Boston City (part 44 of 67)

In 1825 he was associate with the projectors of the Bunker Hill monument. He recommended the obelisk now seen there, two hundred and twenty feet high, etc. His original report is preserved among the papers of the monument association.

Among the early projects in the neighborhood of Boston with which he was connected were the Salem Milldam corporation, 1826, and the project of connecting Boston with the Hudson river by a canal, but the day for canals was passing away, and in 1827 he was appointed by the governor of Massachusetts to procure surveys and estimates for a railroad from Boston to the Hudson river. This work, however, was put into the hands of his brother James, as Loammi had at that time accepted an appointment from the United States government which led to the two great works of his life, - the naval dry docks at Charlestown and at Norfolk. These two structures were in process of building from 1827 to 1834, and were carried on both at the same time and with the crude appliances of that day. The first when finished was in all 306 feet long, thirty feet deep and thirty feet wide. The depth of water at high tide was twenty-five feet, and the rise and fall of tide eleven feet. The surface of the site was about nine feet below ordinary high tide. The cost was $677,090.

The Norfolk dock was a similar structure, but of greater cost, owing to the extra price of stone and labor, both of which were sent from the North. Mr. Baldwin's salary on this work was fixed by himself at $4,000 a year, with additional allowance for travel and expense of living when away from home. His time was spent between the two docks, the summers at Charlestown and the winters in Norfolk, his leading assistant alternating with him at those two places.

In addition to this work he was consulting engineer on other important works connected with the general government-^the Dismal Swamp Canal, the survey for which was made through an almost impenetrable swamp, but Congress was unwilling to carry it out in his day. In 1834 he made an elaborate report upon introducing pure water into the city of Boston, which was published. He also had considerable to do with water power in Maine, and also with a canal in Georgia, but the latter was never completed.

Mr. Baldwin was independent and positive in his professional opinions, and dared even to diiTer to his face with the aggressive General Andrew Jackson, then president of the United States. The general at their last interview at first received him with politeness ; but the bridge (the General's pet scheme, as was natural), came up as the great thing in the mind of the President, and he said : "By the bye, Mr. Baldwin, I have read your report on the bridge ; and, by the Eternal, you are all wrong, I have built and have seen built many bridges ; and I know that the plan is a good one, and that the bridge will stand." "General Jackson," quietly replied Mr. Baldwin, "in all pontoon or temporary bridge-work for military purposes, I should always yield to your good judgment, and should not venture to call it in cjuestion ; you must remember that this bridge should be built as a permanent structure, and should stand for all coming time. And I yield in such matters to no one, when I have applied scientific principles to my investigations and am sure of my conclusions. Good morning. General Jackson." It is hardly necessary to say that the appropriation was not made, and that the pet bridge was never built, much to the chagrin of the President, but to the quiet satisfaction of Mr. Baldwin.

gard to many others, from a dam at Augusta, Maine, to a marine railway at Pensacola, from the construction of buildings at Harvard College, to a canal around the falls of the Ohio river, from a stone bridge called the Warren Bridge at Charlestown to the Harrisburg Canal in Pennsylvania. His skill was in demand, and that, too, in a very active manner in a great majority of the internal improvements undertaken at that formative period in the United States.

He was also noted as an author. His manuscript reports were always drawn up in his own neat, uniform and compact handwriting. He published in 1809 a pamphlet of seventy pages entitled, "Thoughts on the Study of Political Economy as connected with the Population, Industry, and Paper Currency of the Ignited States." A large number of printed reports on engineering enterprises are listed in the catalogue of his special library on that and co-ordinate subjects, given by his niece, ]\Irs. Griffith, to the Public Library in Woburn. several years ago. He is said to have written an account of the Middlesex Canal, and also a memoir of his father's friend. Count Rumford, but neither of these papers are in the above collection. His reports were prepared with the greatest care, and were models for style and remarkable for the exact and proper use of words. In 1835 he was a member of the executive council of the Commonwealth, and in 1836 a presidential elector.

But there is little more to say. In person he was over six feet in height, and superbly built. His face presented a rare combination of intelligence, manliness and dignity. He was a thorough gentleman in his manner and his intercourse with others. He detested sham and pretense in everything and everybody ; was liberal in his mode of life, and hospitable in his home. To his work he gave his whole strength. Fine portraits and a bust of him remain to give posterity an idea of his noble personal appearance. About a year before he died he had a stroke of paralysis ; a second attack proved fatal. He died, as before stated, at Charlestown, Massachusetts. June 30, 1838, at the age of fifty-eight.

Mr. Baldwin was twice married ; first to Ann, daughter of George Williams, of Salem. She was sister of Samuel Williams, an eminent American banker in London ; second, June 22, 1828, to Catherine, widow of Captain Thomas Beckford, of Charlestown. She died May 3. 1864. Child by first marriage : Samuel Williams Baldwin, born 1817; died December 28, 1822, aged five years.

(V) James Fowle Baldwin, son of Loammi (4). born at Woburn, April 29, 1782, died at Boston, May 20, 1862, aged eighty; married July 28, 1818, Sarah Parsons, daughter of Samuel (Yale College, 1779) and Sarah (Parsons) Pitkin, of East Hartford, Connecticut. James was the fourth son of his father, and received his early education in the schools of his native town and in the academies at Billerica and Westford. About 1800 he was in Boston acquiring a mercantile education, in which city he was afterwards established as a merchant ; but the influence of his early association with the engineering faculties of the older members of his own family turned his attention in that direction. He joined his brother Loammi in the construction of the dry dock at Charlestown Navy Yard. In 1828. he, with two others, were appointed commissioners to make the survey for a railroad to the western part of the state, this being then a new and untried enterprise, and the survey was made from Boston to Albany. L'pon this work he was engaged for more than two years. It was not prosecuted at the time, but subsequently the Western railroad, so called, was built upon the location selected by him and his plans were generally adopted. He always looked upon this, next to the introduction of pure water into Boston, as the most important of his professional works. In 1832 he began the location of the Boston & Lowell railroad, which was constructed under his superintendence. He was also employed on engineering lines by the Ware Manufacturing company, the Thames company of Norwich, Connecticut, and the proprietors of the locks and canals at Lowell. He also determined the relative amount of water power used by the mills of the clifl^erent companies at Lowell.

In 1825 the subject of the water supply of P)Oston attracted the attention of the authorities, and an investigation of the sources for a ])ure supply was made, and in 1837 he was appointed on a commission to inquire still further into the matter. He dissented from the majority in the recommendation of Spot and Mystic pon'is. and recommended Long Pond (Lake Cochituate). Others high in authority dift'ered from his conclusion, but still he was immovable in adherence to his recommenda- tion, in spite of rejection by popular vote, to which it had been submitted, and it was not renewed till 1844. when he was again in a position of influence on the commission. His plan was, however, adopted March 30, 1846; the ground was broken five months after, and on October 25, 1848, he had the pleasure of seeing his plan, so long resisted, finally triumphant, and the public fountain playing for the first time in the presence of a large concourse of people. He was for several years a senator from Suffolk in the Massachusetts general court, and the first president of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers.

The Boston Daily Advertiser, in a notice of him at the time of his death says, "He was of a kindly and benevolent disposition, affable in his manners, warm and unfaltering in his attachment to his friends. His sense of justice and his fair apj^reciation of the rights of others showed to great advantage in many of his public works."

"He was a gentleman of highly respectable attainments, and surpassed by none as a scientific and practical engineer. He was eml)loyed by the State to su])erinten(l the construction of its gigantic ])ublic works. He was a prominent member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and during many years held the position in that learned society in the section of Technology and Civil Engineering." I'pon his decease a brief sketch of his life and public services was presented and read before that society, and soon after published in its Transactions.

Hon. James F. Baldwin had the care of the aft'airs of Count Rum ford's daughter, the Countess Rumford. a great part of her life, and she at her decease left him a generous be- (|iiest. "It may be fairly claimed that the city of Boston is pre-eminently indebted to the forecast, firmness, and professional skill of Mr. Baldwin for the present abundant and constant supply of pure water from Cochituate." Instead of three millions of gallons daily for the first ten years, the amount was actually fifteen millions of gallons during that period.

"Mr. Baldwin was of commanding presence, being considerably above six feet in stature, and remarkably well proportioned." His mind was clear, but not rapid in its operation. He came to his conclusions by successive steps, carefully taken and closely examined ; but the results once reached, his confidence in them was rarely shaken. Confidence in his integrity enabled him to settle questions of the transfer of property with a facility that was surprising, especially with those persons who had not the clearest conviction of the invariable uprightness of corporate bodies in their dealings with individuals. He endeavored to encourage and assist yoimg students who were pursuing the study of civil engineering, and the number were many who remembered him with affection and veneration.

He was especially the friend and protector of the orphans. His last illness was of short duration. Returning from a walk on the day of his death, he complained of indisposition, and speaking a few words to his wife, he soon expired.

( \' ) Clarissa llaklwin, daughter of Loanimi (4), born at Woburn, December 31, 1791, died there May 27, 1841, aged fortynine; married January 20, 1812, Thomas lirewster Coolidge, of Ilallowell, born December 8, 1785, son of Benjamin and Mary Carter ( IJrewster) Coolidge, of Boston and Woburn. Children: 1. llenjamin. born at Ilallowell, Maine. November 10. 1812, died at Lawrence, Massachusetts. .August 2^, 1871 ; married October 1, 1844, .Mary White, born at Medford, Massachusetts, January 14, 1810. died at Lawrence. April IT. 1883. daughter of Jonas and Mary (Wright) Manning, of Woburn. Two children : I'aldwin. born at Woburn. July 7, 1845; see forward. Ijrewster. born November 10. 1848. died at Lawrence, June 21. 1853. 2. Thomas Brewster, born at Hallowell. May 3. 1815; died at Woburn. unmarried. I'ebruarv 18, 1895.

l>aldwin Coolidge, son of Benjamin Coolidge, and grandson of Clarissa Baldwin (5), was liorn at Woburn, July 7. 1845 - ^^'^^ married at Lawrence, February 7, 1866, to Lucy, born at Xewburyport, Massachusetts. November 24. 18-14. died at Woburn, August 13, i«K)4. (laughter of Nathan Thomas and Hannah ( Xoyes ) Plumer, of Newburyport ; was a soldier in the Sixth Regiment Alassachusetts \'olunteer Militia, campaign of 1864, in the Civil War.* He was band boy at the funeral of the first soldier killed in the Civil War, viz. : Sumner Henr\- Needham, who was killed in the fight at Baltimore, April 19, 1861. Mr. Coolidge was the first city engineer of Lawrence, Massaclmsetts. and having inherited the

Baldwin scientific ingenuity and versatility of mind, he has become distinguished by his mechanical feats in photography, and for the artistic excellence and number of his productions in that line of work.

(V) George Rumford Baldwin, son of Colonel Loammi (4), was born in the Baldwin mansion at North Woburn, January 26, 1798, and died there October 11, 1888, "having devoted his lengthened life, with the full possession of his faculties till its close, to the ]3ursuits of practical science, as a surveyor, a civil engineer, and a constructor." The lands of the original Henry Baldwin held by his descendant George R. Baldwin at the time of his death in 1888, included between five and six hundred acres. The mansion is one of the noteworthy survivals of our earliest times in size, arrangement, adornment, and in its well-preserved relics. Within it are to be found implements, household utensils, paintings, ornaments, and sundry furnishings, with luxurious appliances, gathered by the generations which have occupied it from birth to death. Piles of trunks and boxes contain their private papers and settlements of estates. Most interesting among its contents is a large, select, and valuable library of many thousand volumes, collected principally by the father and brothers of George R. Baldwin and by himself, giving evidence of their scientific and literary tastes. Learned tomes in many languages, costly illustrated works, series of scientific publications on construction and engineering, and sumptuous editions of the best writers in various departments of literature, are among its treasures. The house and its contents is a memorial of one of the oldest and most distinguished families of its citizens.

His father was the earliest civil engineer in this state, and on the projection of the first of our public enterprises for more extended internal communication the connection of the waters of the Merrimack with those of the harbor by the Middlesex Canal, chartered in 1793, the father of George R. Baldwin was one of its leading promotors. Its course lay through his own estate, the several hundred acres belonging later to George R. Baldwin, and it was completed in 1803. Of this then signal enterprise the father was surveyor, engineer, and constructor under the supervision of an English engineer, Weston by name, who was then a resident of Philadelphia. The canal served its uses until superseded by the Lowell railroad. It is necessary to know these facts in order to gain a background for the after career of the son, George Rumford Baldwin. He early found opportunity for the exercise of the family ingenuity by engaging in the profession of work of the older members of the family.

He was the son of his father's second wife. His middle name recalled the friendly and intimate relations which existed between his father and the distinguished Count Rumford. When the friend had attained rank and title at Munich, a correspondence began between the two which is of great personal and historical interest. In a letter following the birth of George Rumford Baldwin, the father writes to the Count, "I have had a son born to me to whom I have given your name." The father wished this boy, as he grew up, to enter Harvard-College, but the son was disinclined to scholarship in that institution as its standard then was, and from his earliest years his bent was for mathematical and scientific studies, juirsued by himself, and for practical out-ofdoor work in waterways, surveying and engineering, in the examination of mills and water-power, dams and raceways. He, as we have already noticed, had marked facilities for practice of this sort, with preliminary training in a school kept by Dr. Stearns in Medford, and by accompanying his father and brother in field and office work. In his fourteenth year he made some sketches of the fortifications of Boston harbor in the war of 1812, of which his brother Loammi Baldwin was the chief engineer.

A series of his diaries for more than fifty years contain daily entries of his employments and occupations. He lived a life of marvellous industry, of wide travel, and of useful service. He was called upon as expert witness, referee or examiner in many ways, at a period when the development of our railroads and manufacturing enterprises made a demand for talent and skill. He helped form the first associated company of engineers. He was naturally shy, modest, diffident, and reticent, of most retiring and undemonstrative ways, therefore when called upon for any utterance in public before many persons it was for him a serious strain. His social intercourse was limited, and under no circumstances could he have made a speech in public of advocacy or argument. The following were some of his early engagements: 182 1, built P. C. Brook's stone bridge; 1822-1823, in Pennsylvania with his brother; 1823-25, at factories in Lowell; 1826, surveyed Charlestown Navy Yard; executed Marine Railway; 1831-33, in England;

1833-34. on Lowell railroad; 1834-36. in Nova Scotia; 1837, in Georgia, on Brunswick Canal. In 1845 he was chief engineer on the route of the Buffalo and Mississippi railroad. In 1846 he was employed on the examination of the water power of Augusta, Georgia, and by the national government on the Dry Docks in Washington and Brooklyn. In 1847 he was summoned to Quebec to engage on a professional task which occupied him till he completed it in 1856. This was the introduction of water into the city. He was in full superintendence, under the mayor and a water board. In the course of the work he sailed with his family to Europe to superintend the casting of the pipes, gates, etc.. and to arrange for their shipment.

In 1857-58 he was in Europe with his family, principally in Paris and London, with many excursions. With accomplished skill in draughting and etching, his j)encil was ever busy in sketching all the objects of special interest, and his descriptions are illustrated by a mass of drawings, more or less perfected.

He was connected as consulting engineer with many more modern works, the most important, perhai)s, being the Boston, Hartford, and Erie railroad. His journals show how fully every interval between these public works was improved. He was skilled in all family, horticultural, and agricultural labors, and his pen was ever busy in his own affairs, or for the service of friends.

George R. Baldwin married, December 6. 1837. the stepdaughter of his brother, Loammi Baldwin, namely, Catherine Richardson Beckford, daughter of Caj^tain Thomas and Catherine (Wilder) Beck ford, of Charlestown, Massachusetts. Mrs. l>aldwin died in \\'oburn, February 5, 1873, aged sixty years. They had one child, a daughter, now ]\Irs. Catherine R. Grififith, and residing in Quebec, Canada.

was a great-great-greatgrandson of James Thompson, one of the original settlers of W'oburn, and prominent among those who early fixed their residence in that part of that town, which is now known as North Woburn. The same difficulty which meets not a few who search in vain for the details of the old English history of their ancestors, meets us at the outset, says the family historian, in regard to him: - but little is known of his English antecedents, except that he was born in 1593; married a wife whose only name known to us was Elizabeth ; had three sons and one daughter, all born in England, and early in 1630, when he was thirtyseven years of age joined the company, who, under the lead of Governor John Winthrop landed in New England during that year. The tradition is that James Thompson landed at .Salem in the early part of June.

The numerous individuals bearing this almost universal name may be considered as befogging the subject, and therefore, in spite of vigilant research, it seems to be impossible to ascertain the place of his birth. Absolute proof is lacking up to the present date on the subject. It may be that he belonged to the numerous related families of Thompsons in London and several of the nearest counties around that metropolis. These families embraced a number that were eminent in the intellectual, social, and religious world, including a number who received the order of knighthood. The coats-of-arms of some of them, though dift'ering slightly, are essentially the same. James Thompson first located himself at Charlestown, where he and wife were admitted to membership in the church at that ])lace, August 31, 1633. He was admitted a freeman later in the same year. In December, 1640, he was one of thirty-two who subscribed the town orders or by-laws for Woburn. This town was incorporated in 1642, and he was chosen a member of the board of selectmen and served the town in that office with occasional brief intervals for about twenty years. He held also various minor offices. He was twice married. His first wife, Elizabeth, dying November 13, 1643, he married, February 15, 1644, Susannah Blodgett, widow of Thomas Blodgett, of Cambridge. She died I'ebruary 10, 1661. Children: i. James, died January 24, 1647, an unmarried young man. 2. Simon, married Mary Converse (Edward, i ). 3. Olive, married September 3, 1650, John Cutler, and died before her father's death. 4. Jonathan, see forward.

James Thompson died 1682, at the age of eighty-nine years. His will, dated the last day of February, 1681 (meaning, of course, 1 68 1 -2). speaks of him as being greatly stricken in years ; names his son. Jonathan Thompson, the only child of his then living; Sarah Rednap and Hannah Horn (sisters), his grandchildren ; John Cutler and Susannah Logee (or Logan), his grandchildren, and his son Jonathan's six children (not given by name). James Thompson, "my grandchild," and John Sheldon, Senior (who married his son Simon's widow) ; his son Jonathan he appoints his exccntor ; Samuel Blodgett, Senior, and John Mousall, overseers, and he gave Mr. Blodgett "Mr. Rogers his book," and Mr. Mousall, "a pair of new gloves."

(II) Jonathan Thompson, son of James Thompson (i), born in England, died at Woburn, October 20, 1691, married November 28, 1685, Susanna Blodgett (Thomas), died February 6, 1697-8, a daughter of his father's second wife who bore her mother's name. He inherited his father's homestead. He was the first male teacher ever employed under the authority of the town of Woburn.. He was also in subsequent years a constable and town sexton. Children: i. Susannah, born July 4, 1661, married March 7, 1700, Abraham Roberts of Reading. 2. Jonathan, born September 28. 1663, see forward. 3. James, born 1666, died young. 4. James born June 27, 1667, married October 22, 1695, Sarah Trask. 5. Sarah, born June i, 1670, married April 11, 1692, John Swan. 6. Simon, born June 15, 1673, married December 12, 1700, Anna Butterfield. 7. Ebenezer, born August 18, 1676, died February 19, 1697-8. unmarried.

(III) Jonathan Thompson, son of Jonathan Thompson (2), born September 28, 1663. died 1748, married Frances Whitmore, daughter of Francis Whitmore, of Cambridge. He was a resident of Woburn, in the part now North Woburn. Children: i. Jonathan, born February 9, 1689-90. married first. September 3, 1713, Phebe Carter, of Woburn; married second, Abigail Fowle, of Woburn. 2. Hannah, born January 28, 1691-92, married Josiah Pierce. 3. Joseph, born October 20, 1694, married December 30, 17 18, Sarah Bradshaw, of Aledford. 4. James, born November 14.

married Mary Hancock, of Lexington. 5. Susannah, born July 6, 1699, married March 21, 1722, Benjamin Mead. 6. Ebenezer, born March 30, 1701, see forward. 7. Mary, born August 18, 1703, married first, William Cowdry, of Reading; married second, January 20. 1736-7, Captain Isaac Hartwell, of Oxford. 8. Samuel, born September 8, 1705. married Ruth Wright, of Woburn. 9. Patience, born October 25, 1713. married Timothy Lamson, of Concord. 10. Esther, married 1740, Amos Lamson. 11. Jabez, married November 13, 1735, Lydia Snow. 12. Daniel, died young.

1755, married September 2^, 1728, Hannah Converse, born May 10, 1706, daughter of Captain Robert and Mary (Sawyer) Converse of Woburn. He was captain of the local militia company designated as the second foot company of the second regiment of Middlesex County, of which regiment Eleazer Tyng, Esq., was colonel. Thompson's commission was dated July 3, 1753. He occupied the house now standing, known as the Rumford birthplace. Children: i. Benjamin, born November 2'], 1729, see forward. 2. Ebenezer, born September 15, 1731, graduated Harvard College, 1752, and became the pastor of the church at York, Maine, where he died unmarried in 1755- 3- Hannah, born September 21, 1734. married March 8, 1753, Benjamin Flagg of Woburn. 4. Hiram, born May 17, 1743, married February 3, 1767, Bridget Snow of Woburn.

1730, died at Baldwin, Maine, June 18, 181 1. daughter of Lieutenant James and Mary (Fowle) Simonds; she married second, January I. 1756. Josiah Pierce, of Woburn. Benjamin Thompson died before completing his twenty-sixth year, and resided in the house of his father, now known as the Rumford birthplace. His gravestone is standing in the first burial ground of Woburn. Child: i. Benjamin, born March 26, 1753, see forward.

(VI) Benjamin Thompson, son of Benjamin Thompson (5), born March 26, 1753, died in Paris, France, August 21, 18 14, married first, November, 1772, or December 25. 1772, Sarah (W^alker) Rolfe, widow of Benjamin Rolfe, and daughter of Reverend Timothy and Eunice (Burbeen) Walker, of Rumford, now Concord, New Hampshire ; she was born August 6, 1739, and died January 19, 1792. He married second, October 24, 1805, Marie Anne Pierrette (Paulze) Lavoisier^ born at Montbrison, January 20, 1758, died at Paris, February 10, 1836, daughter of M. Paulze, farmergeneral of the finances, and widow of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, the famous chemist and discoverer of oxygen. Child: i. Sarah, born October 18, 1774. (?) died at Concord, New Hampshire. December 2, 1852.

His Simonds ancestry is this: i. James Simonds, of Concord and Woburn, whose second wife was Judith (Phippen) Hayward, to whom he was married January 18, 1643-4. Their son, 2. James Simonds, born at Wo- burn, November i, 1658, died September 15, 1717, married December 29, 1685, Susanna Blodgett (Samuel. 2, Thomas,:), died February 9, 1714-15. Their son, 3, Lieutenant James Simonds, born November i, 1686, died July 30, 1775, in his eighty-ninth year, married June 17. 1714, Mary Fowle (Captain James, 3, "Lieutenant James, 2, George, i), born June 18, 1689, died Alarch 9, 1762. Their daughter, Ruth Simonds, born October 10, 1730, married May 30, 1752, Benjamin Thompson (5), and was the mother of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rum ford.

His Converse ancestry is this : Deacon Edward Converse of Woburn, son of Allen Converse, was the father of Lieutenant James Converse, who died at Woburn, Alay 10, 171 5, aged ninety-five years ; married first, October 24, 1643, Anna Long, of Charlestown (Robert), born about 1625, died August 10, 1691. Their son. Major James Converse, born November 16, 1645, died July 8, 1706. married January i, 1669, Hannah Carter (Captain John), born January 19, 1651, who married second, November 22, 1708, Henry Summers, of Charlestown. Their son Captain Robert Converse, born December 29, 1677, died July 20, 1736, married December 19, 1698, Mary Sawyer, daughter of Joshua and Sarah ( A\"right-Potter ) Sawyer. Their daughter, Hannah Converse, born May 10, 1706, married September 27, 1728, Ebenezer Thompson (4).

So much has been written RUMFORD concerning the life of Count Rumford that the principal events in the career of this remarkable man may be summarized in a cursory manner geographically for the sake of convenient reference, paying particular attention in passing, to a few facts or incidents that are not generally known.

At Woburn. - Woburn was the place of his birth. Aside from the date of the event and the names of his parents, and the fact that his father died soon after the birth of his distinguished son, and that his mother soon married again, almost nothing is actually known of his early childhood. He was brought up in the residence of his stepfather, Josiah Pierce ; attended the Woburn grammar school, kept by the celebrated master, John Fowle ; was a playmate with younger members of the Baldwin family, his stepfather's opposite neighbors ; attended scientific lectures at Harvard

College with Loammi Baldwin, later famous as a colonel under Washington in the Revolutionary War and a projector of the Middlesex Canal and as the namesake of the Baldwin apple.

Dr. George E. Ellis, the author of the only standard "Life of Count Rumford" (Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, with notices of his daughter. By George E. Ellis. Published for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston)* mentions Rumford as dependent on his own exertions, without inherited means, or patronage, or even good fortune ; and while this may be to some extent true of his early life in Woburn, it was not true of his later life. Likewise it must be admitted that he had in his early, as he had in his later life, a lack of that rigid purity of principle, which, as even Dr. Ellis admits, would not insure with propriety all his domestic relations being the subject of exact record. The cause of these failings in virtue is referred to the influences he encountered on foreign soil, and to foreign customs in such matters which ])revailed in his day.

The emblazoned diploma of arms which he received in his thirty-first year from the king of England when he became a knight, states in dignified terms that he was the "son of Benjamin Thompson, late of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, Gent: deceased, and one of the most ancient families in North America ; . . . . that his ancestors have ever lived in reputable situations in that country where he was born, and have hitherto used the arms of the ancient and respectable family of Thompson, of the county of York, from a constant tradition that they derived their descent from that source."

He was born, it is said, in the west end of the house now standing at North Woburn. and generally known by the name of the Rumford birthplace. His widowed mother was remarried when he was three years old, and his stepfather took his new wife and her child to

*"The Life of Iluniford by Prof. James Renwick" (Spark's Biography, 2nd ser.. vol. V.) is the next consideralile American performance on the subject. Professor Renwick expresses obligation for the use of a manuscript belonging to Josiah Pierce, half-brother of Count Rumford. entitled by its author "Outlines of the Family, Infancy and Childhood of Ben.iamin Thompson, Count Rumford." This manuscript 'was in existence in 1845, but its present whereabouts is to us unknown. Josiah Pierce, half brother of Count Rumford. married Phebe, daughter of Daniel and Phebe (Snow) Thompson, of Wobvirn. His wife's father was killed in the battle of Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775. For an account of their children see "Thompson Memorial" (Boston. 1S87), p. 50. This branch of the Pierce family were among the founders of the present town of Rumford, Maine.

The fact which has been stated, particularly in France, that the child's stepfather banished him from his house in his infancy, whether this information be gotten from Count Rumford himself or not, must be taken with much allowance for the exuberance of the French imagination. For it was contrary to the usual New England character and contrary to the regard which Count Rumford afterwards showed to his mother and her children born of Josiah Pierce. That his early life was always smooth we do not pretend to assert, but that any excessive cruel treatment was given the child, that we deny. Making allowance for overcolored statement,, a few facts from the Count's lips are here advanced ;

'Tf the death of my father had not contrary to the order of nature, preceded that of my grandfather, who gave all his property to my uncle, his second son, I should have lived and died an American husbandman. Shortly after the death of my father, my mother contracted a second marriage which proved for her a source of misfortune. A tyrannical husband took me away from my grandfather's house with her. I was then a child ; my grandfather, who survived my father only a few months, left me but a very slender subsistence. I was then launched at the right time upon a world which was almost strange to me, and I was obliged to form the habit of tliinking and acting for myself and of depending on myself for a livelihood.

"My ideas were not }et fixed ; one project succeeded another, and perhaps T should have acquired a habit of indecision and inconsistency, perhaps I should have been poor and unhappy all my life, if a wonioii had not loved me, - if she had not given me a subsistence, a home, an independent fortune."

Anticipating a little, we continue: "1 married, or rather, I was married, at the age of nineteen. I espoused the widow of a Colonel Rolfe, daughter of the Rev. Mr. Walker, a highly respectable minister, and one of the first settlers of Rumford. He was already connected with my family. He heartily approved of the choice of his daughter, and he himself united our destinies. This excellent man became sincerely attached to me : he directed my studies, he formed my taste, and my position was in every respect the most agreeable that could possible be imagined."

It is admitted bv Baron Cuvier that Rumford had informed him himself that he would have probably remained in the modest condition of his ancestors if the little fortune which they had to leave him had not been lost during his infancy. Thus a misfortune in early life, as in many other cases, was the cause of his subsequent reputation. His grandfather, from whom he had everything to expect, had given all he possessed to a younger son, leaving his grandson almost penniless." This and the loss of his father and the second marriage of his mother, and his so stated removal from her care, leads to the conclusion that "Nothing could be more likely than such a destitute condition to induce a premature display of talent."

These statements and imputations resting ap])arently upon positive assertions made by himself, however, leave room for supposing that his eulogists, being both of them Frenchmen, may have erred in a matter of sentiment, by exaggerated expressions. ( 1^11 is. Fife, j). 10.) Common reputation gives him an excellent mother, who never neglected him, but 3.ppears to have treated him with a redcnibled love. His own letters to her, when in a state (jf ])opular celebrity, comfort and affluence abroad, in her later years, are full of affection and tender regard. The alleged tyranny of his stepfather finds no statement on the part of the new husband's descendants as a reason for the justification of any charges of that kind. Tlie stepfather appears to be in every aspect of the case a kind and faithful husband and took his wife's child with her to a new home, as already shown. The eldest son by her second marriage grew up with the Count as a pla\niale. and in after life as a corresjjondent. and a son of this half-brother never heard anything from his father that would warrant an imputation of ill treatment.

It is not to be doubted from liis insistent will during life, that he exercised the i)atience and sympathy of his friends somewhat severely, and by, perhaps, at the outset, a determined unwillingness to apply himself to any routine and rewarding work in accordance witli their old-fashioned New England ideas. .

It is evident from the handwriting of the Count when he was only thirteen years of age, and from the spelling and the almost faultless grammatical expressions in his letters and coiupositions before he had reached manhood, and from his skill in accounts, that he had not only remarkable native powers, but had been the subject of careful and thorough training. Oedit for this is given to his village teacher. Master lohn Fowle, a graduate of Harvard

College in 1747, a man of unusually good reputation in this line of work. The handwriting of Rum ford was clear, strong and elegant in his youth, and it remained so through his life, and it has been asserted that the mode of instruction through which young Rumford and his contemporaries passed afforded a superior training with more signal results than was realized later under more elaborate provisions for elementary education. Rumford indicated from his earliest years an intense mental inclination for things scientific in their nature, and showed a particular ardor for mathematics, and his leisure was devoted to the manufacture of ingenious mechanical contrivances leading early in his career to an interest in the deeper principles of mechanics and natural philosophy, as it was then understood.

It is said of him that he was for a time a pupil in a school at Byfield, under the charge of a relative ; that he was, when eleven years old, put under the care of an able teacher in Medford, named Hill; that in 1766 he was apprenticed to a Mr. John Appleton, of Salem, an importer of foreign goods, and a bill for goods bought from his store and receipted by Rumford when he was only fourteen years old is remarkable for grace of penmanship, mercantile style, and business-like signature. But his career in Salem is to be treated separately, and we pass on to a later date in Woburn.

In 1 77 1 young Rumford began the study of medicine with Dr. John Hay, of Woburn. He appears to have been a boarder in his house from December 15, 1770, to June 15, 1772. Dr. Hay lived on the estate now known as the Kimball estate, 732 Main street, Central Square, and his house at a later date was called the ''Black House," and was standing as late as 1854. Dr. Hay returned about 1780 to his native town of Reading, where his father was also a physician. While boarding at Dr. Hay's, Rumford attended Mr. Winthrop's lectures at Cambridge ( 1771 ) and from December 9,

1772, he was doing the same. And in June, 1772, he was absent for the part of a week at I'radford, probably arranging for work of a similar kind, as he is credited with having been a teacher there.

The following is an account of the division of his time while a student at Dr. Hays : "From eleven at night to six in the morning, sleep. At six, arise, and wash my hands and face. From six to eight, morning, exercise one-half and sludv one-half the time. Eight to ten A. M., breakfast, attend prayers. From ten to twelve, study all the time. From twelve to one, dine. From one to four, study constantly. From four to five, relieve my mind by some diversions or exercises. From five till bedtime, follow what my inclination leads me, whether it be to go abroad, or stay at home and read either anatomy, physic, or chemistry, or any book I want to peruse." His studies while at Dr. Hay's were divided into days. The list was anatomy, physic, surgery, cliemistry and the materia medica.

The above data are taken from minutes made by Rumford himself at the time. Through the influence of Baldwin he obtained with his friend the privilege of attending Professor Winthrop's lectures at Cambridge, neither young man being a regular student at the college there. It is said that they walked to and from the place to their homes at Woburn, and were in the habit of repeating the experiments witnessed, with rude apparatus of their own contrivance, at their homes afterward.

The exact time when Rumford taught school in Bradford is not definitely stated, but it was some time in the year 1772. His experience here led to his being appointed in the same year to the mastership of a school in Concord, New Hampshire, then known as a town by the name of Rumford; but his arrival there was followed by his speedy marriage.

It is our intention to ignore the various traditions which have befogged the actions of Count Rumford in Woburn about the time of the battle of Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775. and present only an extract from a letter of that time which has a very pointed reference to him in connection with his arrest on that date, while he was at his mother Pierce's house in North Woburn, by a military company of the town when he was confined there by an illness, probably the one he mentions in his letter of October i, 1775, which we have quoted elsewhere. He said, "I came out of Boston a few days before the affair at Lexington," having "enjoyed, since I left Boston a very indifferent share of health." It is supposed then that he took refuge at his mother's, and was ill there on the day of April 19, as before hinted. The quotation from the other letter mentioned is here presented. It is an autogranh letter from Major Josiah Johnson to James Fowle. Esq.. dated September 9, 1775, both influential men of middle life in the then town of Woburn :" well equipped, for the assistance and relief of their distressed hrethren at Concord, whither the Ministerial troops had stolen their march for the destruction of our magazine there deposited, whose heroic deeds under the prudent conduct of Captain Jonathan Fox and others (on the emergency of the 19th of April last) greatly added to the glorious achievements of that memorable day. . . Though we don't hnd this Captain Fox justly charged with the illboding conduct of promoting the escape of a supposed enemy that day captivated and committed to safekeeping by the heroism of others, whose worthy deeds justly entitled them to a much better fortune ; a fact notoriously regretted.'"*

His release is credited and probably correctly to the intiuence of his friend llaldwin. He had his trial later. Woburn is only five miles from Lexington, and hesitation on the part of any man to go to the field on Lexington's battle-day was, under the excitement which prevailed, a dangerous thing to display. It is commonly believed tliat every able-bodied Woburn man was present in the engagement, and the excuses of the few left, who did not go, were rigidly inquired into, and Rumford's case among the rest. The appearance of a militia com])any before his house on the evening of that day and its object, is clearly explained by the letter which we have (|uoted. Rum ford was indeed favored by having influential friends throughout the whole of his career.

In a letter written from Woburn, !May 11, 1775. he says, "Since ^frs. Thomi)son has been at Woburn she has l)een \ery unwell, which has ])revented her coming to Concord this week as was proposed." On May 16, following, he was arrested in Woburn, and his trial was appointed at the meeting-house in the first parish of that town, on Thursday, May [8. at two P. J\L Baldwin states in his diary that Rumford was taken u]). as a Tory, but nothing was found against him, and the court adjourned to the following ^Monday. The final action in his case is preserved by his friend Baldwin, in words that show that the Woburn committee having charge of the case reported that they did not find in any one instance that the accused had shown a "disposition unfriendly to American Liberty," but that his general behavit)r had "evinced the direct contrarv."

*In the "Journals of the Provincial Congres.s is preserved a petition of Count Itumrord in reference to liis trial at Woburn in May, 1775. It contains nothing- new in idea, howevei-. beyond what we ]) resent, i - 6

It appears after his release that Rumford remained in this vicinity. On June 4, 1775, he viewed the military works at Boston, in company with Baldwin (then an x\merican major) from Lechmere's Point, Cam1)ridge, and on June 13 Baldwin reports that "Major Thompson went to Woburn."' He was still in this vicinity in August, 1775. In that month he decided to quit the country. He made all his arrangements with deliberate preparation. After making his decision he remained two months in and about Woburn, and on October 13' 1775' accompanied by his stepbrother, Josiah Pierce, he started from Woburn in a country vehicle, and drove near to the bounds of the province, on the shore of the Narragansett Bay, whence young Pierce returned. Rumford was then taken by a boat on board the "Scarborough,"" a British frigate which lay in the harbor of Newport.

The following apology for his unpopularity among the Americans at the opening of the Revolutionary War was written about 1847 by a Scotchman, and published in "Chambers Mi.scellany,"' (N. 5). His position comes as near the truth as we shall ever know.

"The truth,"' .says this writer, "seems to be that not only was Thompson, as a man in comfortable circumstances, was fond of the consideration and opportunities of enjoyment which they afforded him, averse to anv disturbance, such as a war between the colonies and the mother country would cause, but that his constitution and temperament, his liking for calm intellectual pursuits, disciualified him from taking part in political agitation. Many men who have distinguished themselves in literature and science have, as a matter of principle, kept themselves aloof from the controversies and political dissensions of their time, alleging that, however important such questions might be, it was not in discussing them that their powers could be employed to most advantage. In the case of Thompson, however, who as yet had not begun to lay claim to the character of a man devoted to scientific pursuits, his countrymen thought, not altogether unreasonably, that they had grounds of complaint. What employment was he engaged in, that he ought to be exempted from the duty of a citizen - that of taking interest in public afifairs ? So, probably, the most candid and considerate of the American patriots reasoned ; and as for the great mass of the

Colonel Baldwin, his intimate friend, writing in 1805, confirms the idea of his indifference: "From this general view of the conduct of Major Thompson and his manner of leaving America, some may have received unfavorable impressions of his character. But he had never made politics his study and never perhaps seriously considered the origin and progress of the contest; and if he sought for employment against his countrymen, he had sufficient opportunities of being gratified.'"*

At Salem. - Rumford as a youth was apprenticed to a merchant in Salem, October 14, 1766. He lived in his master's family as a member of the household. It was here, it is said, that he was interested in playing the fiddle, an instrument upon which he was a skillful performer. Here he continued until about October, 1769. An enlightened minister, the Rev. Thomas Barnard, gave him his friendship and encouragement. As he says, himself. "The father of one of my companions, a very respectable minister, and, besides, enlightened (by name Barnard) gave me his friendship, and of his own prompting, undertook to instruct me. He taught me algebra, geometry, astronomy, and even the higher mathematics. Before the age of fourteen, I had made sufficient progress in this class of studies to be able without his aid, and even without his knowledge, to calculate and trace rightly the elements of a solar eclipse. We observed it together, and my computation was correct within four seconds. I shall never forget the intense pleasure which this success afl^orded me, nor the praises which it drew from him. 1 had been destined for trade, but after a short trial my thirst for knowledge became inextinguishable, and I could not ap-

*The reader is referred to the life by Professor Renwick (Spark's Biographies) for many particulars regarding- Rumford'.s life in Woburn and Salem, based apparently on tlie statements in the manuscript of Josiah Pierce (half -brother! already referred to in a previous note. These statements are repeated in tlie ai'ticle on Count Rumford in the "Chambers Miscellany," published about 1847. Wliile very interesting we have omitted them here, because of their evidently overcolored and traditionary character. One of them was, and the truth of it we do not deny, that the Woburn meetinghouse was crowded to its very doors at the time his trial was held. This meeting-house then stood on tlie present Woburn Common, nnd was within a short distance of the spot where Rumford's admirable statue now stands.

Renwick's work when compared with Rumford's memoranda presented in the latter work of Ellis, shov^rs many inaccuracies in dates, though his statements are in other respects correct. This refers to statements of fact regarding the events of his life in America. It is supposed that Renwick used the important part of the Pierce manuscript and the Baldwin article of 1805, which he refers to.

While in Salem he had permission to make occasional visits to Woburn, and walked one night from there to show his friend Baldwin parts of a machine he had made in the direction of solving the principle of "perpetual motion." His services to his employer at Salem beoming less necessary, owing to the obstructions imposed upon trade before the opening of the Revolutionary War, he was sent to Boston and apprenticed to a similar business to that he had been at Salem.

In Boston. - In Boston he was placed as an apprentice clerk with a Mr. Hopestill Capen. a dry-goods dealer. This was in the autumn of 1769. Here he attended a French evening school for the purpose of learning that language, but his stay in Boston was short, owing to the falling off in business caused by the depression of the times. Dr. Ellis gives a number of instances of Rumford's precocity during the period of his stay in Sal(Mn and Boston, but they are mostly of a character of which Rumford would be ashamed in his after life.*

At Concord, New Hampshire. - An immature lad of nineteen, Rumford married a wealthy widow of thirty-three. She had been married when about thirty to an elderly bachelor of about sixty. She was the daughter of a clergyman, and the facts of their union have been given in the genealogy preceding this article. The widow's husband died December 21, 1 77 1. The date of her second marriage is said to have been about November, 1772, and it is also related that his mother's consent was obtained in the course of a rather sensational journey on the part of the couple to her abode in Woburn. But this is a matter of tradition. Something more definite is this : His friend Baldwin writes of him at this period as a person of a "fine manly make and figure, nearly' six feet in height, of handsome features, bright blue eyes, and dark auburn hair." He seems to have been satisfactory to his Concord friends as a teacher, and in a letter from there to his mother in Woburn he writes, "I have had 106 scholars at my school, but only have seventy at once."

*These incidents are also related with even more fullness of detail by Renwick. The most important was his narrow escape from serious injury and the loss of his life in an explosion of gunpowder with which he vi^as preparing some fireworks for a celebration.

Dover, ten miles from Portsmouth, at which both were present, on the 13th of November. 1772, he attracted the attention of the royal governor, to whom he was introduced, and on the following day was a guest at his table. The result was a commission as major in the militia, conferred by the governor on the future Count. This commission was bestowed ^)n Rumford over the heads of men in the line <_)f promotion, ynd resulted, for political and military reasons, in his becoming the subject of jealous feeling and hostile criticism. So far as is known he was at that time devoid of both military knowledge and experience. It was not s(j afterwards. And whatever may be said, it was the opinion of the men of that day that Rumford from the outset of his military career was at heart a loyalist ; and W'entworth. the governor to whom he was indebted for his rise to military rank, was the last royal governor of New Hampshire. How much ( and doubtless it was much) feminine influence may have helped to secure his elevation to office is not determined. It is evident to the most superficial observer that his wife's influence was a ]:)otent factor in l)ringing about the result. Her father and brother were staunch supporters of the .American side in the Revolutiou. and it is likely her notions afterwards were never again urged either on one side or the other of the controversy.

For a time, about 1773, Rumford became a gentleman farmer on his wife's estate. He had broad acres to till and em])loyed many laborers. To Baldwin he wrote in the middle of Jul}'. 1773. "1 am engaged in husbandry." In .\ugust. 1774. he wrote: "I have been extremely busy tliis summer, or I shotfld have given mvself the pleasure of coming to see you."

At Concord. New llamp^hire. where his family connections were the most powerful set among the inhabitants. Rumford was protected for a time by their influence. However, by the people at large he was distrusted. He was summoned before a committee at Concord in the summer of 1774 to answer to the suspicion of "being unfriendly to the cause of Liberty," and he positively denied the charge, and challenged proof. No proceeding ensued against him, and he was discharged. In November, 1774. a mob gathered round his dwelling and demanded his appearance. Had Rumford been with'n he would have been foully dealt with. But he had secretly left Concord just before. His wife and her brother, Colonel \\'alker, came forth and assured the mob that her husband was not in town, and the gathering dispersed.

Rumford thought it was to be only a temporary separation from the place. His wife and infant child were with him afterwards at Woburn and Boston, but his separation from Concord was perpetual. He found himself unsafe at Woburn, and next sought safety in Charlestown, and on his own admission he boarded in Boston (the seat of a British army) until a few days before the 19th of April, 1775- These facts are obtained from an interesting letter of Rumford's, in which, seeking for his goods, he gives incidentally an account of his movements at the beginning of the Revolution. Separating these facts from the vagaries of tradition, one gets a much clearer idea of the truth.

October i, 1775. "I came out of Boston a few days before the affair at Lexington on the 19th .\pril. and have since not been able to return. When I left the town 1 little imagined that a return would be thus difficult, or, rather impossible, and therefore took no care to provide for such a contingency. ... I cannot conclude without informing you that since I left r>oston I have enjoyed but a very indift'erent share of health. . . . Since the 12th of August I have been confined to my room the greatest part of the time, and this is the nineteenth day since 1 have had a settled fever u])on me, which I fear is not come to a crisis yet. ... I have not been out of the Province of Massachusetts Pay since I saw you. Mrs. Thompson and little Sally* were with me during the month of May. since which time 1 have not had the pleasure of seeing either of them.''

The events in Rumford's life after tlie few da\'s before the 19th of April, 1775, when the struggle actually began wdiich separated the United States of America from the English government, are continued under the heading "Woburn" in this article.

Great Brit.mn. - .After boarding a British frigate in the harbor of Newport. Rumford sailed in her to Roston. and remained there until the evacuation of that town by the British forces, of which event he was the bearer of tidings to England. Llenceforward to the end of the war he was in the service of the British government. The intelligence of the evacuation was made public in London in May. 1776, but it is sui;])osed that through Rumford's agenc}- the event had been known to the government before. There will be no further attempt in this article to trace minutely his future movements or to palliate his motives. On the occasion of his arrival, "by the clearness of his details and the gracefulness of his manners, he insinuated himself so far into the graces of Lord George Ciermaine that he took him into his employment.'" In 1779 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1780 he was made "Under Secretary of State for the Northern Department," and the oversight of all the practical details for recruiting, equipping, transporting and victualling the' British forces, and many other incidental arrangements, was committed to him. He held this office about a year. He next sought active service in the British army, and he was on the American side of the ocean in 1782, and he was honored at the age of twenty-eight with the commission in the British army of a lieutenant-colonel. He provided for himself by raising a regiment among the loyal Americans, or Tories, of his native land. He himself said, he "went to America to command a regiment of cavalry which he had raised in that country for the King's service." He disembarked at Charleston, South Carolina, passed the winter there, led his corps often against the enemy, and was always successful in his enterprises. Here he had the reputation of defeating the famous Marion's brigade, when its commander was absent, who, however, came in season to take part in the action, but had the mortification of witnessing the discomfiture of his little band. In the spring of 1782 Rumford sailed from Charleston to New York, and took command of his regiment there awaiting him, and passed the winter with his command at Huntington, Long Island. It has been asserted, and apparently with truth, that he was merely quartered there from having nothing to do elsewhere. Cornwallis had already surrendered, and Rum ford, by leave of absence dated April 11, 1783, returned direct to England, where he was advanced to a colonelcy, and thus secured half-pay on the British establishment for the remainder of his life.

In Germaxy. - Rum ford, on his return from America, readily obtained leave of the king to visit the continent. He accordingly left England in September, 1783. He arrived at Strasburg, where the Prince Maximilian of Deux Fonts, then field-marshal in the service of France, and later Elector of Bavaria, was in garrison, who, when commanding on parade, saw among the spectators an ofificer in a foreign uniform, mounted on a fine English horse, whom he addressed. The officer was

Rum ford, and thus began an acquaintance which had a ('ccisive influence on his future career. The Elector of Bavaria, Charles Theodore, uncle to the above Frince Maximilian, gave Rum ford an earnest invitation to enter into his service in a joint military and civil capacity. The English king granted Rumford the permission desired, and also conferred on him the honor of knighthood. He therefore entered, at Munich, in 1784, on the service of the Elector. His labors ranged from subjects of the homeliest nature in relation to the common people, up to the severest tests and experiments in the interests of practical science. On his arrival the Elector appointed him colonel of a regiment of cavalry and general aide-de-camp. He soon learned that the development of resources and the reform of abuses were the emergent needs of the Electorate. He made reforms in the army and for the removal of mendicity. The manner of their accomplishment has been a "household tale" for a century and a quarter.*

In 1788 the Elector made him a majorgenera! of cavalry and privy councillor of state. He was put at the head of the war dejiartment. He was raised in 1791 to the rank of a Count of the Holy Roman Empire, and selected as his title the former name of the village in his own native country, wdiere he had first enjoved the favors of fortune, - that is, Rumford; and. criticize as one may, this distinction was won by merit. In 1796 he ]:)ublished his Essays - altogether on scientific subjects - in London. He had by 1797, "by his own exertions acquired a sufficiency" not only for his own "comfortable support" during his life, but also to enable him to make a handsome provision for his daughter. He was therefore willing to renounce all claims he might have on his late wife's estate, and engage his daughter to do so. He insisted, however, on the exchange of receipts. His fame was also by this time well established in America. The property of his deceased wife came for the most part from her former husband, and would go mainly to her son by him. A portion of the widow's dower which she had enjoyed as Mrs. Thompson, would legally descend to Rumford's daughter by her. On the event of a satisfactory arrangement with her relatives the Count agreed to assume the whole responsibility of her maintenance thereafter, and of provision for her survival, and that he would influence her to make a will in which in the event of her death all she received from these relatives would be returned to them or to their heirs. Her grandfather Walker left her a legacy of £140, to be received when she was marriefl or when she was eighteen years of age. It is understood that all these matters were adjusted in a satisfactory manner. Rumford's foreign duties, however, and his obligations to the Elector, debarred him from serving in certain positions in England, and especially in the position of Minister Plenipotentiary from Bavaria to the Court of Great Britain, to which he had been appointed, it being contrary to the rules to receive in that capacit\- from another country a British subject. At the age of forty-five Count Rum ford had attained the climax of his political services.

C0NCLU.S10N. - From 1800 to the<Iate of his death in a suburb of Paris. .Vugust 21, 1814, Count Rumford's career furnishes less interest for Americans. He was engaged in 1799 in the establishment of a new scientific institution in London, called the Royal Institution of Great Britain, on a plan regarded exclusively as his own. He had reasons for believing that his official position in Bavaria would no longer yield the fruits it liad ])rcviously enjoyed, and so he turned his attention more strictly to the pursuits of science. It is not our intention to enlarge on this, as there is plenty of published material at hand for any one who is interested to investigate it. .\ significant incident in connection with the name of his .\merican birthplace, was his visit with his friend Pictet to Woburn Abbey, England, in the year 1801. He was in Paris before 1807. Previously, in 1805, he contracted a marriage with the rich widow of a celebrated hVencli chemist. The money settled upon him by his second wife, or its remainder, he left by will to different institutions; the reversion of half his Bavarian pension he left to his daughter. Owing to incompatibility (^f dispositions the couple se])arated by mutual agreement in 1809. The state of war in Europe aggravated his troubles and those of his second wife by preventing their contemplated travels for pleasure.

The subject with which, as a physicist, he was chiefly engaged was the nature and effects of heat. A superb bronze statute of him was set up in 1867, in one of the public squares of Munich, and a replica, the gift of a private citizen, was in 1899 erected in Woburn.

meet licr there. She went with him to Bavaria, and remained abroad a little more than three 3'ears. The particulars of her stay are given in Ellis" Life. She received the title of Countess in 1797 from the Elector of Bavaria, and a pension which lasted during her life. She made a second visit to her father in 181 1, and remained in France and England many years after her father's death. The Countess says, in her memoranda, that while her father was a great favorite with the ladies, some of them sharp])- censured him for the four following faults: "First, for living so short a time with his wives, considering him, from it, a l)ad husband ; second, for taking sides against his country ; third, letting his daughter get on as she could, he revelling at the time in the city of Paris; fourth, that he should pitch on Paris a> a ])ermanent residence, when both in Munich, and in London he had made himself so useful, had won such honors, and had such distinguished associates and friends." This, it should be understood, was the judgment of European women of his ac(|uaintance, and Sarah displayed more wisdom than she is usually accredited with wdien she made a record of it. Iler attractions and ability were in no degree remarkable. In 1835 she came to America and again went abroad in 1838. In 1844 she came back. She died in the chamber in which she was born. December 2. 1852, and her remains lie buried in the old burial-ground at Concord, New Hampshire. By inheritance and otherwise she left a handsome estate. She devised her homestead and fifteen thousand dollars in monc}- to trustees to found an institution in Concord to be called "The Rolfe and Rum ford Asylum" for young female orphans. The funds were allowed to accumulate. This institution was ojjened for use about 1882. and has been in successful operation since.

A translation of part of Count Rumford's epitaph at Paris (the original is in the French language) is here inserted as an admirable tribute to his worth ;

Celebrated IMiysicist ! Enlightened Philanthropist ! His Discoveries on Light and Heat have made His Name Famous. Plis Labors for the Bettering the Conditions of the Poor will Cause Him to be Forever Cherished by the Friends of Humanity.

The following significant opinion of Rumford's life was written in the year 1847, ^'""^^ forms the conclusion of the sketch in "Chambers Miscellany" :

"Rumford, whose memoirs we have now detailed, was not a faultless character, or a person in every respect exemplary ; but making due allowances for circumstances in which he was at the outset unfortunately placed, and keeping in mind that every man is less or more the creature of the age in which he lives, we arrive at the conclusion that few individuals occupying a public position have been so thoroughly deserving of esteem. The practical, calm, and comprehensive nature of his mind, his resolute and methodical habits, the benevolence and usefulness of his projects, all excite our admiration. Cuvier speaks of Rumford as "having been the benefactor of his species without loving or esteeming them, as well as of holding the opinion, that the mass of mankind ought to be treated as mere machines" - a remark which is applicable to not a few men who have been eminent for labors of a humane description, and which naturally gives rise to this other remark - that a good intellectual method, directed to practical ends, is often of more value to mankind than what is called a good heart."

Cuvier's remarks, above referred to, were more fully as follows: "But it must be confessed that he exhibited in conversation and intercourse, and in all his demeanor, a feeling which would seem most extraordinary in a man who was always so well treated by others, and who had himself done so much good to others. It was as if while he had been rendering all these services to his fellow-men he had no real love or regard for them. It would appear as if the vile passions which he had observed in the miserable objects committed to his care, or those other passions, not less vile, which his success and fame had excited among his rivals, had imbittered him towards human nature. So he thought it was not wise or good to intrust to men in the mass the care of their own well-being. The right, which seems so natural to them, of judging whether they are wisely governed, appeared to him to be a fictitious fancy born of false notions of enlightenment. His views of slavery were nearly the same as those of a plantation-owner. He regarded the government of China as coming nearest to perfection, because in giving over the people to the absolute control of their only intelligent men, and in lifting each of those who belonged to this hierarchy on the scale according to the degree of his intelligence, it made, so to speak, so many millions of arms the passive organs of the will of a few sound heads - a notion which I state without pretending in the slightest degree to approve it, and which, as we know, would be poorly calculated to find prevalence among European nations.

"M. de Rumford had cause for learning by his own experience that it is not so easy in the West as it is in China to induce other people to consent to be only arms ; and that no one is so well prepared to turn these arms of others to his own service as is one who has reduced them to subjection to himself. An empire such as he conceived would not have been more difficult for him to manage than were his barracks and poorhouses. He relied wholly on the principle of rigid system and order. He called order the necessary auxiliary of genius, the only possible instrument for securing any substantial good, and in fact almost a subordinate deity, for the government of this lower world."

De Candolle, the Swiss botanist, said of Rumford's personal appearance in later life: "The sight of him very much reduced our enthusiasm. We found him a dry, precise man, who spoke of beneficence as a sort of discipline, and of the poor as we had never dared to speak of vagabonds." Speaking of Rumford's second wife, he said: "I had relations with each of them, and never saw a more bizarre connection. Rumford was cold, calm, obstinate, egotistic. ])rodigiously occupied with the material element of life and the very smallest inventions of detail. He wanted his chimneys, lamps, cofifee pots, windows, made after a certain pattern, and he contradicted his wife a thousand times a day about the household managfement." Here we draw the veil. Another has said : "We enter into labors of Count Rumforcl every day of our lives, without knowing it or thinking of him." Professor John Tyndall said: "Men find pleasure in exercising the powers they possess, and Rum ford possessed, in its highest and strongest form, the power of organization.'' lialdwin says of his friend : "He laudably resolved not to sacrifice his bright talents to the m.onotonous occupations of domestic life. The world had higher charms for him. This ambition was to rise in the estimation of mankind by his usefulness. W^ith a mind susceptible to impressions from every quarter, he could nrit fix his attention upon any uniform line of conduct when 3'oung, and from this cause alone, a want of regularity in his behavior, impressions unfavorable to his character as a patriot were made upon the minds of his acquaintance at Concord. The people in their zeal for the American cause were too apt to construe indifference into a determined attachment to the British interest. Relieving that the benevolent plans which he afterwards adopted could never be executed but under the fostering hand of well-directed power, he sought a field for the exercise of his goodness and ingenuity where they could be executed, and where there was the most obviou.s demand."

Count Rum ford says himself in one of his essays: "It certainl}- re(|uired some courage and perhaps no small share of enthusiasm, to stand forth the voluntary chami)ion of the ])ul)lic good. Again he says: "1 am not unacquainted with the manners of the age. I have lived nnich in llie world, and have studied mankind attentively. I am fully aware of all the (lifticulties I have to encounter in the pursuit of the great object to whicli I have devoted myself."

Count Rumford. at the begmning of one of his Essays entitled ".\n Account of an Establishment for the Poor at Municii," says of himself: "Among the vicissitudes of a life checkered by a great variety of incidents, and in which I have been called upon to act in many interesting scenes, I have had an op- ])ortunity of employing my attention upon a subject of great importance - a subject intimately and inseparably connected with the hai)piness and well-doing of all civil societies, and which from its nature cannot fail to interest every benevolent mind : it is the providing for the wants of the poor, and securing their happiness and comfort by the intro- <luction of order and industry among them."

Jean Rivoire, the immigrant REVERE ancestor of the Revere family of Massachusetts, belonged to the ancient and distinguished family ofRivoires or De Rivoires of Romagnieu, France. They were Huguenots and some of the family fled from France during the Catholic Inquisition. He married ^lagdelaine ]\Ialaperge. Children: i. Simon, eklest son, was a refugee from France ; went first to Holland and afterwards settled in the Isle of Guernsey, Great Pritain ; took with him the coat-of-arms of the family, on a silver seal : and these arms were afterwards registered in the French Heraldry Book, in London, at the Herald's Ofiice. 2. Apollos. 3. Isaac, mentioned below.

(II) Isaac kivoire. son of Jean Rivoire (I ), was born about 1670 in France; married in 1694 Serenne Lambert. They had several children, one of whom was named Apollos, The following account of his birth was written in the family Pible by the father and a copy of it sent to Colonel I'aul Revere, Boston, by Matthias Rivoire. a second cousin, of Martel, near St. I'Oy. I*" ranee. "Apollos Rivoire, or son, was born the thirtieth of November, 1702, about ten o'clock at Night and was baptized at Riancaud, France, Apollos Rivoire. my brother, was his (jodfather and Anne Maulmon my sister-in-law his Godmother. He set out for Guernsey the 21st of November 1715." .According to the late General Joseph Warren Revere, Apollos, the father of the famous Paul Revere, became the true heir and lineal representative of his brother. Simon de Rivoire, and the .American branch of the family, consequently, is the legal heir at the present day. All the other heirs having become extinct, the American family would inherit the titles and estates if any now remained to inherit.

( 111 ) Apollos Rivoire, son of Lsaac Rivoire (2), was born in Riancaud, France, November 30, 1702. -As stated above he set out for the Isle of Guernsey. November 21, 1715. and must haVe reached the home of his uncle by the time his 1)irth(lay arrived. He was then thirteen and was apjjrenticed to his Uncle Simond who soon afterwards sent the boy to Boston, Massachusetts, with instructions to his correspondents to have him learn the goldsmith's trade, agreeing to defray all expenses. He learned his trade of John Cony, of Boston, who died August 20. 1722. Revere's "time." valued at forty pounds, was paid for, as shown by the settlement of Cony's estate. During the year 1723 he returned to Guernsey on a visit to his relatives, but determined to make his home in Boston and soon came back. He estabHshed himself in the business of a gold and silversmith, and modified his name to suit the demands of English tongues, to Paul Revere. But for many years the surname was variously spelled in the public records. "Reverie" and "Revear" being common. About May. 1730, he "removed from Captain Pitt's at the Town Dock to the north end over against Colonel Hutchinson's." This house was on North street, now Hanover, opposite Clark street, near the corner of Love lane, now Tileston street. He was a member of the New r.rick or "Cockerel" Church, so called from the cockerel weather vane which is still in service on the Shepherd Memorial Church, Cambridge. Samples of his handiwork have been preserved. A silver tankard owned now or lately by Mrs. William H. Emery, of Newton, Massachusetts, was made about 1747 for Rebecca Goodwill, whose name and the date are engraved on it.

(IV) Colonel Paul Revere, son of Paul Revere (Apollos Rivoire 3), was born in Boston, December 21, 1734, and was baptized December 22, 1734, the following day. He received his education from the famous ]\Iaster Tileston at the North grammar school, and then entered his father's shop to learn the trade of goldsmith and silversmith. 'He had much natural ability in designing and drawing and became a prominent engraver. He taught himself the art of engraving on copper. His early plates, of course, were crude in detail, but they were forceful and expressive, and his later work was characterized by a considerable degree of artistic merit and elegance. His unique abilities show to the best advantage in his craft of which he was a master. His services to the colonies in the struggle for independence and afterward by his skill as an engraver and artisan were as important, perhaps, as his military achievements, to the cause of liberty. One of his triumphs for the American cause was the manufacture of gunpowder at Canton, Massachusetts, when the only source of supply was in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the proprietor of which was hostile to the establishment of Revere's plant. He succeeded, however, and thus greatly strengthened the resources of the Northern army. He was also employed by the government to oversee the casting and manufacture of cannon, to engrave and print the notes issued in the place of money by Congress and by the state of Massachusetts. In addition to his shop, he established an important hardware store on Essex street, opposite the site of the famous Liberty Tree that was the center of much of the patriotic demonstration of pre-Revolutionary times. There was apparently no limit to the variety of work successfully essayed by Revere, for it is shown on abundant testimony that in his younger days he practiced with much skill the making and inserting of artificial teeth, an art that he learned of an English dentist temporarily located in Boston, and he also designed many of the frames that surrounded the paintings of his friend, Copley. These were, however, but incidents in comparison with the bolder undertakings of later years. In 1789 he established an iron foundry of considerable capacity and in 1792 began to cast church bells, the first of which, still in existence, was for the Second Church of Boston. He cast many bells, of which some are still in use in the old parish churches of Massachusetts. He took his son, Joseph Warren Revere, into business with him. Brass cannon and many kinds of metal work needed for the building and equipment of the ships of the navy were manufactured for the government. He invented a process of treating copper that enabled him to hammer and roll it while heated, thus greatly facilitating the manufacture of the bolts and spikes used in his work. In many respects the most important of all his enterprises was that of rolling copper into large sheets, established in t8oo, aided by the United States government to the extent of ten thousand dollars, to be re]3aid in sheet copper. It was the first copper rolling mill in the country. The plates were made in this mill for the boilers of Robert Eulton's steamboat and for the sheathing of many men-of-war. In 1828 the business was incorporated as the Revere Copper Company

He is best known perhaps for his part in the events preceding the battle of Lexington and Concord. The martial spirit that stirred him to such a degree in later life asserted itself first on the occasion of the campaign against the French in Canada in 1756, and he was at that time commissioned second lieutenant of artillery by Governor Shirley and attached to the expedition against Crown Point under the command of General John Winslow. His service in this campaign, however, proved tmeventful, and he returned some six months later to his business. From this time his allegiance to royal authority steadily waned. He became a prominent Whig leader in Pjoston. He was popular among his fellow patriots in the secret organization known as the Sons of Liberty. The meetings were conducted with great secrecy, chiefly at the Green Dragon tavern, and measures of imjiortance taken to resist the encroachments of the British authority on the rights that the colonies had enjoyed for a century or more. Revere was intrusted with the execution of many im])ortant affairs, often bearing dispatches of imi)ortance between the committees of safety and correspondence that virtually organized and carried on the Revolution itself. He was prominent at the time of the Stamp .\ct troubles, and he designed and published a number of famous cartoons and caricatures. His views of the landing of British troops in Boston and of the Boston massacre had a large influence on the public mind. In ])ursuance of the non-importation agreement the citizens of lioston took steps to prevent the landing of the cargo of the ship "Dartmouth," November 29, 1773; Revere himself was one of the guard of twenty-five appointed to carry out the vote of a public meeting provided that "the tea should not be landed," and he was one of the leaders of the Tea Party, December 16, 1773. That was the first act of open rebellion against the government ; the port of Boston was closed and Revere proceeded to New York and Philadelphia to secure the co-operation of the other colonies, and he took an important part in organizing the first confederacy of the provinces efi^ected in 1774. He made two more trips to the city of Philadelphia bearing messages from the Provincial congress of Massachusetts, as the re-organized general court was known. In Boston the situation was becoming critical. Dr. Joseph Warren sent for Revere, April 18, 1775, to tell him that the

British troops were gathering on the Boston Common and that he feared for the safety of Hancock and Adams who were at Lexington, whither he believed the British were preparing to go in quest of military stores. Revere undertook to warn the country ; received his signal that the expedition was making a start ; rode through Medford to Lexington. The other messenger, William Dawes, arrived half an hour later and the two messengers proceeded together to Concord and were soon joined by Dr. Prescott. They were surprised by British officers who had been patrolling" the road ; Dawes and Revere were ca])tured, while the more fortunate Prescott, who knew the country better, made his escape and warned Concord ; the alarm spreading thence in every direction through all the colonies. The prisoners were closely questioned and threatened, but suffered no actual violence and, during the excitement following a volley from the Lexington militia as they drew near Lexington, the prisoners were abandoned. He helped rescue the papers of Mr. Hancock from the Clark house, and while they were getting the trunk out of the house encountered the enemy but got away safely. Lcjngfellow's poem has made Revere's ride one of the classic adventures of .\merican history. Revere made his home in Charlestown and after .some weeks his wife and family joined him there. He made other perilous trips for the Whigs to New York and Philadelphia. After the Evacuation in 1776, Washington employed Revere to repair the abandoned guns at Castle William, now Fort Indc])endence, and he succeeded by inventing a new kind of carriage, rendered necessary by the fact that the IJritish had brc^ken the trunnions from the guns. In July he was commissioned major of a regiment raised for the defense of town and harbor : in November lieutenant-colonel in a regiment o\ state artillery, performing many im- ])ortant duties, including the transfer from Hoston to Worcester, August, 1777. of a body of several hundred prisoners cajitured at Bennington by Stark. He took ])art with his regiment in the first campaign in Rhode Island, and was several times in command of Castle William, incidentally presiding at many courts martial. His service in defence of Boston harbor was onerous and. despite adverse conditions, he steadfastly fulfilled his duties and endeavored to make the best of the situation. On June 26, 1779, Colonel Revere was ordered to pre])are one hundred men of his command to go with the expedition known as the Penob- scot Expedition to attack the British at ]\Iaja- Bagaduce, now Castine, Maine. The expedition ended in disaster to the American forces, and one unfortunate result of it was a quarrel between Colonel Revere and a captain of marines, resulting in Revere's removal from the service, until he obtained a hearing at a court-martial in 1781 when he was completely vindicated and acquitted of blame. It was a matter of great regret to Revere that his service was restricted to the state ; he hoped and endeavored to obtain a place in the Continental army. He exerted his influence in favor of the adoption of the Federal constitution when its fate seemed doubtful in Massachusetts.

The varied interests of his business and military career did not prevent him from cultivating the social side of life. He was the first entered apprentice received into Saint Andrew's Lodge of Free Masons in Boston, and ten years later, in 1770, he was elected its master. He was one of the organizers of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, and was its grand master from 1794 to 1797. In this capacity he assisted Governor Samuel Adams at the laying of the cornerstone of the Massachusetts State House, July 4, 1795, and delivered an address on that occasion. In 1783 Saint Andrew's Lodge was divided upon the question of remaining under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, which had chartered it, and also the Grand Lodge, or of affiliating with the latter. Twenty-nine members favored the old arrangement, while twenty-three, including Revere, desired to change. The minority withdrew and formed the Rising States Lodge, September, 1784, with Paul Revere its first master. He made jewels for these lodges and made and engraved elaborate certificates of membership and notification cards. At the death of General Washington he was made one of a committee of three to write a letter of condolence to the widow and ask her for a lock of \\^ashington's hair. This request was granted and Revere made a golden urn about four inches in height for the relic. Through correspondence he cultivated the acquaintance of his relatives in Guernsey and France and many of the letters have been preserved. He was the chief founder of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association in 1795 and was its first president from 1795 to 1799, when he declined re-election, although his interest in its afi^airs was undiminished.

of his life to his country. After the Revolution and the period of struggle to organize a government Revere received the unqualified respect and honor that he deserved, while his own industry and skill provided him with a competency that enabled him to live well, to educate a large family of children and finally to leave them in comfortable circumstances. He died May 10, 1818, and was buried in the Granary Burial Ground. Boston, where are also the graves of his friends, John Hancock and Samuel Adams.

He married, August 17, 1757, Sarah Orne, who died -May, 1773. He married (second), October 10, 1773, Rachel Walker, born in Boston, December 27, 1745, died June 19, 181 5. The children of Paul and Sarah Revere r I. Deborah, born April 3, 1758, died January

(V) Paul Revere, son of Colonel Paul Revere (4), was born in Boston, January 6, 1760. He was educated in Boston schools and associated with his father in business. He resided in Boston and Canton, where his father lived during his latter years in the summer months. He died January 16. 1813, before his father, aged fifty-three years. He married . Children : Sarah, mentioned

(VH) Edward Alexander Revere Curtis, son of David and Sallie (Revere) (6) Curtis, was born in Boston, February 22, 1822, the year that Boston was incorporated as a city. Like his brothers and sisters, he carried the name of Revere to remind him of his mother's family. He was educated in the public schools of his native city. He started a type foundry, when a young man, and founded a large and prosperous business. His foundry was located on Congress street, Boston, until it was destroyed during the Great Fire of 1872. His was the last building burned. He resumed business afterwards on Federal street and continued until his death in 1889. He made his home for many years in Somerville, and was universally respected and esteemed by his townsmen there. He served in the common council of Somerville and also in the board of aldermen. He was a Republican in politics. He belonged to the Soley Lodge of I'ree Masons and to the Webcowit Club. He married Caroline Pruden, daughter of Israel R. and Caroline (Gulliver) Pruden. Children: i. Flora. 2. Emma, married Frank W. Cole. 3. Paul Revere, died aged three years. 4. Mabel, died aged three months. 5. Grace, died aged eleven months. 6. Frederick Revere, unmarried.

of Yorkshire, England, as far back as i486 and appears under the various spellings of Langfellay, Langfellowe. Langfellow and Longfellow. The first of the name was James Langfellay, of Otley. In 15 10 Sir Peter Langfellowe was a vicar of Calverley. It is well established, by tradition and by documents, that the ancestors of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Maine's most distinguished son, were in Horsforth. In 1625 we find Edward Longfellow, perhaps from Ilkley, ])urchasing "Upper House," in Horsforth. and in 1647 he makes over his house and lands to his son William. This William was a well-todo clothier who lived in Upper House, and, besides, possessed three other houses or cottages (being taxed for "4 hearths"), with gardens, closes, crofts, etc. He had two sons, Nathan and William, and four or five daughters. William was baptized at Guiseley ( the

( I ) The first of the name in America was the above-named William, son of William of Horstorth. He came over a young man, to Newbury, Massachusetts, about 1676. He married Anne Sewall. daughter of Henr^- Sewall, of Newbury, and sister of Samuel Sewall, afterward the first chief justice of Massachusetts, November 10. 1676. He received from his father-in-law a farm in the ]Darish of Byfield. on the Parker river. He is spoken of as "well educated, but a little wild." or. as another puts it, " not so much of a Puritan as some." In 1670. as ensign of the Newbury company, in the Essex regiment, he joined the ill-fated expedition of Sir William Phipps against Quebec, which on its return encountered a severe storm in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; one of the ships was wrecked on the Island of .Anticosti. and William Longfellow, with nine of his companions, was drowned. He left five children. The fourth of these. Stephen, born 1685, left to shift for himself, became a blacksmith; he married Abigail, daughter of the Rev. Edward Tompson, of Newburv, afterward of Marshfield. Their fifth child,'

(II) Stephen, born 1723, being a bright boy, was sent to kiarvard College, where he took his first degree in 1742. and his second in 1745. In this latter year (after having meanwhile taught a school in York), he went to Portland in Maine (then Falmouth), to be the schoolmaster of the town. The following note was his invitation to move there :

"Falmouth, Nov. 15, 1744. "Sir: W'e need a school-master. Mr. Plaisted advises of your being at liberty. If you will undertake the service in this place you may depend upon our being generous and your being satisfied. I wish you would come as soon as possible, and doubt not but you'll find things much to your content. Your humljle serv't.

The salar\- for the first year was £200, in a depreciated currency. He gained the respect of the community to such a degree that he was called to fill important offices being successively

])arish clerk, town clerk, register of probate, and clerk of the courts. When IVjrtland was burned by Alowatt, in 1775. his house was destroyed, and he removed to Gorham, where he lived till his death, May i, 1790. For fifteen years he was the grammar school master ; parish clerk twenty-three years ; town clerk twenty-two years; from 1760 to 1775. from the establishment of the court to the time of the revolution, he was register of ]:)robate and clerk of the judicial court, hie married, in 1749, Tabitha Hragdon, daughter of Samuel liragdon, of York. Their oldest son,

(III) Stei)hen, born 1750, inherited his father's farm, and married Patience Young, of York, December 13, 1773. Me represented his town in the [Massachusetts general court for eight years, and his county for several years as senator. From 1797 to 181 1 he was judge of the court of common pleas. lie died May 25, 1824. His second child,