate the enemy, and to inflate him with pride in his superior prowess. The Indians fully believed that they had won a great victory, and were more than ever determined to prosecute the war. Want of preparation and discipline had brought the campaign through humiliating failures to an ignominious conclusion. The next year Gen. Harmar was fully exonerated by a court of inquiry, as he has been by the judgment of history. Nevertheless, he retired to his charming home near Philadelphia, and the government lost a most capable and patriotic officer. The government, in its haste and poverty, had sent him to certain disaster, and a proud soldier finds it hard to bear undeserved popular obloquy. He was too proud to complain, and too magnanimous to throw the blame upon those to whom it belonged. ;

Up to this time, the entire army of the United States consisted of but one regiment, which had never reached its maximum number. After the ineffectual campaign of Gen. Harmar, Congress authorized another regiment, the second of our army, and also an additional force of artillery. Preparations upon a larger scale were made for subduing the Indians. In the month of June an expedition of militia under Gen. Charles Scott, of Kentucky, marched from the mouth of the Kentucky river against the Indians on the upper Wabash. In August an expedition under Col. Wilkinson moved from Fort Washington northward, marching rapidly until it had reached the neighborhood of the Indian villages on the Maumee, then turned due west, to attack the villages on the Wabash that had been harried by Gen. Scott a few months earlier. Neither expedition accomplished any permanent result, either in breaking the power or in overawing the Indians. The killing of a few warriors, the capture of women and children, the devastation of cornfields and the burning of villages only exasperated the savages, and made peace more remote.

Governor St. Clair had been appointed a major-general, and designated to command the expedition against the Indians. He was given command of the two regiments of the army, with the artillery and an additional force of militia, which should have raised his army at least three thousand men. The General himself was a model of energy, courage and fidelity. He did all that was possible to prepare the expedition and make it efficient. The object of the expedition, as set forth in the instructions given him by Secretary of War Gen. Knox, was to establish a chain of posts from Fort Washington to the Maumee river, at the mouth of the Auglaize. At the latter place it was designed to establish a strong fort in the heart of the Indian country to overawe the hostile Indians, and to strike as necessity might suggest.

The time allotted to Gen. St. Clair was too short for the purpose, even if he had at his command a disciplined army. The work of building the forts and transporting provisions through a difficult country could not by possibility have been executed within the time allowed. From the first, il] omens seemed to warn him of impending disaster. It was not until the 7th of September that Gen. Richard Butler, the second in command, reported at Fort Washington. On the same day the chief quartermaster made his appearance, and the chief commissary did not appear at all, except at the Treasury Department in Philadelphia. There was no time given for discipline or drill, or forwarding military stores. In order to protect the army from the drunkenness and disorder about Fort Washington, Gen. St. Clair early moved a portion of his command twenty-five miles to the north, and established Fort Hamilton. Even while the troops remained at Cincinnati, the place of encampment was fixed three miles to the northwest of Fort Washington. The precise spot is unknown, but it must have been near that part of the city still known as Camp Washington. From the first, desertions were almost daily occurrences. Adj. Denny, in his Journal of the Campaign, states: 'On the 3d of October a sergeant and twenty-five militia deserted. On the 4th a sergeant and nine militia;'' and so on with the dismal record. :

Gen. Harmar declined to take any command, and warned Gen. St. Clair that he was going out to certain overthrow. His experience of the previous year had been sufficient warning to him to keep away from coming doom. On the 4th of October the army moved from Fort Hamilton by way of Eaton and Greenville. A stockade fort was erected near Eaton, and another six miles south of Greenville, called Forts St. Clair and Jefferson. Desertions continued to increase until, five days before the final slaughter, the General was compelled to detach the first regiment, the best in his command, to march to the rear and guard the supplies from being plundered by deserters. This veteran regiment was not in the action at Fort Recovery. The second in command became seriously offended with Gen. St. Clair, and held no communication with him. Under such conditions, the army, being reduced by desertions and detachment to 1,400 men, on the 4th of November the great slaughter at Fort Recovery took place. The undisciplined militia fled at the first fire, and the camp was shortly in confusion. It affords some relief to the dismal picture, that personal courage and a very limited discipline held the bulk of the soldiers toa desperate fight for more than three hours. But the retreat was a rout in which nothing but speed was desirable. The army, which had moved forward at the rate of seven miles a day, was able on the retreat to reach Fort Jefferson, twenty-nine miles from the field of action, before nightfall on the day of the battle. It had required thirty days to move from Fort Hamilton to the battlefield, but the return was made in forty-eight hours. When the army reached Fort Jefferson on its retreat, not a

Another expedition had failed, more imposing and better armed than Gen. Harmar's, but in other respects not better prepared. Want of discipline, of supplies, of all things needful for an army of conquest or occupation, had led to the most deplorable slaughter ever witnessed in the United States.

In November, 1791, at the time when the remnants of St. Clair's army were drifting homeward through Cincinnati, William H. Harrison, a young ensign, who was to be a conspicuous figure in the history of this region, appeared on the scene. The youth, fresh from his stately home at Berkeley and from the society of Philadelphia, was appalled at the dissipation and drunkenness he witnessed in the embryo city. Hesays: ''I certainly saw more drunken men in Cincinnati in fortyeight hours than I had ever seen in all my life."

Searching official inquiry acquitted Gen. St. Clair of blame, but the hero of a disaster rarely escapes popular odium. The slaughter at Fort Recovery was the end of hasty movements and half preparation. Congress at last became aware of the gravity of the situation. Great Britain on the north and Spain in the south and west eagerly watched the infant republic, and their agents fomented Indian hostilities. International questions of the gravest character were pending between the United States and the two unfriendly powers. Evidently a crisis was at hand. The army was raised to 5,168 men, and Gen. Wayne was appointed to the command. He dictated his own conditions, and made them wholly different from those imposed upon St. Clair and Harmar. He would have no raw levies, no more six-months soldiers, no more hurried incursions into a hostile country. All was careful, deliberate, comprehensive. Every preparation was thorough, and every movement indicated permanent occupation and final results.

In order that no means might be neglected to secure peace, the government entered upon further negotiations. Two of its emissaries, bearing flags of truce, were assassinated. One, under the guidance of the missionary Heckewelder, reached Vincennes and held an ineffectual conference. Three commissioners: reached the northwest by courtesy of the governor of Canada, and were entertained at the mouth of the Detroit river in the house of a British subject. All the negotiations ended in nothing. - The Indians demanded the Ohio river as the perpetual boundary line. This the United States could not grant.

While Fort Washington was the strong defense of the settlers, there were blockhouses at Ludlow Station, at Colerain, at Columbus, at North Bend, and, possibly,. elsewhere. These heavy log structures, loop-holed for rifle practice, with overhanging second story to permit a vertical fire by the garrison, were a safe refuge in danger. They were impregnable to Indians, except against blazing arrows. Captures and murders of settlers, hairbreadth escapes, and attacks upon blockhouses, kept in mind that the war was actual and its dangers always imminent. A vigorous attack upon Colerain Station was long remembered, and its stirring incidents told at frontier firesides. The name of Bloody Run perpetuates the memory of a stubborn miniature battle near Carthage between a few Indians and whites, in which the percentage of casualties far exceeded our bloodiest battles. It was only an obscure skirmish, but it illustrated the personal courage that defied death, a courage that did not depend upon oaths, or discipline, or the commands of officers. There seems to have been generally peace and quiet about North Bend, a result ascribed to the wise conduct of Judge Symmes. In July, 1792, Rev. John Heckewelder, the good missionary of the Moravians, writes: '' The most singular cireumstance is that for two years they have been troubled with no Indian raids" (at North Bend); and he adds: '' Judge Symmes, who is looked upon as a father by this people, has, by his kind treatment of the Indians, who at first came here very

During the winter of 1792-98 Gen. Wayne had his army in a camp of instruction twenty miles below Pittsburgh. In the month of April, 1793, he reached Cincinnati. He called his encampment '' Hobson's Choice,'' because on account of the river being very high it was the only encampment possible at the time. It was situated near the foot of Fifth street. The cavalry of his army was sent to the Kentucky side of the river, where Covington now stands, and during the following summer both the cavalry and infantry were continually drilled and practiced in all the evolutions and exercises that might fit them for their work. On September 17, 1793, he took up the march to Greenville, where he established a strong fort, and supplied it with ample provisions. True to his original determination, he left no means unemployed that might show to the enemy that he was able and eager to seize and hold. In December he took possession of the battlefield of St. Clair, twenty-three miles beyond Greenville, and erected Fort Recovery. During the autumn he had been reinforced by a thousand mounted men from Kentucky under Gen. Charles Scott. They were employed in guarding wagon trains and in scouting the forest. When he put his army in winter quarters he dismissed the Kentucky horsemen with orders to return the following season.

In June, 1794, the Indians made an attack upon Fort Recovery, which was characterized by unusual fierceness and persistency; but after a struggle of two days they were driven away with heavy loss. This was the first serious check suffered by the confederated Indians of the Northwest. Gen. Wayne had taken no backward step. Every foot of ground once occupied was held, and he had defiantly pushed his posts into the enemy's country. On the 28th of July he moved from Greenville, fully prepared to bring the war to a decisive end. Before this time he had been rejoined by the Kentucky mounted troops under Gen. Scott, and his army was in the highest state of efficiency. Fort Defiance was erected almost upon the ground recently occupied by Indian villages, and from this fact it received its name.

On the 20th of August was fought the battle of Fallen Timbers, near the rapids of the Maumee river, and in one hour the Indian confederacy was hopelessly broken and dissolved. It was a victory of far-reaching eonsequence. It aided greatly in securing a treaty with Great Britain in the following year, which settled the most dangerous questions in controversy. It gave to the Spanish power, in the west and south, a new idea of the vigor and patriotism of the young republic.

It may seem somewhat surprising that so few of the men conspicuously identified with the early campaigns about Cincinnati made that city their home. Gen. Harmar retired to Philadelphia. Gen. St. Clair, as soon as he had discharged his duties as governor of the Northwest, returned to Ligonier Valley, in Westmoreland county, Penn., where he lived in extreme poverty, caused by the sacrifices he had made for his country, and by the neglect of Congress to repay him the money he had actually advanced out of his private fortune. Gen. Wayne died shortly after the treaty at Greenville, at Erie, Penn., on his return eastward. Gen. Charles Scott and other Kentuckians returned to their own homes. George Rogers Clarke lived at Louisville, neglected and disregarded until his death in 1818.

A notable exception, however, is the case of Maj. David Zeigler, who was the first mayor or president of Cincinnati, as the office was then styled. A native of Germany, an experienced soldier in his native land, he came to this country in 1775, for the purpose of entering the army of Independence. He was almost continuously in the military service until after the campaign of St. Clair, when he settled in Cincinnati. He became a prosperous merchant, and, from his experience and culture, he was easily one of the leading citizens of the village. In 1804 he was appointed the first United States Marshal of the District of Ohio, and from 1809 to his death he was surveyor of the port.

Ephraim Kibbey, one of the original company that settled Columbia, was captain of the famous forty scouts who kept Gen. Wayne accurately informed of every movement of the enemy. He retained his legal residence at Columbia, but continued in the military service, and dying at St. Charles, Mo., in command of that military fort, about 1812, his remains rest in the old cemetery at that place. Some of his descendants still live in Cincinnati, among whom Thomas S. Royse may be named. His widow, Rachel (Stites) Kibbey, daughter of Benjamin Stites, the founder of Columbia, died in 1864 at the age of eighty-one, and was buried in the old Columbia graveyard.

By far the most distinguished acquisition brought to Cincinnati by these wars was Gen. Wiliam Henry Harrison, who was first ensign, then a lieutenant serving on Wayne's staff, during his campaign; then secretary of the Northwest Territory, then governor, and in the next war a distinguished and successful commander.

During these years of war and danger, Cincinnati was only a cluster of cabins attached toa garrison, the inhabitants never exceeding five hundred. None of the arts of peace was possible, and there was nothing to attract thrifty and virtuous citizens. The people lived by the military expenditures of government, and suffered all the ill effects of uncertain occupation, and the disorders that attach to a floating and irresponsible population. All accounts agree in presenting a dismal picture of an idle, drunken population, whose vices were neither relieved by refinement, nor awed by public reprobation. Peace brought change, but the growth of the city was scarcely noticeable until after the turn of the century. In 1800 the population was only 750 - with few houses except log cabins. | Even in this modern Sardis there were those who kept their garments clean. It is noteworthy that the gentle ministry of women was not wanting among the soldiers - anticipating by more than half a century the work of Florence Nightingale - forerunners of thousands, who, threequarters of a century later, gave themselves to the work of mitigating the hardships of war.

The embryo city slowly took on the habits and practices of peace. The corrupting influences of armies and garrisons ebbed away. The modifying influences of law, and of a more exacting public opinion, restrained vice or drove the incurably lawless to the receding frontier. The country to the north and south rapidly filled up with a hardy and industrious population. The forests, year by year, went down before the axe, and disappeared in flame. The plow furrowed the fertile soil - ere long sélling and buying demanded a common point of exchange, and the growth of the city had fairly begun. :

The animosities toward Great Britain caused by the war of the Revolution had never been allowed to cool. The unfortunate and exasperating failures to comply with the requirements of the Treaty of Paris, with their charges and counter charges of bad faith, would have been sufficient to prolong distrust and alienation; but the continuation of the border wars for twelve years brought the frontiersmen to a frenzy of hatred and resentment. They were in no mood to weigh the counter claims of Great Britain. They knew only of murderous forays and desolated homes. They heard of Elliott, McKee and the Girtys, renegades who lived among the Indians, and were reported to receive British pay and to move according to British inepiration. When that evil influence was ended by the Jay treaty with Great Britain, and the treaty of Greenville with the Indians, the wars of the French Revolution were raging, and the ends of the earth soon felt the shock of nations in battle array.

" The disturbance, caused by this unequal upheaval, could not be confined to the eastern continent. As the contest deepened and intensified, the two giant gladiators seemed to divest themselves of everything but deadly weapons, and to struggle without regard to the rights or comfort of spectators. The contention between the

United States and Great Britain arose about the practice of searching American ships for contraband goods, and for British subjects, who might be pressed to service in the British navy. For years these aggressions continued, both the great belligerents partaking in them, each according to his means and opportunities. There is reason to conclude that hostile feeling toward Great Britain was too valuable a party capital in those days, to be either dissipated by a treaty of peace, or risked in war. Thus a condition between peace and war, without the advantages of either, with more than the rancor of war, but without its seriousness or dignity, continued more than a decade.

Not the least striking feature of the history of that period is the fact, that the feeling of resentment, and the demand for war, was strongest in the West, among a people whose goods were in no danger of seizure, and whose neighbors were not exposed to impressment. It was also a general feature of the strife throughout the whole country, that the political party, seemingly in favor of war, was opposed to preparation, while the party that favored peace urged vigorous armament as a means of securing peace, or, if the worst came, to make war effective.

In Cincinnati there seems to have been a unanimous clamor for war. The publications of that day, and the items of information preserved in the only newspaper, all point to the same conclusion. Every aggression of Great Britain was exploited, and many were announced with no better support than the tongue of rumor. Every aggression of France was palliated or explained away. Ifa British regiment landed at Quebec, the fact was carefully uoted, and a deduction made plain. If a squad of Indians was seen in the woods north of Greenville, their passage was chronicled, and a sinister meaning intimated. Party zeal and national hostility were fed with the same exciting food. The diplomatic correspondence between the two governments was largely published. A rupture in the cabinet of Mr. Madison - Robert Smith, Secretary of State, resigning because he differed from the President about. the negotiations with Great Britain - is more fully discussed, with more documents, letters and comments, than would now be accorded to a similar affair by our huge daily papers. Constant efforts were made to impress the popular mind with the belief that England was exhausted, moribund and tottering to her fall. It was asserted that the old King, "blind, and Jame and crazy,'' was a complete representative of the government. The battle of Tippecanoe, fought November 7, 1811, was taken as full confirmation of every charge made against the British, and added greatly to the spirit of war. Congress was called to meet in 1811, a month earlier than the prescribed date. The British minister and the Secretary of State had dropped the courtly circumlocution of diplomacy, and were bluntly making '*demands'' upon each other.

In Cincinnati, people met at the '' Columbian Inn," on the southwest corner of Main and Second streets. or at the '"' Wheat Sheaf Tavern," and drank toasts as hot as their liquors. We read that on Sunday the 19th of May, 1812, one month before the declaration of war, "the Cincinnati Troop, commanded by Capt. James W. Sloan, with a great concourse of people assembled at the stone meeting-house, and listened to an eloquent discourse by Rev. R. W. Burke from the text: 'Prepare for war; wake up the mighty men; let them come up; beat your ploughshares into swords, and your pruning hooks into spears; let the weak say, I am strong.'"" If anything was wanting to the furor of war, it could be supplied from that text.

The government ordered the army to be increased by an addition of twenty-five thousand men. Out of the whole number of officers to command this army, Ohio was allowed one lieutenant-colonel, one major, seven captains, seven first lieutenants, seven second lieutenants, six ensigns, and one surgeon. Such distribution of offices would hardly be satisfactory to the Ohio men of the present day. Congress also authorized the President at his discretion to accept the services of the militia of the different States, not to exceed fifty thousand in number. About this time war songs,

To stimulate recruiting, a bounty of sixteen dollars was offered to each recruit, with three months' additional pay, and 160 acres of land, upon receiving an honorable discharge. For each acceptable recruit, the officer in charge of that service was allowed a premium of two dollars. Stimulated and encouraged by this bounty and premium a recruiting office was opened in Cincinnati, and the roll of fife and drum was heard almost continually on the streets. The Light Dragoons, under Capt. Sloan, drilled regularly at their ''usual place of muster," and the Light Guards, under Capt. John Fenno Mansfield, were preparing for expected war. The 22nd of February, 1812, was proclaimed in solemn and warlike phrase, and the spirit of Washington was invoked to arouse the people to deeds of arms. The banquet of that day at the '' Wheat Sheaf Inn'' was enlivened by sentiments, calling upon the government "'to immediately direct the storm of war,'' and by the promised spectacle of "The British Lion crouching beneath the talons of the American Eagle."'

Early in April Gen. John Stites Gano was ordered, by Governor Meigs, to raise eight companies in his division of the militia for service in the field. A similar order had been giveu other major-generals in the State of Ohio, and the rendezvous for the State troops was fixed at a camp three miles above Dayton, on Mad river. Governor Meigs was repeatedly in Cinciunati during these days, making his arrangements here and in Dayton. The companies of Capts. Sloan and Mansfield were received into the service among the first. Before leaving for the camp at Dayton, we read that these companies "assembled with a very large concourse of citizens at the Presbyterian Meeting-house, and heard a very learned, patriotic and impressive discourse by Rev. Joshua L. Wilson, from the text: 'Cursed be he that doeth the work of the Lord deceitfully; and cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood'.'' If the intrepid and clear-headed preacher took occasion to denounce the double-minded Christian, and the cowardly reluctant soldier, he could find full warrant in his text, and a ready response in every true and brave heart.

On the 30th of March, Governor Meigs proclaimed a day of fasting and prayer to be observed on the 15th of April, in which peace was designated as the chief subject of prayer - peace at home and peace throughout the world. On the 4th of April, the President approved the act of Congress which laid an embargo upon all commerce to and from ports of the United States, for the ensuing ninety days.

On the 10th of the same month, Gen. John 8. Gano, by a circular order, notified the militia of this portion of the State, that 800 men were required for immediate service from his division. These were to be obtained by volunteering if possible, otherwise by a draft. By the 25th of the same month, the volunteers called for began to arrive. A camp had been provided for them on the hill above the town. At that time the town was almost entirely built on the lower bank of the river, or what we have since called "the bottom.'' The location of the camp was at the top of the bluff, which then had its crown along Fourth street. These volunteers were joined by the companies of Capts. Mansfield and Sloan. Governor Meigs reviewed the troops and delivered a patriotic address, in which he foreshadowed certain war at an early day. On the same day, it was announced in Cincinnati that Col. Lewis Cass, afterward the famous senator from the State of Michigan, was passing down the Muskingum river with 250 men, destined for Cincinnati and the camp above Dayton. On the 7th of May 500 militia paraded the streets of the town, and were reviewed by their officers; and on the day following took up their march for Camp Meigs. The soldiers had scarcely found themselves in camp, when the want of military supplies was made manifest. Governor Meigs issued his proclamation, setting forth the want of blankets and other articles necessary for the comfort of the soldiers, and appealing to the good people of the State, especially to the mothers and sisters, to furnish supplies without delay.

Three regiments of Ohio troops were organized at Camp Meigs commanded by Cols. Cass, McArthur and Findley. The last mentioned colonel was a resident of Cincinnati, and was long known as one of her foremost citizens. He had been receiver of the Land Office, and after the war served in Congress. Col. McArthur was a resident of Chillicothe, and Col. Cass, of Zanesville. On the 25th of May, Governor Meigs, by formal order, transferred the Ohio militia, now organized and officered, to Gen. Hull, then governor of the Territory of Michigan, who had received the commission of brigadier-general. He had served in the Revolutionary war with distinction and honor. He led one storming column at the capture of Stony Point. He was a brother of the famous Capt. Hull, whose intrepid and persistent courage displayed signally in command of the frigate 'Constitution'? belped to make our navy illustrious. He was the father of Capt. Abraham F. Hull, who served on his staff, and later was killed in the midst of the fierce conflict at Lundy's Lane, and lies buried where he fell. There was ample proof of fighting qualites, but Gen. Hull had grown very fleshy, and had long passed the meridian of military life. At sixty years he was a totally different man from the daring youth whom Gen. Wayne selected to lead a desperate night attack with empty muskets and fixed bayonets. Ill informed and worse supported by his government, hope and courage failed, and he became the vicarious sacrifice for the blunders of others, more than his own. He should have vindicated the honor of a soldier, by fighting and marching, as long as hope remained. Hard campaigning, much suffering and a long death roll, would have handed him on to the fame of a hero.

On the first day of June the Fourth United States Infantry arrived in Cincinnati, from Vincennes, by way of Louisville and Frankfort, Ky., and marched through the town to the encampment on the hill. These men were mostly the survivors, and, in the popular mind, the heroes of the battle of Tippecanoe. They were received with extravagant demonstrations of welcome. The military organizations of the town had already moved to the northward, but the older men, whose gray hairs announced that they had passed the limit of military service, had organized themselves into a company called the *' Cincinnati,'' under Gen. William Lytle. These had prepared for their coming by the erection, on Main street near the courthouse, of a triumphal arch over which they had emblazoned the inscription: '' THe Hrrors or Tippecanog."' They did not tarry, but on the following morning set out upon the margh to the northward, joining the army of Gen. Hull at Urbana.

The regiment was accompanied by the twelve-year-old son of Capt. Spencer, who had been killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. The father received his death wound with the child at his side. A boy with such an experience attracted much notice. It was commanded by that Col. James Miller - firm, taciturn, undemonstrative - who afterward at Lundy's Lane made the terse and famous reply: ''I will try, sir,'' when he was ordered to attempt a work, in which success was remote, and death and failure about equally probable.

The declaration of war was made June 18, and at that time the authorities at Washington supposed that the Northwestern army had already reached and occupied Detroit. In fact, it was making roads, building blockhouses, and slowly making its toilsome way through the swamps and forests of northwestern Ohio. It did not occupy Detroit until July 5. Information that war had been declared did not reach Gen. Hull until July 3, though it reached the British authorities in Canada June 25, more than a week in advance of our own army.

The announcement of an actual declaration of war was received in Cincinnati June 29, and seems to have met general approval. The village of 2,300 inhabitants, straggling along the lower bank of the river, had for months, if not years, kept itself in a tumult of excitement with the passions and apprehensions of war. The little community had sent out, at the first call, a number of volunteers, equivalent to fifteen thousand men from her present population. Out of their own enthusiasm, they had wrought up exaggerated hopes and expectations, making little account of material obstacles, or the energy of a brave foe, and the proverbial fortunes of war. The declaration was hailed with a hearty welcome, and at the celebration héld in a few days, on the thirty-sixth anniversary of American independence, it served to heighten the interest and impressiveness of the festal occasion. The Declaration of Independence and the declaration of war were both read to the assembly by David Wade. An oration was delivered by William Hendricks, and the ceremonies were emphasized with music and song and salvos of artillery. Gen. Gano presided, supported by Gen. William Henry Harrison and Hon. John Cleves Symmes. It strikes us strangely to read that the ceremonies were conducted "in an orchard on the south side of Columbia street." The oration and the toasts read at the banquet were much more sober than the utterances of a few months earlier. Actual war is so different from its mere pomp and circumstance, and many of the homes had been bereft of their jewels, and there was concern lest there might be no return.

For a short time the community was amused with rumors of brilliant success, curiously mingled with unfounded reports of Indian massacre. A little later the rumors that flew about were serious and discouraging. Gen. Hull's baggage and papers had been captured - a British war vessel bad audaciously placed itself where it might damage the army - Gen. Hull's line of communication had been cut - the army had fallen back from Canada - Mackinaw had been captured. These disquieting reports were followed by authentic information that Hull had surrendered his entire army, and with it the Territory of Michigan, and the whole frontier was left defenseless. It was soon known, too, that Fort Wayne was besieged, and that Fort Dearborn (Chicago), had been evacuated, and that almost the entire garrison with the women and children had been treacherously massacred.

A dismal summer ensued. Governor Meigs ordered out the military of the State. Governor Scott of Kentucky sent 1,800 troops with a State commission to Gen. Harrison. The enterprising British general, Isaac Brock, was called to the Niagara frontier, leaving the work in the northwest in tbe feeble hauds of Proctor, and before the season closed a fair defensive array had been secured.

The troops surrendered by Hull were paroled, and sent across the lake to Cleveland, and Capt. Mansfield reached home to die - of a fever it was said, but his friends believed that his failure to recover was due to disappointment and humiliation, which sit so heavily upon a proud and sensitive soldier. He was a cousin of E. D. Mansfield, so Jong a well-known citizen of Cincinnati, and an elder brother of Gen. Joseph Mansfie!d, who fell at the battle of Antietam, a half century later.

It is a curious fact that no writer seems ever to have found any record of the part taken by Cincinnati in the war of 1812, after the first troops were sent out. No list of her soldiers has been published. The only newspaper printed in the town fails to give facts or names. So far as the writer can learn the later history of the city in that war can not be written.

Gen. Harrison was the chief actor. Gen. James Taylor, of Newport, the founder of the well-known family of that name, was quartermaster-general of Hull's army. Col. William Stanley Hatch, of Cincinnati, was assistant quartermaster-general. Stephen McFarland was lieutenant in Mansfield's company. Thomas Heckwelder was ensign, and James Chambers orderly-sergeant. Soldiers are rarely historians - rarely keep journals or make records of names or events, but it may well cause surprise that no patriotic citizen with a taste for preserving notes, facts and memoranda lived in the town at that time.

Chapter Xt Cincinnati In The War Of The Rebellion

ANTI-SLAVERY Versus Pro-SLAVERY SENTIMENTS - INTENSITY OF POPULAR FEELING - THE First Guy Frrep - Crncinnati's NoBLE REspoNsE TO THE First CALL FOR TRoops - Laver ENiLIstMENTS - HEr SouTHERN NEIGHBORS - THE BuRNEtY RirLES - MEMBERS OF THe LireErary CLUB IN THE SERVICE - THE Unirep Stares SanriraRry COMMISSION - THE CrncinNatr BRANCH OF SAME - WESTERN SANITARY Farr - TuHer CrINcINNATI CHRISTIAN COMMISSION - EXCITING ALARMS - CONCLUSION.

prok many years the people of Cincinnati were extremely reluctant to take a hostile attitude toward the South. Her history from the first was closely associated with Kentucky, going back to the years when the elder State sent her sons to defend the infant settlement. Continual social and commercial relations - visits, intermarriages, friendships and common interests - made her people feel as if those beyond the river were her kin. The growth of anti-slavery sentiment had been slow, and its expression cautious and mild. The enraged populace of Cincinnati had destroyed anti slavery printing presses, and mobbed negroes because they were black. Anti-slavery speakers had scarcely been tolerated, and anti slavery meetings were a dangerous experiment.

The repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854, much as it was condemned and deplored, did not give the control of the city to the party of opposition to the extension of slavery. At the outbreak of the war, the mayor of Cincinnati represented the extreme sentiment of deference and concession to the Southern people, even after seven States had proclaimed themselves foreign territory, and committed many acts of undisguised hostility. But as events hastened to a climax, the public temper grew impatient and resentful - the feeling so tense and eager that it required but a signal to create an explosion. The bombardment of Fort Sumter brought out all the feeling hitherto suppressed, and roused patriotism which had never diminished, but had forborne demonstration in deference to angry and misguided friends.

Crowds of people eagerly scanned the bulletins announcing the progress of the assault, and when the surrender was announced an excited populace poured along the principal streets, cheering for the Union, and displaying the American flag. In those days it fared ill with the man who expressed sympathy with rebellion, or seemed lukewarm in the national cause.

The President's proclamation calling for troops appeared April 15, 1861, and without delay three companies of the organized militia of the city offered themselves for service. On the 18th, the Rover Guards, the Lafayette Guards, and the Zouave Guards of Cincinnati were mustered into the Second O. V. I. at Columbus. Without pause or remission of zeal, other organizations were rapidly formed and prepared for action. The County Fair grounds were converted into a camp of instruction, and named Camp Harrison. 'The choice military company of the city, the Guthrie Grays, was expanded to a regiment, the Sixth O. V.I., and reported at Camp Harrison on the 18th. The Fifth Regiment entered camp on the 20th, the Ninth on the 22nd of April, and the Tenth on the 7th of May. These regiments were made up entirely of young men from Cincinnati and Hamilton county, and numbered about four thousand men. They were all transferred to Camp Dennison, their first route, marching on the 23d of May. They all performed faithful service to the end of their three-years term of enlistment, and one of them (the Fifth), though 'fought to a frazzle," re-enlisted for the war.

The zeal in behalf of the country did not slacken with the first offerings, but became a steady and systematic force. At the close of the year the county of Hamilton had sent to the field more than eight thousand men. These, in addition to the regiments already named, were mostly in the Twenty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, Forty-seventh, Fifty-fourth, Seventy- fifth Regiments of Infantry, and the Fourth and Fifth Regiments of Cavalry, and in the First and Second Kentucky which were organized at Camp Clay (Pendleton) within the city. Less than half the soldiers of those two Kentucky regiments were citizens of the State in whose name they enlisted.

The prompt and vigorous response to the country's call by a people so conservative, with such great resources and wealth, situated on the border of disputed territory, was a gratifying and memorable surprise. On the part of many, the first feeling was one of apprehension for the tempting stores so near to danger; but there Was soon an unanimous feeling that the only way to avoid danger was to meet it manfuliy.

The first subject pressing for immediate settlement was her commercial relations with the people of Kentucky and other southern States. The attitude of Kentucky was most unfortunate, not only for the national cause, but for her own fair fame. She was not prepared to join the Rebellion, and not ready to defeud the nation. Her governor had defiantly - even insolently - refused to respond to the call for troops, and the governor of Ohio had offered to fill her quota, after answering all demands upon his own State - an offer which was made good. The people of that State were so nearly balanced between conflicting interests and feelings - tbeir governor bent - on mischief as far as his ability and courage might serve - that, like a double-minded man, their hesitation and instability made them the derision of men, and set them helpless in the pillory of history. It could not but be a question of deepest solicitude whether Cincinnati was to have a hostile or a friendly population within gunshot of her banks and warehouses, and great manufactories. Hon. Thomas M. Key, of Cincinnati, was sent by Governor Dennison to confer with the recreant governor of Kentucky. The latter gave assurance that he would not permit anything to be done that might seem like a menace to Cincinnati. But the people of Cincinnati had better judgment than to put implicit confidence in the professions of a governor that could not determine on which side of the great contest he belonged. They insisted in a rather irregular and menacing way that shipments to Kentucky, of everything which might aid rebellion, should cease at once. This action brought a large delegation of citizens from Louisville whose trade was menaced by this popular embargo.

They were received in the Cincinnati Council Chamber, April 28, 1861. The mayor, Mr. Hatch, presided, and Hon. Rufus King, after an address of friendship, appealing to old and kindly remembrances, read a letter from Governor Dennison, in which he laid down the rule that "so long as any State remains in the Union, with professions of attachment to it, we can not discriminate between that State and our own.'' The governor of the State could not well speak otherwise; but the people of Cincinnati were -not restrained by executive limitations or diplomatic necessities. Before the meeting closed Hon. Bellamy Storer warned the Kentuckians that "this is no time for soft words. We feel that you have a governor who can not be depended upon in this crisis. While we rejoice in your friendship, while we glory in your bravery, we would have you understand that we are your equals, as well as your friends."

Evidently the people were not satisfied with the inconclusive action of this meeting, for, only four days later, an indignation meeting was held at which in speeches and resolutions the people denounced the attempt to draw fine distinctions or to refine upon rebellion. Not satisfied with this plain speaking and the prepared expression of feeling, a resolution, evidently struck out in the heat of the meeting, was adopted with a storm of cheers, denouncing as a "traitor, and meriting the doom of a traitor, anybody and everybody, who would sell any article contraband of war, to any person or any State, that had not declared a firm purpose to sustain the government.'' This was sufficiently clear as to the temper of the people in Cincinnati in April, 1861. It was not long, however, until trade regulations, issued by the government, and enforced by the surveyor of the port, gave an orderly and effective operation to this determined and outspoken loyalty.

Not many days after the outbreak of hostilities, effervescent and tumultuous zeal gave way to organized effort, in accordance with the unfailing capacity of the American people for orderly movements. E e

Among the organizations which thus sprang into existence the Burnet Rifles is worthy of special notice on account of the subsequent history and achievements of its members. It was composed of members of the Cincinnati Literary Club, an association of educated and professional gentlemen, organized in 1849, and still in existence. April 17, 1861, two days after the call of the President for troops, a special meeting of the club was called to order by R. B. Hayes, one of its members, who was to be much heard of in after times. A committee of three was appointed which reported in favor of forming a military company at once, and making all necessary preparations for its equipment and efficiency. The roll of members was called, and thirty-three at once agreed to join the new company.

Robert W. Burnet was named as the commander, and the work of drilling the company in daily military exercises was begun. Capt. John Pope, at that time on duty in this city as an officer of engineers, afterward the distinguished major-gen- ' eral in our army, then a member of the club, was the first drill officer. After a few days a sergeant from the Newport barracks named Reichman was engaged to perform this duty, and the company was drilled by him three times daily.

In a short time, as regiment after regiment was organized, the membership of this company was drawn upon for officers in every brauch of the service. The company enlisted in this service of drill and instruction a total number of fifty-one. A most remarkable fact is that of these fifty became commissioned officers of various ranks, from second lieutenant to major-general. All entered the service. The only one who did not receive a commission was Andrew J. Rickoff, who at that time was superintendent of public schools of Cincinnati.

The Literary Club gave so many members to the military service that it could hold no meetings for months. In the following October it recruited new members, and reorganized. The following summary history uf its members shows strikingly its influence upon subsequent events. Our limit of space will not permit a more extended notice.

Baldwin, William H. - July 16, 1862, lieutenant-colonel Eighty-third O. V. L.; March 13, 1865, brevet colonel; April 9, 1865, brevet brigadier-general.

Dumont, Robert S. - April 25, 1861, captain Company B, Fifth N. Y. V. I. (Duryee Zouaves); October 1, 1861, resigned; December 11, 1861, secretary and aid to Admiral Bell, commanding Pacific squadron; July 16, 1862, volunteer lieutenant U. S. Navy; May 15, 1863, naval judge advocate Pacific Department; March 1, 1864, resigned.

Ewing, Thomas, Jr. - September 15, 1862, colonel Eleventh Kansas Volunteer Infantry; March 18, 1862, brigadier-general U. S. Volunteers; September 27, 1864, wounded at battle of Pilot Knob; March 9, 1865, resigned.

Foote, Henry E. - Febrnary - , 1865, major and surgeon U. S. Volunteers (Thirteenth Missouri, afterward Twenty-second Ohio); medical director Second Division, Seventh Army Corps; November 18, 1864, mustered out with Twentysecond Regiment.

Force, Manning Ferguson - August 19, 1861, major Twentieth O. V. I; September 1], 1861, lieutenant-colonel O. V. I.; May 238, 1862, colonel O. V. L.; August 11, 1863, brigadier-general U. S. Volunteers; July 22, 1864, severely wounded at Atlanta: March 18, 1865, brevet major-general U. S. Volunteers; January lo, 1866, mustered out; August 29, 1866, colonel Thirty-second Infantry, U.S. A.; September 7, 1866, declined appointment.

Garrard, Israel - September 18, 1862, colonel Seventh O. V. Cavalry; June 21, 1865, brigadier-general U. S. Volunteers; July 4, 1865, mustered out of service.

How, W. Storer - May 27, 1861, private Ninth N. Y. State Militia; February 23, 1864, captain and acting quartermaster; March 19, 1865, brevet major; June 10, 1866, mustered out of service.

Johnson, John Waterman - Served three months as private in the Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry; February 19, 1862, second lieutenant in Thirty-ninth O. V. L.; January 24, 1864, private Company K, 108th O. V. I.; May 14, 1864, died from wounds received at battle of Resaca, Ga.

Leake, J. Bloomfield - Anugust 26, 1862, lieutenant-colonel Twentieth Iowa Volunteeg Infantry; - , wounded at the battle of Sterling Farm, Morganzie, Louisiana; July 8, 1865, mustered out with regiment.

Matthews, Stanley - June 7, 1861, lieutenant-colonel Twenty-third O. V. L; October 14, 1861, colonel Fifty-first O. V. L.; April 14, 1863, resigned.

Menzies, S. G. - April - , 1861, major of cavalry and surgeon U. 8. Volunteer Infantry; August - ,1861, medical director First Missouri Army Corps; June - ,1864, mustered out with regiment.

Morgan, Christopher A. - July 31, 1861, captain Thirty-ninth O. V. I.; January 6, 1862, resigned; January 6, 1862, major and aid-de-camp (Gen. Pope's staff); June 30, 1862, colonel and aid-de-camp (Gen. Pope's staff); January 20, 1866, died in service at St. Louis.

Noyes, Edwin F. - July 21, 1861, major Thirty-ninth O. V. I.; July 8, 1862, lieutenant-colonel Thirty-ninth O. V. I.; October 1, 1862, colonel Thirty-ninth O. V. I.; July 4, 1864, severely wounded at Atlanta; March 13, 1865, brevet brigadiergeneral U. S. Volunteers; April 22, 1865, honorably discharged.

Owens, William - September 26, 1861, first lieutenant Company K, O. V. Cavalry; May 18, 1868, captain Company K, Fifth O. V. Cavalry; December 3, 1864, mustered out by expiration of service.

Piatt, Donn - June 28, 1861, captain and acting adjutant-general; October 30, 1862, major and acting adjutant-general; January 1, 1863, lieutenant-colonel and assistant inspector-general.

Pope, John , captain Topographical Engineers, U.S. A.; May 17, 1861, brigade general U. S. Volunteers; March 21, 1862, major-general U. S. Volunteers; July 14, 1862, brigadier-general U. S. A.; March 18; 1865, brevet major-general U.S. A.

Smith, Thomas C. H. - August 23, 1861, lieutenant-colonel First O. V. Cavalry; November 29, 1862, brigadier-general U. S. Volunteers; January 31, 1866, mustered out of service.

Webb, Joseph T. - July 2, 1861, major and surgeon Twenty-third O. V. L.; - - , 1865, brevet lieutenant-colonel; July 26, 1866, mustered out with regiment.

White, M. Hazen - September 2, 1861, volunteer second lieutenant; January 1, 1862, second lieutenant and aid-de camp; January, 1864, first lieutenant and aidde-camp; October 16, 1864, major Fourth Arkansas Cavalry; July 2, 1865, mustered out with regiment.

Analysis of Rank on Entering Service. - Colonels, 2; lieutenant-colonels, 4; majors, 13; captains, 16; first lieutenants 4; second lieutenants, 5; privates, 7. - - Total, 51.

In May, 1861, associate members of the United States Sanitary Commission were appointed in Cincinnati, and the work of supplementing the government appliances for the comfort of soldiers had begun. The building now known as the Good Samaritan Hospital was unfinished, having been erected for the United States Marine service. Through the efforts of Dr. W. H. Mussey, it was secured as a hospital for the use of the army. A board of ladies and gentlemen was organized for its management, by whose efforts and the liberality of the people it was furnished, and in May opened for the reception of patients. Until the next August it was kept in full efficiency, with surgeons, nurses, hospital supplies, and necessary furniture provided by the citizens. It was then adopted by the government, and passed under the control of the Medical Department of the army. In this, as in many instances afterward, this voluntary action of an intelligent and zealous people anticipated and pointed the way to the slower and more regular movements of the army authorities. It was a war of the people, and the people led, whenever practicable. A little later the Western Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission was organized in Cincinnati, and continued its remarkable work of patriotism and charity, until years after the last returning soldier had reached his home. The subsequent history of this great organization from its beginning until August, 1864, is briefly told in the following extract from a report made in that month: 'The Western Secretary of the Sanitary Commission having given notice to the associate members resident in Cincinnati of their appointment, the Cincinnati Branch was formally organized at a meeting at the residence of Dr. W. H. Mussey, November 27, 1861. Robert W. Burnet was elected president; Geo. Hoadley, vice-president; Charles Fosdick, corresponding secretary; B. P. Baker, recording secretary; and Henry Pearce, treasurer."'

The body thus created was left almost wholly without instructions or specification of powers. It had no other charge than to do the best it could with what it could get. It was permitted to work out its own fate by the light of the patriotism and intelligence of its members. If any authority was claimed over it, or power to direct or limit its action, it was not known to the members for nearly two years from the date of its organization.

The steps actually taken, however, from time to time, were communicated to the United States Sanitary Commission at Washington, and by them approved. Delegates more than once attended the sessions of that body, and were permitted to participate in its action. The Branch were requested to print, as one of the series (No. 44) of the publications of the Commission, their report of their doings to date of March 1, 1862, and 2,500 copies of the edition were sent to Washington for distribution from that point.

Previous to the organization of this Branch, an address had been issued by the United States Sanitary Commisson to the loyal women of America, in which the name of Dr. Mussey was mentioned as a proper party to whom supplies might be sent. A small stock had been received by him, which was transferred to the Branch, and circulars were at once prepared and issued, appealing for the means Of such useful action as might seem open. A Central Ladies Soldiers' Aid Society, for Cincinnati and vicinity, was organized, and the co-operation of more than forty societies of ladies in Hamilton county was thus secured. This Society, it is proper to add, continued its beneficial connection with the Branch in vigorous activity, furnishing large quantities of supplies of every description, for nearly two years, and until the dispiriting effect of the change, hereafter to be noticed, in the relations of the Brauch to the work of distribution, paralyzed its efforts, and resulted, finally, in a practical transfer of the labors of the ladies to other fields of no less patriotic service.

The camps and hospitals near Cincinnati were subjected to inspection, and all necessary relief was furnished. Concert of action was established with the Volunteer Aid Committee, appointed at a public meeting of citizens in October, 1861, of whom Messrs. C. F. Wilstach, E. C. Baldwin, and M. E. Reaves were elected members of the Branch. Their rooms, kindly furnished, free of expense, by the school board, became its office and depot, and finally, in the spring of 1862, a complete transfer was made of all the stock in the hands of that committee to the Cincinnati Branch, and the former body was merged in this.

Under the stimulus of constant appeals to the public, and by the wise use of the means received, the confidence of the community having been gained, large quantities of hospital and camp supplies, and some money, were received, and the members entered with zeal upon the duty of distribution. The force, which the United States Sanitary Commission then had in the West, consisted of the Western secretary and a few inspectors, who were engaged in traveling from camp to camp, without any fixed headquarters. That body was not prepared, and did not profess to undertake this duty.

A serious question soon presented itself to the mind of every active member of the Branch, whether to prosecute the work of distribution mainly through paid agents, or by means of voluntary service. At times there have been differences of opinion upon the subject, and some of the members have had occasion, with enlarged experience, to revise their views. The result of this experience is to confirm the judgment that the use of paid agents by such an organization, in such a crisis, is, except to a limited extent, inexpedient. It has been clearly proved that voluntary service can be had to a sufficient extent, and such service connects the army and the people by a constantly renewing chain of gratuitons, valuable and tender labors, which many who can not serve in the field esteem it a privilege to be permitted to perform in the sick-room and the hospital.

The members of this Branch felt at liberty to pledge publicly in their appeals for contributions, that the work of distribution should be done under their personal supervision, subject of course to the control of the proper medical officers of the army; and, until late in the autumn of 1862, they faithfully kept this pledge, and were able to effect, as they believe,a maximum of benefit with a minimum of complaint. Fault-finding never ceases while the seasons change; but the finding of fault with the gratuitous services of men well known in a community has no power to injure.

While their labors were prosecuted under this plan, nearly every member of the Branch was brought into personal contact with the work of distribution. They were present on the battlefield of Shiloh. They were first at Perryville and Fort Donelson, at which point they inaugurated the system of hospital steamers. They called to their aid successfully the services of the most eminent surgeons and physicians, and the first citizens of Cincinnati. They gained the confidence of the Legislature of Ohio, which made them an appropriation of $3,000, and of the city council of Cincinnati, who paid them, in like manner, the sum of $2,000, and of the Secretary of War and Quartermaster-General, who placed at their control, at government expense, a steamer, which for months navigated the western waters in the transportation of supplies and of the sick and wounded.

They fitted out, in whole or part, thirty-two such steamers, some running under their own management, others under that of the governor of Ohio, and the mayor of Cincinnati, the United States Sanitary Commission and the War Department.

The relief furnished at Fort Donelson by this Branch constituted a marked, and at the time, novel instance of their mode of management, which may properly receive more specific mention here, as it elicited high praise from the Western secretary, and the compliment of a vote of encouragement from the United States Sanitary Commission. In this case a handsome sum was at once raised by subscription among the citizens, and the steamer " Allen Collier'' was chartered, loaded with hospital supplies and medicines, placed under the charge of the five members of the Branch, with ten volunteer surgeons and thirty-six nurses, and dispatched to the Cumberland river. At Louisville the Western secretary accepted an invitation to join the party. It was also found practicable to accommodate on board one delegate from the Columbus, and another from the Indianapolis, Branch Commission, with a further stock of supplies from the latter. The steamer reached Donelson in advance of any other relief agency. Great destitution was found to exist, on the field no chloroform at all, and but little morphia, and on the floating hospital, '' Fanny Bullitt," oceupied by 300 wounded, only two ounces of cerate, no meat for soup, no wood for cooking, and the only bread - hard bread; not a spoon or candlestick. The suffering was corresponding. Happily the ''Collier'' bore an ample stock, and with other parties on a like errand, who soon arrived, the surgeon's task was speedily made lighter, and his patients gained in comfort. The "Collier" returned, after a short delay, bringing a load of wounded to occupy hospitals at Cincinnati, which this Branch had meanwhile, under the authority of Gen. Halleck, and with the aid of that efficient and able officer, Dr. John Moore, then post surgeon at Cincinnati, procured and furnished.

This was but the beginning of very arduous and extensive services, personally and gratuitously rendered by members of this Branch. They traveled thousands of miles on hospital steamers on their errands of mercy, and spent weeks and months in laborious service on battlefields, and in camps and hospitals. They aided the government in the establishment of eight hospitals in Cincinnati and Covington, and suggested and assisted in work of preparing Camp Dennison, seventeen miles distant, as a general hospital for the reception of thousands of patients. They bought furniture, became responsible for rent, and the pay of nurses, provided material for the supply table, hired physicians, and in numberless ways secured that full and careful attention to the care and comfort of the soldier, which from inex-

During the period to which allusion has been made, the United States Sanitary Commission had few resources, and those mostly employed in proper service at the East, where the members principally resided. This Branch was called on to aid that body, and, to the extent of its means, responded. At one time (early in 1862), it was supposed impossible to sustain that organization, except by monthly contributions from each of the several Branches, continued for six months; and this Branch was assessed to pay to that end the sum of $250 per month, for the time specified, which call was met by an advance of the entire sum required, viz.: $2,375. This sum, small as it now seems, in comparison with the enormous contributions of a later date, was then considered no mean subsidy by either of the parties to it.

In May, 1862, the Soldiers' Home of the Branch was established, an institution which, since its opening, has entertained, with a degree of comfort scarcely surpassed by the best hotels of the city, over eighty thousand soldiers, furnishing them 372,000 meals. It has recently been furnished with 100 new iron bedsteads, at a cost of $500. The establishment and maintenance of the Home, the members of the Cincinnati Branch look upon as one of their most valuable works, second in importance only to the relief furnished by the "sanitary steamers" dispatched promptly to the battlefields with surgeons, nurses, and stores, and with beds to bring away the wounded and the sick; and they may, perhaps, be permitted with some pride, to point to these two important systems of relief, inaugurated by them. The necessity for the last mentioned method of relief has nearly passed away; we hope it may soon pass away entirely, never to return. The Home still stands in our midst, offering food and rest to the hungry and wayworn soldier, and reminding us of the kind hearts and loyal hands, whose patriotic contributions and patient toil, supplementing the aid furnished by the government through the quartermaster and Commissary Department of the army, have enabled them to establish it. To this aid of a generous and benign government, dispensed with kindness and alacrity by the officers who have been at the heads of these departments in this city, this institution is indebted, in a great measure, for its existence and usefulness.

May we not hope this aid will be continued, and that so long as the necessity for a Soldiers' Home exists, it may be able tosend forth its invitation, open at all hours - free to all soldiers; and that the efficient superintendent, G. W. D. Andrews, Esq., who, under the supervision of a committee of the Branch, has managed its affairs from its birth, may, when the necessity for it shall cease, be there to bid God speed to its last guest?

The importance of perpetuating the names of the soldiers whose lives had been, or might be, sacrificed in the defense of our government, being an anxious concern of many of the members of the Commission, and regarded by them as of so much importance, they early resolved that, so far as they could control the matter, not only should this be done, but that their last resting place should be in our beautiful city of the dead - Spring Grove Cemetery. An early interview was had with the trustees, who promptly responded to the wishes of the Commission, and gratuitously donated for that purpose a conspicuous lot, near the charming lake, of a circular shape, and in size sufficient to contain 3800 bodies. In addition thereto this generous association have interred, free of expense for interment, all the soldiers buried there. This lot having become occupied, the Commission arranged for another of similar size and shape, near by, for the sum of $1,500. The subject of the payment of the same having been presented to the Legislature of Ohio, the members unanimously agreed that, as a large proportion of those who were to occupy this ground as their last home, were the sons of Ohio, it was the proper duty of the State to contribute thereto. In accordance therewith, an appropriation of $3,000 was made for the purpose, subject to the approval of his Excellency, Governor Tod. A third circle of the same size and shape, adjacent to the others, was, therefore, secured at the same price.

The propriety of this expenditure was approved by the governor, after a careful examination of the ground and its value. Two of these lots have been filled, and the third is in readiness for occupancy, should it become necessary. A record is carefully made on the books of the cemetery of the name,age, company and regiment of each soldier interred there, that relatives, friends, and strangers may know, in all time to come, that we, for whom their lives were given, were not unmindful of the sacrifice they had made, and that we properly appreciate the obligations we are under to them for their efforts in aiding to secure to us, and future generations, the blessings of a redeemed and regenerated country.

In view of the work of this Branch from the commencement, we can not but express our heartfelt gratitude to that kind Providence, which has so signally blessed its efforts, and made the Commission instrumental in the distribution of the large amount of donations, which have been poured into their hands by full and free hearts, for the benefit of sufferers who are bravely defending our country and our homes.

It will be seen that one and a half per cent on the cash receipts from the commencement will cover all expenses for clerk hire, labor, freight, drayage, and other incidental matters; and this comparatively small expense is, in a great measure, owing to the extreme liberality, which should here be gratefully acknowledged, of the free use of the telegraph wires, and the free carriage of hundreds of tons of stores by the several express companies, railroads and steamboats.

With all this liberality, our supplies would long since have been exhausted by the constantly increasing requirements of our soldiers had not the sagacity and enterprise of a number of energetic and patriotic gentlemen suggested the idea of, and inaugurated, the Great Western Sanitary Fair of this city, the wonderful result of which realized (to the Commission) over a quarter of a million dollars, which will enable us to relieve the wants of the sick and wounded soldiers for some time to come. - R. W. Burnet, president; George Hoadley, Larz Anderson, vice-presidents; S. J. Broadwell, recording secretary; R. W. Burnet, Thomas G. Odiorne, Charles. F. Wilstach, executive committee; George K. Shoenberger, A. Aub, M. Bailey, Eli C. Baldwin, Joshua H. Bates, E. S. Brooks, A. E. Chamberlin, Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, Charles E. Cist, C. G. Comegys, M. D., George F. Davis, Charles R. Fosdick, L. B. Harrison, James M. Johnston, B. F. Baker, David Judkins, M. D., Edward Mead, M. D., George Mendenhall, M. D., W. H. Mussey, M. D., Henry Pearce, Elliott H. Pendleton, Charles Thomas, Mark E. Reeves, E. Y. Robbins, all of Cincinnati; Charles Butler, of Franklin; James McDaniel, J. D. Phillips, R. W. Steele, of Dayton; David S. Brooks, of Zanesville. Treasury, the First National Bank of Cincinnati.

The following statement shows fully the receipts and disbursements of money from the treasury to August 11, 1864. A detailed account of the variety of stores and supplies which has passed through the store-room of the branch would cover many pages. The value can not be accurately estimated, but the donations alone exceed one million of dollars.

Receipts

The persons whose names are signed to the above report constituted the Cincinnati Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. They are worthy to be emblazoned upon the pages of history - that wherever the story of love of country and of mercy to suffering humanity is proclaimed their works may be told as a memorial of them.

The great Western Sanitary Fair, to which allusion is made in their report, is worthy of separate notice. Chicago had set the example of a popular fair to raise money for the Sanitary Commission, and her enterprise was in progress with good promise of liberal results. Nothing was left to Cincinnati but to accept the friendly challenge, and endeavor to excel her rival in well-doing. The Cincinnati Times of November 7, 1863, published a communication signed "' A Lady,'' which was written by Mrs. Elizabeth Mendenhall, wife of one of the best known of Cincinnati's physicians, calling upon Cincinnati to follow the example of Chicago. The summons was responded to from every side. Meetings were held composed of those who had the desire and the ability to work, and soon the enterprise began to assume definite shape. Gen. Rosecrans, who was at that time in Cincinnati waiting orders, consented to take the position of president of the great Fair. Most fittingly, Mrs. Mendenhall was made vice-president. The enterprise was largely under the management and direction of the women of Cincinnati and southwestern Ohio. So rapid was the organization and preparation that on the 27th of November, but twenty days after the first suggestion, the Fair was inaugurated at Mozart Hall (now the Grand Opera House). That building, entire, had been arranged for the use of various departments of the Fair. Also the '' Palace Garden,'' as it was called, situated where the '"' Hotel Emery" now stands, was arranged as a refreshment hall. A huge building for the purposes of a bazaar, 64 x 400 feet, was erected upon the space between Main and Walnut streets, in front of the present government building.

When completed the organization embraced sixteen principal committees, which were divided into more than seventy sub-committees, as the only means of meeting the many phases of eager liberality. Mozart Hall building, the Palace Garden, the Great Bazaar, and warehouses, according to need, were made ready to receive, forward or sell whatever might be obtained. Mozart Hall was used for lectures and concerts, while the other apartments in the building were used as store and committee rooms. An art gallery was furnished by loans of pictures and other works of art, and many works of great excellence were donated to be sold for the benefit of the cause. Curiosities, relics, objects of interest, valuable relics, added to the attractions. Churches, societies, villages, and every form of association responded in generous rivalry to the call for help. More than 150 organizations were actively engaged, most of them being women, who could only in this way testify their spirit of helpfulness and sacrifice. All railroads, steamboats and express companies gave free transportation to all commodities consigned to the Sanitary Fair. December 218 1863, the Fair was opened, and during the succeeding weeks the great forces set in motion by enthusiastic patriotism gathered gifts of whatever kind could be made available.

The first week in January was intensely cold. A storm, unequalled in severity, swept over the Mississippi Valley as the old year went out, which made the next day memorable as ''the cold New Year." During the next six days the winds were out, and the temperature hovered about zero. Among the ladies who stood at the counters in the Great Bazaar suffering was not uncommon, and impaired health in not a few cases was an additional sacrifice. The closing of the Fair, with its gifts, labors, lectures, concerts and sales, did not take place until April 21, 1864. On that date the managers submitted their final report to the public.

In that report the chief credit is given to the ladies for inspiring the people of all classes and conditions to contribute the unprecedented amount of $234,500 net to the Fair. The actual outlay for expenses had amounted to a little more than 8 per cent. in the net amount paid to the Sanitary Commission. It furthermore appeared that while the people of the State outside of Cincinnati had contributed $30,000, the people of Cincinnati had contributed $175,000. The rest came from citizens of other States. The entire history of the enterprise, from its inception to the final report, has been preserved in an octavo volume of 578 pages, published by Cc. F. Vent & Company.

The Cincinnati Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission continued its work, diminishing as the storm of war settled down to the level of peace. On February 1, 1866, a statement was made showing total cash receipts of $330,769.53, and a total expenditure of $296,161.02, leaving still on hand an unexpended balance of $34,608.51 invested in United States bonds to await another call for deeds of charity.

The Soldiers' Home, which stood on the south side of Third street, about one hundred feet east of Broadway, on ground now occupied by the Lorraine building, kept open its hospitable doors from May 15, 1862, until October 8, 1865. During that period it was a ''soldiers' hotel,'' which never turned away a guest and never presented a bill. Soldiers found lodgings, stationery, information and clothing, according to their need. The total number of lodgings furnished was 45,400, and of meals 656,704. All this was accomplished with an expenditure of $64,000.

After February, 1866, no public statement seems to have been made, but all the books, accounts, minutes and records of every kind, now deposited in the custody of the Historical Society, show very fully the work subsequently done, and the disposition made of the remaining funds. The Commission continued to hold meetings and direct relief operations. Tbe last Ohio soldiers were not mustered out of the service until the summer of 1866, and, after that date, waifs and strays, stranded and destitute, fell into the kindly hands of the Commission. Their pressing wants were supplied, and they were furnished transportation to their homes. An executive committee of three members, to whom the Commission at each meeting made appropriations, carried on the work of relief. Widows and orphans of soldiers, whose circumstances made them proper objects of charity, were sought out, and their pressing wants relieved. The Orphan Asylums in Cincinnati were caring for 209 orphans of soldiers, and at one time the Commission appropriated $10,450, to aid in carrying their burden. The sum of $500 was at one time sent, to Dayton, Ohio. Aid was given to the Ohio Soldiers' Home, a temporary shelter at Columbus, maintained by private muniticence, until the State and Nation could provide at public expense more efficient and permanent homes. Relief in some cases was given to certain destitute regions of the South, that had been desolated by war. Seed corn, provisions, and in some cases schoolbooks were supplied. 'The last of the funds was not disposed of until 1880. It was a splendid charity, worthily administered by men who were not only honest and unselfish, but whose accounts and records, carefully kept and deposited in safe custody, remain to vindicate them, and serve for an example to others.

Another organization of great influence for good was the Cincinnati Branch of the United States Christian Commission. As early as June, 1861, the association of Evangelical ministers of Cincinnati put themselves upon record by formal declaration, in which they expressed their gratitude to God for his mercies to this Nation, professed their love for Him as the Author of all good, by which they were constrained to proclaim: 'The rebellion which now afflicts our land, and jeopardizes some of the most precious hopes of mankind, is the result of a long contemplated and widespread conspiracy against the principles of liberty, justice, mercy and righteousness proclaimed in the word of God, sustained by our constitutional Government, and lying at the foundation of all public and private welfare. In the present conflict, therefore, our Government stands before us representing the cause of God and man against a rebellion threatening the Nation with ruin in order to perpetuate and spread a system of unrighteousness and oppression. In this emergency we can not hesitate to support, by every legitimate method, a government in maintaining its authority unimpaired throughout the whole country, and over this whole people."'

From the first, the clergy of all denominations, with unanimity and inspiring zeal, sustained the authority of the Government. The venerable Bishop McIlvaine, in his address to the Episcopal Convention of that year, urged his hearers '' bravely and earnestly to sustain our Government and its administration, in the use of all lawful means for preserving the integrity of the Union.'' Archbishop Purcell, the venerated head of the Catholic clergy, manifested his sympathy and love for his country by causing the American flag to be raised over the Cathedral] in Cincinnati, and over the parish churches of his diocese.

It soon became evident that organization would be necessary, in order that zeal and enthusiasm might have due effect; and so the Cincinnati Branch of the United States Christian Commission entered upon its career. It was not a new movement, but an organization of the old and spontaneous enthusiasm, which had everywhere manifested itself. The officers were as follows: President, A. E. Chamberlain; vicepresident, H. Thane Miller; secretary, Rev. John F. Marley; general agent, Rev. B. W. Chidlaw. The president gave two years of his life and labor to the cause, and in addition furnished an office and store room, free of rent.

The value of this organization can never be calculated. It called into play religious motives and convictions, the deepest and most powerful of all the influences that direct and control men. The cause of the country became sacred, when the Church, the Sunday-school and the family altar, had devoted themselves to its maintenance. Around these holy places where worship is offered, and prayer ascends, clustered not only devout piety, but glowing, patriotic fervor. These became the abiding and uplifting force, that daily replenished the failing energies of the people. The cause of the country became a holy crusade. Every sacrifice made in its behalf became a holy offering. Every religious organization became a cénter of patriotic zeal.

During the term of its existence, the Cincinnati Christian Commission raised and disbursed cash to the amount of $108,889, and stores and supplies of the estimated value of $289,602. It distributed 9,994 Bibler, 55,091 Hymn and Psalm Books, 458,083 knapsack books - a compilation of valuable and interesting reading matter in pamphlet form, suitable for a soldier' s knapsack - 8,678 bound volumes, and almost a million copies of magazines, pamphlets, religious newspapers, and tracts of various kinds. Of course, this catalogue but very feebly indicates the work performed by that organization. Its agents and laborers were not only everywhere employed in giving moral and religious tone to our armies, comforting the sick and dying, communicating between the soldiers in the field and their friends and relatives at home, but they largely ministered to the physical welfare of the army. While the moral and intellectual cultivation of soldiers was the leading object and purpose, the Christian Commission by no means stopped their work at that point.

The situation of Cincinnati, within cannon range of disputed territory, early gave her citizens serious concern for the security of her homes and wealth, and this feeling of apprehension was not wholly dissipated until the war was drawing to a close. It was early awakened into painful activity whenever the hostile force came near enough to be a menace. After the first awakening at the outbreak of the war, this feeling subsided, especially during the period of earlier victories in the West. The battle at Mill Spring, and the capture of Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, had thrown the rebels back to the southward of Nashville, but unfortunately, after the evacuation of Corinth, the race for Chattanooga was won by the rebels, and East Tennessee, the citadel of the continent, was still in the hands of the enemy, in which he had a safe retreat, and from which he could make dangerous sorties at will. The campaign of 1862 gave proof, never to be forgotten, of the commanding strength of that mountain fortress.

The effective national troops were in distant fields, and neither the State nor the cily was prepared with arms or soldiers for defense. The line of attack and defense had receded, until danger was scarcely apprehended even by the most cautious. Suddenly, in the afternoon of July 11, 1862, it was announced in Cincinnati, that John Morgan with his troopers, was at Tomkinsville, Ky., with no efficient force to oppose his march to the Ohio river. For the next few days he was dashing about central Kentucky, capturing outposts, paroling prisoners, burning bridges, securing horses, enlisting adventurous young men in the rebel service, mystifying his enemies and spreading general alarm and confusion.

The city became thoroughly alarmed, and on the 13th a public meeting was held. Speeches were delivered, and the people made eager responses. Thecity council resolved to pay all necessary expenses of protecting the city, and at once made an initial appropriation of $5,000. The police force, under Chief Dudley, and a single field piece manned by firemen under Capt. Glass, were forwarded by the Kentucky Central railroad. In the absence of the police, rioting broke out in the city. The lowest class of whites manifested their riotous disposition in assaults upon the negroes, and the city was menaced with serious disorders. Leading citizens met and organized a force of 1,000 men to patrol the city and enforce the peace. The stay of Morgan was brief, but just before he started upon his return he captured Cynthiana, and, among other men and material, the gun and firemen from Cincinnati.

The only abiding result was that the peopie were reminded of the urgent need for enlistments in our army, and that their own safety depended upon their success in upholding the National Government. Liberal donations were made to encourage volunteering, and to care for the families of soldiers during their absence. Public opinion was intensified, meetings were held, and the people became more determined as the final object seemed to become more remote.

The guerilla dash under John Morgan was only an overture. It demonstrated the ease with which a movement might be made to the rear of the Union armies, so as to threaten the cities along the Ohio river. It revealed to the most obtuse observer the startling fact, that the mountain ranges of East Tennessee had innumerable passes, which might serve as sally-ports for the enemy concealed within.

In August Gen. Kirby Smith with probably 15,000 men moved from his camp at Knoxville, Tenn., upon Lexington, Ky., avoiding the National forces at Cumberland Gap, and turning their position by a rapid movement. That force was compelled to fall back to the Ohio river by the valley of the Big Sandy. Gen. Buell with his army was still in Tennessee. Almost before the military authorities were well-advised of this movement, a battle was fought at Richmond, Ky., on the 29th of August, 1862, in which the National forces were completely routed. They were undisciplined troops, recently enlisted, and hurried directly to the front. News of this disaster reached

Cincinnati Saturday evening, August 30, 1862. It was supposed by the people of the State that the defeated army at Richmond, re-inforeed by other troops, would fall back upon Cincinnati. But on Monday evening it was known that these troops had retreated toward Louisville, and that there was no force worth mentioning between the enemy and Cincinnati. On the Ist of September, Kirby Smith's army entered Lexington without opposition. All at once the people of the city apprehended the fact that they were utterly defenseless. The city council was convened in special session. The credit and faith of the city were pledged for all expenses necessary for the public defense. The mayor was authorized and directed to order the suspension of business, and to call the citizens to arms. The Military Department at that time was commanded by Gen. Horatio G. Wright. The city council and mayor put all the military resources of the city at hiscommand. He responded to the situation by sending from the front Gen. Lew Wallace, who arrived at 9 p.m. September Ist. The mayors of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport waited upon him at the " Burnet House " soon after his arrival. The executive officers of the three cities had the same message to deliver, from the respective councils and people. Everything was placed at his disposal, and all were willing to obey his orders and uphold his hands. _Before two o'clock of that night, a proclamation of martial law was prepared by him, which appeared in the newspapers of the next morning.

In that proclamation the people were warned that an active and powerful enemy threatened them with all the consequences of war; announced that the cities must be defended, and that their inhabitants must at once engage in the work; that there should be no distinction of classes, and no exemption from any duty while the danger was imminent; that at nine o'clock the next morning every business house in the cities must be closed; and that citizens must an hour later assemble in convenient places ready for orders; that this labor ought to be a labor of love, but that anyhow it must be done. Martial law was proclaimed in the three cities, and it was ordered that it should be enforced by the police, until soldiers might arrive. Even the schools were closed, and the ferry boats were forbidden to ply after four o'clock a.m.

The order was indeed a sweeping conscription, and an absolute prohibition of all kinds of private pursuits. It soon appeared that even in such great danger the order had been too comprehensive and inclusive. It was soon afterward modified so as to allow the schools to proceed with their work, drug stores and bakeries to conduct their usual business, physicians to visit their patients, and bankers to open from 1| to 2 0'clock daily. It would not seem unnatural if so drastic a measure had caused complaint and ill humor, but on the contrary it seemed to produce the highest satisfaction. Every citizen beamed upon his neighbor, as if there had been a proclamation of a great festival. They not only perceived that the way to avoid the threatened danger was to meet it, but they seemed to take pleasure in the prospect of defending their homes. Q

Governor Tod hurried down from Columbus, and, as soon as the situation was fully understood, issued telegraphic orders for all available enlisted men to be sent to Cincinnati, and for a full supply of arms and ammunition. He sent out a warning to all the border counties to organize for their defense. In response to numerous offers of assistance from neighboring counties, he announced that all bodies of men who were armed would be received, that they must repair at once to Cincinnati and report to Gen. Lew Wallace, who would complete their organization. None but armed men were to be received, and all the railroad companies were notified to pass such at the expense of the State. Exception was made of armed men residing in the river counties; who were directed to remain for the protection of their homes. These orders and proclamation were issued by Governor Tod on the 2nd of September. Next morning, the first companies from the rural parts of the State, who have passed into history as the 'Squirrel Hunters," began to appear in Cincinnati. They were a motley but enthusiastic assemblage of people. Without uniforms, without practice in marching, or in the manual of arms, ignorant cf the duties of a soldier, possessing nothing but arms and courage, they had hurried to the scene of threatened war.

At that time there was no bridge across the Ohio river in front of Cincinnati. Those splendid arches, high in air, springing from one State to another, and spanning the mighty river, have all been constructed since our Civil war. Rapid and certain communication between the two States, menaced by this invasion, was an imperative necessity. As soon as it was known that Cincinnati must prepare for her own defense, a pontoon of novel construction was laid almost in a night, under the direction of Wesley M. Cameron. Coal barges were laid side by side, parallel with the current, and anchored firmly in position. On top of these, timbers were laid from shore to shore. on which were placed the bridge planks, wide enough for four wagons abreast. It served every purpose of a permanent bridge.

For two days after the first appearance of the first Squirrel Hunters, they kept pouring along the streets from all the railroad depots, and moving across the huge poutoon. Every necessary preparation for their comfort had been made by the liberality of the citizens. The Fifth Street market-house, which stood where the famous Tyler-Davidson Fountain now stands, was turned into an eating establishment, where all were bountifully fed before crossing the river. In addition to the committees of citizens who were busy providing for the wants of the defenders of the city, the Sanitary Commission was energetic and liberal in the performance of all duties that came within its reach.

At the front, as it was called, that is, the hills to the southward of Newport and Covington, details of citizens were kept busy with pick and spade under the direction of competent army engineers, constructing eaithworks at every available point. Whatever may have been possible, if a rapid movement had been made at first by the enemy, it became clear within three days that the city could not be taken by a hurried assault. Time had been gained, and time assured final safety. The enemy had halted three days in Lexington, and, even when the movement on Cincinnati was made, it had not the energy and rapidity that betokens serious business. On the oth of September the governor announced to the public that no more volunteers would be needed for the defense of Cincinnati; but he advised that all military organizations be kept up for future needs.

At this time abcut 15,000 of these picturesque citizen soldiers had reached the city. On the 6th of September Gen. Wright, commanding the Department, issued an order permitting resumption of all lawful business, except the sale of liquors until 4 o'clock of each day. After that hour, all business houses were required to be closed, and the citizens were to respond to requisitions which were daily made for laborers, and these were equitably distributed among the different wards of the city.

"The enemy did not attack or even provoke a collision of any kind, until the 10th of September, when some forward movements were made, which indicated a purpose to assault. There were some trifling skirmishes, but uo attack. The general commanding the Department again appealed to the governor, and the march of the Squirrel Hunters from the interior was resumed. On the 13th this movement was checked, and the volunteers were turned back. It was ascertained on the 12th of the month that the enemy had quietly departed. The advance of the army under Gen. Buell from Nashville threatened Bragg's main army so that he was compelled to concentrate his forces. The relief of Cincinnati from threatened attack was at last secured by the movements of an army more than a hundred milesaway. On the 15th of September Gen. Wallace took leave of the city. All restrictions upon business were removed, and all apprehension ceased.

Nothing occurred to bring hostilities near Cincinnati until midsummer, 1863. While Gen. Rosecrans with his army still lay inactive along Stone river, John Mor- gan, the rebel guerilla chieftain, crossed the Cumberland river at Burkesville on the 2nd of July, and moved directly for the Obio river. He had been ordered by Gen. Bragg to make a raid through Kentucky, so as to break up communications between Gen. Rosecrans and his base of operations. Disregarding the orders of his commanding officers, he crossed the Ohio river below Louisville, and started upon his aimless march through the States of Indiana and Ohio. He was closely pressed by the National cavalry under the command of Gen. Hobson, so that his march partook more of the character of a flight than a military expedition. Navigation was suspended upon the Ohio river above Louisville, and all river craft put in position to be out of his reach. On Monday July }3th at 1p. m. he entered the State of Ohio at the town of Harrison. The military forces at hand were sufficient to intercept Morgan's forces, and with the assistance of the forces of Gen. Hobson completely destroy them. Gen. Burnside has been criticised for his failure to end Morgan's eareer in Hamilton county; but that general purposely declined, as he expressed it to himself, to fight a battle in the suburbs of a great city. His opinion was that to bring on a conflict would result in useless destruction of property, and unnecessary suffering. So he purposely allowed the enemy to pass to the eastward, taking care that his march through the populous and wealthy regions about Cincinnati should be as harmless as possible, intending to capture or destroy his forces somewhere on the upper Ohio.

As soon as it was known that Morgan was pushing energetically toward Cincinnati,-martial law was proclaimed in Cincinnati, and burried preparation was made to overhaul his forces. The city was in a tumult and confusion of futile preparation. But before an organized bedy of men could be formed, the great raider had passed to the eastward, through the village of Glendale, and continuing in an easterly direction, had reached the Little Miami by daylight on the morning of the 14th. There was no destruction of property in this county, except the burning of a bridge over the Great Miami river at New Baltimore. There was considerable loss by the exchange of broken-down and worthless horses for good ones taken from the farmers along the route. Morgan's flight continued eastward until he reached the Ohio river at Buffington Island, where he had intended crossing the river. The night was pitch dark, the ford was guarded by a battery, and precious time was lost by the enforced delay. Gunboats arrived to make the crossing impossible, and Hobson's cavalry had time to overtake the enemy they had pursued so far. About onehalf of Morgan's force was captured, the rest escaping to continue their flight to the eastward, until they finally found it necessary to surrender.

The final capture of Morgan and the remnant of his force occurred at Salineville, in Columbiana county, on the 26th of July. He had been thirteen days in crossing the State of Ohio, had plundered many small towns, taken many horses by the way, had fought several skirmishes, and so rapid had been his movements that, although 50,000 men from all directions were hurrying to overthrow him, he was within a few miles of the eastern limits of the State when he was captured by soldiers who began their pursuit from Wheeling. The total loss to the citizens of Ohio by this raid was about a half million dollars.