Quincy Township (part 51 of 74)

Upon the resignation of Mr. Justice George A. Cooke in December. 1918, Judge Akers has been prominently mentioned as a candidate for the Supreme bench, but promptly and emphatically refuses any such additional lionors.

At Cincinnati, Ohio, September 8, 1876, Judge Akers married Miss Ida May Silver. Mrs. Akers was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, October 9, 1857, and died at Quincy, November 13, 1917. She was reared and educated near Cincinnati, and came as a bride to Quincy after her marriage. ]\Irs. Akers was a member of the Baptist Church and widely known throughout (Quincy for her many splendid traits of character and personal kindness. Judge and Mrs. Akers had four children, three of whom are living: Mrs. Alice Durant, wife of Carl Durant, of Brookfield, Missouri ; Albert Earl Akers, of Quincy : and Ida May Akers, still at home. There is also one grandchild, Richard V. Akers.

H.\RLow Mills Spencer. In the death of Harlow Mills Spencer, which occurred at his home a half mile south of Payson August 15, 1915, the services of one of the valuable men of Adams County were lost and at a comparatively early age. Mr. Spencer was not yet fifty years old. All his neighbors knew his ability and success as a farmer, but it is impoi-tant to remember not only that fact of his career, but the steady influence he radiated for good in the communities where he lived.

He was born on the old Spencer home farm now occupied by his brother Glenn on March 7, 1866. He lived there during his boyhood and up to the age of twenty-four. After reaching his majority he determined to secure a better education than that furnished by the common schools and paid his way during his course at Oberlin College in Ohio. When he went to farming it was in Pike Cnnnty on Sni Island, in the Draining District of that name. He and his wife lived there in a community of rather backward social conditions, and their influence did a great deal to elevate and improve the social standards of their neighborhood. Mr. Spencer raised wheat on the bottom lands. December 31, 1891, he married Olive Beiniett, of Pa.yson, daughter of George E. and Delilah V. (Baker) Bennett. Her father was long a prominent citizen of Payson Township. Mrs. Spencer was second in a family of three children, her brother Edgar E. being a resident of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and identified with oil production. Her sister, Hester A., married William Inman and died at the age of twenty-nine. Her father married for his second wife Mary E. "Williams, who is now living in Ohio. George E. Bennett died May 17, 1917. Olive Bennett was 41/0 years old when her mother died, and she was carefully reared bj^ her stepmother. She was twenty years old at the time of her marriage.

For twelve years after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Spencer lived in the Mississippi Bottoms. They added to their possessions until they had 277 acres, all devoted to corn and wheat crops. The experience was a successful one and on selling out their farm they bought the present home of Mrs. Spencer, a half mile south of Payson. This farm was originally owned by his gi-andfather, Joseph Elliott, one of the prominent pioneers of Payson Township elsewhere referred to. The farm comprised 160 acres. Mr. Spencer was always progressive and though he took the farm in a good condition he did much to further improve it. He supplied it with buildings of all kinds and made it especially well known as the home of high class livestock. He was the pioneer in introducing into this part of Adams County the full blooded Polled Duram cattle. He obtained the nucleus of his herd from Knox City, Missouri, about 1911, and devoted much time and study to improving and maintaining the stock. He kept his animals registered and many of them have since been acquired by neighboring farmers, with resultant benefit in raising the general standard of livestock in that community. Mr. Spencer's son has continued the operation of the farm and has bestowed equal care and effort upon the livestock.

The late Mr. Spencer was active until within a few weeks of his death. He was never an aspirant for official honors for the sake of the honor, but was for a number of years employed in some official duty. He served as road and bridge commissioner in Pike Countj^ as school director and school treasurer, and when he was elected school treasurer his wife succeeded him as director. In polities he was a republican.

Mr. Spencer was married at the age of twenty-four and from that time until his death he was never away from his wife for a longer time than a week, while engaged in jury duty. He was veiy unselfish, always wanted his wife with him and sharing in all his pleasures, and they took many trips together. Mr. Spencer was a member of the Congregational Church from boj'hood, and he succeeded his father as deacon of the church at Payson. He was a splendid bass singer and for many years sang in the church choir, in the Sunday school and also in the Payson quartette. He was exceedingly faithful to all his duties in church and Sunday school, and he apparently never found time to ally himself with any fraternity. He was a member of the County Farm Improvement Society, and he took a gi-eat deal of pride in keeping his own farm improvements to the very highest standard. Mrs. Spencer has remained on the farm since her husband's death, and a son is now handling its affairs very competently.

Mrs. Spencer is the mother of five children. Samuel George Spencer, operating the home farm, wa.s liberally educated, taking a special agi-icultural course in the University of Champaign. He is an expert machinist, and is one of the farmers of Adams County w-ho have been successful in managing the tractor. He also has a feed mill, and has made his farm a factory as well as a source of raw production. He married Miss Ella Speckhart, and they have one child, Hai'low George. Esther L. Spencer, the oldest daughter of Mrs. Spencer, married Paul Reinebach, and the>- live on the old Reinebach homestead in Fall Creek Township. Mary J. Spencer is the wife of Carl Speckhart, a farmer of Fall Creek Township, and has one son, Harlow Adam. Olive Ruth Spencer is a graduate of the local high school and attended the Nomial at Macomb, and is a teacher. Lois E. is now in the sophomore class of the Payson High School.

Mrs. Spencer has been active in church work, served as church organist eleven years, is a member of the Missionary Society, Red Cross and the Women's Christian Temperance Union. The late Mr. Spencer was always a man of literaiy interests, in spite of the absorbing nature of his farm interests. He constantly read magazines and good books and kept in close touch with the big questions of the day and enjoyed nothing better than the society of his friends and the discussion of affairs which always marked these meetings. Reference has already been made to the value of his presence in the bottom land district of Pike County. He and his wife were among the very few land owners then cultivating the lands of the district, most of the land being owned by non-residents and worked by tenants and transient labor. Naturally the instituions of a settled communitj^ had made little progress there. Mr. Spencer as soon as possible secured a minister to hold service, and in a year's time had built the Spencer Chapel on his o^vti fann. This is still a prosperous congregation and is now a Methodist church, ^Ir. Spencer giving the land for the building site. The church was more than a source of religious inspiration, and became in fact an educational center for the entire community. It has done a gi-eat deal to elevate the standards of the community. Within a few years after the Spencers located there the people were buying buggies, the women were wearing good dresses, and there were many other evidences of an enlightened spirit. The late Mr. Spencer had a fine mind, and an especially good memory, arid though exceedingly busy with practical details he ean-ied much choice literature in his mind, and could quote at length many verses and fine examples of the standard poetry which he had learned as a boy in school.

William A. Fifer. Many of the substantial enterprises that flourish at Quincy have been founded, capitalized and entirel.y developed here, not always by the present generation, which, however, with more favorable opportunities, have built up on the old foundations commercial structures of surprising importance. An instance is the Quincy Show Case Company, of which William A. Fifer is president and treasurer, and C. Arthur Fifer is secretary. For over forty years the name of Pfeiffer has been honorably identified with business in this city.

William A. Fifer was born at Quincy, Illinois, May 18, 1881. His parents were Henry Charles and Augusta (Apel) Pfeiffer. Both were born in Germany and when twenty-one years of age came to make their home in the United States, locating permanentl.y in the City of Quincy. By trade the father was a molder, but he also had knowledge along other mechanical lines, and in 1876 he gave up work as a molder and went into the business of manufacturing show cases, organizing what is now the Quincy Show Case Company in association with J. F. Pieper. He invested largely in the company and continued its secretary and treasurer up to the time of his death in 1910. He was also a stockholder and a director of the ^Mercantile Trust & Sav'ings Bank, one of its first directors, and had additional minor interests, as he was a man of great business enterprise. His wife survived him four years, her death occurring June 21, 1914. They were the parents of the following children : Lillie, Lillie (2) and Amelia, all deceased; Augusta, who is the wife of M. T. Koelsch, of Quincy: a daughter who died in infancy; Henrv, who is a resident of Memphis, Tennessee; William A.; C. Arthur; and Herbert, who is deceased.

William A. Fifer attended school at Quincy until he was fourteen yeai-s old and then went into his father's factory and learned the business from the ground up. As he deserved them one oifice after the other became his until he at length became vice president and treasurer of the company. Associated with him is his younger brother, C. Arthur Fifer, who is secretary of the company. A large business is done, the name and reputation of this firm being known all over the state.

William A. Fifer was married October 21, 1903, to Miss Nettie Stubbs, who was born at Springfield, Illinois, and they have one daughter, Martha Jane. Mr. Fifer is a republican in his political views. He is an advanced Mason and belongs to some special business organizations, while socially he is president of the Quincy Country Club and is also president of the Rotaiy Club.

John J. Moriarty is a well known figure in the commercial life of Quiney, manager for Bolles and Rogers, one of the largest firms in Illinois dealing in hides, tallow, fur and other products. The plant of this company is at 101 Front Street and it is a branch of the main business whose headcpiarters are in Chicago. The business was established in Quiney in July, 1905, and since that date Mr. Moriarty has been general manager.

Mr. Moriarty was born in Seneca, Kansas, June 26, 1860. Both his parents were born in Ireland, were reared and married there, and came to the United States in 1848. He grew up in Kansas, attending public and parochial schools, and was a student of St. Mary's College at St. Mary's Kansas. He began his business career as a salesman^ in Cincinnati, and later went to the far Southwest in New Mexico Territory, and was with the Charles Blanchard Company at La-s Vegas. Prom there he returned home, but soon went back to the Southwest and was in the employ of Don Pandaries in the wilds of ]\Iora County, New Mexico. Four years later he returned to the iliddle West and spent one year as a traveling man in the northwestern states. At Kansas City he then became associated with Benjamin McClain and Company, hide dealers. They sent him as their buyer to New Mexico. While in New Mexico he had acquired a fluent command of the Spanish language and the Mexican dialect and he proved a valuable representative to his iirm. After five years he left the Southwest permanentl.y and in 1892 located at Quiney.

This city has been his home for over a quarter of a century. For some years he was traveling representative of the Hirseh Hide Company of Quiney, and when that company was taken over by the Bolles & Rogers Company he continued with them as traveling representative and buyer for three years, until he was made local manager.

Mr. Moriarty has served as a memljer of the Board of Aldermen for eight years from the Fifth Ward, and is an active democrat. He owns one of the good homes of the city at 1418 Hampshire Street, the residence having been erected three years ago.

In St. Louis Mr. Moriarty married Miss Ida Harriott. She was born in St. Louis, and was educated in the public seliools there. They have two daughters: Nora A. was educated in the parochial schools and St. Mary's Academy and is at home; Opal ilay was educated in St. ilary's Academy at Notre Dame, Indiana, also in the public and parochial schools of Quiney, and is the wife of Forrest Knipe, of Oklahoma City. Mr. Moriarty is a member of St. Rose Catholic church and is a charter member and foiirth degree Knight of Columbus. He is also affiliated with the Woodmen and with the local post of the Travelers' Protective Association.

Charles F. Loos is one of the firm of Pape & Loos, the largest and most widely known millers in this section of Illinois. ]\Ir. Loos is as busy as the typical miller is supposed to be, has a great many details at his finger's ends, and manages everything with s.vstem and order. Pape & Loos own and operate the Gem Mills and the Acme Roller ilills, the former at Eleventh and Broadway and the latter at Twelfth and Broadway. These mills for many years have manufactured an extensive output of flour and feed stuffs of various kinds. Their best known brand is Acme flour, which is sold and consumed all over the Middle West. The capacity of the mills is 125 barrels per day. In recent years they have also used their plant according to Government regulations for the manufacture of many flour substitutes, including corn meal, corn flour, and r.ve flour, and this has of course been one of the big features of the industry. About thirty people are employed in this milling industry.

Mr. Loos has been an active member of the firm for twenty-three years. He is an Adams County man, having been born in Melrose Township, September 4, 1871. He grew up on a farm and received his education in the public schools. He started in the milling industry at the bottom and has acquired a masterful knowledge of the entire technique.

His father, George F. Loos, was born in Melrose Township August 10, 1848, and was one of the early settlers of Adams County. George P. Loos married November 16, 1869, Auralia Louisa Heidenrieh, who was born February 2, 1851. They had twelve children, eight sons and four daughters, ten of whom are still living.

Charles F. Loos married in Fall Creek Township of this county Emma Heithold. She was born in that township in 1876 and was reared and educated there. Her parents were J. Henry and Elizabeth (Speckhart) Heithold. Her father was liorn in Germany and her mother in Adams County. They married in Adams County and were prosperous farmers of Fall Creek Town.ship, where both died when past seventy years of age. Mrs. Loos died in October, 1914. She was the mother of the following children : Lela, a graduate of the Quincy High School and .still at home ; Mildred, a graduate of the city high school, the Gem Business College, and is now employed in the office of the business college ; Raymond, a graduate of high school and now taking a course in the Gem City Business College; Thelma, a high school student; Erma and Delbert, both attencling the Webster grammar school. Mr. Loos married for his present wife Anna Schmidt. She was born in Quincy and of German parentage, and was reared and educated in this city. Mr. and Mrs. Loos have one daughter, Virginia, born in 1916. They are all members of the Salem Lutheran church. Mr. Loos served as trustee of the church four years. He is a democrat in politics.

Theodore W. Wand. While financial institutions are absolutely necessary in carrying on justl.y and honestly as well a.s eiSciently the transactions that represent a city's commercial life, not one day would these institutions fulfill their designated duties without integrity and ability being woven into their business fabric. A large measure of distinction attaches to those who have proved deserving of any trust, and banking institutions place high value on their proved and experienced employes. One of Quincy 's well known business men in this connection is Theodore W. Wand, who has been identified with several of the important banking institutions of this city for many j-ears, and furthermore is active and interested in all that concerns the progress of Quincy along other lines.

Theodore W. Wand is a native of this city, born April 1, 1874, son of Christian and Elizalieth (Duker) Wand. His fatlier, now a retired resident of Quincy, had a long and active association with Adams County both in its commercial affairs and as a citizen. He was born in ^Marion County, Missouri, March 7, 1849, a son of William and Margaret (Bergmann) Wand. William and Margaret were both natives of Germany. William Wand came to America in the early '40s, and though farmer he went out to California in the days of forty-nine and spent about two years on the Pacific coast. La the meantime his wife had moved her family to Melrose Township of Adams County, Illinois. Li 1878 William Wand and wife moved to Quincy, where both of them died in 1881. They were the parents of eight children : William, who died in 1916 ; Christian ; John, who still occupies the home farm in Melrose Township ; Nicholas, deceased ; Mary, of Quincy ; Elizabeth and Veronica, both deceased ; and Margaret, wife of Garry- Vandenboom of Quincy.

Christian Wand grew up on his father's farm, had a common school education, and at the age of nineteen left home to clerk in a general store at Quincy. That was his employment and source of experience until the age of twenty-three, when he engaged in general merchandising in a store at 718 Maine Street in Quincy. Christian Wand continued this busines.s until 1887. In the following j'ear he became a factor in the local pork packing industry, and followed it actively for about five years. Since then he has spent his time looking after his private interests, his farm and city properties. He is a democrat, a member of the Knights of Columbus and is active in St. Francis Catholic Church. April 29, 1873, Christian Wand married Elizabeth Duker, who has been a resident of Quincy all her life. Six children have been born to their marriage, and of the five now living all are residents of Quincy except one. The oldest is Theodore W. ; Frances lives with her parents; Bertha is deceased; Arthur J., who was assistant manager of the New Willard Hotel at Washington, D. C, died October 13, 1918 ; Ida E. is wife of Robert Soebing, assistant cashier of the Mercantile Trust & Savings Bank; and Florence is at home.

Theodore W. Wand was afforded many educational as well as social advantages in his youth. After attending the parochial school he entered St. Francis College and pursued his studies there for three years and then took a course covering one year in the Gem City Business College at Quincy. He then entered the employ of W. T. Duker as bookkeeper, but shortly afterward was appointed to the office of special tax collector, in which he served for two years, following which he was deputy county recorder and remained in the recorder's office for SYo years. For the past fourteen years Mr. Wand has been with the State Savings, Loan & Trust Company and for nine yeai-s has had charge as cashier of the Broadway branch of this bank, at all times meeting every demand made upon his ability.

Mr. Wand was married May 9, 1900, to Miss Mathilde Damhorst, a daughter of George Damhorst, and they have the following children: Theodore C, Rosalie, Harold, Clarence, Dorothy, Virginia, Mildred and Paul Robert. Mr. Wand and bis family belong to St. Francis Catholic Church.

Politically Mr. Wand is a staunch democrat and exerts considerable influence in city politics without ever desiring any political favors for himself. He is a member of the Western Catholic Union and for many years has been a member of that great Catholic organization the Knights of Columbus.

D. L.VFATETTE MussELMAN. The building of a great educational institution is a noble achievement. It means wide opportunitj' to the individual and untold advantages to a community. Quincj% Illinois, is the fortunate home of such an institution. Here the Gem City Business College was founded in 1870 by D. L. Musselman, Sr., and each passing year has added to its fame as it has grown in usefulness.

D. L. Musselman was a delightful character, respected by his fellow citizens and loved by his .students. On June 16, 1910, he passed out of life in his home at Quincy. Besides his wife, Mary M. (McDavitt) Musselman, he left one daughter, Hattie V., who resides with her mother, and three sons. D. Lafayette, who is president, Virgil George, who is vice president and Thomas Edgar, who is secretary of the gi-eat school which the father founded.

D. Lafayette Musselman, Sr., was born April 21, 1842, in Fulton County, Illinois. His people were in humble circumstances and unable to afford him the educational advantages he craved, and the efforts he made on his own behalf in boyhood might well serve in its overcoming of hardships, as the basis of an encouraging .story for others similarly situated. In 1862, when twenty years old, he enlisted for service in the Civil war then in progress, entering the Eighty- Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and upon the organization of Company C was elected first sergeant and shortly afterward was advanced to second lieutenant, which rank he held throughout the war. He was present at every battle in which his regiment participated and these included the mighty struggles at Perrj^ville, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Peach . Tree Creek, Chickamauga, Rome, Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. The annals of his regiment tell of no more valorous deeds than he performed on many occasions.

Having been careful and provident. Lieutenant Musselman returned to private life possessing some capital, a part of which he used in taking a complete course in a Chicago business college. Following this he taught in the Bryant, Stratton and Bell Business College, and in the old English and German College of Quincy, which was situated where the Jefferson School is now located.

It was in 1870 that he started the Gem City Business College with three students, which were increased to thirty-three by the end of the year. The success of the venture gave encouragement and largely through hard work and judicious management the attendance steadily increased. As the outlook grew wider Mr. Musselman met the new demands, and when he had a registry of 800 students he found he required more commodious accommodations. In September, 1892. the present magnificent building was opened to students. The present enrollment numbers some 1,400, coming from neai'ly evei'y state in the Union. This $100,000 building, which is thoroughly modern in all its appointments, is the home of a school that has a national reputation. Its successful graduates are numbered by the thousands and are located in every section of the globe. Bookkeeping, actual business practice, banking, shorthand, tj-pewriting, mathematics and penmanship are thoroughly taught by a large faculty of experienced teachers.

The eldest son, D. Lafayette Musselman, was born at Macomb, Illinois, March 31, 1879. He attended the public schools of Quincy and after completing the high school course became a student in Shattuck Slilitary Academy at Faribault, Minnesota. He then read law under Judge McCrory of Quincy. He took a commercial and stenographic course in the Gem City Business College, in which institution he was an instructor from 1898 until 1900. From 1900 until the death of his father in 1910 he served as secretary and treasurer of the school, at which time he was elected president of the school, which position he has held since. In 1898 he was the representative of the L. E. Waterman Fountain Pen Company of New York City at the Omaha Exposition.

Mr. Musselman has other important interests and in many wa.ys is one of Quincy 's most valued and trusted citizens. In 1907 he was president of the National Commercial Teachers' Association. He is a member of the Quincy Chamber of Commerce, the Quincy Rotary Club, chairman of the business college section of the International Rotary, is a member of the Quincy Board of Education, is vice president of the Chaddock Boys' School at Quincy, is a director of the Quinc.y Park and Boulevard Association, is a trustee of the Woodland Home for Orphans, and is continually called upon to serve on committees and commissions in relation to benevolent movements here and in other places. He is chairman of the Adams County Chapter of the American Red Cross and a director of the Quincy National Bank. He is a trustee of the Vermont Street Methodist Church, a Knight Templar, a thirty-second degree Mason and a Shriner.

The second son, Virgil George, attended the Quincy High School, the University of Illinois, and the Gem City Business College, following which he taught in the school, later becoming secretary'. Since the death of his father he has been vice president of the school.

He is also secretary of the Board of Trustees of Blessing Hospital, secretary of the Board of Directors of the Young Men's Christian Association, and is secretary of the Simday school of the Vermont Street Jlethodist Church as well as steward of the same church. He is, also, a Knight Templar. He is very active in all public matters and has acted as captain in seversil of the Liberty Loan drives.

The youngest son, Thomas Edgar, attended the Quincy High School, is a graduate of Shattuck Military Academy, and received his B. A. degree at the Universitv of Illinois in 1910 and his master's degree from the same university in 1913. '

He is an authority on bird life, butterflies, etc. He is, also, an athlete of unusual ability, having been tennis champion of the University of Illinois two years and for five j'cars was tennis champion of the lowa-^Iissouri-IUiuois Tournament. Besides being secretaiw of the Gem City Business College he is principal of the bookkeeping department and lecturer on business English and letter writing. He is secretary of the Quincy Country Club and a member of the Lambert Lodge of Masons.

J. Grant Stuart. A large part of J. Grant Stuart's business career has been in financial institutions, and as cashier of the Broadway Bank at Quincy he is considered able, reliable and trustworthv. He was one of the original or- ganizers of this bank in 1910 and has been identified with it ever since, and through courtesy and just discrimination has made firm friends for the institution as well as for himself.

J. Grant Stuart was born in Indiana, July 5, 1867. He is a son of Henry and Abigail (Lassiter) Stuart, both of whom were born in North Carolina. With other members of the Society of Friends they left the Old North State during the Civil war and located in Indiana, and the father was engaged in farming and milling dm-ing the rest of his active life. His death occurred at Plymouth, Illinois, December 14, 1905, he having moved to Illinois in 1868. The mother makes her home at Augusta in Hancock County. They were the parents of seven children, as follows: Julian L., who lives at Lewistown, Montana ; Zelinda, who is the wife of Walter H. Peck, near Lewistown : Thomas C, who lives at Conway, Texas; Rebecca, who is the wife of E. J. Pickens, of ilendon, Illinois; Margaret, who resides with her mother at Augusta ; Willa, who is the wife of Frank Morrison, of Loraine, Illinois ; and J. Grant, of Quiney.

J. Grant Stuart attended the country schools and helped his father on the farm during boyhood, after which he assisted in his brother's butcher shop at Plymouth for one year, and then spent a year in college at Dixon, Illinois, where he completed a business course. Returning then to Plymouth he became a farmer and also a dealer in stock, buying and shipping in that vicinity and at Loraine for some time. Realizing the lack of good banking facilities at Loraine, which had become an important shipping point, Mr. Stuart in partnership with Jacob Klepper and George H. Eastman organized the Loraine State Bank. Mr. Stuart became cashier of the institution and served continuously for the next three years and then resigned because of failing health. Subsequently he served as a.ssistant ca.shier of the First National Bank of Augusta and then resigned and took a period of needed rest. A quiet life, however, soon p'alled and in 1910 he re-entered the banking field as one of the organizers of the Broadway Bank at Quiney and has filled the office of cashier ever since.

Mr. Stuart was married September 4, 1894, to Miss Eugenia Cady, who was born at Camden in Schuyler County, Illinois, and they have one daughter, Roxie Katherine, who was born in April, 1900.

Mr. Stuart has never been a politician in the accepted sense of the word, biit, believing in the principles of the republican party, he has never hesitated to proclaim them and give heart.y support to this political organization. For many years he has been a member of the Masonic Lodge, No. 1, of Quiney and of the order of Knights of Pythias, and with his family belongs to the Christian Church.

Joseph B. C. Freiburg. A trade that provides for an actual need of ninetenths of the human race is the manufacture of shoes and deserves to stand, as it does, among the world's important industries. Materials and form difl'er in different countries because of custom and climate, but protective covering for the feet is a general necessity. From tropical lands where this covering may be largely ornamental to the rigorous climates where only the cold-defying skins of fur-bearing animals are adequate, show material is husbanded. Holland still clings to her picturesque wooden shoes, and grass supplies material for the Chinese coolie, but in home markets and in the United States leather has never been superseded. Other countries have laid claim to fine bootmaking and dainty footwear, but without doubt this country with its enormous factories and marvelous shoemaking machinery provides not only the greatest number of substantial shoes but the most attractive and best fitting styles.

It is easily within the memory of present residents of Quiney when the shoemaker's shop and the busy cobbler would be found on every business street, and it was such a shop that was the beginning of the extensive shoe raanu-^ facturing business of Joseph B. C. Freiburg, one of Quiney 's large enterprises, located at 729 Maine Street. The original shop was established here many years ago by his father, Henry Freiburg.

This being an age of specialization and as few small shops can compete with the enormous output of machine shoe factories, Mr. Joseph Freiburg has modified his business into a high class specialty that gives his enterprise a special distinction. He is a graduate chiropodist and orthopedist, having attended courses in several of the well known institutions, and his chief diploma liearing date August, 1914. An expert shoe maker, for years he has specialized in making custom boots and shoes to fit abnormal feet, and in order to get the advantage of scientific training as an additional equipment for this work he began the special study of how to treat and handle unusual cases of foot deformity. His reputation in this line has spread beyond local limits, and his shop is patronized bj' many of the best people of the city. He graduated from the Illinois College of Chiropody and Orthopedics in ilarch, 1918, and is a member of the National Association of Chiropodists and a member of the Illinois Orthopedist Association. He has neglected no opportunity to make the most of his highly specialized trade. It is interesting to note that Mr. Freiburg in the course of his experience made shoes from every species of hide from the human skin to an elephant hide.

Mr. Freiburg was born December 14, 1862, at 717 Maine Street, in the same block where he now has his business. His parents were Henry and Josephine (Meyer) Freiburg, the latter a native of Quincy. His father was born in Westphalia, Germany, and was the tirst member of his family to come to America. He traveled by sailing vessel to New Orleans, and later located at Quincy, where he resumed his tradfe as shoemaker. He conducted a shop and was active in his work steadily until five days before his death, which occurred June 21, 1917, when he was past eighty-two years of age. His widow is still living at Quincy, where they married. She was born on Hampshire Street between Eighth and Ninth streets, this city, of German parentage. Her mother died here when ninety-six years of age. All the family were active Catholics. Henry and Josephine Freiburg had the following children: Joseph B. C. ; Christian, of Quincy ; Verona, wife of Joseph Geers, of Quincy ; Mary, wife of Barney Brinks, of Quincy ; Alphonse, of Quincy ; Agnes, wife of Lawrence Wavering, of Quincy ; Rose ; Ledvina, wife of Joseph Adrian, of Martinsburg, Missouri; and five who are deceased.

Joseph B. C. Freiburg attended the parochial schools until thirteen years of age, when he went into his father's shop and learned the shoemaking trade in every detail. After his father sold that place the son started a shop of his own at 705 Maine Street and conducted it about four years. He then went to Chicago and for nine months was employed in the factory of C. M. Henderson & Company, shoe manufacturers, and subsequently spent about an equal length of time with the factory of John ]\Ieyer of St. Louis. On returning to Quincy he and his father engaged in shoe manufacturing for themselves, and continued to expand until they had the largest shoe shop in the city, equipped with modern machinery. In 1910 Mr. Freiburg bought the entire business. He keeps seven skilled workmen at steady employment, and practically all his work is special shoes made to measure and for the particular comfort of the wearer. Mr. Freibiirg has the professional knowledge and skill that enables him to treat almost every type of diseased foot or leg from the hip down. He is inventor of a leather leg top for varioeose veins. An enthvisiast in his work, he gives all his time to advanced study as well as to the closest supervision of his work and the management of his factory.

Mr. Freiburg married, September 25, 1890, iliss Anna B. Blomer, who was born at Quincy and was reared and educated here. She is a sister of Dr. Joseph and John Blomer, elsewhere referred to in this publication. "Sir. and Mrs. Freiburg had the following children : Irene, Robert, Raymond, Andrew, Henrietta, Helen, Gerald and Joseph. Only three of them are now living. The daughter Irene lost her life at the age of nine years when the St. Francis School was destroyed by fire. Four of the sons died in early childhood. The daughter Henrietta is a graduate of St. Mary's Academy and Gem City Business College and is a stenogi-apher and bookkeeper. Helen is a graduate of St. Elizabeth's School in St. Louis. Gerald is a gi'aduate of St. Francis College of Quiney. Mr. Freiburg and family are members of St. Francis Catholic Church. He has never taken a very active part in politics, although being a loyal democrat and as a good citizen demonstrates his willingness to co-operate with others in forwarding movements for the general good. He is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus and the Western Catholic Union.

Chrisiian Becker. A man of good business capacity, industrious and enterprising, Christian Becker, a weU-known citizen of Quiney, has accumulated a competency through his own efforts, and is now living retired from business cares, his commodious and modernly constructed home being one of the most attractive in the citv. He is a native born citizen, his birth having occurred in Quiney May 9, 1869.

His father, Charles Becker, was born in Germany, and was there educated. Determining in earlj- life to trj- and seek his fortunes in a newer world, he immigi-ated to America, the poor man's paradise, settling in Illinois. Taking up his residence in Quiney, he embarked in business as a butcher, and was thus employed until his death, January 2, 1891. He married Margaret Keim. who was also of German birth and breeding, and of the twelve children born of their union but two are now living, Anna, wife of Charles F. Rambrechts, of Quiney, and Christian, the subject of this brief sketch.

Having obtained a good common school education. Christian Becker learned the trade of a butcher while working with his father. Turning his attention to agi-iculture on land inherited from his father in Missouri, he was there engaged in general farming for sometime. After the death of his father ilr. Becker bought his brother's interest in the butcher shop established by his father, and managed it successfully for a short time. He subsequently ran a sand boat on the river for two years, but has since lived retired from active pursuits, devoting his time to the care of his private affairs. Mr. Becker has valuable farming interests, owning 318 acres of good land in Lewis County, Missouri, from which he receives a good annual income. He has a beautiful home at No. 1435 State Street, Quiney, and on it he and his family delight to entertain tlieir many of Salem Church.

Mr. Becker married in September, 1891, Anna Barbara Boehl, a native of Adams County, Illinois, and they are the parents of four children, namely: Charles M., of Quiney; Lewis M., a student at the LTniversity of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado ; Edna L. ; and Edwin H. Politically Mr. Becker supports the principles of the republican party. Religiously he and his wife are members of Salem church.

NiCHLAs Heintz. a venerable and highly esteemed citizen of Quiney, and one of its leading merchants, Nichlas Heintz has been in truth the architect of his own fortunes, bj' his untiring energj- and the diligent use of his faculties and opportunities having risen from a state of comparative poverty to a position of affluence and influence. He was born Maj^ 25, 1839, in Alsace Lorraine. Germany, where he spent the first fifteen years of his life.

His parents, Peter and Mary (Sieren) Heintz, were born, reared and married in Germany. In 1854, accompanied by their three children, they came to the United States and located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where they hoped to make a permanent home for themselves and family. That dread disease, cholera, was then raging in that vicinity, and they soon fell victims to the malady, both dying within a week after arriving in that city. They left three children, as follows : Margaret, widow of Nicholas Miller, of Mankato, [Minnesota ; Annie, deceased ; and Nichlas, the subject of this sketch.

While living in his native country Nichlas Heintz acquired a public school education, and while assisting his father on the home farm obtained a good kaowledge of agi'iculture. Left an orphan in a strange country when still a youth, he began working at the shoemaker's trade in Milwaukee, receiving his board in compensation for his labor. At the end of ten months he went to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he continued at his trade for a year, getting not only his board but $1 a week for his work ; his wages being subsequently somewhat increased, he remained there five years. In 1859 Mr. Heintz came on board a steamer to Quincy, Illinois, in search of a favorable location, having $17, only, to his name. Entering the employ of Mr. Kettler, he continued at his trade two years, and was afterwards a clerk in the shoe store of C. Brown, Jr., & Company for six years, and proved himself so efficient in that capacity that he was then given an interest in the business, the lirm being very desirous of retaining his services, and he remained with the house for eleven years more. In 1878, the partnership being dissolved, Mr. Heintz opened his present establishment on Maine Street, being head of the fii-m of Heintz & Markley. A year and a half later Mr. Heintz bought Mr. ]\Iarkley out and admitted to partnership Mr. Bowen, who remained a member of the firm for 414 years, when the partnership was dissolved, and his four sons were made members of the well kno^v^^ firm of Heintz & Sons. A man of sterling integrity and good business ability, Mr. Heintz has accumulated a fine property in the city, and has been active and prominent in public affairs.

Fifty-four years ago, in 1863, Mr. Heintz married Wilhelmina Einhaus, and in 1913 this worthy couple celebrated the golden anniversary of their wedding, receiving the congratulations of hosts of friends. Of the ten children bom of the union of Mr. and Mrs. Heintz, one has passed to the life beyond and nine are living. Mr. Heintz is independent in politics and takes a great interest in all matters pertaining to the public welfare. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of Columbus. Religiously he and his wnfe are faithful members of Saint Boniface Church.

Milton K. Weems. Among the industries that make Quincy important in the commercial and industrial world there are several that are oAraed and conducted by Milton K. and Frank H. Weems, these being the Pure Ice Company and the Weems Laundry Company, Milton K. Weems being president of the latter and treasurer of the former.

Milton K. Weems was born near Augusta, Hancock County, Illinois, December 1, 1859. His parents were Jesse E. and Louisa (Kimball) Weems, and his grandparents were Je&se E. and Nancy (Richards) Weems, while his greatgrandfather was the biographer and historian. Rev. Mason Lock Weems, who is credited with relating for the first time the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. This is probably correct, as Dr. Weems was pastor of the church at Mount Vernon and was a personal friend of General Washington. The father of Milton K. Weems is a highly respected resident of Quincy and in former years was identified as a civil engineer with railroad construction in several states. The mother of Mr. Weems survived only into middle age. There were four children in the family, namely : William Lock, who died in 1881 ; Milton K. ; Frank H. ; and Mary, who died at the age of nineteen.

In June, 1870, the Weems family came from Clayton to Quincy, where Milton K. was an ambitious, industrious youth and while attending school, he pi'Ovided partially for his owni support by carrying newspapers, which has been the foundation of many a fortune. He proved steady and reliable and found no difficulty in securing a position in the banking house of L. & C. H. Bull, and entered upon his duties there in September, 1877. He was still ambitious, however, and kept seeking an opportunity to go into business for himself and two years later recognized it in a chance to start a first class laundry. Associated with his brother, Frank H. Weems, he secured a small building on Jersey Street and they launched their entei-prise on July 4, 1879. Prosperity attended the careful management of the infant industry and within less than a decade the firm found it necessary to greatly expand. They purchased their present site

In 1894 the Pure lee Company was organized and this too has become an exceedingly important enterprise, with trade connections all over the country, with immense warehouses and refrigerating plant and with adequate railroad facilities.

For some years Milton K. Weems was intei'ested also in Colorado land but subsequently closed out his holdings there and returned to Quincy. Although eontinuouslj^ connected with the enterprises above mentioned, for some ten years Mr. Weems was not active but has again entered the business field and his influence continues as formerly.

Mr. Weems was married September 16, 1885, to iliss ^Mattie Matthews, who died February 27, 1896. They had one sou, Jesse E., who lived but six months. Mr. Weems was married August 3, 1901, to Miss Florence Moore, and they have three children, namely: Elizabeth I\I., Nancy 0., and ;\Iary Virginia Patricia. Mr. Weems has never been very prominent in politics but nevertheless has been an earnest citizen and when matters of principle must be decided definitely, either in public afi'airs or in business, he is firm and unyielding in support of right. He belongs to the Christian Science Church.

Henry Harmon Beck. At a time when the world is laying extraordinary and unprecedented demands upon the agricultural producers, it is a good augury and promise of results when it is known that some of the agricultural enterprise of Adams County is in the hands of such capable people as Mr. and Mrs. Henry Harmon Beck of Rivei*side Township. Their industry has enabled them to accumulate a large amount of land in this locality, and how expertly they have managed it from the point of view of production needs no comment to their many friends and neighbors, who have always looked upon Mr. and Mi's. Beck as among the most substantial residents of their locality.

Mr. Beck is a native son of Adams Count}', and both he and his wife represent old German stock long identified with this part of Illinois. He was born February 26, 1860, third among the two sons and two daughters of August and Anna (Walbrink) Beck. He is now the only survivor of the family. His father was a native of Germany, born in 1827, and died in 1886. When a boy he came to America, and spent the rest of his life in Adams Couut.y. Quincy was only a village when he was growing to manhood. He frequently told his children that he might have purchased for a pair of boots the block of land where the Hotel Newcomb now stands. However, he made his ultimate choice of land in Ellington Township, where he bought 112 acres, going in debt heavily. In early j-ears he was a wage earner, working by the month, and his experience and industr_y enabled him to accumulate a good property, including sixty acres in Riverside Township. He was a republican voter and he and his wife were active members of the Salem Evangelical Church at Quincy. He aided in the erection of this house of worship and he and his wife were members the rest of their lives. He was a man of honor and integrity, and held in high esteem. His wife was also a native of Germany and came to America when a yovuig woman. Both she and her husband made this voyage in an old fashioned sailing vessel. It required about twelve weeks to cross the ocean at that time, whereas now the voyage can be accomplished in five daj's. One of the monuments in the Green Mount Cemetery mark the last resting place of Augrust and Anna Beck.

Henry H. Beek grew to manhood on his father's farm and was educated in the common schools. He also has a reading knowledge of the German language. His life has been along the lines of agricultural effort and in his business he finds a most capable coadjutor in his good wife.

January 25, 1899, Mr. Beck married Miss Christina Wattman. They are justified in the pride they take in their two sturdy younsc sous, named William Henrj' Roy and John H. The former was educated in the common schools and has a life scholarship in the Gem City Business College. He is now actively 'associated with his father ou the farm. He is a republican aud a member of the EUiugton Presbyterian Church. The younger son has also completed the work of the common schools and is preparing to take a business college course.

Mx"s. Beck was born in Adams County November 23, 1868. She was next to the youngest of ten children, four sons and six daughters, born to John Henry and Anna Louise (Sowerhidie) Wattmau. Four of these children are still living, all in Adams County. Mrs. Beck's parents came from the same part of Germany as Mr. Beck's parents. Her father and mother are now deceased and lie in Green Mount Cemetery, where a monument stands sacred to their memory. Jli-s. Beck was educated in the common schools. She is a most capable woman in every respect, has excellent business judgment and a large fund of common sense, and has devoted her years since mari'iage to the making of a home and the rearing of her sons.

When Mr. and Mrs. Beck were married they possessed little cash capital, and their present prosperitj' is the result of thrift aud honest industry kept up through a long period of years. Their present farm in Riverside Township, comprising sixty acres, was bought in 1916. In 1913 they had acquired eighty acres east of their present home and they have another eighty-four acres in Ellington Township. Their sons have become interested in the raising of Shropshire sheep.

In politics Mr. Beck cast his first vote for James A. Garfield and has been steadily identified with the republican party ever since. He and his wife are very active members of the Salem Lutheran Church at Quincy.

William H. Pape. Adams County is a many sided industrial community, and its long continued prosperity is doubtless due to this very fact that the people have not depended primarily upon one pre-eminent line of manufacturing but upon a varied assortment of substantial mills and factories that in the aggregate have known few periods of depression and have furnished opportunity for all the working energies at hand. Keeping pace steadily with the growth and development of other modern factories has been the milling of grain products. Quincy is today one of the important centers of grain milling in the Mississippi Valley and one of the best knov\ai and oldest of these mills is the Acme Roller Mills, of which the firm of Pape & Loos are proprietors.

Probably no one family name has been longer associated with milling in Adams County than that of Pape. The pioneer representative of the name in the local milling industry was the late Frederick Pape, who was born in Hanover, Germany, August 24, 1820. He came of good family stock and was reared and educated in his native eountrj'. At the age of sixteen he began an apprenticeship to the miller's trade, and in 1847 he immigrated to America, crossing the ocean in a sailing vessel seven weeks over from Bremen to New York. As a miller he followed his trade up and down the Mississippi River at Quincy, Keokuk, Dubuque and other places. After about two years he located at Paysou in Adams County, and bought what was known as the Payson windmill. It was a grist mill, operated with an old fashioned wind power. He paid .^500 for this rather crude in.stitution, and conducted it until about 1864, when he sold it and its improvements for $3,000. In June, 1864, he bought the Melrose Mills in section 28, Melrose Township, remodeled the property, and continued its operation until his death on October 3, 189.5. The Melrose Mills under his management became noted for the high quality of their flour products. Frederick Pape was a man of distinction n the county, Iiore the reputation of being an honest miller and an honest man, was highly skilled in his special trade, was a democrat in politics and a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. In 1851 he married at Payson Miss ]\largaret Acton, who was born in Scotland in April, 1826, and died "at Payson, Illinois, July 14, 1862. She came to the United States when a ;>'oung woman. She was the mother of five children, Herman dying at the age of four years and Fred, Jr., as an infant. The daughter Jane married a Mr. Pohl, a native of Adams County of German parentage, and after their marriage they moved to Kansas, where she died and where her husband still lives. She was the mother of eight children. Emma died in Melrose Township at the birth of the last of her four sons and four daughters. William H. Pape is the oldest of the living children. On June 5, 1878, the late Frederick Pape mari-ied for his second wife 3Irs. Jennet Paliiier, widow of John Palmer. She was bom in Scotland IMaj- 1, 1828.

Mr. William H. Pape was born at Payson in Adams County, August 15, 1857. He was about seven years old when his father moved to Melrose Townsliip and bought the Melrose jMills. After getting his education in the local schools he learned the trade of miller under his father and became his father's active assistant. They were partnei-s luitil the death of Frederick Pape in 1895 and Mr. Pape then continued the operation of the old mill until April, 1897, when he moved to Quincy and took over the Acme Mills. At that time Charles Loos was admitted to partnership as junior member of the firm of Pape & Loos. The Acme IMills have been in operation at Quincy since 1897, and in the past twenty yeare the business has grown luitil it is no longer a merely local enterprise. They manufacture a large and varied line of cereal products, handle grain, and their package and bulk products are flours and meals made of wheat, rye, buckwheat, entire wheat, graham flour, cornmeal, etc. Mr. Pape also does a large business as a dealer in Kansas and northern hard wheat flour, hay, straw, corn, oats, clover seed and stoneware. The Acme Mills have a capacity of 100 barrels per daj^ and they have all the special machinerj^ required for grinding their specialty products.

For a number of j-ears the power has been electrieit.y. The firm employs from twenty to twenty-five men, and under war conditions it is probable that the business will increase in importance rather than diminish. JMr. Loos has charge of the sales and collections, while Mr. Pape is the practical and expert miller and administrator of the general management and the manufacturing end.

December 4, 1881, Mr. Pape married IMiss Emma Eeeder, who was born in Melrose Township, daughter of Addison and Lusetta (Frasier) Reeder. The Reeders are a prominent old family of Adams County, having come here about eighty years ago. Her parents married in Ursa Township, and subsequently had a farm in Melrose Township. In 1881 they went west to Kansas, and spent their last years in Missouri. Mrs. Rape's mother died at the age of eighty-two. The Reeders were Methodists, while the Rapes were Lutherans in religion. Mr. and Mrs. Pape are the parents of four children. Jessie, born in Melrose Township and educated in the rural schools and the public schools of Quincy, including a business college education, is now the wife of ]Mr Christian Mast of Melrose Township. They live in Quincy and have two sons, Frederick and Harry, the former now in school. Laura A., the second child, also a native of Melrose Township, completed her education at Quincy and was a teacher in Melrose until her marriage to Moses Crocker, a native of Adams County and a business man of Quincy. Mr. and ^Irs. Crocker have one daughter, Dorothy L., attending school. Archie L., born in 1890, was reared and educated in Quincy and acquired a thorough knowledge of the trade of millwright. In July, 1917, he enlisted in the American Expeditionary Forces, landing in France in December of the same year, and is now a sergeant in the Aviation (Corps. Frederick Addison, the youngest child, was bom March 9, 1895, is a graduate of the Gem City Business College and for several years has been assistant bookkeeper in his father's mill. The head bookkeeper of this establishment is Mr. George Kelker, who married a niece of Mr. Pape. Mr. Kelker has been for twenty years in charge of the compam-'s books. Politically Mr. Pape is a democrat, and though not an office seeker has served as a member of the local Food Commission. He and his family are members of the Methodist Church.

C. Arthur Fifer is probably as widely known as any other Quincy citizen. At home his chief business is as secretary of the Quincy Show Case Company, of which his brother William A. Fifer is vice president, and an industry- of great importance and long standing founded bj- their father over fortj' years ago. Other particulars concerning the business will be found on other pages of this publication.

C. Arthur Fifer is also president of the C. Arthur Fifer Music Publishing House of Quincy and New York City. Mr. Fifer organized this music company in 1916. It has been chiefly the medium for publication of some of his own popular songs. Mr. Fifer is known as author of "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep," "We're Going Over," "Wait for Your Honey Boy," and other songs, the words and music of which have stirred the pulses of millions within the last two or three years.

Mr. Fifer was bom at Quincy September 20, 1884. He was educated in the local grammar schools, the high school, and attended Dartmouth College. He is a member of the Beta Theta Pi College Fraternity. After school he worked in Boston and Chicago with the Western Electric Company for about two years. Then returning to Quincy he took his father's place in the office of the Show Case Company, and has been steadily with that business now for the past eleven years.

Mr. Fifer married :March 30, 1912, ]\Irs. Susan (Warfield) Tibbets, widow of C. J. Tibbets. She has one son, Capt. Paul W. Tibbets, who is with the Thirty-Third Division in France. Mr. Fifer is a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason. He is a member of the Quincy Country Club, the Rotary Club.

August R. Dick. An eminently capable and prosperous business man of Quincy, August R. Dick, president of the enterprising firm of Dick Brothers, is actively identified with the manufacturing interests of Adams County, the company of which he is at the head having one of the most extensive and finest equipped brewing plants in the county. A native of Quinc}', he was bom October 14, 1873, of German ancestry.

Jacob Dick, his father, immigrated when young from Germany to the United States. Locating in Saint Clair County, Illinois, he lived for a time in Belleville, from there coming to Quincj'. With two of his brothel's, John Dick and Mathew Dick, he embarked in the brewing and milling industry-, establishing the original firm of Dick Brothers, of which he was a member until his death in 1876. His wife, whose maiden name was Margaret Redmond, was })orn in Quincy, where she is still a resident. She bore him six children, namely : Amia, wife of J. B. Ellis, of Qiiincy; Catherine, deceased; August R., the subject of this sketch ; and Thomas, Julia and Jacob, all of whom died in infancy.

August R. Dick was educated in Saint Francis' College, and subsequently learned the brewing and milling trade under his uncle's wise supervision. In 1902 he became secretary in the old firm of Dick Brothers, and subsequently, after the death of the two remaining members of the firm, the present firm of Dick Brothers was established, its members consisting of one son of each of the former members of the organization. The new firm sold the milling plant and has since confined its activities to the brewing business, which it carries on successfully, its large plant covering one whole block and being amply furnished with buildings for all departments, including a brewery, ice house, bottling house and warehouse. As president of the companj', Mr. Dick is devoting his time and energies to the development and advancement of its interests, and is widely recognized as a practical and successful business man.

George William Menke. In the building material line few firms at Quincy have made more substantial progress than the F. W. Menke Stone & Lime Company, of which George William Menke is president. It was founded many years ago by his father and on such a sound basis that it has continued to expand until its plant covers a \\ide area at Quincy and has the liest of transportation facilities. George William Menke became president of the concern on the death of his father, having previously been secretary, and has been identified with the business all his active life.

George William Menke was born at Quincy, November 6, 1858. His parents were Frederick W. and Louisa (Wulfme.yer) llenke, both of whom were born in Germany, the father on August 12, 1832, and twenty years later he came to the United States and by way of New Orleans and the Mississippi River reached his objective point, Quincy, Illinois. This city remained his chosen home during the rest of a busy and useful life. He became a leading factor in the stone industry and for many years was the contractor entrusted with the construction of numerous ]iublic buildings as well as private residences not only at Quincy but in neighboring cities. He became a man of importance also in local politics and in 1899 was urged to become the republican candidate for mayor. He served in numerous oiSces of trust and responsibility and his appointment as one of the commissioners of the insane asylum at Peoria, in 1897, was very generally commended because of his high personal character. In 1855 he was married to Louisa Wulfmeyer, who died at Quincy June 28, 1916, and the following children were born to them : Amelia, who is the widow of Frank Hagenbruch, of Los Angeles, California ; George W., Edward H. and John H., all of Quincj-; Annie, who is the wife of Edward Ruff, of Quincy; Frederick C. ; and Benjamin, who died in infancy.

George William Menke attended the public schools and then took a commercial course in the Gem City Business College, following which he began to assist his father and has continued in the stone and lime business ever since. Inheriting business tendencies, he has developed his talents and is now numbered with the sound, reliable, judicious men of business here.

Mr. Menke was married in November, 1884, to Miss Sophia H. Brehm, who was born at War.saw, Illinois. They have three children, two sons and one daughter, namely: Edgar; Helen, who is the wife of William Rupp, Jr.; and Ralph B., all of whom were educated here and still reside at Quinc.y. The family attends the Congregational Church. Politically Mr. Menke is a republican and fraternally is a Mason. He has never accepted any public office but every moment that promises to be beneficial to the city may be sure of his interest and, if his judgment approves, of his hearty support.

Joseph J. Michael. The prominent, progressive and useful citizens of Quincy have no more worthy representative than Joseph J. Michael, who, though now practicall.y retired from active pursuits, is officially and financially connected with many of the leading business organizations of city, and is ever a generous contributor to projects tending toward the betterment of the community. A native of Quincy, his birth occurred ^lareh 25, 1856.

Herman H. Michael, Mr. Michael's father, was born in Hanover, Germany, and as a child was brought by liis parents to America. Brought up in Cincinnati, Oliio, he served an apprenticeship at the cooper's trade, wliich he afterwards followed for a time in Chicago. Coming from there to Quincy about 1852, he continued as a cooper until the introduction of machinery for making barrels, when he retired from business. He continued his residence in Quincy, however, until his death, November 8, 1909. He married Bernardine Klathe, who was born in Oldenburg, Germany, and died. May 14, 1917, in Quincy. Nine children blessed their marriage, as follows : Joseph J. ; Anna, wife of Fred Ruten. of Quincy; John B., whose death occurred October 18, 1915; Elizal>etli, living in Quincy: Rev. William Michael, pastor of a church at Carlinville, Illinois; Henry H., of Quincy; Mrs. Kathcrine Brinks, of Quincy; and Frank and Edward, who died in infancy.

Wishing to partly pay his way through college, Joseph J. Micliael worked when he had leisure, being employed during the summer of 1868 in his father's cooper shop. During the summer of 1869 he worked for Flachs & Reiman in their soap factory on Cherry Lane, and during 1870 was employed as gardener in Henry Bull's greenhouse. Taking up brick laying, Mr. Michael served an apprenticeship of three years, from 1871 to 1874, and as journeyman from 1874 to 1877, during which time he helped build church and college buildings in Carthage, Illinois. While employed as a journeyman worker he lived as best he could, sleeping many times in hay mows when in the countrj'. For several years during the winter months of his journe.ymanship as bricklaj'er he worked in the pork-packing establishment of Vanden Boom & Blomer in all its various departments. During the j'ear 1877 ilr. Michael was shipping clerk in Bonnet Duffy & Company's Stove Foundry, and the following year began work as a building contractor, during the years 1878 to 1881 erecting many buildings in this city and in Creston, Iowa. He next entered the office of the pork-packing firm of Vanden Boom & Blomer for one year. From 1882 to 1913 he was engaged in business as meat packer, being junior member of the firm Blomer, Wolf & Michael, the plant being located on Front Street between Washington and Payson Avenue. At the end of eight years I\Ir. Wolf retired and the business was continued under the name of Blomer & Michael until January 10, 1899, when the.y applied for incorporation papers under the name of Blomer & Michael Co. On February 14, 1913, their packing plant was destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. Since that time Mr. Michael has lived retired, devoting his time and attention to his private affairs. He resides at his attractive home at 1535 Broadway, which he built in 1892.

Mr. Llichael is vice president of the Mercantile Trust and Savings Bank, director of the Broadway Bank; president of the iMichaelman Steel Construction Company ; a stockholder in the Kicker National Bank, secretary of the Quiney Grocery Company and director of the Germania Publishing Company.

Mr. Michael has been twice married. He mai'ried first Katherine Altmix. She died June 5, 1896, in early womanhood. She was the mother of six children, namely: J'oseph, deceased: Hubert J., with Swift & Company of East St. Louis; Clara, with the Mercantile Trust & Savings Bank, Quiney, Illinois; Roman W., in the Navy; Gertrude, a graduate of the Loyola University School of Sociology, holds a position as social service worker with the Lincoln Dispensary connected with the Chicago School of Medicine and Surgery, Chicago : and Paul, deceased. Mr. Michael married second, June 24, 1897, Elizabeth Tushaus, a native of Quiney, and of their union five children have been born, namely: Genevieve, a son Edward who died in infancy, Pauline, Henrietta and Josephine. Religiously ]Mr. Michael is an active and valued member of St. Francis Church, and prominent in its affairs. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus, Western Catholic LTnion, St. Francis Men's Society. St. ilary's Hospital Ambulance Society and St. Aloysious Orphan Society, Administration Board. Mr. Michael has been in poor health for the past six years. Only recentl.v, by taking an X raj- of his viscera the nature of his ailment was discovered and he is now convalescing.

Herman H. Henhopp. The kind of public spirit which constantly plans for the community welfare and is prodigal of personal time, means and energy in getting the plans carried out are characteristics of Herman H. Henhoff's ^citizenship in Adams County. ]Mr. Henhofl:' is one of the most successful 'farmers, fruit growers and gardeners in the vicinity of Quiney, but the successful management of his enterprises has also been accompanied by a constant readiness to leave his own interests and work heart and soul for something lie thought his town.ship or community ought to have. It is the manifestation of that spirit which makes him so valuable in his present office as supervisor of Rivei-side To-miship.

Mr. Henhoff is one of the native sons of Adams County, and was born here February 19, 1866. His parents were Frederick and Anna (Tapi)e) Henhoff. His father was brought when a child from his native Germany and the Henhoff family sought as their new home in the new world Adams County. Here he grew to manhood, being educated both in the English and German languages. He was a successful farmer and gardener and a member of the German Lutheran Church, as was his wife. In polities he voted as a republican. When he left home to earn his own way his first wages were 25 cents a day. He sacrificed comfort, economized, worked early and late and subsequently accumulated a fine farm of 160 acres in Ellington Township. He was a man of honor and respected by all. He and his wife are now at rest in the Green Mount Cemetery, where a family momiment marks their resting place. His wife was also born in Germany. She made herself kno\\Ti not only through her family but to a large community as a kind and affectionate mother and ever ready to help the poor and needy. They were the parents of nine children, four sons and five daughters, seven of whom are living and all residents of Adams County except a daughter, Mattie, wife of Frank More, who resides at Springfield, Illinois.

Herman H. Henhoff was reared on liis father's farm and as a boy acquired a practical knowledge of field and garden culture and fruit growing, w-hich has ;been his own chief industry in life. After the common school he attended Normal School at Wilmot, Iowa.

March 13, 1895, Mr. Henhoff married Miss Laura R. E. Bredeweg. Three children were bom to their union, two sons and one daughter. Two are still living. Raymond G. is actively associated with his father in gardening and fruit growing. He is a republican and a member of the Lutheran ^Memorial Church at Quincy. The daughter, Mabel, was educated in the common schools and one term in the Quincy High School, and is .still at home. She is a member of the Lutheran Memorial Church.

Mrs. Henhoff was born in Adams County February 4, 1872. daughter of Garrett and Minnie (Stieghorst) Bredeweg. She was one of eight children and all are living in Adams County except Anna, wife of F. W. Schulte, now a retired resident at St. Louis, ilissouri. Mrs. Henhoff 's mother was from Bildorf, Germany, and her father came from one of the provinces of Holland, and both are now deceased. They crossed the Atlantic in the days of sailing vessels and were from eight to eleven weeks on the voyage, ilrs. Henhoff was educated in the common schools of Adams County and has been indefatigable in all her duties as a home maker and as a member of her social community.

Mr. Henhoff cast his first presidential vote for Benjamin Harrison and has always been a stanch supporter of republican principles. He has been selected as a delegate to county conventions, and has long been recognized as a valuable man to his party. For three terms, nine years, he served as highway commissioner. A great deal was done during that time to forward the work of good road building and maintenance, and whether officially or as a private citizen Mr. Henhoff has been a steady advocate of good country highways. He also served three years as a school trustee. In 1918 he was re-elected to the office of township supervisor, and has used his influence in that office to promote many progressive improvements. Under his administration the fine concrete bridge on Fifth Street was built at a cost of $2,280.

Mr. and Mrs. Henhoff are members of the Lutheran Memorial Church at Quincy. Their beautiful farm is just a mile from the city limits of Quincy. It comprises twenty acres, a large part of which is devoted to the growing of fruits and intensive cultivation of crops. It is well named Maple Lodge. Mr. and Mrs. Henhoff have also worked hard, have earned the comforts and luxuries of life, and have made a wise use of their means. They are both fond of travel and in 1909 accompanied by their children they toured the country to the Pacific Coast, visiting the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles. Pasadena, Salt Lake City, also Berkeley and Oakland and Catalina Island. This was a journey which gives them constant pleasure of recollection.

William Alanson Edwards. Prominently engaged in farming, one of the most enterprising and progressive men of Riverside Township, well educated and still eager to increase his fund of practical general information, earnestly interested in the public affairs of his towiLship and county, William Alanson Edwards has exemplified during his life many of the best, the most admirable and most useful traits of character and attributes of citizenship.

He was born in Adams County March 6, 1865. His father, Paul Edwards, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, February 12, 1820, and wa.s very yovuig when his parents brought him to Adams County, Illinois. This county was then only a few years distant from its frontier conditions. He grew up here in pioneer environment, was educated in the common schools, for a number of years was in the wood business and his first landed estate comprised sixty acres in what is now Riverside Township. His home there was a four-room brick building. Quincy nearby was a small village. He lived a life of strenuous activity and yet attained an age which made him at the time of his death, on January 19, 1912, one of the very oldest men in the county. He was almost ninetytwo when he passed away. He began voting as a whig and later was a stanch republican, though he had no interest in politics for the sake of office holding. He proved a stanch friend to the public schools. He married Mary Ellen Piatt, who was born in Ohio. She was a member of the First Baptist Church of Quincy. Both parents are now at rest in the "Woodland Cemetery, where a monument marks the spot. Of their seven children, the only son was William Alanson. Four of his sisters are living and all residents of Adams Count.y.

William A. Edwards grew up on the home farm in Adams County, and since leaving school has given his pi-imary attention to fruit gi-owing and general farming.

On November 1, 1892. he married IMiss Anna B. Summers. To their marriage were born seven children, two sons and five daughters, all but one of them still living. Bessie L., Edna P., Eva V., Paul Richard, Lelha and Stanley Roy comprise their names. Bessie is the wife of Raymond Kireher, an agriculturist living in Ellington Township. Mr. Kireher is a Catholic. Edna and Eva have both completed their education in the common schools.

Mrs. Edwards was born in Adams County December 6, 1867, being the seventh of ten children, four sons and six daughters, both to Richard and Louisa (Triplett) Summers. Eight of these children are still living, four residents in Adams County. Her sister Alice lives at San Jose, California, wife of Thomas J. Streeter, and she is the mother of two children; Cornelia, also living at San Jose, is the wife of Ebenezer Stowe, a commercial traveler; Isaac R. is foreman on electric lines and lives near East St. Louis, and has one son who is fighting with the American Expeditionary Forces in France, while another is in Wa.shington, D. C. Charles A. Summers is an agriculturist and stock raiser at Bowling Green, Missouri, and has three children.

Richard Summers, father of Mrs. Edwards, had his home in Illinois from the age of fifteen. He owned land both in Melrose and Ellington townships. He acquired property in the latter in 1850 in what is now Riverside Township. He was bom in 1818 and died in 1889, aged seventy-one. Politically he was a republican. His wife was a native of Pike County, Illinois, but grew up in Adams County. She was born January- 1, 1832, and died in April, 1894. Both are now at rest in Woodland Cemeterj'.

]\Irs. Edwards was educated in the common schools and at Chaddock College at Quincy one year. She has alwa.vs had a keen intellectual interest not only in her home but in affairs about her. Since their man-iage Mr. and Mrs. Edwards have worked together and cooperated in the establishment of their beautiful home and the rearing of their children. Politically Mr. Edwards is a republican, having cast liis first presidential vote for James G. Blaine. He has served as school trustee and tax collector. Both he and his wife are memliers of the Ellington Presbyterian Church and he is one of the official members. Mrs. Edwards is a member of the Woman's Home Improvement Association and of the Red Cross. Mr. Edwards as one of the leading fruit growers is a member of the Adams County Farmers Improvement Association. Their beau- tiful farm, known as Maplehurst, lies two miles north of the city of Quiucy, and it is a home in everj' sense of the word as well as a center of industry. The.y have a modern country residence, heated by furnace, lighted with acetylene plant, have telephone, rural route delivery, and a touring car, thus combining the advantages of the countrj' with those of the city. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards are people of cultivated minds and ta.stes, one evidence of which is a handsome collection of books constituting a library of about 300 volumes.

Seldon G. E.vrel has lived in Adams County eighty years, was a pupil in some of the old time subscription schools, and is not only one of the oldest residents but for many years one of the most industrious citizens of the county. He proved capable in the management of his business affairs as a farmer, and has made his prosperity of value not only to his family but to the commmiity. Mr. and Mrs. Earel are among the oldest married couples in the county, having lived together as man and wife for over sixty years. Mrs. Earel is a native of this county, and the recollections of both perhaps travel back as far as tho.se of any other living citizens.

Mr. Earel was born near Athens. Ohio. November 22, 1836. His birth occurred only four years after the Black Hawk Indian war. He was a soldier in the Civil war and the family has a notable military record. Grandfather James Earel was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, being a soldier under General Lafayette. His service entitles any of JMr. Earel 's children to membership in the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution. James Earel, Jr., father of Seldon G.. was a native of Maryland, was reared there and served as a soldier in the War of 1812. For that service a grant of land was given liira by the Government, located in IMissouri. He was educated in the primitive schools of his day. After his marriage he brought his family to Adams County in 1838. He was one of the homesteaders of that period, acquiring eighty acres in Columbus Township. His first home there was a log cabin. James Earel, Jr., also served in the ilormon war and during this duty was at Nauvoo, where the Mormons had the center of their colony and started the erection of their temple. James Earel, due to exposure, contracted a cold or pneumonia and died in 1846. His wife, who was a native of Virginia, where she married, died in 1885. Both were members of the Baptist Chxirch, and both are now at rest in graves on the old farm, where a monument marks their resting place. They were the parents of ten children, four sons and six daughters. Of these Seldon G. Earel was the eighth in order of birth and the only one now living.

Mr. Earel was two years old when his parents came to Adams County. Eighty years ago the county was jiist beginning its development. When the family came there were 500 Indians camped at West Quincy at different times, who came here to do their trading. The woods were full of deer, wolves and wild turkej-, and Quincy, now a city of forty thousand, was only a village. Both Mr. and ilrs. Earel as children attended the old log cabin schools. They sat on the split log benches, received light for their studies from one long window at an end of the building, while at another end was a large fire place. They used the goose quill pen to write their copies, and one of the text books they especially remember was Webster's blue back speller.

Growing up in a pioneer environment, ]\Ir. Earel naturally had the experiences and the occupations of the frontier. Many days he exerted his strength in the woods mauling rails at M'ages of 50 cents a day. The first laud he bought was 160 acres covered with heavy timber in Columbus Township on McKee's Creek. He went in debt for that land, and he and his wife moved all their household goods in a wagon drawn by two horses. It was a cabin home with a clapboard roof, fireplace, with trundle beds for the children, and at night they had a dim light made from a wick of twisted rags with one end in a saucer of grease.

On Christmas day, December 25, 1856, occurred the marriage of Mr. Earel and Miss Hannah M. Sammons. which was one of the interesting events of the community. Mrs. Eai'el was born in Columbus Township of Adams County

October 10, 1838. Her parents were Isaac and Susan (Spence) Sammons. Both parents were natives of Virginia, her father born in Greenbrier County. He was a farmer and died at his daughter's home in Adams County in 1893. Both are now at rest in Columbus Township. Mrs. Earel was one of ten children, all daughters but one. Her sister Abbie lives in Idaho, wife of Henry Johnson, a farmer. Her sister Laui'a Melvina is the widow of Mr. Belsford, a former judge of the County Court in Missouri. Emma is the widow of John Curry and lives in Harrisonville, Missouri. Olive is the widow of Theodore Seatheringill and lives in Chicago.

To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Earel were born six childi-en, four sons and two daughters. Four of them are still living. Isaac J. is a successful farmer in Burton Township and is a republican in polities. He married Miss ]\Iollie W. Bredeweg and their two children are Rolla G. and Irma I. The daughter Mary A. is the wife of Dr. J. F. Cooper, of Hannibal, Missouri. Dr. Cooper has been a prominent citizen of Hannibal, is a physician, a democrat in politics, and was with the American army as captain in the medical service in France. Arlie M. is a successful real estate man in Quincy. He married Miss Ethel Chapman, and they have a daughter, Trula. His wife and daughter are members of the Methodist Church. Sala C, the youngest of the family, was educated in the common schools and is a practical farmer in Riverside Township. He married Miss Edith Rood, and they have two children, Stanley and Velma. They are members of the Christian Church.

From the pursuits and occupations of his married life Mr. Earel was called away by patriotic duty when he enlisted in 1862 in Company P of the Seventyeighth Illinois Infantry. This regiment became a part of General Buell's command, and as second lieutenant he was with his regiment in some of the hard fought and strenuous campaigns until on account of illness he wa.s granted his honorable discharge. One of the mementoes of the service he still preserves, a bomb shell which he picked up on the battlefield.

In 1875 Mr. and Mi-s. Earel moved to Riverside Township. Here they erected a large brick residence which is one of the landmarks of that township and has been their home and center of family associations for over forty years. A number of other buildings and improvements stand as evidence of his intelligent management as a farmer. Their home estate at present comprises twenty-five acres, devoted to the culture of fruit. The.y also own 200 acres in Ursa Township, and recently sold a 160-acre farm in I5urton Township for $12,000. Fifty years ago Mr. and Mrs. Earel were struggling to get a start, were living with the utmost thrift and economy, and all of this has borne fruit and given them an ample competence for their needs and at the same time they have reared a splendid family of children. Mrs. Earel has been the standby of her husband in good times and bad, and Adams County presents no more beautiful illustration of the enduring ties that knit man and woman together in the long journev of life.

In politics Mr. Earel has been a democrat practically from the formation of that party, though in local affairs he frequently supports the man rather than the party. He has done much in behalf of his home community and county. For twenty years he served as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and in 1875 was elected county treasurer, and also filled other offices in Columbus Township. He has been a steadfast friend and supporter of the put)lic schools for many years. Both he and his wife are rigid adherents of the temperance cause. He has filled all the chairs in the lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Crown Point, and is also a member of the Encampment. Mr. Earel has always been interested in archaeological remains and has collected many specimens from the old Indian mounds along the Mississippi Valley. Most of his collections were made when he had charge of the river levee. In the Earel home is also one oi the few spinning wheels still found in Adams County. This spinning wheel was used by Mr. Earel 's mother more than a century ago. Mr. and Mrs. Earel have used their means to put them in touch with tlie great outside world and liave traveled extensively, and among other trips they made in 1903 a long journey of 8,000 miles over the West, including visits to the cities of Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Pasadena, Tacoma, Portland and Seattle. Mr. and Mrs. Earel celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1881, and in 1906 their home was the scene of a brilliant and happy gathering of 200 guests to honor them on the golden anniversary of their wedding. The Earel home is a place of comfort and solid prosperity and is also notable for the fine flavor of hospitality of the .southern tj'pe which has prevailed there not only in years of prosperity but in earlier times when hospitality meant something of a sacrifice.

Joseph W. Ireland. Well skilled both by training and by experience in the art and science of healing the various diseases to which domestic animals are heir to, Joseph W. Ireland, of Quincy, has gained distinction in his profession and won a place of prominence among the leading veterinary surgeons of Adams County. A native of Canada, he was born August 15, 1861, on a farm in King Township.

Samuel Ireland, his father, emigrated from England to America, and for a time lived in Champlain, Clinton County, New York. Crossing the Canadian line, he bought land in King Township, cleared and improved a farm, and was there a resident until his death, at the venerable age of ninety-three years. His wife, whose maiden name was Caroline Hill, was born in England, and died on the home farm at the age of eighty-three years. They reared a family of five sons and four daughters, Joseph W. being the seventh child in succession of birth.

Having laid a substantial foundation for his future education in the public schools, Joseph W. Ireland entered in the fall of 1882, the Toronto Veterinary College, from which he was graduated in the spring of 1885. Coming then to Illinois, Doctor Ireland began the practice of his profession at Belvidere. remaining thei'e three years. The following year he spent on the road, practising veterinary surgery and dentistry. On July 7, 1889, the Doctor located in Quincy, and having erected at 103.3-35 Maine Street a commodious brick building has since been prosperously engaged both as a liveryman and as a veterinary, in both lines of business being successful. He has other interests, being president of the Bankers and Farmers Loan and Trust Company, an organization formed for the purpose of writing insurance on live stock.

On June 29, 1896, Doctor Ireland was united in marriage with Ida A. Root, a native of Quincy. Three children have blessed their union, namely: Joseph, who died in infancy; Robert, a graduate of the Quincy High School, is now attending the College of Mines at Golden, Colorado; and Enid, a graduate of the Quincy High School, and now a student at Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois. Politically the Doctor is independent, voting for the best men and measures without regard to partj^ affiliations.

William R. Gelston. There is no public utility of Quincy which comes closer to the life and daily needs of the people than the city waterworks plant. It is therefore a position of unusual responsibility which William R. Gelston holds as superintendent of the waterworks. That has been his relationship with the city continuouslj' since Januai-y 1, 1907, and his competent services have been retained by reappointment through every board of waterworks commissioners. Mr. Henry C. Sprick, the treasurer of that board, has been a member continuously since Mr. Gelston became superintendent of the plant. The president of tlie board is W. J. Singleton, and the secretary is Mr. John Ingram.

Mr. Gelston is a civil engineer of wide experience and has had many responsibilities of oversight and supervision in connection with the construction of the modern waterworks system which Quincy now refei-s to with pride. The pumping station and the filtering plant were both constructed since Mr. Gelston became superintendent. This filtering plant has a capacity of 6,000,000 gallons every twenty-four hours. The two plants are operated with engines of 450 horse power, and the water is carefully analyzed every day so as to insure its purity. Through the perfect system of filtering used fiilly 99 per cent of all impurities are removed before the water enters the mains of" domestic supply. The present pumping plant was constructed in 1910 and the filtering plant in 1914. This filtering plant was constructed on a solid foundation after 3,000 cubic yards of stone had been removed, the plant proper and the upper works being made of solid concrete. This filtering i)lant stands on a lot 89x172 feet.

Mr. Gelston is a western man by birth and early training, and for eight years was a civil engineer with the Burlington Railroad before he accepted his present position at Quincy. He was born near Omaha, Nebraska, January 1, 1868, a very short time after Nebraska was admitted to the Union. A brother and sister were born when Nebraska was still a territory. His father, George W. Gelston, was a famous old timer of Iowa and Nebraska, and one of the old stage coach drivers of pioneer days. He was a native of Connecticut, a t^'l:)ical Yankee in many respects, and coming west identified himself with Iowa territory, where he used his skill as a driver of stage coaches to what was then the western boundaries of civilization, the Missouri Eiver. Later he went into Nebraska and continued his vocation until it was superseded and rendered obsolete by the advent of railway transportation. Frequently he was driver of stage coaches over vast areas in which Indians were more numerous than white settlers, and he was exposed to all the risks and hazards of an occupation which has been celebrated in all accounts of western life. When he retired from his position as a driver he located on a farm twenty miles from Omaha, and lived there until his death at the age of sixty-seven. He was personally acquainted with many of the noted frontiersmen and pioneer characters of the Middle West. He married in Nebraska Mary Wilkening. who was born in Germany but was brought as a child to the United States. Her family lived for about a year at Quincy and then moved to Nebraska. She is still living at the age of seventyfive, retains all her faculties unimpaired, and has had her home on the old farm in Douglas County, Nebraska, for fifty-five j-ears. She was the mother of a large family of two daughters and seven sons, all of whom are still living, the youngest being thirty-five j-ears old. All but two are married. William R. Gelston has a brother, Edward, who has achieved success as an electrical engineer and is now at Oakland, California, connected with the Southern Pacific Railway.