Cambridge City (part 10 of 15)

Patriotism was inevitable in a place of such heroic memories as Cambridge. It was not by accident that the first company received into the service of the Union in the war for the Union was a Cambridge company. It was not by accident that it was from Cambridge that the "Bigelow Papers" went out, and, by their mingled himior and reproach, pleaded the cause of freedom and brotherhood. It was not by accident that when the war was done, here was recited the "Commemoration Ode," the noblest lyric utterance that owns an American origin. In the war for the preservation of the Union, Cambridge furnished to the army 4,135 men, and to the navy 453 men, which was about one-sixth of the entire popvdation, and, as at the time of the Revolution, must have taken nearly every able-bodied man of military age in the community. To Cambridge belongs the honor of organizing the first company of United States Volunteers. Soon after the presidential election of 1860 it became apparent to far-seeing men that an irrepressible conflict was on foot. With patriotic energy James P. Richardson, great grandson of Moses Richardson, who fell at the battle of Lexington, organized a company of -\'olunteers. When after the fall of Sumter President Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 soldiers, on the very next morning Captain Richardson and ninety-five rnembers of his company marched to the State House and reported for duty to Governor Andrew. There were ninety-seven men in the company that enlisted for three months; and at the end of that time ninety-three of them re-enlisted for the war. In the words of one of these men, who expressed the feeling of all, he was "determined to go back to the seat of war and to fight till the war was over, and if need be he would leave his bones to bleach on Southern soil." The name of that man, Edwin T. Richardson, is inscribed upon the soldiers' monimient on the Common, one of twenty-one of this first company, more than one in five, who gave their lives for the country's salvation.

like it, " he said, "no, not even for taxes. ' ' When he was ambassador in London, Mr. Lowell was asked if he did not long to visit Egj-pt and see the works of Ramses. "No." he answered, "but I should like to see Ramsays in Harvard Square." Next to Lowell the most ardent lover of Cambridge was his particular crony, John Holmes, the brother of the "Autocrat," who "held his native town," said Mr. Howells, "in an idolatry which was not blind but which was none the less devoted because he was aware of her droll points and her weak points. He alwaj's celebrated these as so many virtues." His wit was as sparkling as that of his more famous brother, and he had equal kindliness with more of modesty. His fame is local, but he was the cherished companion of those who occupied a greater place in the public eye, and they acknowledged him their peer.

Richard Henry Dana was another scion of the best Cambridge stock, a blend of aristocratic inheritances with democratic principles, which is highly characteristic of the place. He was a lawyer in active practice in Boston and fulfilled the just expectations of his fellow citizens by the way in which he measured up to every public dut}'. He was part of the history of the anti-slavery movement and his rare gifts were always and everywhere at the service of the oppressed. The book of his sea-faring experiences, "Two Years Before the Mast," is a classic, and it probably has had a wider circulation than any American book, unless it be ' ' Uncle Tom's Cabin. ' ' The well-deserved fame of that book has ecUpsed the later reputation of its author as a noble-minded citizen and leader of public opinion, but Cambridge cherishes his renown, and in no small measure bears today the stamp of his public-spirited and progressive influence.

Charles Eliot Norton was another Cambridgeborn author of the same generation. He inherited the beautiful estate of his father, Professor Andrews Norton, at Shady Hill, and there lived a life that came as near to the ideal as the conditions of the nineteenth century permitted. He was for many years Professor of Art in the Univcrsit}^ and kindled high ideals in the minds and hearts of two generations. He was the mediator between the best culture of the past and the active life of the present, interpreting the Greek ideals to our hurrj-ing generation, rebuking our materialism while he encouraged our better hopes. Ruskin and Carlyle were his European correspondents; Lowell and George William Curtis were his intimates. His contributions to literature only ^ partially represent what he did for the humani- | ties in America, for it was his creative sympathy j that set the standards of our literar>' and artistic ', life and inspired the endeavors of artists and poets. He edited the letters of Ruskin and of Lowell, collected the orations of Curtis, wrote the biographical sketch of Longfellow, translated Dante's "Di\'ine Comedy," conducted the North American Review, and was the friend and helper of the leading men of letters in England and America.

But Cambridge drew to itself many distinguished men of letters who were not native bom. It would be sufficient honor to be known as the birthplace of Lowell, Holmes, Higginson and their comrades, but there are names of equal distinction that are associated with the place. "We are potted plants here in Cambridge," said the witty Frances Wharton, explaining to an English visitor that the men of whom he inquired were not natives of Cambridge, but were drawn thither by its University and its kindred spirits. Hither in the fifties came from his Oxford fellowship and his principalship of University Hall in London, Arthur Hugh Clough. His stay was short, but it is good to remember the contact wdth the life of the community of a poet whose word, as Mr. Lowell said, "will be thought a hundreds year hence to have been the truest expression in verse of the moral and intellectual tendencies, the doubt and struggle toward settled con\dctions, of the period in which he lived." Hither came later Elisha Mulford, who brought with him the reputation built upon "The Nation," a book that sets forth his masterly interpretation of our federal union, and here he wrought upon his great conception of "The Republic of God," making in these books "two pillars for sustaining the great arch of our social philosophy." Christopher P. Cranch, a man with the soul of an artist and a gift of poesy, lived on Dana Hill, and joined a tuneful voice to the chorus of minor singers who met at Longfellow's table. He wrote good poetry, painted pictures that are not so good, and lived

It was in December of 1836 that Mr. Longfellow established himself in Cambridge, and entered upon the duties of the Smith professorship. He first roomed in the house of Dr. Stearns, on Kirkland Street - then called Professors' Row, where Cornelius Conway Felton, Professor of Greek and aftenvards President of the College, was already established. Their acquaintance soon ripened into a warm friendship, which continued through life. Charles Sumner was then lecturing in the Law School, and with him sprang up an equally close and lifelong intimacy. George Stillman Hilliard, his law partner, and Henry R. Cleveland, then living at Jamaica Plain - both men of literary tastes - completed the friendly circle. These five young men formed themselves into what they came to call "The Five of Clubs." Somewhat later on, when they began to write favorable comments on each other's books in the Reviews, the newspapers gave them the name of "the Mutual Admiration Society."

In Cambridge and Boston Mr. Longfellow was everywhere welcomed. His sunny presence, his native refinement, his cultivated mind and his growing reputation united to make a favorite. He was not exempt from some social criticism, particularly in the matter of dress, for he was fond of using bright colors in his waistcoats, and neck-ties. In 1837 he first occupied rooms at the Craigie house, where Mrs. Craigie took lodgers. Established in these comfortable quarters he pursued with diligence his various occupations, academic, poetic and social. At the early dinner or the evening supper one or more of his friends were usually his companions. Felton was coming and going at all hours of the day, with some new book or criticism, or for friendly talk, prolonged into the night. Sumner and Hilliard came frequently from Boston, and often Allston and Palfrey were guests at the round table. In 1842 when Charies Dickens came over from London, there was a bright little breakfast, at which Felton's mirthfulness helped, and Andrews Norton's gra\'ity did not in the least hinder, the exuberant liveliness of the author of "Pickwick." In 1843 Mr. Longfellow married his second wife, and his father-inlaw, Mr. Nathan Appleton, bought the Craigie house for their occupancy. It became the social and literary center of the community. Hawthorne, Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, Agassiz, James T. Fields, Charles EHot Norton were frequent visitors. What Emerson did for Concord that Longfellow did for Cambridge. He made it the port at which every ship that sailed the sea of literature was sure to put in. There is no house so much the object of pilgrimage as the beautiful mansion which so unites the memories of patriot and poet as to make each contribute to the other's fame.

The pages of Longfellow's diary are set thick with the names of the people, great and small, who lifted the knocker at his hospitable door. In the journals we find the names, among others, of Thomas Hughes, James Anthony Froude, Anthony TroUope, Wilkie Collins, William Black, Charles Kingsley and his daughter, Professor Bonamy Price, Dr. Plumtre, the admirable translator of Greek tragedies; Dean Stanley, Athanase Coquerel, Lord Houghton, Lord and Lady Dufferin, the Duke of Argyll, Salvini, who read to him scenes from Alfieri to his great delight; Madame Titjens, Christine Nilson, the Governor of Victoria ; Admiral Coffin, of the British Navy ; and Lord Ronald Gower, who has given the story of his visit in company with Mr. Sam. Ward. When the Emperor Dom Pedro, of Brazil, was traveling half-incognito through the United States, he came to a dinner, having named the guests he would like to meet - Agassiz, Holmes, Emerson and Lowell. At the close of 1879, Ole Bull appeared from Norway, to spend the winter at Elmwood, re-viving its relations with Craigie house, and delighting Mr. Longfellow alike with his music and his ov/n charmingly simple and sincere nature.

On one day the journal records "fourteen \4sits, thirteen of them Englishmen." All who came were received with unfailing kindness and courtesy, and a quick, instinctive adaptation of his conversation as to their measure. If, as was usual, they turned the conversation to his writings, he thanked them for the sjinpathy, which gratified him, but very quickly and easily turned the talk to some other topic. Doubtless his courtesy and his kindness were often subjected to a heavy strain, by some who forgot the law of limits in the diu-ation or frequency of their visits and their claims. Mr. Norton relates that he once gently remonstrated wnth his friend for suffering an unworthy protege to impose himself so long upon him; when he replied, with a humorous look, "Charles, who will be kind to him if I am not'"

"The key to Mr. Longfellow's character," said his biographer, "was sympathy. This made him the gentle and courteous receiver of every visitor, however obscure, however tedious; the ready responder to every appeal to his pity and his purse; the kindly encotirager of literary aspirants, however unpromising ; the charitable judge of motives, and excuser of mistakes and offences; the delicate yet large liker; the lenient critic, quick to see every merit beyond every defect. This gave to his poetrj'- the human element, which made thousands feel as if this poem or that verse was written for each of them especially, and made in thousands of hearts in many lands a shrine of reverence and affection for his name."

William Dean Howells came to live in Cambridge in 1866, first taking a "box of a house" on Sacramento Street, thence mo\dng to Berkeley Street, and finally building a house on Concord Avenue. His account of his Cambridge neighbors, printed in 1900, adds another charming description of the characteristic life of the place. "Cambridge society," he WTote, "kept what was best of its \'illage traditions, and chose to keep them in the full knowledge of different things. Nearly every one had been abroad; and nearly everyone had acquired the taste for olives without losing a relish for native sauces; through the intellectual life there was an entire democracy, and I do not believe that since the capitalistic era began there was ever a community in which money counted for less. There was little show of what money could bu}^; I remember but one private carriage (naturally, a publisher's); and there was not one livery except a livery in the larger sense kept by the stableman Pike, who made us pay now a quarter and now a half dollar for a seat in his carriages, according as he lost or gathered courage for the charge. We thought him extortionate, and we mostly walked through snow and mud of amazing depth and thickness.

salary of untried elasticity. If there were distinctions made in Cambridge they were not against literature, and we found ourselves in the midst of a charming society, indifferent, apparently, to all questions but those of the higher education which comes so largely by nature. That is to say, in the Cambridge of that day (and, I dare say, of this) a mind cultivated in some sort was essential, and after that came civil manners, and the willingness and abilit}"- to be agreeable and interesting; but the question of riches or poverty did not enter. Even the question of family, which is of so great concern in New England, was in abeyance. Perhaps it was taken for granted that every one in Old Cambridge society must be of good family, or he could not be there ; perhaps his mere residence tacitly ennobled him; certainly his acceptance was an informal patent of gentility. To my mind, the structure of society was almost ideal, and until we have a perfectly socialized condition of things I do not believe we shall ever have a more perfect society. The instincts which governed it were not such as can arise from the sordid competition of interests; they flowed from a devotion to letters, and from a self-sacrifice in material things which I can give no better notion of than by saying that the outlay of the richest college magnate seemed to be graduated to the income of the poorest.

"In those days the men whose names have given splendor to Cambridge were still living there. I shall forget some of them in the alphabetical enumeration of Louis Agassiz, Francis C. Child, Richard Henr\- Dana, Jun., John Fiske, Dr. Asa Gray, the family of the Jameses, father and sons, Lowell, Longfellow, Charles Eliot Norton, Dr. John G. Palfrey, James Pierce, Dr. Peabody, Professor Parsons, Professor Sophocles. The variety of talents and of achievements was indeed so great that Mr. Bret Harte, when fresh from his Pacific slope, justly said, after listening to a partial rehearsal of them, 'Why, you couldn't fire a revolver from your front porch any^^'here without bringing down a two-volumnerl' Ever>'body had written a book, or an article, or a poem ; or was in the process or expectation of doing it, and doubtless those whose names escape me will have greater difficulty in eluding fame. These kindly, these gifted folk each came to see us and to make us at home among them; and my home is still among them, on this side and on that side of the line between the liWng and the dead, which in\-isibly passes through all the streets of the cities of men."

Some of these "kindly, gifted folk" have already been described. The others are equally worthy of remembrance, for they made that Cambridge atmosphere that Howells enjoyed. Never was man more fitly named, "for no man ever kept here more perfectly and purely the heart of such as the Kingdom of Heaven is of," than Francis J. Child. His outward appearance, too, expressed the inner man as happily as his name. He was short of stature and round of body so that the students affectionately called him "Stubby." His e^-es looked through his gold spectacles with naive simplicity and directness, his thick sunny hair, which never grew gray, curled tightly over his head. His smile was infectious, and his face bore the brightness of inextinguishable youth. With playful humor and profound scholarship he taught the English language and literature and was the world's first exp2rt in the study of English and Scottish balladry. He was a poet in nature, and he wrought with passion as well as knowledge in the achievement of as monumental a task as any American has performed. But he might have been less intellectually keen, and yet been precious to those who knew him for the gentleness and the goodness which in him were protected from misconception by a dignity as delicate and a reserve as in\'iolable as that of Longfellow himself. "He was," wnrote Mr. Howells, "most amusingly dramatic in reproducing the consciousness of certain inefTectual alumni who used to overwhelm him at Commencement solemnities with some such pompous acknowledgment as, "Professor Child, all that I have become, sir. I owe to your influence in my college career." He did, with delicious mockery, the old-fashioned intellectual poseurs among the students, who used to walk the groves of Harvard with bent head, and the left arm crossing ; the back, while the other lodged its hand in the breast of the high-buttoned frock-coat; and I could fancy that his classes did not form the sunniest exposure for young folly and vanity."

only because he had learned to love the town during his college years, but also because he found it the most congenial place for his literary work, and because there he found access to two of the largest libraries in America and many smaller special collections. A residence in Cambridge kept him also in neighborly relations \\"ith his publishers and in immediate connections wth the printers of his books. As Mr. Fiske's house on Berkeley Street was the resort of those who loved to discourse of history and philosophy and the arts, so the house of Charles Deane on Sparks Street gathered people from all over the world who were interested in matters of genealogical and antiquarian research. He, and later his own neighbor, Justin Winsor, the librarian of the University, were our foremost authorities on the sources of American histor\' and the maps and pictures, the family records, the original manuscripts and letters, which illustrate it.

Henry James, ranked by no less a critic than Tolstoi as the keenest and most enlightening of American philosophers, lived on Quincy Street in the house now occupied by the Colonial Club, and his two sons have won an even larger fame, William as the foremost of American psychologists, and Henr\- as a novelist and man of letters. Horace E. Scudder lived on Buckingham Street and thence sent out his famous books for children. John Bartlett btult a house on Brattle Street just above the Lee house. His indispensable "Familiar Quotations" made his name a household word in many American families. Adiniral Charles H. Davis and later Colonel Theodore A. Dodge lived in the house on Quincy Street at the comer of Broadway. There Colonel Dodge wrote his treatises on the art of war and the stor\' of many a campaign of the Civil War, and Admiral Davis there prepared the scientific papers that made his name as well known in the world of higher mathematics as in the naval history of the Civil War.

Then there was Joseph E. Worcester, the busy compiler of the great dictionary; William J. Rolfe, the erudite and genial Shakespearean scholar; William W. Newell, the foremost American authority on folk-lore; Alexander V. G. Allen, the biographer of Phillips Brooks and the historian of the "Continuity of Christian

Thought;" and Frank Bolles, who relieved his arduous and remarkable work at the College office by excursions into the country round about Cambridge and into the New Hampshire woods and hills. He was one of the lovers of wild life, whose books have opened the eyes and enriched the lives of our generation.

It is of course the presence of the University that accounts for the Cambridge residence of such scientific leaders as the great geologist, Josiah D. Whitney, the Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology, long the head of the United States Geological Survey; of Josiah P. Cooke, the Erving Professor of Chemistry and one of the pioneers of chemical research in this country ; of Joseph Lovering, the Hollis Professor of Physics, whose lectiires were dominated by a philosophy which kept them free of narrowness or technicality; and Nathanael S. Shaler, the inspiring teacher of ardent nature and remarkably varied gifts of mind and heart. The Law School brought to Cambridge such famous teachers of the law as Theophilus Parsons, Emory Washburn, who also served as Governor of the Commonwealth; Christopher C. Langdell, who revolutionized the teaching of the law in this country; and his distinguished colleagues, James B. Thayer and James B. Ames. The Divinity School brought to Cambridge such scholars as Charles Carroll Everett, a theologian of exquisitely-balanced mind, keen insight and liberal spirit; Ezra Abbott, the most learned and kindly of Biblical critics, a well-remembered Cambridge figure, "alert, nervous and almost furtively shy, skimming along the walk, his eyes bent on his book, which he read as he walked; the deadly foe of error on the printed page, his own work as faultlessly accurate as his handwriting was unmistakably legible;" and his successor, Joseph Henry Thayer, the editor of the monumental dictionary of the New Testament Greek and the American member of the distinguished company that prepared and published the Revised Version of the Bible. Finally, we should recall the courtly presence of Charles Folsom, who, wrote Mr. Scudder, "well deserved the English title of corrector of the press, but whose chastening for the time seemed scarcely joyous to the printer as he waited impatiently for the proof-sheets which Mr. Folsom carried around in his pocket till he could, after long search in the libraries of the neighborhood, relieve them of possible errors of statement. Of the same indefatigable temper in exorcising the black art was George Nichols, for whose aid Lowell stipiilated when he undertook to edit The Atlantic Monthly. It would be hard to overestimate the value of these two subterranean builders of literature. Their own craft recognized their power ; every author whose books passed through their hands blessed them, with occasional lapses, and the reputation which the great printing-offices of Cambridge enjoy is due largelj' to the standard which these men raised, and to the traditions which they established."

These are a few of the names among the dead that give distinction to modem Cambridge as a literary center. It would be in-vidious to distinguish among the living, nor is it prudent, for though some names could be mentioned that may safely now be added to the roll of honor in American letters, who knows what names there are which need but a little more time to carry them into higher niches than now are occupied? The alcove in the Cambridge library which holds the books of Cambridge authors is but a beginning of a literary treasure-house, for there is a contagion of literature, and though Cambridge becomes more urban with each decade, there is that about a bookish community which stimulates literary endeavor. To prove that traditions are well maintained let it suffice to mention the names of Charles W. Eliot, George H. Palmer and Josiah Royce, the philosophers; of Edward Channing and Albert B. Hart, the American historians; of William R. Thayer, the biographer of Cavour and the historian of Italy; of preachers and essayists Hke Samuel M. Crothers, John O'Brien, George Hodges and Michael J. Doody; of writers on social ethics like Francis G. Peabody and John Graham Brooks ; of interpreters one to the other of Gennany and America like Kuno Francke and Hugo Munsterberg; of critics and inspirers of the literary art like Bliss Perry and George P. Baker; of economists like Frank W. Taussig; of educational guides and prophets like LcBaron R. Briggs; of leaders in the world of science like John Trowbridge and William M. Davis and Theodore W. Richards; of poets like Jeaimette Peabody Marks.

It is true of Cambridge as Emerson said of Boston: "It is not an accident, nor a windmill, or a railroad station, or a cross-roads tavern, or an army barracks grown up by time and luck to a place of wealth; but a seat of humanity.

of men of principle, obeying a sentiment and marching loyally whither that should lead them; so that its annals are great historical Unes, inextricably national, parts of the history of poUtical liberty."

CAMBRIDGE has not the natural attractions of many of the other tovms and cities of the MetropoUtan district. Its territory is comparatively fiat and in natural beauty it is inferior to the varied charm of Winchester, Medford or Milton. The Cambridge streets cannot be compared with those of BrookHne, nor the houses with those which cluster on the hillsides overlooking the Chestnut Hill reservoir. What is it that gives Cambridge her prestige? Is it not such institutions, such events, such lives, as those that are recorded in this book? It is the human element in the landscape that gives it its charm. The town where the first college in the land was planted, where the first church council was held, where the fi r s t printingpress was set up and the first book printed; the place of the Puritan leaders in Church and State, the scene of many of the noteworthy events in the colonial history of New England; the point where the British soldiers began their march to Lexington at the opening of the Revolution; the soil on which occurred some of the hardest fighting of that eventful day; the gathering-place and headquarters of the patriot army during the siege of Boston; the point of departure for the epoch-making battle of Bunker Hill; the place where Washington took command of the American army; the sender-forth of the first company to be received into the service of the nation in its struggle to destroy slavery and keep the Union whole; an intellectual center unequaled on the hither side of the Atlantic ; the home of three of our most famous poets, and the place where so many renowned scholars and men of letters have done their work; a community always plain, simple and democratic in its social habits and believing in intelligence and character above all other things, - it is obvious that Cambridge is a place of which its citizens may well be proud. It is not the part of an historian to also play the prophet, community. For most people the next thing is more interesting than the last thing. What we want is more fascinating than what we have. Civic pride is a quick soil in which to grow civic patriotism. When men glory in the history of their city, in its beauty, its influence, its famous men and great institutions, it is comparatively easy to inspire sacrifice in order to render the present worthy of so great a past. The great classic centers of ci\dlization and the free cities of the Middle Ages could command the enthusiastic devotion of their people, who were proud of their citizenship. Most American cities exist under radically different conditions. Their past is not old enough to be overgrown and beautified by legend and romance as ancient castles are with ivy. There is no twilight to stimulate the imagination. There is as little in their past to gratify men's love of the heroic as there is in their present to satisfy the sense of the beautiful. Cambridge is exceptionally fortunate in this respect. But like all Americans its people look forward more readily than backward. It is not simply because of the heroic generations which have gone, but because of those which are to come, that Cambridge appeals to the imagination. The future is more roomy than the past, and we may bave part in its history, for it is even now in the making.

Americans are free to have the kind of civic development and administration they want. They get the kind of government which they deserve to get. In no other civilized country is municipal government so completely within the control of public opinion. Everywhere else there are deeplyrooted habits, long-established customs, muchrespected vested rights and cherished prejudices to be dealt with, before any satisfactory framework of city government can be set up. In America the situation is absolutely controlled by popular sentiment. There is comparatively white paper to write on. Our cities, therefore, might easily have been made the model cities of the modem world. It is America which ought to have shown the Old World how to live comfortably in great masses in one place. We have no city walls to pull down, or ghettos to clear out, or guilds to buy up, or privileges to extingvdsh. We have simply to provide, in our own way, according to the latest experience in business, art and science, the facilities, comforts and conditions which will enable large bodies of free men to live contentedly together within a certain more or less artificially restricted area. The problems of transportation, Hght, water, fire and police protection, health, education, recreation, are all fundamental to city life. These services are the life-blood of the community. The law recognizes the rights of individuals to control many of these enterprises, but hiamanity is more important than private gain. The citizens of Cambridge must increasingly give attention to the things that are beyond the immediate necessities of today and plan their city so as to destroy what is ugly, promote what is beautiful, protect the poor, educate the children and upbuild the convenience and well-being of the entire community. In Cambridge, as in most American cities, there is a complicated division of responsibility about these matters. The municipality is almost solely responsible for the assessing and collection of taxes, for the care of the streets, sideand public buildings, for the and the registry of supervision of elections voters, for fire and police protection, for the supply of water, for the sewers and drains, and for various minor services of a public nature such as the collection of ashes and garbage, the inspection of milk and other foods, the issuing of licenses and the verification of weights and measures. The city is primarily responsible for the care of the public health, for the education of the children, for providing parks, playgrounds and opportunities for recreation, for the relief of the destitute and for the maintenance of cemeteries; but in all these functions the public agencies have the aid of many private institutions and volunteer organizations. Trans- portation facilities, lighting, telephone and telegraph service, and all building operations are in Cambridge carried on by private corporations or individuals under more or less municipal supervision or restraint.

The administration of the city is vested in a mayor and a city council consisting of a Board of Aldermen of eleven members and a common council of twenty-two members. The schools are in charge of a special school committee of five members. The various functions of the city government indicated by the names of the different departments : Executive, City Clerk, Treasury, Auditing, Messenger, Law, Engineering, Fire, Inspection of Buildings, Health, Police, Street, Assessors, Electrical, Inspection of Animals, Bridge, School, Cemetery, Public Library, Water Works, Park, Registry of Votes, Overseers of the Poor, Sinking Fund, Soldier's Aid, and various special trusts or inspectorships.

This list indicates not only the variety of the functions discharged by the municipality, but also by its omissions it reveals how many public needs are still left to be met by private initiative.

As Cambridge has become more densely populated, all the problems of administration multiply in number and complexity. A mistake is further reaching ; it has a longer leverage ; and as efficient government grows more essential it becomes increasingly difficult. To administer the affairs of a village of a thousand inhabitants requires only ordinary intelligence and integrity, but the government of a city of a hundred thousand people demands expert knowledge, abiHty and character of the highest order. Cambridge has almost always been able to command the services of high-minded men to serve the public interests and there is a well-established tradition of efficiency in most of the city departments.

The street plan of Cambridge grew naturally and followed the lines of public convenience. It escaped the miserable checkerboard plan of so many unfortunate American cities. The main arteries radiate from the principal bridges and while reasonably direct are by no means monotonous . The curves of Brattle Street following the original lines of the river and the marsh are peculiarly charming. Massachusetts Avenue turns not infrequently and opens opportunities for vistas and for the location of hands cm e buildings denied to a perfectly straight street.

Cambridge is also fortunate in the characteristic names of many of its streets. The hopeless prosaic system of numerical or alphabetical names has been completely avoided. The local color has been preserved. Many of the street names, as we saw in the opening chapter of this book, preserve the local history and traditions, remind us of the men and women of distinction who have lived in Cambridge and record the community's interests and admira- tions. It would be a good plan if simple and permanent tablets setting forth briefly the careers of the men for whom the streets are named could be placed at the comers of many of the streets.

There is, however, a present peril which should be promptly met. In the newer parts of the city real estate speculators are laying out new streets without any regard to beauty or right adjustment to the neighboring streets. Patchwork improvements which disregard the plan of adjacent districts will soon disfigure what might be a well-designed and interrelated street design. The city needs to take such situations in hand and to avoid the oversights and mistakes that will follow inaction. The Engineering Department should forestall the action of private owners and adopt a comprehensive plan for new streets. It is increasingly difficult to remedy a bad plan after it has once been adopted.

to preventing the unnecessary repetition of the same evils. The futvire should not be taken at haphazard. Too often the municipality is listless or inert. Railroad approaches must be made right; grade crossings eliminated; adequate highway lines established; public buildings conveniently grouped; open spaces secured. In order to do this it is indispensable to recognize the value of expert judgment. "The people," said John Stuart Mill, "should be masters employing servants more skilful than themselves."

itself, but an enormous amount of traffic which simply passes through the city. Automobiles, trucks, market wagons, expresses and pleasure vehicles of all kinds use the Cambridge streets in passage to and fro between Boston and the towns and cities lying to the west and north. The towns that are thus accommodated pay nothing toward the maintenance of the Cambridge pavements and bridges and the wear and tear is excessive. The best and most expensive pavements must be used in Cambridge if its streets are to be kept in decent order, and these pavements must be constantly kept in repair and thoroughly cleaned. In 1911 a special commission made a comprehensive report to the City Government and laid out a plan of action for ten years ahead.

The report of the Commission recommends the construction in the near future of a much larger proportion of durable pavements than have been previously provided and the provision of several wellpaved parallel thoroughfares. It recommends the prompt and thorough repair of defects in the street service and the strict supervision of the excavation and refilling of trenches. It advocates systematic, frequent and thorough cleaning of the streets and the adoption and efficient execution of scientific methods of dust laying. The adoption of these recommendations will add greatly to the comfort of the people.

The schools have always been the special pride of the city. A complete course of education is provided from the Elindergarten up to the High and Latin Schools. There is a school for training teachers, a famous manual training school, and thirty-one grammar and primary schools. The buildings are for the most part modem and satisfactory in regard to lighting, ventilation and safety from fire. Some of the old buildings need more or less reconstruction. A few of the buildings are without proper yards, but in the majority of cases there is ample room for the play and physical development of the children. The school buildings should be further used as social centers, and as soon as financial arrangements can be made the facilities the buildings offer can be more largely utilized in the evenings. By arrangement with Harvard College, free tuition in their freshman year is offered to Cambridge boys from the High and Latin School whose parents cannot afford to pay their expenses in college; and the university athletic fields are as far as possible offered as playgrounds for Cambridge children in summer. The policy of the School Board has been almost always broad-minded and far-sighted and devoted to the welfare of the children.

The public library is an important factor in the educational life of the community. It co-operates closely with the schools, maintains traveling libraries and deposit stations in different parts of the city, and substantial branches in East Cambridge and in North Cambridge. The total number of books is a little less than one hundred thousand, and the circulation is more than three times that number.

The fire fighting force of the city is adequate and competent. The Department as now organized consists of seven steam engine companies, four chemical engine companies and four

In the Police Department there is also a gratifying condition. Cambridge maintains a larger police force than almost any other city of its size in the country, not because it is conspicuous for crime, but because it believes in adequate protection. The Department consists of a chief, four captains, four inspectors, eight heutenants, twelve sergeants, one hundred and two patrolmen, twenty-two reserve patrolmen, eight wagon and ambulance drivers and two matrons.

In health statistics Cambridge ranks among the highest of American cities. The Water Department has always been ably administered and the water supply is pure and wholesome. The record of Cambridge brings additional testimony to the fact that even in a densely settled community urban conditions are usually better for health than country conditions. Cambridge has an entirely satisfactory system of sewerage. It maintains a hospital for contagious diseases and a special tuberculosis hospital. The Cambridge Hospital with its contagious wards and the Stillman Infirmary of Harvard College are under private control, but available for the use of many citizens. The District Nursing Association is another private corporation which greatly aids in preserving the high standards of health and promoting sanitation.

The care of the poor is under the direction of a Board of Overseers. There have been times when there were very few cases of destitution in the city. Of recent years some four hundred people have annually found shelter at the City Home, and perhaps two hundred more have been under the charge of the City at various other hospitals and institutions. The private institutions and relief societies do a large beneficent work.

The Outlook

The territory of Cambridge is four and a half miles long and from one to two miles wide. Across the center of the city runs the modest elevation known as Dana Hill. To the east the svirface is level and was formerly meadow and marsh. To the west the land is a trifle higher, though never much above the old hightide levels imtil near the western boundary of the city, where there is another line of low hills rtmning northeasterly from the Mount Auburn tower, over the elevation where the Reservoir formerly stood, by the hill now crowned by the dome of the Harvard Observatory, and terminating in what was formerly known as Gallows Hill just west of Massachusetts Avenue.

that should be more amply availed of and preserved. The charm or significance of a city is in something more than the picturesqueness of its siUTOundings.

In one respect Cambridge is topographically fortunate. At either end of the city there is a large permanent body of water, and along the entire southern boimdary stretches another permanent open space, the channel of the Charles River. At the eastern end of the city the Charles River Basin forms a great water park of more than five hundred acres, and at the western end the Fresh Pond basin makes another natural water park of some three hundred acres. Both of these areas, as well as the

The territory is comparatively lacking in distinction or picturesque features. There are no rugged crags like those which contribute such regal possibilities to the Riverside Drive in New York; no mountain such as rises behind the city of Montreal; no panorama of a snowclad range such as greets the eye from Capitol Hill in Denver; no outlook across a shining lake to distant mountains as at Burlington, Vt. There is no superb Castle Rock such as dominates the .site of Edinburgh, no Acropolis, no Cathedral-crowned hilltop. The site of Cambridge is comparatively commonplace and yet there are opportunities of beauty and attractiveness

In his epoch-making report of 1893 upon the Park development of the Metropolitan District, Charles Eliot first drew public attention to these advantages and showed how they should and could be preserved. In his special report of the same year to the newly organized Cambridge Park Commission he pointed out how the river bank should be utilized and what other properties should be acquired for public use. He first recommended the acquisition by the city of the river frontage at the extreme eastern end of the city between the two canals which penetrate the manufactirring district of East Cambridge. He advocated a water front reservation of considerable breadth and available for the recreation of a crowded population. This reservation, which he called "The Front," would extend nearly 1,500 feet along the river bank and be enclosed by a sea wall. Provision was to be made for children's games and for boating on the river.

Next there was pointed out the value of the public esplanade, already planned by the Cambridge Embankment Company, which provided an avenue and promenade 200 feet wide along the whole river front between the Cambridge and

In order to complete this admirable park development it is still necessary to provide for finishing the river parkway between Captain's Island and the Western Avenue Bridge. Most of the work has been done, and it is to be hoped that within another year the incomplete section between River Street and Western Avenue will be constructed. This is the most expensive part of the parkway, as it involves some rearrangement of the buildings of the Riverside Press and the Cambridge Electric Light Company.

The New Cambridge

the Brookline bridges. Above the Brookline Bridge, Mr. Eliot recommended the acquisition of the whole of the Captain's Island property with the marshes about it for a playground and a bathing beach. From Captain's Island to the Cambridge Hospital he recommended a continuous river front parkway and the acquisition of the bordering marshes. These properties, together wnth two inland fields, the Rindge Field in North Cambridge and the Binney Field, now known as the Cambridge Field, in East Cambridge, were rapidly secured, and the fields have since been laid out as attractive recreation parks.

driving and automobiling, and the more thickly settled centers of the city. Particvilarly a parkway connection should be made between the river parkway and Quincy Square along the line of the present DeWolf Street. This will provide a much-needed driving connection between the grounds of Harvard College and Boston.

Still another improvement is the opening of a boulevard or parkway which will connect the Harvard Bridge with the Wellington Bridge in Somerville. At present traffic and pleasuredriving between Boston and the northern suburbs has to find its way through an intricate labyrinth of streets, either in the North End of Boston and Charlestown or in Cambridgeport and Somerville. The MetropoUtan Commission has made excellent plans for the proposed parkway, and these plans should be carried out as soon as financial conditions permit.

Finally, the Fresh Pond Parkway should be promptly extended through the marshes at the north of Fresh Pond to connect with the parkway now under construction along Alewife Brook and the Mystic River. This will give a complete circumferential road for pleasuredriving, and connect the great Metropolitan park reservations to the south of the Charles with those to the north of the river.

enlargement is needed at the Boston end of the bridge to provide space to allow the traffic to be distributed. The Charles River Parkway ftirther needs, for the sake of Boston traffic solely, to be extended through this new square in a broad, direct street following the line of Parkman and Fruit Streets, Sudbury Place and Eaton Street to the North Station. There is no street improvement in Boston more urgently needed than this direct connection between the North Station and the Cambridge Bridge and the Charles River Parkway. The present narrow, crooked and inconvenient connections are disgracefully insufficient.

The Viaduct

One of the most sorely-needed street improvements which affect the interests of Cambridge lies wholly within the limits and jurisdiction of Boston. The approach to the Cambridge Bridge at the junction of Cambridge and Charles Streets is utterly squalid and inadequate. The approaching streets are less than half the width of the bridge and are further blocked by the piers of the Elevated Railroad. It is impossible for the bridge to perform its traffic duties effi-. ciently through such a cramped entrance and e.xit, and the dignity of the design of the bridge is sadly marred by this incongruous and illrelated approach. Evidently a considerable the question of new bridges must have attention. A good bridge requires not only strength and durability, but also fitness and beauty. The dam at Craigie Bridge and the Cambridge Bridge are fine and permanent structures, but the rest of the bridges over the Charles are temporary in construction and wholly lacking in artistic merit. The Boylston Street Bridge must be first attended to, and there is a splendid opportunity there for the building of a bridge which shall be worthy of the place. It is the site of the original "Great Bridge," and it is the highway which connects Cambridge with all the region on the south of the river. It has, too, new significance as the connection between the grounds and buildings of Harvard College in Cambridge and the Stadium and athletic grounds on the Boston side of the river. The bridges at Western Avenue, River Street and Brookline Street are poor wooden structures which are constantly in need of repair and quite unworthy of the beautiful water park which they span. They should be replaced as soon as possible by stone or steel bridges of handsome and reasonably uniform design. To reduce the cost of such thoroughfares, Boston and Cambridge should carefully consider the feasibility of substituting earth causeways for portions of the bridge structures. A third to a half the cost of a continuous bridge between the present embankment lines might be saved by such earthworks. The interspaces between the bridges might be redeemed from monotony by causeways planted with trees and shrubbery, and their margins devoted to fuller recreative use by taking advantage of embankments intended to reduce the cost of the bridging operations. Earth causeways of this kind, if used as peninsulas to shorten the actual water space to be spanned, would place the bridges in midstream and produce a series of basins not unlike the Alster Basins at Hamburg, while if these causeways were placed in mid-stream like islands and connected with the Boston and Cambridge shores by short bridges, an effect would be produced like that to be seen in the rivers which contain the Isle de la Cite at Paris, the Island at Geneva, or the Kohlen-Islen of Munich. If these mid-stream islands were connected with one another to form one island of greater length, its recreative service would be immensely increased, and the appearance of the lower basin would be controlled largely by it rather than by the bridge structures and their approaches.

Kelley School

This disposition of the earthworks would leave the present margins of the basin uninterrupted and would not interfere with convenient alongshore passenger boat traffic or pleasure boating, although the headroom under the bridges could not be so great as with the peninsula treatment. On the other hand, the peninsulas would interrupt the continuity of the present embankments and force pleasure and passenger boating into the mid-stream of the basin. The service of tree-planted earthworks of either kind, to check the winds of the basin and to make its use for skating and boating more popular would be important.

When the trees are grown, the bridges built, and stately buildings, such as those planned for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have arisen on the " ' ^ embankment, the ,^ basin and channel of the Charles will become the great center of the Metropolitan District. It will have a distinction which will be comparable only to the splendid quays and bridges of the Seine at Paris, and the magnificent promenades which extend for three miles along the Danube at Budapest.

The growth of a city should have the same oversight that an architect gives to the erection of a building. The liberty of the individual to do what he pleases with his own property ought not to be pennitted to become a detriment to the convenience or attractiveness of the community as a whole. Town planning has become a science. In many European and American cities large dreams of city planning have been worked into practical success. Careful attention is given to the topography, the natural advantages, the best uses to which each district of the city should be put. The prevailing winds are studied, and factories permitted to locate only in certain prescribed areas. Some sections arc devoted primarily to business and others to residences. Streets, parks, open spaces, play-grounds, sites for public bmldings and schoolhouses are arranged for in advance of the city's growth. The orderly development of the whole municipaUty is the first consideration. Everything must be done for the good of the community at large. The health, beauty and comfort of the whole city stand higher than the individual rights of the land speculators or the builders of factories and tenements.

Competent town planning is carried into many details. There must be no telegraph or telephone wires overhead, but they must be placed in conduits underground. There must be no obtruding street railway tracks under foot.

Peabody School

The tracks must be of a pattern which will offer no obstruction to traffic. The street pavements should be of the most approved quahty and kept thoroughly cleaned and repaired. The sewers must be in the center of the streets, but the gas, water, Ught and telephone condtdts placed under the sidewalks close to the building line. It should never be necessary to block a street or tear up the pavement in order to get access to them. Business signs should be under public control so that they be inoffensive, and bill-boards should be prohibited or limited to certain districts only. Smoke ordinances should be rigidly enforced. In a city like Cambridge special provision should be made for recreation on the water front, where landing stages should be provided for pleasiue sailing, rowing and motor boating, and in the winter for skating and ice-boating.

Such a regulation of a city plan and administration permits sufficiently free play for individual initiative, but it subordinates the interests of property to those of htunanity. It reserves to the city the right to determine where the liberty of the individual must yield to the good of the community. The whole design and administration must be directed to the task of upbuilding the health and happiness of all the people. It has been abundantly proved that careful attention to these matters also promotes industrial prosperity. A handsome and well-planned city attracts an everincreasing population. It draws to itself business. People choose a beautiful city as a place where they wish to live. Good schools make better citizens. Parks and playgrounds promote health and morality. A handsome city well planned and well administered pays in the ciarrent coin of commerce and also in the cheerfulness and the well-being of all the citizens.

Another improvement which will make life in Cambridge healthier and happier is more ample provisions for playgrounds. We are coming to understand that play is not simply something that children like to have, but something they must have. Playgrounds are not a luxury but a necessity in a modem city. The City has recently established a Playground Commission, and both the needs and the possibilities have been carefully studied. The Commission has purchased and contracted for various available land for playground piu-poses, mostly in connection with schools, and it is developing some of the older properties held by the City. The plans of the Commission provide for three types of playgrounds. In the first place, there should be a considerable mmiber of small playgrounds well distributed over the city so that little children need not be obliged to travel too far from home. The schoolhouse land is very well adapted for this type of playground. In the second place, it is necessary to provide larger playgrounds for the boys and young men, which should also be well distributed, though not so nixmerous as the children's grounds. In the third place, there should be recreation parks. These should include the types previously mentioned, but in addition should offer opportunity for field days for the schools, for competition

A History Of Cambridge. Massachusetts Russell School

1911, "are comprehensive. Playgrounds are to be enclosed by suitable fences. Enclosures axe to be set off within the fields. Halls are to be erected as a protection from the heat of summer and the cold of winter. These halls may also be used at night for various forms of recreation for young men and women who are obliged to work during the day, and afford a place for dancing under sanitary and moral conditions in place of the unsanitary dance-halls into which our young people are often forced, with danger to both health and morals. Nursery corners are to be fitted out with sand-boxes, wading pools, baby-hammocks and other suitable means of amusement and instruction. Children's departments will contain teeters, merry-go-rounds, swings and slides. Girls' fields are to be set apart for the enjoyment and physical development of the girls. Baseball diamonds, tennis courts, running tracks, bleachers, skating rinks, coasting inclines and gymnastic apparatus of various kinds are to be provided. "Captain's Island, because of its size, its accessibility, and its situation on the river, offers the best opportunity for the main recreation park of the city of Cambridge. It is therefore necessary to have on this park, not only the usual children's corners, the usual opportunity for girls' play, the activities of our young school athletes, our high school boys, but also features which will offer opportunity for wholesome recreation for the men and women of the city. There shall be something which shall attract parents as well as children. The first development needed is an enclosed athletic field which will best be constructed in the form of a stadium. Inside of this stadiimi there will be a regiilar running track, regular athletic field and a football field. On each side of this stadium will be situated a regular diamond, each with bleachers accommodating many hundreds of spectators. At the street side of a harbor will be situated a boat house. There should be an extension of the present bathing facilities. It is proposed to build a large openair structure, as well as a building suitable for girls' gymnastics; also a girls' field properly equipped.

"Dividing the diamonds on the main field and backing the stadiimi the main recreation building of this park will be situated. It will have a large shelter on each side. A music pavilion will be in the top of the structure and a band concert would readily be enjoyed by all of the people all over the park and along the river front; and the whole of Captain's Island should be fenced in to offer absolute control of the whole area."

These judicious plans prove that it is understood that children not only need a place to play, but also some guidance in the conduct of their play.

There is one peril which Cambridge is likely to encounter very soon. Increasing density of population will mean increase of land values and of rents, and the people will be packed in closer and closer quarters. All modem cities tend to multiply houses designed for more than one family. There is nothing inherently objectionable in the two-family, three-family or even the ten-family type of dwelling. It is well nigh the universal form of dwelling in European cities. It is increasingly the form in American cities. The objection to such houses lies only in permitting them to be built without proper regulation. It is already true that every American city has on its hands a serious housing problem. Tenement houses spring up before adequate restrictions have been thought of by the commimity. Rapidly evils develop: unhealthy premises, dark rooms, overcrowding, excessive rents, and other deplorable manifestations of the social life of modem cities

Some of the evils are peculiar to a single commtuiity, but most of them sooner or later are found in all cities. The chief underlying fact is that in nearly every case they are due to unnecessary neglect. There is usually a failure on the part of the municipality and of the citizens to recognize evil tendencies in their early stages. There is often an unwarranted feeling of confidence that all is right when they see little that is going wrong, or a false civic pride which deludes itself into thinking that everydomestic life. When a man has a home of his own he has every incentive to be thrifty, to take his part in the duties of citizenship, and to be a real sharer in the obligations and the privileges of the community in which he lives. Very few such separate houses are now being built in Cambridge. The apartment house, the "three-decker," the two-family house are taking the place of dwellings designed for the use of a single family.

thing must be satisfactory. This kind of ignorance is played upon by the greed of those persons who for the sake of larger profits on their investments are willing to sacrifice the health and welfare of helpless people.

The only really satisfactory way of living is in separate houses, each house occupied by a single family with a small bit of land attached, and always with a reasonable privacy and a sense of individuahty and opportunity for real

Cambridge is inevitably to become a city of growing density of population. The area is small, and the situation at the center of the metropolitan district has many and manifest advantages. There are already 105,000 people living on an area of only six and a half square miles. This means an average density of 25 . 1 persons to an acre - a density greater than that of almost any city in the country and exceeding that of Boston. More and more people every- where live in cities because they prefer city life. They find there the social and industrial relationships which they cannot find in the country districts. There are the opportunities for employment and for amusement. The shops, the theaters, the Hghted streets, the saloons, the churches, the different lodges and societies all have their attractions. There is but Httle vacant land now left in Cambridge and in some parts of the city there is already dangerous congestion. As the population multipHes, the serious Tiousing evils are likely to develop and none need be tolerated. Where they exist today they are a reflection upon the intelHgence and right-mindedness of the coihmunity. The city needs to profit by the mistakes of others, to study perilous tendencies, to be vigilant in forestalling e\nls, to act in time to keep the city a city of homes and not permit it to become merely a city of tenements.

Longfellow Park

city must see to it that the buildings which are erected for dwelling purposes are suitable for people to live in. Cambridge must prevent the growth of slums and forbid the creation of types of buildings which will later become a menace to the community. It must see to it that the dwellings of the poor are maintained in a sanitarj' condition, are kept in repair, and are provided with the necessities of decent Hving. If there has been neglect and carelessness in the past, the older buildings must be renovated and made fit for human habitation. If Cambridge is aUve to a growing danger, no of smoke, and the control of outdoor advertising. The time has gone by when the industrial preeminence of a city was crudely judged by the volumes of smoke pouring from the factory chimneys, the glaring prominence of the billboards and signs, and the network of overhead wires that shaded the streets. These are now recognized as nuisances that no progressive city will tolerate. It is more difficult, but equally necessary, to control building operations, to limit the height of buildings, to require that the designs of all public buildings receive the approval of artists, and to secure in the appearance of the structures on any given block or street a reasonable degree of harmony. Most of the chief European cities have adopted explicit regulations in regard to these matters, and their example deserves to be more generally followed in America.

The civic spirit of Cambridge has always been reUable. There is a keen and general interest in public affairs. The activities of the government are closely followed, and good citizenship is highly prized. If the public spirit of the community will provide the improvements which the new times demand and test Of new conditions; conquering civic wrong: Saving the state anew by virtuous lives; Guarding their country's honor as their own, And their own as their country's and their guard against the perils which new conditions have evolved, the future of the city will be worthy of its honorable past. It will justify the prophecy of Richard Watson Gilder's verses:

Defying leagued fraud with single truth ; Not fearing loss and daring to be pxire. When error through the land raged like a pest They calmed the madness caught from mind to mind By wisdom drawn from eld, and counsel sane; And as the martyrs of the ancient world Gave death for man, so nobly gave they life; Those the great days, and that the heroic age."

The Anderson Bridge extends across the Charles River and connects Boylston Street in Cambridge with North Harvard Street in Boston, gi\ing adequate accommodation for the traffic between Har\ard Square and the Stadium. It is the gift of Larz Anderson, a graduate of Harvard in the Class of 1888, as a memorial of his father, Nicholas Longworth Anderson. One of the conditions of the gift is that the inscription which is reproduced under the illustration of the Bridge shall be maintained in perpetuity by the city within whose boundary it occurs.

The Bridge, built of brick and concrete, corresponds in construction with the fence around Soldiers Field and also with the Weld Boat House, the latter a gift of the late George W. Weld (Harvard '60), the uncle of Mrs. Larz Anderson. The use of brick in the Bridge likewise carries out the Georgian spirit of the University buildings. The foundation is for the most part of concrete; but granite has been used for the base course where the structure comes in contact with the water and the ground. The concrete construction above the foundation is reinforced with steel.

The Bridge itself consists of three arches. The one in the middle is 76 feet wide, and measures 16 feet at its highest point. Each of the two flanking arches has a span of 65 feet, with a maximum height of 14 feet. The arches, piers, abutments and balustrades have carefully designed embellishments of brick-work. The side-walks are built of granolithic separated by strips of granite; the road-bed is made of wooden-block paving. The side-walks are raised very little above the level of the road-bed, so that the whole width of the Bridge may be used by foot passengers whenever occasion requires. Including the approaches, the Bridge is 440 feet long; and at the extreme end, with the tenfoot side-walk, 60 feet wide. A monumental staircase on the Cambridge side gives access to the parkway.

Nicholas Longworth Anderson was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 22, 1838, the son of Larz Anderson, and a nephew of General Robert Anderson, He was graduated at Harvard College in 1858, after which he spent about two years in study at the German universities. Returning to America in 1860, he began the study of law; but on the breaking out of the Ci\il War he enlisted as a private. On April 19, 1861, he was commissioned lieutenant and adjutant of the 6th Ohio Volunteers; on June 12, following he was made lieutenant-colonel, and in August of the succeeding year, colonel. He was with the Regiment in the West Virginia campaign, and shared in all the marches and long battles of General Buell, Rosecrans, and Thomas, being wounded at Shiloh, and again at Stone Ri\er and Chickamauga. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted brigadiergeneral for gallant conduct at Stone River, and major-general for distinguished gallantry at Chickamauga. The war over, he completed his preparation for the bar, to which he was duly admitted at Cincinnati. Subsequently he removed to Washington. His death occurred at Lucerne, Switzerland, Sept. 18, 1892.

Rev. EDWARD ABBOTT, D.D. Abbott, Edward, Rev. D.D., for nearly thirty years associated with St. James Episcopal Chitrch, as rector and rector emeritus, was bom in Farmington, Me., July 15, 1841. He was the youngest son of Jacob and Harriet Vaughan

Abbott. He was prepared for college at the Farmington Academy and was graduated from New York University in 1860; this institution, moreover, bestowed upon him his doctor's degree in 1890. He was educated in theology at the Andover Theological Seminary and was ordained as Congregational minister in 1863. Prior to this, however, he spent some months with the Army of the Potomac, diiring the Civil War, in the service of the United States Sanitary Commission. Dr. Abbott was twice married. His first wife was Clara Davis, by whom he had one son and two daughters. Of these children, Mrs. Eleanor Hallowell (Abbott) Cobum of Lowell alone survives. Mrs. Cobum is a writer of short stories under her maiden name. In 1883 he married Katherine Kelley Dunning. Dr. Abbott organized the Steams Chapel Society, as a Congregationalist, which has since become the Pilgrim Church in Cambridgeport. He retired from his duties there in 1869 to become associate editor of the Congregationalist; from 1877 to 1888, he was editor of the Literary World, serving in the same capacity again from 1895 to 1903. During his early Cambridge experience, he was a member of the School Board, and was chaplain of the State Senate. In the seventies, through a gradual change in his religious views. Dr. Abbott was confirmed in the Protestant faith and was ordained deacon by Bishop Paddock, January, 1879. In the following year, on the twentieth of January, he was made priest, and became rector of St. James Parish. Here was Dr. Abbott's life work.

When he began his rectorship, there was only the Greenleaf Chapel in Beech Street. In 1884 a commodious parish house was erected. It is believed to be one of the first, if not the first, ever built for an Episcopal Church. In 1885, under Dr. Abbott's supervision, the parish purchased the comer lot, and in 1889, the new chvuch was built. Devoted as he was to his parish duties. Dr. Abbott nevertheless was the author of a number of books and stories among which are the following: "A Paragraph History of the American Revolution"; "Revolutionary Times " ; " History of Cambridge " ; " Memoir of Jacob Abbott"; "Phillips Brooks Memorial," 1900; "The Bells Own Story," 1901; "Mrs. James Greenleaf," 1902; "John Svimmerfield Lindsay, D.D."; "Memorial Sermon," 1904. His more important magazine articles were: "Lighthouses"; "The Galaxy," 1869; "The Parkman Murder," 1875; "Wellesley College," Harper's Magazine, 1876; "The Androscoggin Lakes," Harper's Magazine. 1877; and "Grand

In public life, Dr. Abbott filled numerous posts, such as "Visitor" to Wellesley College, Trustee of the Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Clergymen; President of Associated Charities of Cambridge; President of Cambridge Branch of the Indian Rights Association; Member of the Missionary Council of the General Church; Member of Provisional Committee on Church Work in Mexico; President of the Indian Industrial League ; President of the Cambridge City Mission.

Dr. Abbott spent a part of his early life in Cambridge in a house since burned, which he built in Channing Street. It was the first dwelling in that now well occupied thoroughfare; and because from its windows he could see across the meadows to the Charles River, he gave it the name "Long Look House." In later life he lived at 11 Dana Street, the home still occupied by his widow. The services of Dr. Abbott as pastor were sought from time to time by a number of parishes away from Cambridge. Among such calls may be mentioned that to be rector of Christ Church, Detroit, Mich., in 1885 ; the rectorship of Trinity Chtirch, Columbus, 0., in 1888; and the superintendency of the Boston City Mission, in the same year; in 1889, Dr. Abbott was elected by the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church to be missionary bishop of Japan. All these calls were notable, and suggested the type of man to whom they were extended ; in particular, the election to Japan opened a field of activity much to Dr. Abbott's liking; but he felt that his place was with his parish in Cambridge, and after careful consideration he declined the honor. Dr. Abbott resigned as rector of St. James Parish in June, 1905, but his resignation did not take effect until July 1, 1906, and even then was accepted with great reluctance by the Vestry.

His death occurred on April 5, 1908, but his memory is still green. Folio-wing a largely attended funeral in St. James Chiirch on April 7, the burial service was held in Brunswick, Me., on April 8. His resting-place is within sight of the campus of Bowdoin College and of the Library building which contains his Memorial, the Abbott Room. In Brunswick, members of his family had resided, and from Bowdoin, many of his ancestors had been graduated. In 1905, Dr. Abbott began the preparation of a history of St. James's from careful records which he had kept through many years. The manuscript was completed some time before his death and was published by the Vestry in 1909, under the title, "St. James Parish, Cambridge; Forty Years of Parish History." The picture of Cambridge as Dr. Abbott knew it - now nearly fifty years ago - is given briefly, but interestingly; and in all her growth and useful activities, Cambridge had no warmer friend than Dr. Edward Abbott.

William Robert Adams

Adams, William Robert, dry-goods merchant of East Cambridge for forty years, was bom at Derry, N.H., in 1839, and at the age of fifteen years he came to Cambridge, where he resided up to the time of his death, which occurred February 6, 1910.

He was a veteran of the Civil War, having entered the army at the age of twenty-three years. He served in Company E of the 44th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers for two years, being honorably discharged with the rank of corporal. In 1864 he re-enlisted for three months, at the end of which time he was honorably discharged and returned to his home in East Cambridge.

In 1870 he opened a dry goods store on Cambridge Street, East Cambridge. He changed his location after a few years, and located at 258 Cambridge Street, where he was located for thirty years. Altogether he was in business on that street for forty years, which was up to the time of his death.

He was prominent in Post 57, G.A.R., and for several years, until his death, served as chaplain and patriotic instructor. He had several times refused to become its commander. At the dedication of the Soldiers and Sailors Monument on the Boston Common, he took a very prominent part in the exercises. He was a member of the Cambridge Veteran Firemen's Association, of Lechmere Council, Royal Arcanum, and of the Knights of Honor, of which he was chaplain. He was also a director of the East Cambridge Savings Bank.

At the Trinity Methodist church, of which he was a member, he was one of the leaders. He had been treasurer of the church for over twenty years, and was also class leader and a teacher in the Sunday school.

where he was identified with the people's interests, will miss him, particularly the poor people of old Ward Three whom he always befriended.

Alexander Agassiz

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ Agassiz, Alexander, the son of Louis Agassiz, was bom at Neuchatel, Switzerland, December 17, 1835, his mother being Cecile Braun, a sister of Alexander Braun, Louis Agassiz's college friend. She was distinguished in many ways, but especially by her skill in drawing. Her father had already become known in the scientific world by his embryological investigations, and Humboldt advised him to visit America, which he did in 1846 - alone, because his circumstances were limited and the venture doubtful. He was, however, at once invited to deliver a course of lectures on "Comparative Embryology," at the Lowell Institute, and soon saw that the opportunities he sought werej,'to be found here, and he remained. In 1847jhis wife died, and Alexander, a boy of eleven years, came to Cambridge to live with his father. Later his father married Miss Elizabeth Cary, and this riveted the bonds which bound the son to Cambridge, where he for nearly half a century resided.

Alexander prepared for Harvard, and graduated in the class of 1855. Even then it was not made clear that he had his father's vocation, though he entered the Lawrence Scientific School for a course of engineering and chemistry, and got his B.S. in 1857. Meanwhile he assisted his parents in the girl's school which Mrs. Agassiz opened at the corner of Quincy Street and Broadway, for the times were hard and Professor Agassiz's investigations were costly and his professional income limited. After an extra two years' course in chemistry, Alexander Agassiz joined the Coast Survey, the great chief of which. Professor Bache, was one of his father's warmest friends. He was assigned to duty on the California coast, and found time to collect specimens for the Cambridge Museum in mines on the shore.

He spent the greater part of the winter of 1859-1860 at Panama and Acapuleo, collecting specimens for the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. The next spring he resumed his work at San Francisco. After examining the mines in the interior of California in July, 1860, he returned to Cambridge, where he was appointed agent of the museimi. He then took the full course in the zoological and geological departments of the LawTence Scientific School. Previous to the absence of his father in Brazil in 1865, he had been appointed assistant in zoology at the museimi, of which he was in full charge at that time. In 1865, he also engaged in coal mining in Pennsylvania, additional to his work at home in Massachusetts.

In 1866 he was in the Lake Superior region as a mining expert. He was made treasurer of the Calvimet, and the next year general superintendent of both the Calumet and Hecla mines. He put in an immense amount of work for their development. People are accustomed to think of mining successes as windfalls, and certainly those who had a cue to go into the stock of the discredited "coppers" and bought the shares for the price of waste paper had great luck, but it took Mr. Agassiz fifteen hours a day for months and months to make the properties what they are. Once, after a long and irrepressible fire in the mines had raged for months, he had the happy thought of extinguishing it by blowing in carbonic acid gas. He was fertile in his expedients, scientific in planning, practical inexecution, and the millions that have enriched Boston, enlarged her charities and spread happiness all about the land were the direct gift of this man's wisdom and energy.

He afterwards went abroad to examine the museimis of the leading countries of Europe. When in 1870 he retximed to Cambridge he was made assistant curator of the museum. His father died in 1874, and Alexander succeeded him as curator. In that year he was also elected by the Alumni as one of the overseers of Harvard. Foiu- years subsequently he was chosen by the corporation one of its fellows. He resigned the honor in 1885, on account of bad health. Mr. Agassiz retained his connection with the museum, which he enriched by liberal gifts, and was director of the University Museimi at the time of his death. It is stated that in all he gave more than half a million dollars to Harvard University.

Mr. Anderson, the tobacconist, gave Professor Agassiz an island in the Elizabeth group - Penikese - for a simimer school, and Alexander Agassiz had charge of it in 1873. Through lack of funds for its maintenance, the school was abandoned.

Alexander Agassiz is next foimd exploring the west coast of South America - Peru, Chili and Lake Titicaca - sending home tons of specimens to the Peabody Museum; and in England assisting Sir Wyville Thompson to aixange the treasures brought by the Challenger, and securing specimens for his own musetun. Some results of his work in various parts of South America in 1875 are seen in the collection of Peruvian antiquities at the Peabody Museum.

Alexander Agassiz was for many years president of the Calimiet & Hecla Mining Company. The Academic des Sciences, Paris, awarded him a prize, and Cambridge University the degree of LL.D. In 1910 he received the Victoria Research Medal. He was a member of many scientific organizations in America and abroad, and the author of numerous works on marine zoology.

Louis Agassiz

thyology and the study of glaciers, was bom at Motier in the canton of Fribourg. He became in 1832 a professor at Neuchatel. In 1839 he began his never-completed Historie Naturelle des Poissons d'Eau Douce de V Europe Centrale, and published between 1833 and 1843 the five volumes of text (with five more of plates) of his Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles. Between 1839 and 1845 he made (chiefly on the Unteraar Glacier in the Bernese Oberland) some of the earliest recorded observations on the motion of glaciers. Narrative accounts of their journeys were published by Desor in his two series of Excursimts et Sejours sur les Glaciers (1844- 1845); and Agassiz embodied his scientific observations in his Ettides sur les Glaciers (1840) and his Nouvelle Etudes (1847). His theory of glacier motion (dilation of water frozen in the crevasses) soon gave way, however, to that formtdated by Forbes (gravitation plus plasticity). In 1847 Agassiz accepted the newlyfounded professorship of natural history in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, a post which he held till his death, having in 1862 become a citizen of the United States. He made many scientific journeys in America (particularly one to Brazil in 1865), and in 1858 founded at Harvard the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which is especially rich in fishes. He assailed with great earnestness Darwin's evolutionary theory, which to the end he refused to accept. Agassiz's memory is preserved in the Alps by the Agassizhorn (12,980 feet), in the Bernese Oberland; in Arizona by a peak 10,000 feet, near the Grand Canon of the Colorado; in Utah by a peak in the Uintah range; and in North Dakota, Minnesota and Manitoba by the basin termed Lake Agassiz.

Besides the works mentioned, his publications include Contributions to the Natural History of the United States (foiur volumes) ; The Structure of Animal Life (1874); A Journey to Brazil (1868) . See his wife's Life and Correspondence of Agassiz (1886) and Marcou's Life, Letters and Works of Agassiz (1896).

employing more than five hundred persons and one hundred sewing machines in the manufactvire of ladies' garments. In January, 1868, Mr. Allen, having reHnquished the dry-goods trade, returned to Boston and estabhshed the Oriental Tea Company on Court St. In July, 1910, after transferring his interest in this business to his son and other junior partners, Mr. Allen retired altogether from active business life. While in Portsmouth, Mr. Allen was married to Miss Annie G. Scribner, of Gorham, Me.,

Frank Augustus Allen

FRANK AUGUSTUS ALLEN Allen, Frank Augustus, son of Horace O. and Elizabeth (Derby) AUen, was bom in Sanford, York County, Me., January 29, 1835. He received his education in the village schools of his native town and in the Academy at Alfred, Me. His father died when he was two years old, and at the age of seventeen years he left home and worked as a bobbin-boy in the cotton mills in Biddeford. From the age of eighteen to twenty-one he was a clerk in a dry-goods store; and in the spring of 1856, when he was twenty-one years old, he began the dry-goods business on his own account, at Saccarappa, Me. A year later he removed to Portsmouth, N.H., continuing in the same business, and three years after he sold out his retail business in Portsmouth, and entered into the wholesale dry-goods business in Boston. In 1863 he removed his business to New York, at one time who died in 1865, leaving two children, Annie E. and Herbert M. In 1866 he married Elizabeth M. Scribner. Mr. Allen came to Cambridge in April, 1871. He served in the Common Cotmcil in 1876 and 1877, the latter year as president of that board. He was Mayor of the city in 1877, and a member of the Board of Sinking Fund Commissioners from January, 1878, until January, 1912, and chairman of the Board dvuing the last ten years of this period of thirty-four years' service. Also a member of the Water Board from July, 1894, until June, 1899. Mr. Allen is a member of the Prospect Street Congregational Chtirch, and a No-license RepubHcan in politics. He has always been prominent in all plans for the improvement and development of Cambridge.

Oscar Fayette Allen

farmer, a native of Pomfret, Vt., bom May 13, 1814; died May 31, 1901, and was engaged in the farming business all of his life. He was a man of remarkable perseverance, had a ver}'

Allen, mother of Oscar Fayette Allen, was bom in Pomfret, Vt., April 23, 1919, and died June 6, 1S88. Her father, William, was a farmer and served in the Revolution.

Oscar Fayette Allen received his education in the common schools and in the Green Mountain Institute at Woodstock, Vt., now the Green Mountain Perkins Academy. When he was nineteen years old he began to teach in his own district school, the first term. The second term he taught in the (Chedel) district, near his home, and the third term at the Broad Brook district in Royalton. He then taught the No. 9 district at Sharon, and at East Barnard, Vt., and the fifth term again in his own district. In the fall* of 1867 he removed to Wauconda, 111., where he taught a year in the primary and high schools. He then removed to Cameron, Mo., and taught in the public and private schools for eight years. Here he became identified with the Congregational church and sang in the choir, and was superintendent of the Sunday school. In 1876 he came to Boston, and later accepted a position as salesman in Dodge's Ninety-Nine Cent Store on Hanover Street. After two years with that establishment he entered the Cambridge Savings Bank, where for seven years he worked as clerk and bookkeeper, and also served as paying teller. In 1884 he was elected treasurer of the institution, which position he now holds. He is also trustee and clerk of the corporation.

Mr. Allen resides at 39 Martin Street, in a beautiful home which he built in 1900. He attends the Unitarian church, which was the first church in Cambridge, being founded in 1633. He is a Republican in politics. He is a life member of Mizpah Lodge of Masons at Cambridge, joining May 13, 1889. He served as its Worshipful Master in 1900 and 1901, and also as auditor of the Grand Lodge of Masons of Massachusetts since 1901. He is a member of Cambridge Royal Arch Chapter of Masons, since November 13, 1891, and is also a life member of this body. He received his degrees of knighthood in the Boston Commandery of Knights Templars in Boston, April 15, 1903, and served as its treasurer in 1906 and 1907, although he has now resigned. He is a member of Signet Chapter, No. 22, of the order of the Eastern Star.

Mr. Allen is a charter member of the Cambridge Historical Society, which was chartered in 1905, and was treasurer of this society in 1905, 1906 and 1907; now resigned. He is a member of the Vermont Association of Boston, and of the Massachusetts Savings Bank Treasurers' Club, of which he was secretary four years, and a member of the Citizens' First Volunteers Association of Cambridge, Mass. This association annually banquets the first company of volunteers that enlisted in the Civil War, on April 17, 1861. He served in the Vermont state militia when a young man. He married October 20, 1865, Flora Viola Allen, bom April 2, 1844, daughter of Roswell Jr. and Mary (Snow) Allen of Pomfret, Vt. Her father was a farmer. They have no children.

James Barr Ames

Ames, James Barr, was bom in Boston. June 22, 1846; died January 8, 1910. He got his early education in the grammar schools of Medford and Boston and in the Boston Latin School. He received his degree of bachelor of arts at Harvard in the class of 1868, and entered the Harvard Law School, receiving the LL.D. degree in 1872. He won his A.M. degree in the same year. His honorary degrees were doctor of laws from New York University in 1898, University of Wisconsin, 1898, University of Pennsylvania, 1900, Northwestem (111.), 1903, and Williams, 1904.

In 1868-1869, instead of going directly from college to the law school, he taught in the private school of Epes S. Dixwell, in Boston. And, as it turned out, teaching was to be his life work, and was to be so well done as to place Professor Ames among the very first of American educators. He traveled in Europe for a year in 1869- 1870.

While in the law school he was first a tutor in French and German in Harvard College, 1871-1872, and the following year an instractor in history. He was admitted to the bar of Massachusetts in 1873.

He never practised, for, in the fall of 1873, he became assistant professor of law at the Harvard Law School. He became professor of law in 1877, and two years later was given the Bussey chair of law, April 9, 1879. He succeeded Professor Langdell as dean of the law school, June 18, 1895, and on January 26, 1904, he was transferred from the Bussey professorship to the Dane professorship.

Professor Ames developed the "Harvard" system, or "case" system, of teaching law, which is the best recognized modem method. A constant contributor to law reviews, he also wrote a nimiber of case complications which rank high among law text books. His essays on the history of the common law, however, probably gained for him the most popular fame.

Walter Irving Badger

WALTER IRVING BADGER Badger, Walter Irving, corporation attorney and lawyer, was bom in Boston, Mass., January 15, 1859. His father, Erastus

W.Alter Irving Badger

Beethoven Badger, was a son of Daniel B. and Anne (Clarke) Badger, and a descendant from Giles Badger, who came from England to Portsmouth, N.H., about 1750. Walter Irving Badger was a vigorous, athletic child and youth, brought up in both the city and country and fond of all kinds of sport. He played four years on the Yale University football team and three years on the Varsity nine, being captain of the latter. After passing through the Grammar and English High School in Boston, he was fitted for college at Adams Academy, and matriculated at Yale University in 1878, graduating A.B. with the class of 1882. He became a clerk in the law office of Solomon Lincoln in 1882, and, while serving as a law clerk he took the regular course in the law school of Boston University, graduating LL.B. Cum Laude, 1885.

His practice has included such clients as the Boston & Maine Railroad: the Travelers' Insurance Company; Henry H. Rogers, of New York City; the Boston Ice Company; the Boston Gaslight Company; the Cudahy Packing Company; the United States Rubber Shoe Company; the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company, of Pittsburg, Pa; the United States Express Company, etc. He was attorney for the gas company in the celebrated trial of the cases growing out of the subway explosion of March 4, 1897, and also for Mr. H. H. Rogers, in the litigation growing out of the gas war in Boston. He was married October 6, 1887, to Elizabeth Hand, daughter of Daniel and Frances (Ansley) Wilcox, of New Haven, Conn., and the two children bom of this marriage are Walter Irving Badger, Jr., and Grace Ansley Badger. Mr. Badger's political affiliation is with the Republican part}'; he has never changed his allegiance. He is a member of the Baptist denomination. His club membership includes the University of Boston, the Exchange, the New Algonquin, the Curtis, the Country Club of Brookline, the University of New York, the Yale of New York, the Eastern Yacht and the Boston Yacht.

Hollis Russell Bailey

HOLLIS RUSSELL BAILEY Bailey, Hollis Russell, law^-er and chairman of the board of bar examiners of Massachusetts, was bom February 24, 1852, in that part of Andover which in 1855 became the town of North Andover. His ancestry from James Bailey, who was bom in England and settled in Rowley about 1640, is as follows: James, bom (about) 1612, married Lydia; John Bailey, bom 1642, married Mary Mighill; James Bailey, bom 1680, married Hannah

Wood; Samuel Bailey, bom 1705, married Mary Rolf; Samuel Bailey, bom 1728, married Hannah Kittredge; James Bailey, born 1757, married Lucy Brown; Otis Bailey, born 1806, married Lucinda Alden. John Bailey of the second generation perished in 1690 in the expedition against Quebec under General Phipps, and Samuel Bailey, Jr., of the fifth generation fell at Bunker Hill.

Hoi.Lis Russell Bailey

the home of Anne Bradstreet, the first female poet of America. He was a farmer and butcher, a deacon in the Unitarian church, held several town offices and was a man of integrity, fmgality and public spirit. He married Lucinda Alden, daughter of Alden and Lucinda (Briggs) Loring, of Duxbury, Mass., and a descendant of Thomas Loring, of Axminster, England, who came to Hingham, about 1635, and of John Alden, who came over in the Mayflower in 1620. Thus Mr. Bailey on his mother's side inherits the toleration of

Hollis Russell Bailey was a strong and active child, fond of out-door life, including fishing and hunting, and from his earliest years was constantly engaged on the farm in strenuous manual labor when not in school. He claims that this mode of life had the effect to make him strong, self-reliant, industrious and persistent. His mother's influence in these early days also made for truth, sobriety and willingness to work.

His father's death, in 1866, increased the duties and responsibilities of the boy, and led him to form habits of self-reliance. His models and ideas of great men were derived from the reading of biographies and autobiographies. He attended the Punchard Free School, Andover, and the Johnson High School, North Andover. Until 1870 the young man did not have a collegiate education in view, but at that date the advice of Dr. Samuel Taylor, the principal of Phillips Andover Academy, led him to that decision; and it was the Academy where he fitted for college, graduating in 1873, fourth in his class. At the commencement he delivered a Latin oration. He received honors in Latin and Greek on his entrance examinations to Harvard.

He graduated from Harvard in 1877, standing eighth in his class. He was elected a member of the Phi Beta Kappa as one of the first eight, in his junior year at the Phi Beta Kappa exercises, and was second marshal in 1877. He did a good deal of tutoring throughout his college course and served as proctor. During his senior year, in addition to his regular work, he took two courses in the Law School and passed the examinations. He entered the Harvard Law School one year in advance, in October, 1877, and (the course then being two years) obtained his degree of LL.B.inJune, 1878. A further course of one year in the Law School gave him the degree of A.M. in 1879. He also studied law with Hyde, Dickinson and Howe. Speaking of his choice of a profession, he says : " I had no strong bent for the law. I could have pursued medicine or engineering with equal pleasure. The influence of my oldest sister. Miss Sarah Loring Bailey, largely determined my choice and first roused my ambition to seek success in the legal profession. Outside my own family, my college associates were probably the most helpful factors in stimulating and shaping my life."