Cambridge City (part 12 of 15)

Henry Dexter

Dexter, Henry, sculptor, was bom at Nelson, Madison County, New York, October 11, 1806, on a farm in the midst of an unsettled wilderness, where his parents had settled shortly before. He is notable as having been one of the earliest sculptors of the United States, and typically American, in that being entirely a self-taught genius, his achievements were wholly due to his natural talents and his own unguided efforts. As a child he made pictures on cloth, paper being an unattainable luxury, with colors made from fruit juices. When he was eleven years old his father died, and the family removing to Connecticut, he was put to work with a farmer, who sent him to school in winter. He sought to obtain emplo}'ment with a family named Alexander, whose son, Frank, then little more than a boy, was already a recognized artist, and it became the dream of young Dexter's life to meet this "Frank" and learn his art from him. Years afterwards he became his friend, and related to him by marriage, and though at first discouraging him from an artists' career, he finally proved of great assistance to him. In the meantime, when he left the farm, Dexter was, much against his will, apprenticed to a blacksmith; and after learning the trade, he made it necessary for himself to follow it, by marrying a niece of Alexander, and thus assuming the responsibilities of the head of a family. He made his first attempt at portrait painting about this time; but Alexander himself expostulated with him for even dreaming of giving up his trade, and he reluctantly continued it for seven years. Then, in 1835, he went to Boston, resolved that, whether successful or not, he would at least try to become an artist, and, with the assistance of Alexander he soon made a certain reputation as a portrait painter. In the following spring he went to Pro\'idence, R.I., where he painted portraits of General Carpenter and his family. Returning in the autumn to Boston, he followed the profession of a portrait painter until Mr. Alexander, chancing to suggest to him to obtain a quantity of modeling clay, his attention was thus accidentally turned to the art of sculpture, and he at once achieved remarkable success in making portrait busts. His first commission in marble was to make a bust of the mayor of Boston, Hon. Samuel A. Eliot, after whom many of the most distinguished gentlemen of Boston made request for similar works. He made busts of Longfellow, Agassiz, Henry Wilson, Cornelius C. Felton, president of Har- College, Anson Burlingame, and of Charles Dickens, when that noveHst \asited Boston, as well as of several hundred others; and the work, executed entirely by his own hands, was frequently of surpassing merit. In statuary he executed the figure now in Mount Auburn cemetery, known as the Biimey Child, a colossal figure of a "Backwoodsman"; figures of the children of J. B. Gushing, of Watertown, exhibited as "The Young Naturalist" and "The First Lesson;" a statue of the daughter of William P. Winchester; a statue of Gen. Joseph Warren, now at Bimker HiU, and figures entitled "Nymph of the Ocean," and "Devotion." In 1860 he set about making a group of busts of the president of the United States and all governors of states then in office, and in the execution of this work he traveled over every state except California and Oregon. On completing the casts, he exhibited them in the rotunda of the State House in Boston, and though the outbreak of the Civil War prevented him from executing all of them in marble, the work in its partial completion is still a valuable portion of the art collection at Washington. Among the best of these busts are those of Governors Hicks, Morgan, Morrill, Banks, Ellis and Chase.

In May, 1828, he was married to Miss KeUey, the niece of the artist Francis Alexander. They had three children: a son who died in infancy and two daughters; one of the latter, Mrs.

Harriet D. Mason, is dead; the other, Mrs. Anna E. Douglas, is living. His first wife died in 1857. Just before beginning a tour through the United States, he married Mrs. Martha Billings, of MiUbury, Mass.

which seemed to be for the public welfare, and to all the duties of the various offices which he was called upon to fill he gave freely of his time and talents.

William Bullard Durant

Mr. Durant was bom in Barre, Mass., in 1844, the son of Rev. Amos Bxollard and Mary Ann Durant. He was known as William Bullard until after he had finished his education, when he took as his surname the maiden name of his mother. He received his elementary education at the Leicester Academy and graduated from Harvard in the Class of 1865. He received an A.M. in 1868, and his degree from the Harvard Law School in 1869. He married, in 1879, Caroline V. Aldrich, the daughter of Judge P. E. Aldrich, of Worcester; and she and three sons - Aldrich, an engineer at Havana, Cuba; Henry W., a lawyer in Boston; and William B. Durant, an engineer at Greenfield, Mass., - survive him.

Mr. Durant lived in Cambridge for fifty years, and always took an active interest in city affairs. He was sent to the Common Council in 1880 and 1881, and his ability was at once recognized by his fellow citizens. He was a member of the House of Representatives in 1894 and 1895. He served as president of the Water Board from 1899 to 1906, and here his legal training was most valuable, and he was able to render great service in settling many important questions. At the time of his death he was a director of the Charles River National Bank and a trustee of the Cambridge Savings Bank. He was an attendant at the First Congregational Chxu-ch, a member of the Oakley Country Club and the Cambridge Club.

Mr. Durant was the typical "good citizen," and was always found ready to perform his duty in serving the City. He could be depended upon to lend his support to any movement

Charles William Eliot

CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT Eliot, Charles William, president emeritus of Harvard University, was bom in Boston, on March 20, 1834, the grandson of one of the famous merchant princes of the New England capital, and the son of Samuel Atkins and Mary (Lyman) EHot. His father was one of the most eminent public men of the Commonwealth, having been mayor of Boston, a member of

Congress, and the treasurer of Harvard College. The family was descended from Andrew Eliot, who came from Devonshire, England, about 1632, and settled in Beverly, Mass., very soon after the first Puritan migration.

To have sprung from such a sterling race is more honor than kinship with any titled aristocracy. Through every generation the men of the Eliot name have justified their heritage. No youth could have had a more fortunate or inspiring environment than that of the Boston home whence young Eliot went to the Boston Latin School and to Harvard College. His was the class of 1853. Graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Arts and an enviable reputation for scholarship, second in rank in his class, Mr. Eliot remained at the college as a tutor in mathematics, studying chemistry meanwhile with Professor Josiah P. Cooke, and in 1856 receiving the degree of Master of Arts. For two years more he continued to be an instructor in mathematics, applying himself at the same time to research in chemistry, but in 185S he became assistant professor in mathematics and chemistry in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard.

In 1S61 Mr. Eliot relinquished one part of his double professional duty to become assistant professor of chemistry alone, holding this post for two years. From 1863 to 1865 he studied chemistry and investigated educational methods in Europe. Returning to America, he became professor of anah-tical chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then a young institution brought into being by the progress of New England and the need of a more thorough scientific knowledge in the industrial arts.

For four years, from 1865 to 1869, Mr. Eliot continued in the Faculty of the Institute of Technology, passing parts of the years 1867- 1S6S in France.

Through the stormy years of the Civil War the urgent problem of American higher education had been thrust aside, but it came to the forefront as soon as the war had ended. There was much of dissatisfaction and unrest at Harvard. New methods and new men were demanded. The election of a new president of Harvard was impending when Professor Eliot printed in the Atlantic Monthly, two vigorous and stirring articles on "The New Education," which stamped him at once as an iconoclast in the judgment of conservative Massachusetts. But there were powerful men of progress to whom these new ideas appealed, and Professor Eliot, in 1869, was elected by the Harvard corporation as President. The overseers at first refused to concur, but finally yielded, and Dr. Eliot began his great work of educational reformation.

President Eliot, once seated, began straightway to broaden the curriculum of the University and to give the individual student some freedom of choice in the courses which he should pursue. This was a perilous attack on immemorial custom. Latin, Greek, mathematics, a smattering of modem languages and a smattering of some of the sciences had been the prescribed higher education of New England ever since the beginnings of education there. Regardless of individual characteristics and regardless of the careers which they were to pursue, the young men of one academic generation after another were passed through the same mold and rigidly required to learn the same things, or try to learn them, whether the topics interested them or not.

President Eliot changed all this, but the process required years of patient endeavor. The "elective system," as it came to be called, did not win a complete triumph at Harvard until about 1884. Yet there was progress from the first; the broadening which the new president began was never halted. The graduate school was developed and "That truth should be the final aim of education and that without liberty the attainment of truth is thwarted," became the guiding principle at Harvard. At the same time, President Eliot gave his splendid energies to the allied task of making Harvard a genuine university. There were law and medical schools, a divinity school, a scientific school and a school of dentistr}', but the organization was loose and sprawling, and Harvard in 1869 was still a university only in name. The new president sought to bring these scattered departments genuinely together after a new plan which was not European, but American. "A university in any worthy sense of the term," he said, "must grow from seed. It cannot be transplanted in full leaf and bearing. It cannot be run up, like a cotton mill, in six months, to meet a quick demand. Neither can it be created by an energetic use of the inspired editorial, the advertising circiilar and the frequent telegram. Numbers do not constitute it, and no money can make it before its time."

One of the first points upon which President Eliot insisted was that the departments of the university should have a common treasury' and a uniform and efficient system of government. He carried his point, and went on to modernize the methods of instruction in the various schools. He gave his personal atten- tion and presence to the various branches of the university. "Well, I declare," said Governor Washburn, when the new president first appeared officially in the law school, "the president of Harvard College in Dane Hall! This is a new sight."

The leadership of President Eliot in American education has been frankly and graciously recognized abroad as well as at home. He is an'''officer of the Legion of Honor, of France, and corresponding member of the Institute of France. In this country he is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical Society and of many other organizations for intellectual and social advancement.

John R. Fairbairn

JOHN R. FAIRBAIRN Fairbairn, John R., Sheriff of Middlesex County, was born in Boston, January 26, 1851, of Scotch ancestry. His father, John Fairbairn, was bom near Glasgow, and served eleven years in the Forty-Second Regiment Scottish Highlanders before emigrating to America. Shortly after the birth of the son, the family moved to Cambridge, where the subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools. At an early age he was apprenticed to the upholstery trade, at which he worked several years as a journeyman after completing his term of service. In

1874 he established himself in East Cambridge as an auctioneer and dealer in real estate, in which he was successful. He was appointed Deputy Sheriff in 1884. In 1889 he was a member of the Common Council of the city of Cambridge; and in 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1895 and 1896, one of the Board of Aldermen, serving as President in 1893, 1895 and 1896. In June, 1896, he succeeded the late John M. Fiske as keeper of the jail and master of the house of correction in Cambridge, and as Special Sherii? under Henry G. Gushing. June 22, 1899, after the death of Sheriff Gushing, he was appointed Sheriff by Governor Walcott to fill the vacancy, and subsequently elected by the people term after term, and is now serving his second year of a five-year term. He is connected with the Masonic fraternity in Cambridge, being a member of the lodge, chapter, council and commandery, and several other fraternal organizations.

John Fiske

FiSKE, John, philosopher, historian and man of letters, was bom in Hartford, Conn., March 30, 1842; son of Edmund Brewster and Mary Fiske (Bound) Green; grandson of Humphreys and Hannah (Heaton) Green of Delaware, and of John and Mary (Fiske) Bound of Middletown, Conn., and a descendant from Phineas Fiske of Fressingfield, Suffolk, England, who came to America in 1641, and settled in Wenham, Mass. His name was originally Edmund Fiske Green, and in 1855, on the marriage of his widowed mother to Edwin W. Stoughton, he took the name of his maternal great-grandfather, John Fiske, there being no other male descendant of the family to carry down the name.

He passed his early boyhood with his maternal grandparents who lived in Middletown, Conn., and displayed great precocity as well as diligence in preparing for college. He entered Harvard as a sophomore in 1860, although he had already advanced in every department farther than the college course could take him. Here he became an enthusiastic investigator on his own account in history, philosophy and comparative philology, averaging fifteen hours of work daily.

He had studied Euclid, algebra, trigonometry, surveying and navigation at twelve ; could read Plato and Herodotus, and had begun German at fifteen; could read Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese at seventeen, studying Sanscrit and reading the Bible in Hebrew at eighteen, meanwhile continuing an incessant course of reading.

He was graduated at Harvard in arts in 1S63, and in law in 1S65, having been admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1SG4. He was married at Appleton Chapel, Cambridge, September Gth,

He never practised law, devoting himself to literature, gaining position as an author, from the publication of his first article in the National Quarterly Rrciew, in 1861, a review of Buckle's "History of CiviUzation," which won for him the consideration of editors of both American and English periodicals, and he became a frequent contributor to the leading magazines and reviews.

He was university lecturer at Harvard, 1869-71, his subjects being "Positive Philosophy," and the "Doctrine of Evolution." He was instructor in history there, 1870; assistant

He was non-resident lecturer on American history in the University College, London, England, 1879, at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1880, and in Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1881-1885; and from 1885, non-resident professor of American history in that institution.

After ISSO, he gave his entire time to writing and lecturing. On April 4th, 1881, he gave by request a lecture on the Old South Meeting House on the site of the pulpit where Samuel Adams and Warren once roused the people to resist the encroachments of George III. He wound up -n-ith a grand and eloquent appeal to save the building, and convert it into a place for teaching American histor}-. The audience was large and most enthusiastic, and a fresh impulse was started towards saving the building.

"The Old South meeting-house, and John Fiske inside it, is a combination that can make an honest patriot of anyone," was the remark of a certain Boston statesman. These words but reflect the public estimation of this big, hearty, clear-minded teacher of the people.

He delivered in 1890, 1895, and 1S9S three series of twelve lectures each on " The Discovery and Colonization of America' ' ; " Old Virginia " ; and "The Dutch and Quaker Colonies," before the Lowell Institute, Boston.

He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; a member of the Historical societies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, California, Oneida County, N.Y.; the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts; the Essex Institute; the American Antiquarian Society; the American Geographical Societ}-; and the American Folklore Society; was given the degree of LL.D. by Harvard in 1894, and that of Litt.D. by the University of Pennsylvania the same year.

He composed a mass in B minor, and several hymns and songs, and was president of the Boylston Club of Singers, Boston, from 1876 to 1881. He was joint editor with James Grant Wilson of Appleton's "Cyclopaedia of American Biography" (6 vols.) 1887-1889.

His published works include: Tobacco and Alcohol (1868) ; History of English literature, abridged from Taine and edited for schools (1872); Myths and Myth-makers (1872); Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy based on the Doctrine of Evolution (2 vols. 1874) appeared simultaneously in London and in Boston; two years later, The Unseen World (1S76); Darwinism and Other Essays (1879) ; new edition (1885) ; Excursions of an Evolutionist (1883); The Destiny of Man viewed in the Light of his Origin (1884); The Idea of God as Affected by Modem Knowledge (1885); American Political Ideas viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History (1885) ; Washington and His Country (1887); The Critical Period of American History, 1783- 1789 (1888, illustrated edition, 1897); The Beginnings of New England or the Puritan Theocracy in its relation to Civil and Religious Liberty (1889, illustrated edition, 1898).

"In the Beginnings of New England John Fiske has given us another of those practical philosophic studies, which have placed him among the very foremost of living historical writers. Indeed, for insight, for appreciation of the continuit}^ of human thought and development, for the true perspective, and for literary skill, and lucidity, there is no English writer of the day who can be named with him except Prof. Bryce, and while his style is not less soHd than that of the author of "The Holy Roman Empire," it is more picturesque.

" In his introductory chapter, Dr. Fiske, opening the way for New England, treats of the Roman idea and the English idea in the development of government. It is a masterly chapter. We wish every congressman was compelled to read it before he takes his seat, and obliged to pass an examination upon it. We might hope then for some little comprehension of the philosophy of real statesmanship."

The War of Independence, for Young People (1889) ; Civil Government of the United States, considered with some references to its Origins (1890); The American Revolution (2 vols. 1891, illustrated edition, 1896); The Discovery of America, with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest (2 vols. 1892); Frantz Schubert (in Millets Famous Composers, 1892) ; Edward Livingston Youmans, Interpreter of Science for the People (1894) ; Old Virginia and her Neighbors (2 vols. 1897); The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America (2 vols. 1899); Through Nature to God (1899); and Japanese translations of The Destiny of Man and The Idea of God; Life Everlasting (1901); New France and New England (1902) ; Essays, Historical and Literary (2 vols.) ; History of All Nations (3 vols. Lea Brothers, publishers, Philadelphia) ; Colonization of the New World; Independence of the New World; Modem Development of the New World.

He was equally at home in treating of language, art, natural science, music, religion, modem literature, the classics, history or philosophy; but it was in the two last-named fields that he chose to do the bulk of his most serious work. In philosophy he ably supplemented the system of Herbert Spencer by opening up, while he expounded it, new vistas into a reverent theism.

It is not too much to say that he shows an insight and comprehension greater than Spencer's own, while his form of statement is often more felicitous.

Of the extremely important original contribution of John Fiske to the general theory of evolution, his own statement is to be found in his "Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy" (tenth edition, New York, 1889), ii, 159, 342, and in his "Excursions of an Evolutionist" (ninth edition, Boston, 1889) in a paper entitled "The Meaning of Infancy."

In his treatment of history he displays the same grasp, insight, and analytic power, and the same ingenuity in extending the application of the evolutionary principle.

"The government of the United States," he says, in the preface to "American Political Ideas," "is not the result of special creation, but of evolution." This sentence strikes the key-note of his historical method. In writing history, he was still the philosopher, seeking before everything else the why of the great movements and events.

His style was invariably rich, flexible, and clear, - "such a style," said the Atlantic Monthly, " as was perhaps never before brought to the illustration of the topics with which Mr. Fiske habitually deals."

In a letter of Charles Darwin to Dr. Fiske, bearing date December 8th, 1874, he says: "I never in my life read so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you are." Added to his profound scholarship, this gift of expression was invaluable to the great leader of philosophic and historic thought in America.

Just before his death Dr. Fiske had taken passage for England, having accepted an invitation to represent this country at the commemoration of the millennial of the death of King Alfred the Great, to be held at Winchester, England, and to give an address at the unveiling of the statue.

James W. Bright, secretary, in acknowledging Dr. Fiske's acceptance, said: "I am exceedingly gratified to receive your acceptance of the invitation to deliver an address at the Alfred celebration, and I can assure you that this announcement will be received with peculiar pleasure bj' the English committee.

"The initial construction of the programme is chiefly in my hands. I have accordingly first addressed you, as the pre-eminently qualified man to represent America in a broad historical view of the real meaning of the celebration. You may, of course, select your own theme; whatever you do select will be treated in that deeply interpretative manner for which you are so justly admired."

Intensely interested in the subject, andappreciating the honor conferred upon him by a committee of distinguished Englishmen. happy also at the honor bestowed through him on America, and his Alma Mater, Harvard, in connection with a celebration of such magnitude, he was looking forward to the event with great enthusiasm, feeling, as he said, that he had "something to say."

Michael E. Fitzgerald

MICHAEL E. FITZGERALD Fitzgerald, Michael E.. superintendent of Cambridge schools, was bom in East Abington, Mass., November 22, 1863, son of John C. and Mary D. His early education was received at the public schools of his native town, and he was graduated from the Bridgewater Normal School in 1887. The twenty-five ensuing years have been devoted to school work. Before coining to Boston, in 1901, as sub-master in the Lawrence district, he spent four years as principal of the largest school in Spencer, Mass., and had charge of the evening school during that time; ten years as principal of the Lincoln Grammar School in South Framingham; and a short time as principal of the Wetherbee School in Lawrence; and while in Framingham, having studied law in the office of Judge Walter

Adams, was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1898. His work in Boston has included the directorship of the vacation schools. He received the appointment as master of the Christopher Gibson district in Dorchester, in 1903. On the opening of the new Oliver Wendell Holmes district in 1905, he was transferred to that district. In 1909-1910 the Franklin Park Open Air School was under his charge. He is president of the Schoolmen's Club whose membership of four hundred and fifty includes all the men teachers of the Boston school system.

Ruel Hasseltine Fletcher

Fletcher, Ruel Hasseltine, sixty years a" teacher (1849-1910), one of a family of twelve children, six sons and six daughters, was bom in Cornish, N.H., May 16, 1829, and was brought up on a farm until his majority.

He was educated in the schools of his native town, in the Newport, N.H., High School, at Kimball Union Academy, and at the New Hampton Institute. Years later he took courses in geometry, physics and physical geography at Harvard University.

At the age of twenty he taught his first school in Newport, N.H. Subsequently he taught winter schools in his native town, in Hartford, Vt., Canaan, N.H., and West Newbury, Mass. He began teaching in annual schools at Abington Centre, Mass., in March, 1854, where he remained two years, resigning to accept the mastership of the Coddington School in Quincy, Mass.

In December, 1857, he was called to the mastership of the Olis Grammar School in this city. In January, 1861, for lack of accommodations, the school was moved into the building that it now occupies, on the comer of Thomdike and Sixth Streets. After fiftytwo years of service as master of the Thomdike School, Mr. Fletcher retired, January 1, 1910, and was unanimously elected Master Emeritus by the school officials.

In Febmary, 1863, Mr. Fletcher married Rebecca Caroline Wyman, daughter of the late WilHam and Ruth Bradstreet Wyman, of Cambridge. Eight children were bom to them two of whom died in infancy, and one, Frederick William, died June 22, 1909, at the age of thirty-one years. Mrs. Fletcher, his bosom companion for forty-three years, died July 10, 1906, in her seventieth year. Of the five children still living, all are graduates of the Thomdike School. Two of them, Charles Ruel and Austin Bradstreet, are graduates of Harvard; Caroline Rebecca, of Wellesley College; Edward Wyman, of the Cambridge High School; and Frank Kelley was two years in the Cambridge Manual Training School. All are well employed.

On the day of the graduation exercises of the Thomdike Grammar School, June 20, 1907, the committee met and by a unanimous rising vote passed resolutions formally expressing the esteem of the members, and their appreciation of the patient, industrious and successful efforts of Mr. Fletcher in his career of fifty years as head principal of the school. An account of the meeting and copies of the resolutions, signed by the secretary, were sent to him. The other occasion was the day when Mr. Fletcher's resignation and that of Mr. Bradbury of the Latin School were accepted by the committee. At the meeting on that day, December 31, 1909, a resolution was adopted, which, after commenting on the work and the great influence for good exercised by the two educators, concluded as follows: "The School Committee, desiring to note these remarkable careers and in some especial manner to approve and honor such lives and service, has created the office of 'Master Emeritus' and appointed William Bradbury and Ruel H. Fletcher as the first incumbents thereof. (Signed) Sanford B. Hubbard, Secretary of the School Committee."

James Augustus Fox

Fox, James Augustus, son of George Howe and Emily (Wyatt) Fox, was bom in Boston, August 11, 1827. He traced his ancestry to prominent English and Scotch families; on the paternal side of one in Lincolnshire, England, which included the author of the celebrated "Book of Martyrs"; and on the maternal to the Scotch family of Forbes, represented in the State by Hon. John M. Forbes and Hon. Lincoln F. Brigham, Chief of the Superior Court of Massachusetts.

His academical education was attained in the public schools of Boston, after which his studies were in the Hne of his chosen profession, and were pursued in the law school of Harvard University and the office of the late Hon. John C. Park. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1854.

In 1848 he married Julia Elizabeth, daughter of Col. James and Julia (Sterry) Valentine, of Providence, R.I., and the granddaughter of William and Elizabeth (Borden) Valentine, of Fall River. Her grandfather was one of the original projectors of the extensive manufacturing enterprises of that city. She died in 1872, leaving three daughters, Henrietta, Jtdia and Lillian.

He continued in practice until the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion in 1861, which found him as captain of the Boston City Guard in the militia of the State, and his company became the nucleus of the Thirteenth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. He left with his command for the front, July 29, 1861. Captain Fox ser\'ed in the perilous campaigns in Virginia during the remainder of that year and in 1862, receiving the warm commendation of his superior officers and the respect and love of the men of his command.

He was early a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and an active comrade of the G.A.R., and in his Memorial Day addresses on several occasions, his oratorical abilities were conspicuously manifest, especially in one oration, entitled "The Two Civilizations," which has been published.

In 1864 and 1865 he was the commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, and was one of the delegation of that historic organization at the three hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the parent corps, the Honorable Artillery Company >i London, held in London during the jubike period of Queen Victoria, in 1887.

In civil life Mr. Fox had a somewhat extended experience, having been a member of the School Committee of Boston for three years, and a member of the Legislature in both its branches - - in the House of Representatives in 1867 and 1868, and in the Senate in 1870 and 1871. While in the last-named branch he delivered a merited and eloquent eulogy upon the life and military service of Major-General George H. Thomas, then recently deceased.

After his removal to the university city of Cambridge, in 1872, he served for two years in the Aldermanic Board, and subsequently as Mayor for four consecutive terms.

He was identified as an active officer or member with several of the prominent beneficiary orders of the country, such as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order of Red Men, and the Knights of Pythias; in the latter named body he had been Grand Chancellor of Massachusetts, Supreme Representative to the national branch, and Judge-Advocate-General of the uniform rank, upon the staff of Commander-in-Chief Major-General Camaham, of Indiana. In the world-wide institution of Free Masonry, he attained the very highest grade. Commencing with the "blue lodge" he advanced through all the series of degrees of York and Scottish rites, the chapter, cryptic masonry, the commandery (K.T.), the consistory, unto the sovereign grand inspector-generalship of the thirty-third and last degree, and in most of these he served as the president officer.

As a legislator, municipal chief -magistrate, soldier, orator, or officer of fraternal beneficiary societies, he always discharged his varied duties with abiHty and faithfulness.

Frank Foxcroft

FRANK FOXCROFT FoxcROFT, Frank, was bom in Boston, Mass., January 21, 1850. He was the son of George Augustus and Harriet Goodrich Foxcroft, and was educated in the public schools of Boston and of Pittsfield, Mass., and at Williams College, from which institution he graduated in 1871. His father was a newspaper writer, so that Mr. Foxcroft turned naturally to journalism, when he had completed his college course. Naturally, also, when he came to Boston, in the fall of 1871, to take an editorial position upon the Boston Journal, he established his home in Cambridge, - for he is a direct descendant of the Judges Francis Foxcroft, father and son, who, in the eighteenth century, owned and occupied the Foxcroft estate, comprising two hundred acres or more in old Cambridge, including " Norton's Woods," and whose name is perpetuated in the Foxcroft Club and the Foxcroft House. Mr. Foxcroft retained his editorial connection with the Boston Journal from 1871 to 1904, as literary editor, editorial writer, and associate editor. From 1895 to 1911 he edited a department in The Youth's Companion; since 1896 he has edited The Living Age (Littell's) ; and since 1905 he has also been treasurer of The Living Age Company. He published a volume of verse entitled "Transcript Pieces," in his youth; and he edited a collection of hymns and songs of the resurrection, entitled "Resurgit," in 1878. He has also contributed to various magazines and reviews, including the Atlantic Monthly, and the Nineteenth Century and the Contemporary Review, of London. Mr. Foxcroft was married in 1872, to Elizabeth True Howard, formerly of Columbus, 0., who died suddenly in October, 1885. In 1888, Mr. Foxcroft was married to Lily Sherman Rice, of Dan vers. Three children of the first marriage and two of the second are living. Mr. Foxcroft was a deacon in the North Avenue Congregational Church from 1872 to 1895; he taught a Bible class in the Sunday school of that .church for more than twenty years; and for five years after the death of his first wife, in 1885, he conducted the Monday class, a weekday class of boys and girls for religious instruction, comprising nearly four hundred members of all denominations, which Mrs. Foxcroft had estabhshed in 1880. Mr. Foxcroft early identified himself with temperance activities and no-license work. He was vice-presidsnt of the Home Protection League, the organization formed in 1881 to carry on the no-licens; campaigns, which soon gave place to the Citizens' No-license committee; he was chairman of the executive committee of the Law and Order League, an organization which mad 3 itself dreaded by violators of the liquor law3 from 1881 to 1886; he was for twenty years a member and for fifteen years chairman of th^

Citizens' No-license committee. He was active in the organization of the Law Enforcement Association, which, in the early years of nolicense, lent valuable aid to the authorities in the enforcement of no-license; and it was he who christened, and up to the time of his resignation from the committee, edited the nolicense organ "The Frozen Truth." On his retirement from the committee, he was given a banquet in recognition of his services. Mr. Foxcroft has always been interested in public affairs. He served two years upon the Cambridge school committee in the seventies; and he was appointed a member of the Massachu- setts Civil Service Commission by Governor Bates in 1904, was reappointed by Governor Guild in 1907, and again reappointed by Governor Draper in 1910. Mr. Foxcroft is a member of the Cambridge, Twentieth Century, Boston City, Congregational and Puddingstone Clubs.

Henry Hammond Gallison

HENRY HAMMOND GALLISON Gallison, Henry Hammond, the first American artist to have a painting placed in the National Museum of Italy, was born in Boston,

Mass., May 20, 1850. He was the son of Joseph Henry and Lavinia (Hammond) Gallison. He received his early education in Boston at the public schools and at the private school of Mr. Fetto, who fitted him to enter Harvard. He graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1871. In settling his grandfather Hammond's estate, he found it necessary to have a knowledge of law, and entered the Harvard Law School. After having been admitted to the bar in the County of Suffolk, and after having settled his grandfather's estate, he did not practise law except for a short time, when he was appointed judge in the town of Franklin. He never practised law or medicine, except to help his friends. It was the profession of art to which he was most strongly drawn, and finally he gave himself up exclusively to painting. His first studies were in the evening schools of Boston; then he watched other painters and profited by their criticisms of his work. When Tomaso Inglaris came to Boston and had charge of the drawing and painting classes that were features of the Boston Art Club, Mr. Gallison had his criticisms. In 1883 he went to England, Italy and Paris, where he studied with Adrian Bonnefoy. In Paris he met Marie Reuter of Lubeck, Germany, to whom he was married at Paris in 1886. She was the daughter of Dr. Franz Reuter, and studied singing in Paris under Madame Pauline Viandot-Garcia.

After Mr. GalHson returned to America he exhibited in London, Munich and Paris and in Turin. In Italy the newspapers spoke enthusiastically about the simplicity of his subjects, his broad masses and his glorious colors. The first time he exhibited in Italy his picttire created a sensation, and the King of Italy wished to meet his teacher, Cavalier Tomaso Inglaris. In London and Paris his pictures received distinction by honorable mention. In St. Louis he received a medal.

The Italian government in 1903 purchased one of his pictures, entitled "Rising Mists," for the National Museum. This was an unusual distinction, as it was the first picture by an American artist which the Italian government had purchased.

The greatest monument to the genius of Mr. Gallison in this country is the Ray Memorial at Franklin, Mass. It is a ci\'ic building, including a library, lecture haU, reading-room and other conveniences. The decorations which Mr. Gallison painted for the memorial were of a landscape character, ideal and poetic. He was given charge to plan and execute the bviilding, and everything was carried out under his directions. He put a great deal of time, thought, energ>' and love into his work, and the Ray family seconded him in the work by pro\ading the funds. It cost about one miUion dollars, and is a memorial such as few towns in the country possess, and it is a monimient not only to the Ray family, but also to the genius of Mr. Gallison.

Mr. Gallison's pictures have been exhibited in all the prominent art exhibitions of the country. His work has a nice distinction of freshness in color and a very suggestive poetic quality. He had a rare sympathy for the larger aspects of nature - for broad stretches of landscape in storm or sunshine, in the mists of early morning, or the purple mystery of svmset and twilight. He was delicately sensitive to atmospheric qualities in nature - to great cloud shadows that drifted over the face of the landscape; to the bursts of sunlight that gilded moimtain, foliage and fields; to the gray subtleties of the mist and the palpitating warmth of midsummer sunshine on water and land. Nature spoke to him in terms of color, and there were few artists who could as adequately express the rich greens of spring and summer as Mr. GaUison. He seemed to revel in greens - greens that were fresh and juicy and full of life. But he also used purples and blues with these greens, and he was especially successful in expressing topography in his blue and purple distances. He saw pictures in light and color and atmosphere; and some of those he painted down at Annisquam, and in the White Mountains in New Hampshire, seem as if they were painted by an inspired brush.

He had a studio at Annisquam, where in the last years of his Hfe he painted from late spring until early fall, when he returned to his studio in the Grundmann Studio on Clarendon Street over Copley Hall, in Boston. He was one of the most active members of the Boston Art Club and also of the St. Botolph Club. Many of the prominent galleries of the country have purchased his pictures.

Edwin Ginn

GiNN, Edwin, was bom in Orland, Me., February 14, 1838. His father, James Ginn, farmer and lumberman, was a man of remarkably good judgment; he often acted as arbitrator and referee in cases of dispute, and had great influence in the community in which he lived. His ancestors came from England, and were among the early settlers of Maryland and Virginia. His mother, Sarah Blood, daughter of Daniel and Esther (Rideout) Blood, was descended from Puritan stock, and through John Putnam, brother of Israel Putnam, claimed descent from John and Priscilla (Gould) Putnam, emigrants from England about 1630- 34, settling in Salem.

Edwin, although a rather delicate boy, was bent on obtaining an education. As a child his advantages in this direction were very limited, as his home in the country was far removed from good school privileges. His ambition to obtain an education he inherited largely from his mother, his keen business insight from his father. His early childhood was passed on the farm - where the customary chores were a part of his daily duties - in a logging camp, and on a fishing schooner to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. In the winter he attended the district school.

At the age of sixteen his father gave him his time and fifty dollars with which to gain an education. He then began to attend the country high school, but as the teacher could not instruct him in Latin he entered the Seminary at Bucksport, two miles and a half from his home, walking to and from school each day. Later he went to Westbrook Seminary, where he finished his preparation for college. He graduated from Tufts in 1862, and later received the degree A.M. In 1902 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of Litt.D. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa college fraternity, and of the Twentieth Century Club.

While in college his eyes failed him and his health broke down. The professors urged him to drop out for a year, but he objected, saying that if he left his class he should never return. His classmates lent a helping hand by reading his lessons to him and he succeeded in graduating even above the middle of his class.

Mr. Ginn had hoped to devote himself to purely literary work, but physically handicapped as he was, he abandoned this purpose and determined to enter the publishing business. In coming to this decision he was actuated largely by a desire to influence the world for good, by putting the best books into the hands of school children.

way in a school-book agency, buying his books outright, and thus was under obligation to no one. His first independent venture was the publishing of Craik's English of Shakespeare, which he obtained from the house of Crosby and Ainsworth. The study of Shakespeare had just begun to be taken up in colleges and secondary schools, and the j'oung publisher realized that it was an opportune time to put out this book. A little later he secured the services of the Rev. Henr>- N. Hudson, who edited for him twenty-one plays for the use of the schools and the Harvard edition of Shakespeare for libraries.

His second work of importance was Allen's Latin Grammar, a book which was very well received. The success of this book led the young publisher to apply to Professor Goodwin of Harvard for a Greek Grammar. He called I'-pon the professor and made known his errand; he at once said to him: "The manuscript 3-0U wish is in m}- desk at this moment, wellnigh finished."

Professor Goodwin's "Moods and Tenses," had already established his name among Creek scholars, and almost immediately upon its publication his Greek Grammar found an entrance into nearly all the leading classical schools and colleges in the country.

The popularity of Allen's Latin Grammar, l:owever, was of short duration. It was soon found that the brief course was not sufficient for the schools, that a fuller treatise was necessary for the intelligent study of the texts. Therefore, Professor J. B. Greenough was called in to revise and enlarge this book, and to prepare editions of the Latin texts, Caesar, Cicero and Virgil. Professor Goodwin also enlarged and revised his Greek Grammar, and he and Professor John Williams White began the editing of the Greek texts. These Latin and Greek books laid the foundation for the success of the house of Ginn and Company.

Philanthropy of all kinds has always appealed to Mr. Ginn. He has given especial attention to the housing of the poor in model tenements, and to the cause of peace and arbitration, looking forward to the disarmament of the world's great armies. This last he counts as his greatest effort for the good of mankind, and

He was married in 1869 to Clara, daughter of Jesse and Martha (Bartlett) Glover; and again in 1893 to Francescam, daughter of Carl Christian and Maria Christiana (Vitriarius) Greb^, of Germany. By his first wife he had four children: Jessie, Maurice, Herbert and Clara; and by his second wife, two: Edwin, Jr., and Marguerita Christina.

Walter S. Glidden

WALTER S. GLIDDEN Glidden, Walter S., a member of the Governor's Council for the years 1908-9-10, was bom in Pittston, now Randolph, Me., April 30,

1856, and resides at 380 Broadway, Somerville, Mass. He is a member of the firms of N. E. Hollis&Co.; Sands, Furber& Co.; L.A.Johnson & Co.; and the J. H. Whiton Company; director of J. V. Fletcher Company; president of Hollis Cold Storage Company; president of Hinckley Rendering Company; director of the New England Dressed Meat & Wool ^Company; director of the Beacon Trust Company, Boston, and member of the executive committee; director and chairman of the investment committee of the Winter Hill Co-operative Bank; director of the Somerville Trust

Company; president of the Winchester Home for Aged Women; vice-president and member of investment committee of the Charlestown Five Cents Savings Bank; vice-president and member of the finance committee of the Mutual Protection Fire Insurance Company; one of the board of management of Hunt's Home for Orphan Children, Charlestown; trustee of the Somerville Home for the Aged; trustee and member of the finance committee of the Somerville hospital; member of the Boston Fruit & Produce Exchange and Chamber of Commerce; member of Faith and Soley lodges, A.F. and A.M., Charlestown Royal Arch chapter, and Coeur de Lion commandery, Knights Templar; a thirty-second degree Mason; member of Olive branch, I.O.O.F., of Charlestown, and the Central Club of Somerville, Mass.

William Watson Goodwin

WILLIAM WATSON GOODWIN Goodwin, William Watson, Ph.D., LL.D., D.L.C., for forty years Greek professor at Harvard University, up to 1901, and from that year professor emeritus, was bom in Concord, Mass., on May 9, 1831, the son of Hersey Bradford Goodwin and Lucretia Ann (Watson) Goodwin. He was graduated from Harvard in 1851 and later studied at the universities in Berlin, Gottingen and at Bonn. He was abroad till 1855. The next year he became a tutor in Greek at Harvard and continued as such until 1860, when he was appointed Eliot professor of Greek literature. This chair he filled for two-score years, giving up his active part in the department in 1901, while retaining his long and deep interest as professor emeritus. His knowledge of the classics was profound, as his industry was untiring.

He was only the fourth professor to hold the Eliot professorship, although the Eliot endowment was established by Samuel Eliot, the grandfather of President Eliot. It was held first by Edward Everett, who was succeeded by Professor Popkin. Professor Felton succeeded to the endowment in 1834.

Just previous to his retirement Professor Goodwin was guest of honor at a dinner given at Hotel Somerset by thirty of his colleagues, headed by Dr. Charles W. Eliot, then president

He received honorary degrees from Harvard, Columbia, Amherst, Yale and Chicago, as well as from Cambridge, Oxford, Gottingen and Edinburgh. He received from the King of Greece the decoration of Knight of the Cross of the Saviour.

William Watson Goodwin'

Professor Goodwin was a most active supporter of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, and he was its first director, in 1882-1883. Twice he was president of the American Philological Society. He was also a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Archaeological Society and the Colonial Society. He was active in a nimiber of social organizations. Some of the other societies of which he was a member are the Hellenic, London; Philological of Cambridge, England; Archaeological Society and Academy of Science, Athens ; Hellenic, Constantinople ; and Imperial German Archaeological Institute, Berlin.

thenes on the Crown," published by the Cambridge (Eng.) University Press. He had not yet become recognized as one of the world's greatest Greek scholars when he published "The Greek Moods and Tenses," afterward considered as a standard work. Professor Goodwin was a generally accepted authority on Plato. He was also the author of a widely known work on Athenian law and of "Goodwin's Greek Grammar," known to every student in classical languages throughout the country.

Professor Goodwin died June 16, 1912, at his residence, 5 Follen Street, after an illness of about a month's duration. He was eighty-one years old, and succimibed to heart disease.

John Wilkes Hammond

1861. He began the practice of law in March, 1866, havang an office at East Cambridge. He continued to practice in Middlesex and adjoining counties until March 10, 1886, having in the meantime, from 1873 to 1886, been City Solicitor. He was elevated to the Superior Court Bench at that date. On September 7, 1898, he received his appointment to the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, of which he is still a Justice.

He enlisted September, 1862, in the Third Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, and served nine months. He is a member of the Cambridge, Colonial and Union Clubs. He represented Cambridge in the General Coiirt in 1872 and 1873, and has also served terms on the Common Council and School Committee. He was married in August, 1866, to Clara E., only daughter of Professor Benjamin Tweed, the well-known educator.

worth) Hammond. He received his education in the schools of his native town, fitting for college at the Mattapoisett Academy, and graduating from Tufts College in the class of

Leander Moody Hannum

Hannum, Leander Moody, one of Cambridge's most prominent real estate and mortgage brokers, was bom in Northampton, Mass., December 22, 1837. He was the son of Alexander C. and Laura A. (MoodjO Hannum, and was educated in the public schools of Northampton and Chicopee, at Williston Seminary, Easthampton; and at the English and Classical Institute, Springfield. After he had finished at Williston, being seventeen years old, he went to California, where he spent two years in the mining fields, and upon his return, in 1856, resumed his studies at the Institute at Springfield, remaining there a year. He was employed for the next two years as salesman in the wholesale grocery house of J. W. Hale & Co., Springfield. Going to New York, he was employed as cashier and correspondent for Elias Howe, inventor of the Howe sewing machines, until 186-i, when he came to Cambridge, and soon became extensively engaged in the grocery and ice business, and later in real estate, which business he followed with gratifying success. Mr. Hannum served the city in various public capacities. He was first elected to office in 1873, as a member of the common council, where he served one year. In 1874 and 1S75 he was a member of the board of aldermen. In 1876 and 1877 he represented his city in the House of Representatives, serving as chairman of the committees on pubHc buildings and on street railways. In 1881 and 1882 he was a member of the Senate, and there served as chairman of the committees on prisons and on state house, and a member of the insurance committee. He also served for several

Lodge F. and A.M., and chairman of its board of trustees, past officer of the Cambridge Royal Arch Chapter, and member of the Boston Commandery; was an honorary member of several military organizations and G.A.R. Posts; of the Cambridge and Colonial Clubs, the Citizens' Trade Association, and of the Real Estate Association.

years as special commissioner for Middlesex County, and for twelve years as one of the water commissioners of Cambridge. For seven years he was chairman of the Republican city committee, and had been especially prominent in municipal politics, and was a member of the Library Hall Association. His church connections were with the Third Congregational (Unitarian) church, where he served many years as chairman of the parish committee. He was a member and past master of Amicable

1869, to Anne Howard Demain. Mrs. Hannum died in April, 1 909 . This was a great sorrow and, no doubt, hastened Mr. Hannum's death, which occurred, September 17, 1909. He is survived by one sister, Esther F. Hannum, who has for many years been a member of his household, Mr. Hannum was a true type of a self-made man. He was liberal both in his views and with his means; he was a man of high ideals, a wise counselor, a safe leader, a patriotic citizen, a good neighbor, and a loyal friend.

Dr. WILFRED ERNEST HARRIS Harris, Wilfred Ernest, physician, was born at Aylesford, Nova Scotia, September 3, 1873. His father, the late Major Thomas Rees Harris, merchant, mihtary man and for many years representative of King's County in the Nova Scotia legislature, was bom in 1837; and his mother, whose maiden name was Annie I. Famsworth, in 1846. His paternal ancestors came from Massachusetts and were among the original grantees that settled in the Township

Dr. Harris's early education was received in Nova Scotia, and he had the advantage of being instructed by private tutors as well. Foreseeing the important part that osteopathy would play in the art of healing, the young man decided to adopt it as his life work. He accordingly matriculated at the American School of Osteopathy, Kirksville, Missouri, where he pursued his studies under the foimder of Osteopathy, and from which he obtained his degree of Doctor in February, 1900. The post-graduate work that he did later in European hospitals supplied him with much valuable experience; so when he came to Cambridge, Massachusetts, a short time after, and began to practise, he was well prepared for his task.

It was his intention, however, to continue his researches, and hence the offer of the chair of therapeutics in the Massachusetts College of Osteopathy was accepted by him with that end in view. How highly his services to that institution are appreciated is shown by the fact that four years later, when the then president retired. Dr. Harris was unanimously chosen to succeed him and has held that position since, also retaining the chair of therapeutics. His ability as an executive was given national recognition when, at the convention of the American Osteopathic Association in 1907, he was elected president of the Associated Colleges of Osteopathy in America.

The Cambridge Osteopathic and Surgical Sanitarium, an important addition to the institutions of the city, was opened in 1903; Dr. Harris became resident physician, and subsequently was made its president. For the past six years he has been giving special attention to diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Though thus actively occupied with his professional duties, he has nevertheless found time to help propagate, by his lectures and writings, a clearer understanding of the aims of osteopathy. Much distinction has been won by him on account of his addresses on this subject to scientific and popular audiences, among which might be mentioned those at Bates College, Maine, the Boston Physiological Society, the Greater New York Osteopathic Society and the Canadian Club of Boston, etc.

His marriage took place in 1899, his wife being Miss Jean Cordelia Hammond Van Allen, a native of Morrisburg, Dundas County, Ontario. They have no children.

Dr. Harris is a member of the following professional organizations: the American Osteopathic Association; the Massachusetts Osteopathic Society; the Academy of Osteopathic Physicians; and the Associated Colleges of Osteopathy, of which he was president in 1907 and 1908. The religious and social bodies with which he is affiliated are the Episcopal Church, the British Charitable Society, the Canadian Club of Boston, the Intercolonial Club of Boston and the Independent Order of Foresters. He is also a member of the firm of Fred E. Harris and Company, importers and merchants, of Aylesford, Nova Scotia. He is a registered physician of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. His constdting office is at 483 Beacon Street, Boston, but his residence is in Cambridge.

John J. Higgins

JOHN J. HIGGINS The life of John J. Higgins, district attorney of the County of Middlesex, reads like the story of one of Horatio Alger's heroes. The story might be called "From Breaker Boy to Prosecuting Attorney," for that is just what Mr. Higgins' experience has been. Since early youth he has been compelled to fight his own way, and to his undying ambition to rise in life is due the fact that he is now one of the chief ofificials of Middlesex County rather than a poor miner in the pits of the Pennsylvania coal mines. Bom in the North End of Boston, May 17, 1865, of poor parents, he was moved from place to place with his parents, going at various times to Newark, Philadelphia, Savannah and to Scranton, where he worked as a breaker boy at the age of eight, receiving the munificent salary of seven dollars a month for his work. His mother died in 1874, when he was less than nine years old, and his father lost his life in the construction work of the Eads jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River shortly after. At the age of ten the boy worked in afvimiture store in Boston for two dollars a week, and still later worked on a farm in Madbury, near Dover, N.H. Here he attended the district school until he had learned all it could teach him. Then with but fifty cents that he had borrowed in his pocket, he went to Exeter, where he attended Phillips Academy. He graduated from Exeter in 1887, and that fall entered Harvard Law School, doing chores for his tuition and board. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar just after the completion of his second year at Harvard, and on the completion of his course opened an office in Boston. In 1891 he removed to Somerville where he stUl lives.

In January, 1906, Mr. Higgins formed a law partnership with Albert A. Gleason with whom he is still associated. He was elected Alderman of Somerville, in 1902, and has also been a member of the legislature. In the fall of 1907 he was elected district attorney, which office he has since held. He has filled the office with dignity and honesty, and has tried, as government prosecuting officer, many of the most sensational cases in the history of the country.

Thomas Wentworth Higginson

THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON HiGGiNsoN, Thomas Wentworth, author, soldier, and reformer, was one of the men to whom Cambridge will always point with pride. He is the son of Stephen and Louisa (Storrow) Higginson, and was bom in this city, December 22, 1823. His preparatory education was received at the private school of William Wells. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1841, and from the University Divinity School in 1847, when he was ordained as pastor of the First Congregational Society in Newburyport. He left this church on account of antislavery preaching in 1850, and the same year ran as a Free-Soil candidate for Congress. He was pastor of a free church in Worcester from 1852 to 1858, when he left the ministry, and devoted himself to literature. With Theodore Parker and Wendell Phillips he was indicted for murder for his connection with the attempted rescue of Anthony Bums, and was very prominent in all the exciting scenes of the troublous times just preceding the Civil War. He was a captain in the Fifty-first Massachusetts Regiment, and afterwards colonel of the First South Carolina Volunteers (later known as the Thirty-third United States Troops), the first regiment of freed slaves enlisted in the National Army. He took and held Jacksonville, Fla., but was wounded in South Carolina, in August, 18(33, and in October, 1864, resigned, on account of disability. His subsequent life was devoted almost entirely to literary pursuits. He resided in Newport from the time of his withdrawal from service until 1878.

Colonel Higginson was a member of the Massachusetts House of 1880 and 1881, serving as aide-de-camp to Governor J. D. Long during this time. From 1881 to 1883^ he was a member of the state board of education, and was state military and naval historian. He was also a trustee of the Cambridge public library.

Colonel Higginson was an earnest advocate of woman suffrage, and a prominent contributor to the literature of the cause. He was also a frequent contributor to the leading American periodicals, and had written numerous histories and biographies. He was also prominent as a translator from the French, German and Italian, and was a popular lecturer. He married, September 16, 1847, Mary Elizabeth Channing, of Boston, and February 6, 1879, Mary Pattee Thatcher, of West Newton.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, was bom in Cambridge, Middlesex County, August 29, 1809. He was the son of Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., and Sarah (Wendell) Holmes. His father was a native of W^oodstock, Conn., a graduate of Yale in the Class of 1783, and pastor of the First Congregational Church, Cambridge, 1792 to 1832. His mother was the daughter of the Hon. Oliver Wendell of Boston, a graduate of Harvard, and the son of Hon. Jacob Wendell, an eminent Boston merchant.

Dr. Holmes obtained his preparatory education under the tuition of various instmctors, during the year 1824-1825 at Phillips Academy, Andover, and matrictilated at Harvard, graduating therefrom in the famous class of 1829.

After graduation he devoted a year to the study of law, but not finding it quite congenial to his tastes, abandoned it for that of medicine. In 1833 he visited Europe, pre-vious to which he had chosen the medicinal profession, and for two years and six months had studied with Dr. James Jackson and his associates. While in Europe he attended L'Ecole de Medicine, Paris, and spent between two and three years in attendance on the hospitals in Europe. In 1835 he returned to Boston, rejoined the medical school of Harvard University, and in 1836 received his degree of M.D. In 1838 he became professor of anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth College, and on the resignation of Dr. John C. Warren in 1847, was elected his successor to the chair of anatomy in the medical department of Harvard University.

In 1849 he retired from general practice, and although holding his professorship, he devoted himself now more especially to the pursuit of letters. He was professionally distinguished as an acctirate anatomist and skillful microscopist and auscultator.

But the widest fame of Oliver Wendell Holmes was as a poet, wit, and man of letters. From boyhood the Muse had been his constant attendant, and while the sun of prosperity wooed him to enjoy the genius of his life, the love of the beautiful led him on to accomplish. Many of his most charming effusions have never been embalmed, save in the memory of his friends; but his best-known works are : "Terpsichore," "Urania," "Astrasa," "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "Professor at the Breakfast Table," "Elsie Venner," "The Guardian Angel," "Songs of Many Seasons," "Memoirs of John L. Motley, Ralph Waldo Emerson," etc. He was married June 15, 1840, to Amelia Lee, daughter of Hon. Charles Jackson, of Boston. Of this union were bom three children : Oliver Wendell, Jr., associate justice of the United States Supreme Court ; Amelia Jackson, widow of the late Turner Sargent ; and Edward Jackson Holmes. Dr. Holmes died October 7, 1894.

John Hopewell

JOHN HOPEWELL Hopewell, John, is a notable example of Yankee push and industry. Bom in Greenfield, Febraary 2, 1845, the son of John and Catherine Hopewell, his early education was obtained in the public schools at Shelbume Falls, whither his parents moved when he was but a year old. He attended school until he was fourteen, and then entered the cutlery establishment of Lamson, Goodwin & Co., to learn the trade. During a part of this time he attended night school, and subsequently studied some time in a private academy. In 1861, he went to Springfield, and was employed in the armory there during the war, being dropped at its close in accordance with the order dis- charging all single men. While at the armory he attended night school and learned bookkeeping, afterwards securing a position as accountant, which he soon relinquished, however, for more active pursuits. For a while he carried on a publishing business in Albany, N.Y. He then engaged in the sale of the products of L. C. Chase & Co., manufacturers of plushes, robes, blankets, etc., on the road, and afterwards located in Boston as their representative. The business of the concern increased rapidly, and in 1888 Mr. Hopewell succeeded the Chases, becoming the head of the firm, L. C. Chase & Co., and treasurer of the Sanford Mills. Though always taking an active part in public affairs, Mr. Hopewell was not politically active until 1S87. In 1889 he was elected president of the Cambridge Republican Club, which office he held till he went abroad, in 1892. In 1891 he was elected to the State Legislature, but was obliged to decline re-election, and also strong solicitation for the use of his name as candidate for Congress, on account of ill health. He is a strong Protectionist, and was a director of the Home Market Club a number of years; and of numerous corporations. Mr. Hopewell, is also largely engaged in the raising of Guernsey cattle on the Maple Ranch stock farm, at Natick. He was a director of the Boston Merchants Association in 1892, and is a member of the Colonial, Cambridge, and the Boston Art Club.

Henry Oscar Houghton

HENRY OSCAR HOUGHTON Houghton, Henry Oscar, was bom in Sutton, Vt., April 30, 1823, being the son of "William and Morilla (Clay) Houghton. His ancestors were among the early New England colonists, the Houghtons first coming to this countr}' in 1630, settling in Lancaster. When he was about ten years of age his parents moved to Bradford, on the Connecticut River, and after a few terms at the local academy, he became apprentice in the office of the Burlington Free Press. He afterwards worked at the printer's trade in Nunda, N.Y. Ambitious for an education, young Houghton devoted his evenings and spare moments to study, and at the age of nineteen entered the University of Vermont. After graduating in 1846, he came to Boston and worked at proof reading and reporting on the Traveller for about two years. He first began business as a master printer in 1849, when with Mr. BoUes, of the firm of Freeman & Bolles, he established an office on Remington Street. In 1864, Mr. Houghton entered the publishing business, forming a partnership with Melancthon M. Hurd, of New York, under the name of Hurd & Houghton. The firm existed under the same name until 1878, when it was succeeded by that of Houghton, Osgood & Co., which came into possession of privileges covering the works of Longfellow, Lowell, Emerson, Hawthorne, Holmes and other prominent American writers, collected during a long period by other firms. Mr. Osgood retired in 1880, and was succeeded by Lawson Valentine, of New York. The house then took its present name, Mr. MifHin having been admitted to partnership in 1872. His election to the office of mayor, in 1872, gave evidence of the esteem in which he was held by his fellow townsmen. Mr. Houghton's death occurred August 25, 1895.

George H. Howard

GEORGE H. HOWARD The surname "Howard" originated in England during the thirteenth century and was derived from Hayward, Harward and Hereward. The first to adopt the present form of spelling was, undoubtedly, William Howard, a learned and honored jurist in the reign of Edward I. That monarch married for his second consort Margaret, daughter of Philip the Hardy of France, and his eldest son by this marriage was Thomas Plantagenet, sumamed De Brotherton. The latter's great-granddaughter, Margaret, who was the eldest daughter of Thomas De Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, became the wife of Sir Robert Howard, a descendant of William Howard, the jurist, just mentioned. Howard was the family name of several dukes of Norfolk. The Howards oi America, in common with those of the mother country, are the posterity of William the Jurist. The Howard family now being considered is thought to be the progeny of Robert and Mary Howard, who came from England and were early settlers in Dorchester, Mass., where Robert was made a freeman in 1635. Their children were Jonathan, Robert, Hannah, Jeremiah, Bethia, Mary Temperance and perhaps others. Robert (2) Howard, second son and child of Robert and Mary Howard, was admitted a freeman in Boston in 1683. By his wife Elizabeth he had Sarah, Robert and Samuel. Thomas Howard, probably a grandson of Robert and Elizabeth Howard, resided in Boston. He was the father of Thomas Benjamin, Joseph and Mary. Joseph married and reared two children, Joseph and

Mary. Thomas (2) Howard, eldest son of Thomas, was^bom in 1749, probably in Boston. He settled in Hingham, Mass., where he followed thejtrade of cooper, and his death occurred^there, August 29, 1S29, at the age of seventy-nine years. He was married in Hingham, November 14, 1776, to Sarah Mansfield, bom in that" town October 9, 1734, daughter

Sarah, Thomas, Benjamin, Molly, Ned (who died in infancy), another Ned, Waters (died at the age of one year), Charles, Edward and a second Waters. Thomas (3) Howard, second child and eldest son of Thomas and Sarah (Mansfield) Howard, was bom in Hingham, Mass., September 30, 1779. On January 7, 1807 he married Hannah Wilder, and in 1810 he of Joseph and Sarah (Waters) Mansfield, and died August 19, 1817. She was a descendant in the fifth generation of John and Elizabeth (Famsworth) Mansfield, the former of whom was made a freeman at Hingham, in 1684, and his wife was of Dorchester. The line of descent from John and Elizabeth is through John (2), Joseph (3), and Joseph (4). The children of Thomas and Sarah (Mansfield) Howard were removed to a farm in Ashbumham, Mass., residing there for the rest of his life, which terminated November 3, 1861. His wife, who died November 14, 1870, was a daughter of Samuel and Hannah (Lasell) Wilder, and a descendant in the sixth generation through Samuel (4), Thomas (3), and Isaac (2) of Edward Wilder, the emigrant ancestor of all of that name who have resided in Hingham.

The latter was granted land in Hingham in 1637, and admitted a freeman in 1644. Mrs. Hannah Howard was the mother of seven children, Hannah, Thomas, Samuel W., Lewis, George H., Mar>' W. and Lucy M. Thomas (4) Howard, second child and eldest son of Thomas and Hannah (Wilder) Howard, was bom in Hingham, October 28, 1809. When a young man he settled in East Cambridge, where he was a dealer in coal, and later worked in the New England Glass Works. He died November 17, 1850. December 3, 1835 he married Hannah Elizabeth, daughter of Joel S. Wright, who was at one time town clerk of Acton, Mass., and his maternal grandfather was Captain David Brown, who commanded a company of minute men at the North Bridge, Concord, April 19, 1775. Thomas and Hannah E. (Wright) Howard were the parents of three sons: Frank Edson, bom March 12, 1837 (died January 14, 1863), George H., who will he again referred to, and Thomas Melville, bom November 26, 1844. The latter, who married Mary Elizabeth Mattell, died in Somerville, October 12, 1900. George Henry Howard, second son of Thomas and Hannah E. (Wright) Howard, was bom in East Cambridge, November 13, 1838. He attended school in Pepperell and Cambridge, and at the conclusion of his studies he found employment at the New England Glass Works in East Cambridge.

In April, 1861, he enlisted for service in the Civil War, in a companj^ raised in Cambridge, which was assigned to the Sixteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, as Company A, and proceeding to the front joined the forces under the command of General Wool. In the fall of 1861 he was promoted to the first-lieutenancy of Company C, of Groton, which was ordered to Baltimore for the purpose of protecting troops passing through the city; and his regiment subsequently joined the command of General McClellan at Fortress Monroe, where he witnessed the famous action between the Merrimac and the Monitor. He afterwards served in the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battle of Seven Pines and several other important engagements, including the second battle of Bull Run.

also serving his country in the Army, he was obliged to resign his commission in order to care for his family, and he reluctantly withdrew from the service for that purpose.

Accepting a position at the Portland (Me.) Glass Works, he had charge of the mould department there for four years, at the expiration of which time he resigned in order to accept a more lucrative position that had been offered to him by the management of the newly established glass works in Montreal, Province of Quebec, and he remained in that city some eighteen months. Returning to Cambridge he pursued a special course at Bryant and Stratton's Business College, at the conclusion of which he accepted an appointment as a constable on the state police force under Major Jones, and retained it until 1871. In the latter year he entered as a bookkeeper the employ of W. L. Lockhart, manufacturer of and wholesale dealer in undertakers' supplies, and was admitted to partnership in 1893, and is still engaged in that business.

In politics Mr. Howard is a Republican, and during the past thirty-eight years has frequently been elected to public office. For the years 1873, 1874, 1881, 1882, 1883 and 1884, he served in the Cambridge common council, being president of that body for three years; was a member of the board of aldermen in 1875 and 1876; was appointed one of the sinking fund commissioners in 1887, and a member of the water board in 1888, retaining both of these important trusts for a number of years.

He was trustee and is now vice-president of the Wildley Savings Bank and was formerly a director of the East Cambridge Savings Bank. He was made a Master Mason in Portland, Lodge No. 1, from which he was demitted to Putnam Lodge, Cambridge, entered the chapter of Roj'al Arch Masons in 1882, and is a charter member of Cambridge Commandery, Knights Templar. He is also affiliated with New England Lodge, I.O.O.F., and P. Steams Davis, Post 57, G.A.R., the Knights of Honor and the Knights and Ladies of Honor; is one of the original members of the New England Order of Protection, in which he has occupied all of the important chairs; is a comrade of Post No. 57, G.A.R., of which he served as

For twenty-five consecutive years prior to 1896 he was superintendent of the Sunday school connected with the Second Baptist church, and was at one time a director of the Young Men's Christian Association. April 28, 1861, Mr. Howard married Miss Charlotte Bruce Wickens, who was bom in Shelbum, N.S., June 23, 1840, daughter of Joseph and Isabella Wickens. Of this union there are two daughters, Lottie Evangeline, bom March 14, 1862, and Lillie Belle, bom March 10, 1865. Lillie Belle is now the wife of Hubert W. Pierce, of Newton, Mass., and their children areEarle Howard, bom February 3, 1888, and Ruth Evangeline, bom January 2, 1898. Earle Howard Pierce graduated from Dartmouth in 1910, and took the Thayer course in 1911.

Archibald Murray Howe

ARCHIBALD MURRAY HOWE Howe, Archibald Murray, eldest son of James M. and Harriet B. (Clarke) Howe, was bom in Northampton, Mass., May 20, 1848. He acquired his early education in the public schools of Brookline, including the High School, and from the latter entered Harvard University, taking his bachelor's degree with the Class of 1869. Among his classmates were Frank D. Millet, Francis G. Peabody and Henry Marion Howe, son of Dr. Samuel G. and Julia Ward Howe, and now professor of metallurgy at Colimibia University. Having pursued the regular course at the Harvard Law School and obtained the necessary practical experience in the office of George S. Hillard, he was admitted to practice in the covuts of Massachusetts, in June, 1872. Possessing a taste and capacity for political life and being desirous of obtaining a practical knowledge of the scheme of federal government, he accepted the position of private secretary to the Hon. Henry L. Pierce, and retained it dtuing the sessions of the Fortythird Congress, residing at the national Capital for a period of eleven months. In 1875 he became associated in the practice of law with Henry F. Buswell and Charles H. Walcott, and 'has ever since been actively connected with the legal profession of Boston and Cambridge, in which latter city he has resided for many years. Although well versed in the general practice of law, he devotes his attention chiefly to the administration of estates and the care of trust fimds, and in this special field of usefulness he has been eminently successful.

Mr. Howe is widely and favorably known, both for his fine legal attainments and his numerous commendable personal characteristics, prominent among which is his patriotism and impHcit faith in the integrity and justice of our state and national political institutions, and on more than one occasion he has forcibly demonstrated the wisdom of his advanced views relative to their improvement. In politics he acts independently and takes a lively interest in all important issues - municipal, state and national. In 1877 he served in the Cambridge Council, was in 1890 chosen representative tO' the legislature on a combined Democratic and Independent ticket, and in various other ways has rendered valuable pubHc services, being an earnest advocate of civil service reform. In his religious behef he is a Unitarian, being a member of the First Parish Church, Cambridge, and a life member of the American Unitarian Association. He is also a member of the St. Botolph Club, Boston, and was vice-president of the Massachusetts Reform Club.

On June 4, 1881, Mr. Howe was united in marriage with Arria Sargent Dixwell, daughter of Eps Sargent and Mary IngersoU (Bowditch) Dixwell, of Cambridge.

Theodore C. Hurd

THEODORE C. HURD HuRD, Theodore C, well known to the public as Clerk of the Middlesex County Courts, having held this office since 1872, was bom in Newton, January 19, 1837, and was the son of Sarah B. and William Hurd. He received his education at Framingham Academy and Union College, and later graduated from the Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the Middlesex Bar in 1860, and served as district attorney for six years. He was a lieutenant in the Forty-fifth Massachusetts Regiment, and acted as judge advocate for the department of North CaroUna. He was a member of the Loyal Legion and the G.A.R., and a prominent member of several social clubs. He was a representative to the General Court in 1867, 1869, 1870 and 1871, serving on important committees, and was a member of the aldermanic board of 1873. Few men have a larger circle of friends than Mr. Hurd, and his abilitj- and courtesy in filling his official position have met with merited recDgnition.

Theodore C. Hurd was married twice. His first marriage, to Mary Elizabeth Piatt, took placo at Newark, Del., May 1, 1862. By this marriage he had four children: George Piatt, born May 9, 1863; Kate Gemmill, born December 23, 1864; Sarah Hooker, bom July 8, 1866; Jenny Lindsay, bom October 13, 1867. He was married to his second wife, Alice May Howard, at Watertown, September 23, 1879. The children bom of this marriage are: Roger Howard (April 13, 1881), WiUiam Minot (February 2, 1883), and Theodore Chester (Febmary 25, 1885).

Cotmty, was born in Cambridge, April 13, 1881, being a son of Theodore Hurd. The family moved to Winchester in 1888, and Roger Hurd attended the public schools there. He left the High School in 1898 and entered the Boston Art School that fall.

Since the summer of 1899 he has been employed in the office of the Clerk of Coiurts. He was appointed Fourth Assistant Clerk, March 27, 1903, and Second Assistant, January 5, 1912.

Edwin Henry Jose

EDWIN HENRY JOSE Jose, Edwin Henry, bom in Hollis, Me., April 27, 1847, is a son of Benjamin Berry and Harriet Jose. He received his preliminary education in the schools of his native town, Biddeford High School, Limerick Academy, and Waterville Classical Institute. He graduated from the Harvard Law School in 1873 with the degree of Bachelor of Law, and began the practice of law in Cambridge in November of that year. In the course of his professional duties he has ser\'ed as counsel for various large corporations. Mr. Jose has lived in Cambridge since beginning to practice in 1873. He married, in 1867, Emma E. Parlin.

Roger H. Hurd Stillman Francis Kelley

STILLMAN FRANCIS KELLEY Kelley, Stillman Francis, has had a career which is one of the notable examples of the success so frequently achieved by Cape Cod boys in mercantile life. He was bom at East Dennis, Mass., Febmary 28, 1851. His parents were Stillman and Olive (Howes) Kelley; his father was bom in Harwich, Mass., February 16, 1816, and his mother in East Dennis, Mass. His early education was received in the schools of his native town, and later he prepared himself for business in the Boston schools. He was formerly a member of the firm of Stillman F. Kelley & Co. This firm did the largest business in the importation and jobbing of sugar and molasses in the country.

Mr. Kelley is a director in several important companies and corporations, and for several years had an active interest in the management of the Faneuil Hall National Bank.

As a member of the Cambridge Water Board he has excellently served the city, devoting much time and energy to the important undertakings of that body. On October 13, 1875, he married Chloe C. Sears, bom in East Dennis, daughter of Nathan and Sarah C. Sears, both of whom were bom and always Hved in East Dennis. Two children were bom of this marriage: StUlman Randolph KeUey, bom December 17, 1878, who died May 24, 1911; and Edmund Sears KeUey, bom December 16, 1886.

Edward Kendall

EDWARD KENDALL Kendall, Edward, was bom in Holden, Mass., December 3, 1821, being the son of Caleb and Dolly (Sawyer) Kendall. His boyhood was spent on his father's farm (in farm work) and study in the village school. When he became of age he made his first business venture, embarking in the lumber trade. In 1847, removing to Boston, he became an apprentice in the West Boston Machine Shop. Here he made rapid progress, being transferred to the boiler department after nine months' service, and soon after becoming superintendent of that department, which position he held for eleven years. In 1860 he entered business on his own account, establishing the firm of Kendall & Davis, at Cambridgeport, and giving special attention to the making of boilers. In 1865 the firm name was changed to Kendall & Roberts, and subsequently, upon the admission of Mr. Kendall's sons, it became Edward Kendall & Sons. During his long and successful career Mr. Kendall has made numerous improvements and inventions in boiler manufacture, and has become widely known in his trade. He has been a life-long advocate of temperance, and few men have been more devoted to the cause. In 1886 he was the Prohibition candidate for Congress from the Fifth District, and was candidate for governor on that ticket in 1893. He has been a director of the Massachusetts Temperance Alliance since 1888, and was for two years president of the Cambridge Temperance Reform Association. He has always taken a deep interest in city affairs, having served his city in the General Courts of 1875 and 1876, and in the board of aldermen in 1871, 1872, 1873. He was one of the founders, and is senior deacon, of the Pilgrim Congregational church, and is prominent in the work of the denomination. Since

1890 he has been a director of the Cambridgeport National Bank. Mr. Kendall is a member of the Congregational Club, of Boston, and the Cambridge Club. He married, December 16, 1847, Miss Reliance Crocker, of Paxton, Mass.

Chester Ward Kingsley

CHESTER WARD KINGSLEY KiNGSLEY, Chester Ward, was bom and educated in Brighton, Mass., now a part of Boston. He passed the greater part of his life in Cambridge, and in all schemes for the city's good he was found in the fore. Bom June 9, 1824, the son of Moses and Mary (Montague) Kingsley, he was left fatherless at the age of four years, and thrown upon his own resources at the age of ten. For the next five years he worked in the then wilds of Michigan. Returning to Brighton, he resumed his studies, and graduated from the high school. He soon found a place as messenger in the old Brighton Bank, and was successively made clerk and teller, and in 1851, he became cashier of the Cambridge Market Bank, which position he held for five years. In 1856 he entered the wholesale provision business, and was very prosperous. Retiring in 1865, he became treasurer of an anthracite coal-mining company.

foresight as president of the board that inaugurated the present magnificent water system of the city caused him to be known as the "Father of the Cambridge Water Works."

Politically, he has been a life-long Republican Prohibitionist. He was a trustee of the Newton Theological Institute, Colby University, and Worcester Academy. He was president of the American Baptist Society, and of the Massa-

Chester Ward Kixgsley

He was for eight years president of the Brighton National Bank, the successor of the old bank where he had begun his career. Mr. Kingsley served his city in the board of aldermen and school board; also in the House of Representatives in 1882, 1883, 1884, and in the Senate in 1888 and 1889. He was for thirty years a member of the water board, and for a number of years president of that body. His zeal and chusetts Baptist Convention, and] he was for some years one of the executive committee of the American Baptist Missionary Union, and president of the Boston Baptist Social Union. He was a member of the Cambridge, Colonial and Massachusetts Clubs.

28, 1904. Mr. Kingsley passed away just five days after the death of his wife, January 1, 1904. They had seven children, but only one, Mrs. Ella J. Bacon, widow of CHnton Bacon, survives.

Mr. Kingsley was truly a noble and a good man. His interest was always keen in all good causes, and not a few educational and religious institutions felt, while he lived, the quickening impulse of his great liberality. Endowed with rare gifts as a business man, he amassed a large property, but always felt the duty of using it, to as great an extent as possible, for the good of his fellowmen. This trait was marked in his life, and he will long be remembered for it. Mr. Kingsley's service to the city of Cambridge, which he loved, was as great as it was unselfish.

City and suburbs quartering their horses and fine carriages here, certain that they will secure the best possible attention. In keeping pace with modem changes and conditions, Mr. Lake not long ago installed a service of toiuing cars and auto cabs, which today is one of the appreciated features of the social and business life of Cambridge. Of course, Mr. Lake also maintains the same high standard in his carriage

Charles H. Lake

CHARLES H. LAKE Lake, Charles H., is perhaps one of the best-known business men and citizens of Cambridge. Notwithstanding his activities in the business world, he has found time to devote to the service of both country and city. He is a member of the First Regiment Veteran Association, and at one time served in the state militia, retiring with the rank of captain. He stands high in Masonic circles, and is a Mystic Shriner. During his thirty years' residence in Cambridge he has been several times elected to the Common Council and the Board of Aldermen, serving most acceptably in both branches of the City Government. He was in the Council two years and in the Board of Aldermen three years. He was president of the Board the last two years, where he performed the duties of the office most efficiently. In social circles Mr. Lake is also well known, being an active supporter of the Newtowne club, where he is on one of the bowling teams. In addition he takes a most active interest in the Harvard Square Business Men's Association and the Citizens' Trade Association.

Mr. Lake is treasurer and manager of the Cambridge Coach Co., which was incorporated in 1902, being originally established in 1835, by Royal Simpson. Its headquarters are at 35 and 38 Church Street. The Company has for many years enjoyed a most select boarding patronage, horse owners from all parts of the and coach service. Carriages or touring cars, of large or small seating capacity, may be hired at any hour of the day or night at most reasonable rates. Furthermore, the concern's corps of drivers and chauffeurs are the most gentlemanly, careful and thoroughly experienced of any to be procured. They are familiar with all parts of the country which they are likely to cover. Vehicles may be rented for balls, parties, weddings, for shopping, for funerals, or for pleasure driving, and a prompt and efficient service is assured.

Erasmus Darwin Leavitt

Leavitt, was bom in Lowell, Mass., October 27, 1836. He was educated in the Lowell public schools and entered the machine shop of the Lowell Manufacturing Company in April, 1852, where he served three years as an apprentice, at the close of which time he worked under instruction for a year at the works of Corliss & Nightingale, Providence, R.I., the birthplace of the Corliss engine. From 1856 to 1858 he was engaged in developing some inventions in steam engineering, for which a patent had been granted to him in 1855. In 1858 and 1859 he was assistant foreman at the City Point Works, South Boston, and had charge of building the engines for the flagship Hartford. From 1859 to 1861 he was chief draughtsman for Thurston, Gardner & Company, of Providence, R.I., leaving there to enter the United States navy in the summer of 1861 as third assistant engineer. He served through the war of the rebellion, and during his term of service was detailed to the Naval Academy at Annapolis as instructor in steam engineering. Resigning in 1867, he resumed the practice of mechanical engineering, making a specialty of pumping and mining machinery.

In 1872 Mr. Leavitt designed and patented a novel pumping engine which was first used at Lynn, Mass. ; and on account of its remarkable performance it became celebrated in Europe as well as in this country; similar engines were subsequently erected at Lawrence Mass., Louisville, Ky., and at the sewage station of the city of Boston.

In 1874 he became connected with the famous Calumet and Hecla Copper Mine as an adviser of mechanical matters, and was consvilting engineer of the company until 1904, when he retired from active practice. During his term of service with the company, he furnished the designs and plans for its huge equipment, which so materially reduced the cost of mining. He has also acted as consulting engineer to the cities of Boston and Louisville, and to the firm of Henr>' R. Worthington, of New York, the celebrated builders of pumps. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Institute of Mining Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (and past president of same), Boston Society of Ci\'il Engineers, American Society of Naval Engineers, life member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain. In 1884 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from the Stevens Institute of Technology, of Hoboken, N.J. He is a member of the Union and Commercial Clubs of Boston, and the Colonial Club of Cambridge.

Mr. Leavitt was married, June 5, 1867, to Annie Elizabeth, daughter of William Pettit, of Philadelphia, who was the pioneer in locomotive building in the United States, and long connected with the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Mrs. Leavitt died December 28, 1889. Their children were Mary Alford, Hart Hooker, Margaret Almira, Harriet Sherman and Annie Louise. Of these, three are living: Mary A., Margaret A. and Annie L.

Mr. Leavitt's life has been one of close application to his chosen profession, and today he occupies a leading position among the most eminent engineers of this country and of Europe, his ability being recognized by all his contemporaries. During his several trips abroad he has received marked attention from engineers, and from the various engineering societies. He was a warm personal friend of the late Herr Krupp, of Essen, who frequently consulted him concerning engineering matters.