Cambridge City (part 8 of 12)

This, then, is the career, briefly stated, of a man to whom Cambridge points as an heir to those qualities of his Puritan ancestors which had such a profound influence in the building up of the communities that settled in Massachusetts; and whose life she considers irrefutable evidence that the strong moral principles and the stem determination to foUow the dictates of conscience have not become impoverished in transmission. The events narrated above without adornment are perhaps the best commentary on the loyalty to duty that was always the guiding motive of Dr. Clarke's acts. Consider for a moment what it meant to be a military surgeon during the four years of the fratricidal conflict, that terrible period when the fate of the nation hung in the balance. The soldier, rifle or saber in hand, facing the enemy, finds, in the excitement which the lust to kill (latent, it is said, in even the most ci\alized) arouses in him, a kind of narcotic, as it were, by which the sensation of fear and horror is benumbed. The surgeon must, above all things, avoid any excitement, because his work requires him to be calm and self-possessed ; he must, therefore, depend only on his sense of duty and his humanity to help him endure the sights and sounds of the battle-field. Nor can he rest when the victory is won; then, indeed, his labors seem to be just beginning, for he must hasten night and day in his efforts to heal wounds, ameliorate suffering, and forestall the dread diseases that are the usual concomitants of war. Bearing all this in mind, one reads with a new understanding the line which says that Dr. Clarke was in ninety-two battles and engagements. Since the close of the war his activity had been constant. In spite of the demands made on his time by practical professional duties, he, nevertheless, added to the literature of medicine; for, not content with personally alleviating the distress of those who came directly vmder his care, he crystallized the results of his experience and study in the volumes and monographs which the medical world has received with so much appreciation. Fvirthermore, he even found time to give expression to his love of belles lettres, in the book of verse of which he is the author. Many would claim that having served humanity at large so well, they should be exempted from the duties of civic and political life. Dr. Clarke made no such plea, but, as a member of the city government, devoted some of his best efforts to Cambridge. Alwaj^s a believer in the power for good of organized effort, he allied himself with many professional, fraternal and social bodies, giving them both his moral and financial support. His home life, almost ideal, had only one cloud, the death of his wife, in 1892. His two daughters well repaid his tender indulgence and well-directed care in their rearing, by the consolation they gave him. He had no sons, but his daughters, who have taken up his chosen profession, were of late able to ease him part of its burdens. Many famiUes that relied on him in the hour of need still continue in the feeling of security that comes from the knowledge that life and health are being watched over by one who has mastered the art of healing, knowing that his ability has been inherited by his children. Dr. Clarke died Aoril 22, 1912.

Edward E. Clark

EDWARD E. CLARK Clark, Edward E., was bom in Cambridge, Mass., November 4, 1870. He is the son of Martin V. B. and Sarah M. (RoUins) Clark, both natives of New Hampshire. Edward E. Clark attended the Willard Primary, the Webster Grammar, and the Cambridge Latin Schools, and entered Harvard College in 1890. Dependent upon his own resources in acquiring a college education, he supported himself by doing newspaper work and tutoring, and, in 1894, graduated from Harvard with the

Closely identified with Cambridge life from his boyhood days, he has the knowledge of city affairs, the training, the education, the temperament and the other qualifications necessary to fit him to serve in any position with credit to his constituents.

He is a member of Amicable Lodge, F.&A.M. ; the Economy Club of Cambridge; Dtmster Lodge, I.O.O.F.: Citizens' Trade Association; Cambridge Lodge of Elks; Middlesex Club;

Mr. Clark's first entry into politics was made in 1900, when he became a member of the Cambridge Common Council, and he remained there four years; in 1903 he was elected and ser\-ed as president of that body. During his ser\-ice in the council, he was a member of all the important committees, including those on finance, claims, city charter, legislative matters, etc., thus being enabled to acquire an intimate knowledge of how the city's business and financial affairs should be conducted.

During the years when Cambridge Republicans were passing through the most trjang experience that had ever come to them in the historj' of the party of that city, after the Democrats, under the leadership of Mayor IMcNamee, had wrested the control of the City Government from them, iSIr. Clark was a member of the Common Council and was chosen president of that body. The Democrats were in complete possession of the Board of Aldermen and the Mayoralty, and the Non-Partisanship idea found expression only through a bare majority in the Common Council.

His inctmibency of the office of president of the lower branch became, therefore, in many respects, a noteworthy one. There were occasions when turbulence and dissension threatened to ovens-helm the sessions of the lower branch, and only the exercise of rare judgment and discrimination prevented subversion of the deliberative character of its proceedings. Mr. Clark succeeded admirably in performing the task devoh'ing upon him. So well did he act his part that, when he aspired to represent the fourth representative district on Beacon Hill, his fitness for the higher legislative arena was immediately recognized and his election was assured.

age of sixteen he came to Boston, and immediately began to profit by the opportimities afforded to a youth of courage and energy. At the age of twentj'-one he joined his father and brother in a co-partnership for the manttfacture of fancy crackers. In 1861 he began, upon his own account, the manufacture of confectionery in East Cambridge, employing at the outset about half a dozen hands. His energy and business sagacity enabled him to develop the large and successful establishment which he controlled. On February 23, 1879, the frame structure in which his business was located was totally destroyed by fire; but with characteristic energy he immediately began the erection of the spacious building on Broadway, which, at the time Mr. Close was taken ill, he had begun to enlarge. By untiring attention to details, always among the first to adopt improved methods of production, he had developed a business that required several hundred employees, and j-ielded a product of about ten tons of confectionerj' daily. Mr. Close had rendered valuable public ser\ace to the city of Cambridge in various capacities. He was a member of the Common Council in 1883, of the Board of Aldermen in 1885 and 1886, and of the House of Representatives in 1888. Mr.

Close was a member of Dunster Lodge of Odd Fellows; Amicable Lodge, F.&A.M.; Royal Arcaniun; New England Confectioners' Club; and the Universalist Club of Boston. He was for several years president of the Howard Benevolent Association, and had been active in various charitable movements. He was a director of the Cambridge Electric Light Company and other corporations, and was connected with the Cambridge Mutual Fire Insurance Company. He was a member of the Cambridge Club and of the Citizens' Trade Association, of which he had been president. Mr. Close was a member of the First Universalist Chtirch. He died at his summer home at Allerton, Mass., August 18, 1911. He is survived by two sons, George E. Close and Frank D. Close, and four daughters: Mrs. Florence A. Gale, Mrs. Alice L. Mandell of Newton, Mrs. Bertha M. Bunton and Miss F. Evelyn Close. He also leaves two sisters. Miss Caroline Close and Mrs. John F. Moore, of Allston.

Edward R. Cogswell, M.D.

Cogswell, Edward R., was bom in South Berwick, Me., June 1, 1841, and came to Cambridge in April, 1852. He entered Harvard College in 1860. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company F, 44th Regiment of the Massachusetts Volimteer Militia, and served with that regiment as a non-commissioned ofiBcer tmtil the following June, when the regiment was mustered out of service.

After leaving coUege, he entered the Harvard Medical School, from which he was graduated in 1867 and immediately entered upon the practice of his profession in this city.

When an independent Board of Health for the city was established in March, 1878, he was appointed its executive officer, resigning at the close of the year 1879. In Jime, 1869, he was chosen a member of the School Committee, upon which Board he served over ten years. In the years 1885, 1886, 1887 and 1890, he was a member of the Board of Aldermen, and from 1885' to 1887 a trustee of the Public Library.

Francis Cogswell

Cogswell, Francis, formerly Superintendent of the Schools of Cambridge, was bom in Atkinson, N.H., Jvme 24, 1827, being the son of Joseph B. and Judith J. Cogswell. He attended school at the Atkinson Academy and at the Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden, N.H., and taught district schools in Merrimac, Georgetown and Weymouth, Mass. He also conducted a private school in Georgetown for one or two years. His first connection with the Cambridge schools was in April, 1854, when he was elected Master of the Putnam School, which position he held for about twenty years. In September, 1874, he was elected Superintendent of Schools and held that position until 1905. Mr. Cogswell's work at the head of the school department needs no encomiimi. For the twenty-two years of his administration the edu- cational development of the City kept ahead, of its rapid, general growth, and Cambridge public schools are looked upon today as models. He has contributed quite extensively to educational publications. Harvard College honored him with the degree of Master of Arts in 1861.

Hira.M M. Comstock

who, in the early seventeenth century, came from England with his wife Elizabeth, settled first in Wethersfield, Conn., and subsequently removed to New London. The subject of this sketch was educated in the district schools of his native town. At the age of eighteen he came to Boston, and a few years later engaged in business with Charles S. Gove, under the firm name of Comstock & Gove, manufacturers of soda water. The business prospered exceedingly under Mr. Comstock's direction, which as head of the firm he continued up to the time of his death on March 22, 1883.

He was a well-known and highly-esteemed citizen of Cambridge, where he made his home and where his widow still resides. He was a prominent Free Mason, being a member of Cambridge Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Boston Commandery, Knights Templar; and other Masonic bodies ; and had taken the thirtysecond degree of Masonry. Mr. Comstock married January 1, 1857, Betsey J. Richardson, bom in Corinth, Vt., daughter of Henry and Charlotte (Batchelder) Richardson. Her father was a descendant, in the seventh generation from William Richardson, who, bom in England in 1620, came to Massachusetts about 1640, with his brother Edward. One child was bom of this marriage, but died in infancy. Mrs. Comstock has been from early life a lover of art, and when quite young she developed a talent for painting. After the death of her husband she pursued her art studies under some of the best masters in this country and in Europe, and has attained a creditable rank among contemporary artists. This gift has been consecrated to charity. The proceeds from the sale of her pictures are devoted to some worthy cause. Mrs. Comstock is a New England woman of the best type, and among her many sterling qualities the most conspicuous are courage, cheerfulness and charity. She is a member of the Shepard Memorial Church, Cambridge; of Hannah Winthrop Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution; and of the Society of the Founders and Patriots of America.

Both the Comstocks and the Richardson family were identified ^vith the important events of the colonial and revolutionarj' periods. Alfred E. Richardson, bom ]\Iay 25, 1832, who was engaged in architecture and building in Boston for many years, was a brother of Mrs. Comstock. He died in Strafford, Vt., April 4, 1880.

John W. Coveney

CovENEY, John W., one of the most prominent men in Cambridge, was bom in Cambridge, April 10, 1845. He received his education in the public schools of Cambridge. In 1861, when Sumter was fired upon, he enlisted at the age of 16 as a volunteer, and marched to the defence of the Union, in the Twenty-sixth

Massachusetts Regiment. He served under Butler at New Orleans, and in the campaign of the Gulf. On his return from the war, he began work as an undertaker in Cambridge, which business he carried on successfully. On his return to Cambridge he became prominent in the politics of Old Ward Three, and, with his brother, Jeremiah W. Coveney, the late postmaster of Boston, made the initial move that won recognition for the people of the Irish race in that section of the city.

Although a factor in political matters in his section of the City, he did not seek office for himself vmtil 1886, when he was elected a member of the Common Council. He was re-elected in 1887, and his fearlessness won him the respect of all with whom he came in contact.

In the faU of 1887 his record in the Council was recognized by his nomination and election to the legislature as a representative from what was then the fifth, now the third, Middlesex district. He was re-elected in 1888, and again in 1889. During his three years in the House his ability was quickly recognized, and he ranked high among the Democratic leaders of that time. He was unyielding in his fealty to the interest of the Democratic Party, and was among the most aggressive debaters in the House.

In 1891 and 1892 he served in the State Senate and was on the committee on railroads and mercantile affairs. He was also chairman of the committee on library. He served on the Boards of Aldermen of 1902, 1903, 1904 and 1905. In the fall of 1903 he accepted a Nonpartisan nomination to the Board of Aldermen and was one of the Non-Partisan majority in the Board that upheld the hands of Mayor Daley during his first term in 1904. He was chosen by the Non-Partisans as president of the Board, and he served impartially and well. He was re-elected as a Non-Partisan member of the Board for 1905, being one of the two Non-Partisans elected. In the summer he announced that he would not seek re-election to that body again.

He was a man of magnetic personality, an interesting talker, a hard fighter for whatever interests he represented. In the turbulent days in the Aldermanic Chamber, he proved himself a master on questions of parliamentary procedure and was quick to take advantage of openings left by his adversaries.

George Howland Cox

GEORGE HOWLAND COX Cox, George Howland, youngest child of James and Mercy Nye (Howland) Cox, was bom October 9, 1854, in Fairhaven, formerly New Bedford, Mass. He attended the public schools of his native place, and was so well equipped that he was enabled to enter the West Point Military Academy. Owing to his ill health he was obliged to resign, and this was the occasion of his reluctantly entering upon a civil rather than a military career. However, this change was anything but disastrous so far as concerns material success. He was proven himself an admirable financier, as is attested by his successful labors as president of the Cambridge Trust Company and a member of its directorate; and his abilities as an executive officer have been abundantly evidenced in various important positions, as president of the Cambridge Park Commission, and a member of the State Armory Commission. His interest in local benevolent and charitable institutions is manifested by his connection with the Cambridge Home for Aged People, as director and treasurer of the Cambridge Hospital, the Cambridge School for Nurses and the Dowse Institute, in each of which he is a trustee. He is an active member of leading patriotic and social bodies - the society of Colonial Wars; the Good Government League of Cambridge, in which he is a director; the Colonial Club and the Cambridge Club of Cambridge, in each of which he is an ex-president; the Saint Botolph Club of Boston; and the Oakley Country Club of Watertown. He is also a member of the Cambridge Board of Trade, and has served as president of that body. He is affiliated -svith Amicable Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of Cambridge. He is a member of the Unitarian Church, and in politics is a Republican.

Mr. Cox married, in New Bedford, September 25, 1877, Ella P. Whittennore, and they have one child, George Howland, Jr., bom February 8, 1880. The family residence is Riverbank Court, Cambridge. Mrs. Cox is the youngest

James Valentine Cox

JAMES VALENTINE COX Cox, James Valentine, son of Gershom Flagg Cox, was bom in Hallowell, Me., July 1, 1813. Like his ancestors he followed the sea. He made his home at New Bedford, Mass., and engaged in whaling, rising step by step to the position of master. He made many voyages at a time when the whaling industry was very profitable, and amassed considerable wealth for his day. He served several years in the office of inspector of customs at New Bedford, and held various other positions of trust and honor in New Bedford. He married, November 19, 1838, Mercy Nye, daughter of John and Mercy (Howland) Nye, of Fairhaven, Mass. He married second, Annie E. Edwards, October 5, 1869. He died November 23, 1884, beloved and honored by the entire community. Children: James Nye; Myra; George Howland, bom October 9, 1854.

John F. Crocker

Crocker, John F., son of Isaiah and Deborah (Goodnow) Crocker, was bom in South Yarmouth in 1851. His early education was in the public schools of that town. Later he studied at the Friends' School at Pro\'idence. In 1869 he entered business as the Cape Cod representative of a Boston grocery company. He took up business for himself in 1884, forming the firm of Crocker & Eldridge, now Eldridge, Baker & Co. He devoted his time to this business vmtil 1891, when he retired for two years.

In November, 1894, Mr. Crocker succeeded to the business of Wallace F. Robinson & Co., and in 1896 consoHdated the firm with Niles Bros., in a corporation known as the Boston Packing and Prov-ision Co., of which he became treasurer and manager. Reorganization of this corporation was effected in 1898, and it was merged with the John P. Squire Company, with Mr. Crocker as general manager. He remained wdth the firm until 1906, when he formed the banking firm of Crocker & Fisher, of Boston. In 1910, he retired from active business, but had devoted a great deal of time to business at Leroy, N.Y., where is located the Leroy Cold Storage & Produce Co., of which he was vicepresident and treasurer.

Mr. Crocker was married, in 1874, to Martha A. Earle of Boston. Their children are Avis W., Grace G., Martha E., John F., Jr., Allan E., Richard S. and Stewart M. Mr. Crocker died December 6, 1911.

man of the Board of Trustees of Cambridge lodge of Elks. He is one of the ablest of our citizens. A man of education, he brings within the circle of business a ripeness of culture and breadth of courtesy which has greatly assisted his keen intelligence in carving out his high

Henry J. Cunningham

Cunningham, Henry J., commissioner of public safety, was graduated from St. Dunstan's College in 1887, after which he entered upon a five years' course of philosophy and theology at the famous Urban University, commonly known as the College of the Propaganda, Rome. His health failed him, however, and at the end of two years, he returned home, finally abandoning the ministry and devoting himself to the business which he has carried on with such pronounced success.

In 1894 he established the real estate firm of Cunningham Brothers, one of the largest in Cambridge. He was the active member of the firm until this year (1912) when he retired in order to give his entire time to the city as Commissioner of Public Safety. The appointment was made by Mayor Barry, under the provisions of the Act of the Legislature of May 20, 1912, which places the poHce and fire departments of Cambridge in charge of a single commissioner.

Mr. Cunningham has long been interested in social, commercial and political interests of the city, and has taken an active part in public life for several years. He has been on the executive committee of the Cambridge Taxpayers' Association, a member of the Citizens' Trade Association, and of the Intercolonial Club of Boston; was formerly president of the Catholic Union of Cambridge; one of the founders of the Hospital Aid Society of the Holy Ghost hospital, and today acts as one of its board of directors. Mr. Cunningham's judgment as an insurance man is highly regarded. He was for several years a member of the rating committee of the Cambridge Board of Fire Underwriters. He was the first chair- position among local business men. Mr. Cunningham was formerly chief of police of Cambridge. He is an active leader in Democratic affairs in the city. Mr. Cunningham is a bachelor and resides at Camelia Avenue.

Thomas Edward Cunningham, M.D.

Cunningham, Thomas Edward, M.D., son of John and Mary (Murphy) Cunningham, was bom in Prince Edward Island, January 5, 1851. His general education was obtained in the schools of his native town and at St. Dunstan's CoUege, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Then he began the study of medicine with Dr. Breer of Charlottetown, a leading practitioner of that place, and in 1870 came to Boston. Two years after he entered the Harvard Medical School. Graduating in 1876, he established himself in Cambridge, and in a few years built up a large and successful practice. He is a memlicr of the Harvard Alumni Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, Cambridge Medical Improvement Association, Boston Medical Library, Advisory Board of the Hospital for Contagious Diseases, American Medical Association. He organized the Hospital Aid Society of the Holy Ghost

Thomas Edw.'Vrd Cuxnin'Gham, M.D.

Dr. Cunningham has been married twice. His first marriage occurred in 1879, to Miss Marjr Doolej' (deceased); and the second on Februar}' 3, 1891, to Miss Mar>' Kane. He has two children, Edward and Thomas Cunningham.

Samuel Silas Curry

SAMUEL SILAS CURRY Curry, Samuel Silas, president of the School of Expression, Boston, author and educator, was bom on a farm in Chatata, Bradley County, Tenn., November 23, 1847. His father, James Campbell Curry, was a farmer, characterized by honesty and uprightness. He married Nancy Young, a relative of David Crockett. Dr. Curry's great-greatgrandfather on his father's side was Robert Campbell (1755-1831), brother of Col. Andrew Campbell and of Col. Arthur Campbell (1745- 1781), whose ancestors came from Scotland through the north of Ireland and settled in Augusta County, Va. Dr. Curry's great-grandmother had eight uncles in the battle of King's Mountain.

Samuel Silas Curry was brought up in the country on his father's farm. He did his full share of hard work while preparing himself for college during the period of the Civil War and, while at college, during vacations. He had few books in childhood, but studied history by the advice of his father.

He planned to enter one of the eastern colleges, but through the influence of Dr. N. E. Cobleigh, president of East Tennessee Wesleyan University, at Athens, he matriculated there, in 1869, taking his A.B. degree in 1872, with the highest honors of the class or of any previous class of the college, having done four years' work in two and a half years of residence. He had an imaginative and artistic temperament.

Literature was from his childhood his ambition, and President Cobleigh therefore advised him to adopt it as a profession. He entered Boston University as a post-graduate student, taking within eight years the successive degrees of "A.D., A.M. and Ph.D. Much of his work was done in the Boston Public Library, where he pursued many courses in reading and independent investigation. He was teacher of Latin and Greek in New Hampshire Seminary in the spring of 1873. In 1878 he was graduated in the Boston University School of Oratory. He had expected to enter the ministry', when the loss of his voice compelled him to relinquish his plans, but not till after he had taken vocal lessons of specialists in all parts of the world in hopes of regaining his voice. This experience led him to take up the teaching of speaking as his life-work.

In 1879, on the death of Prof. Lewis B. Munroe, dean of the Boston University School of Oratory, and the consequent discontinuance of the School of Oratory, he became instructor of elocution and oratory in the College of Liberal Arts connected with the University.

He made three trips to Europe, and while there was a pupil of Lamperti, James, Goodsonne and Ricquier, and had the advice and counsel of Regnier with the privilege of observing the methods at I'Ecole de Declamation in the Conservatoire. Besides his instructions from these masters, he was a pupil for several years of Steele Mackaye, the pupil and successor of Delsarte, and Mackaye made him a tempting ofTer to take charge of a school of acting in New York City, which he declined. In 1883 he was made Snow professor of oratory in Boston University, and in 1880, he was granted the privilege of arranging special classes from the overflow of applicants, and these classes in 1884 became a part of the School of Expression. In 1888 he presented to the directors of the University the alternative of allowing him to establish a separate department, or to accept his resignation as a teacher in the University. An increase in salary and other advantages were offered to him, but the University again declined to recognize officially a school of oratory, and he thereupon resigned and devoted the time thus released to developing the School of Expression which had already become well known. He has been acting Davis professor of oratory at Newton Theological Institution from 188-4; instructor in elocution, Harvard College, 1891-94; in Harvard Divinity School, 1892-1902; instructor in Yale Divinity School, 1892-1902; Teachers' College of Columbia University; the University of Chicago; lecturer on art, the State University of Minnesota, The State University of Washington, and in many other leading educational institutions throughout the country.

In 1895 he founded a quarterly review. Expression, and made it the organ of the School of Expression. Its aim, like that of the school, is to show the relation of vocal training to education; to make the spoken word the exponent and servant of the highest literature, and thus to save elocution from becoming merely mechanical and artificial; to raise the standard of public taste and to prove the possibility of successfully reading the best literature in public entertainments. Sir Henry Irving gave a recital for the benefit of the school, in 1888, the proceeds endowing the Irving lectureship.

From this school-teaching experience, Dr. Curry undertook a series of works based upon his investigations and discoveries in regard to voice training, vocal expression and delivery, and the relations of these to art, with a view of publishing them as text-books. The first of these was "The Province of Expression" (1891), followed by "A Text-Book on Vocal Expression" (1895); "Imagination and Dramatic Instinct" (1896) ; "The Vocal and Literary Interpretation of the Bible" (1904); "Alexander Melville Bell," (1906); "Founda- tions of Expression" (1907); "Browning and the Dramatic Monologue" (1908); "Mind and Voice" (1908). He also edited "Classics for Vocal Expression," (1888), and has several volumes (ready for publication) in preparation.

He received the degree of Litt.D. from Colby University in 1905. He served the Boston Art Club for fifteen years as librarian. He has made scientific investigation of the cause of minister's sore throat, of stammering, of the primary cause of the misuse of the voice, of the fundamental principles underlying the science of training the voice, also of training the body. He has endeavored to reform all elocutionary teaching, and to show that true speaking can only be taught by stimulating the processes of the mind. In speaking of his experiences he says: "Young people should dare to do as they dream; to think about what they do and to act out what they think; not to be governed too much by outer influences." In 1882 he married Anna Baright, of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Miss Baright was of a long line of Quaker ancestors, including the Carpenters, Deans, Mabbets and Thomes, wellknown families of Duchess County. Her maternal great-grandfather, the only break in the Quaker line, was Gen. Samuel Augustus Barker, who served in both wars between the United States and Great Britain, and afterward was a member of the New York Legislature. Mrs. Currj^ was a graduate of the Boston University School of Oratory, and has been a teacher at the School of Expression from its establishment. They have had six children, of whom four are living.

Frederick W. Dallinger

FREDERICK W. DALLINGER D.\LLiNGER, Frederick W., was bom in Cambridge, October 2, 1871, graduated from the Cambridge Latin School in 1889, entering Harvard College in the fall of the latter year, where, in 1893, he received the degree of A.B. summa cum laude. He received the degree of A.M. in 1894, and of LL.B. in 1897. During his eight years at the imiversity he paid his expenses by working during the summer and by private tutoring. He was one of the originators of intercollegiate debating, having been secretary and president of the old Harvard Union, a member of the \actorious Har\'ard debating teams in 1892 and 1893, and the manager and coach of many subsequent Harvard teams. He was also president of the Har\'ard International Law Club, and a member of many other college organizations. In the fall of 1893 he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives and was re-elected by a large majority the following year.

As chairman of the committee on county estimates, single-handed, at a time when reform was not popvdar, he fought the state and cotmty machines of his own party and succeeded in securing the enactment of laws completely reorganizing the whole system of county finances. He was one of a handful of Republican members who supported Governor Greenhalge in his veto of the Fall River police bill and of the Bell telephone stock watering bill.

Because of his fearless attitude, a determined effort was made by the state and county machine of his own party, the corporations and the liquor interests to prevent his return. Although it was for his own personal benefit to devote himself to his studies at the Harvard Law

School, he felt it his duty to the public to go back to the legislature. Accordingly he announced himself as a candidate for the Senate, which body had blocked some of his measures in the interest of the people. His candidacy was ridiculed by the press, and a niimber of other strong candidates entered the field. He went straight to the people of Cambridge, however, and carried ever)- ward by large majorities, and received a unanimous nomination in the convention. His election was bitterly contested and a very large sum of money was spent to accompUsh his defeat. Most of his enemies,

For many years he has been a director of the Cambridge Young Men's Christian Association, and was for some time vice-president of that beneficent organization.

He is a member of the board of directors of the Odd Fellows Hall Association and was one of the incorporators of the Cambridge Masonic Hall Association. He is warden, treasurer and president of the Men's Club of the Church of the Ascension; vice-president of the Middlesex Branch of the Massachusetts Sunday School Union; member of the council of the Middlesex Bar Association, and chairman of the legislative committee of the Massachusetts Conveyancers' Association. He has for many years been a public administrator for Middlesex County and attorney for the Reliance and Columbian Cooperative Banks.

Mr. Dallinger was awarded highest honors in poUtical science by Harvard University, and in 1897 Longmans, Green & Co. pubUshed his book, "Nominations for Elective Office in the United States," which soon came to be recognized as a standard authority throughout the country.

Richard Henry Dana

RICHARD HENRY DANA Dana, Richard Henry, lawyer, was bom in Cambridge, January 3, 1851. His father, Richard Henry Dana (1815-1882), was a son of Richard Henry (1787-1879) and Ruth Charlotte (Smith) Dana, and grandson of Francis (1743-1811) and Elizabeth (Ellery) Dana, and John Wilson and Susanna (Tillinghast) Smith, of Taunton, Mass., great-grandson of Richard (1700-1772) and Lydia (Trowbridge) Dana, and of William Ellery, the signer, and a descendant from Richard and Ann (Ballard) Dana, through Daniel their youngest son and Naomi (Croswell) Dana, his wife. Richard Dana, the emigrant and progenitor of the Dana family in America, was probably of French descent. Richard settled in Cambridge by or before 1640 and died in 1690. Richard (1700-1772) of the third generation was graduated at Harvard, 1718, was a Son of Liberty, and presided at some of their meetings in Faneuil Hall. He subjected himself to the penalties of treason by taking the oath of Andrew Oliver, not to enforce the Stamp Act (1765). He was representative to the General Court and was at the head of the Boston bar. He married Lydia, daughter of Thomas and sister of Judge Edmund Trowbridge, of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, one of the first to wear the scarlet and powdered wig. Francis Dana (1743-1811), Harvard, 1762, was a Son of Liberty, delegate to Continental Congress from November, 1776 to 1784-85, signer of the Articles of Confederation; United States Minister to Russia, 1781-83; judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, 1785-91, and Chief-Justice of Massachusetts, 1791-1806; a founder and vicepresident of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; LL.D., Harvard, 1792.

Richard Henry (1787-1879) was the author, poet and essayist. He was one of the founders of the North American Review. Richard H. Dana (1815-1882) was the defender of Sims and Anthony Bums, fugitive slaves; counsel of the United States government before the Intemational Conference at Halifax, N.S., in 1877, growing out of the Geneva Award of 1872; author of "Two Years Before the Mast" (1840), (1869), "To Cuba and Back" (1859), "Annotations to Wheaton's Intemational Law" (1886), etc. Richard Henry Dana, bom January 3, 1851, counts among his direct ancestors Governor Simon Bradstreet and Thomas Dudley, and the first American Poetess, Ann Bradstreet. He was prepared for college in public and private schools of Cambridge, Mass., and at St. Paul's School, Concord, N.H., and was graduated at Harvard University, class orator and A.B., 1874, and at the law school of the University LL.B., 1877. He was stroke oar of the freshman crew, 1870; for three years stroke oar and for two years captain of the University crew, and during his law course at the University he had the advantage of extended travel in Europe, where he carried letters of introduction that brought him in contact with persons of distinction in society and statesmanship in everj' city he visited. He continued the study of law in the office of Brooks, Ball & Storey, and in 1879, made the trip in a sailing vessel from New York to San Francisco, in which voyage he visited many of the scenes so graphically described in his father's "Two Years Before the Mast." He declined the position of secretary of Legation at London, proffered by President Hayes in 1877, and on January 6, 1878, he was married to Edith, daughter of Henry Wadsworth and Frances (Appleton) Longfellow, and one of the " blue-eyed banditti" of the poet's " Children's Hour." Six children, four sons and two daughters, blessed this union. Mr. Dana's law practice soon became extensive and his service in behalf of various religious, and charitable and civil service reform organizations was freely given. He became a regular contributor to the "Civil Service Record," which he edited in 1889-92, and he was an uncompromising advocate of tariff and political reform. He was for many years secretary of the Massachusetts Civil Service Reform League; in 1888 he drafted the act which resulted in the adoption of the Australian ballot by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the pioneer in the movement in the United States in that direction. He planned the scheme of work of the Associated Charities of Boston, 1878-79, and was chairman of its committee of organization. He served as president of the board of trustees of the New England Conservatory of Music, 1891-98, and during that time raised $165,000 for the institution. He has been president of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association 1890-91, and was active in trying to introduce into Massachusetts the Norwegian system of regulating the sale of liquors. He served as president of the Cambridge Civil Service Reform Association, 1897-1901. He was a member of the standing committee of the diocese of Massachusetts, and was elected a substitute delegate to the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church in America, held in Boston in 1904, serving as chairman of the general convention committee. He was made trustee and treasurer of the Episcopal Theological School, of Cambridge, in 1894, and has held the office of president of the Alumni Association of St. Paul's School, Concord, N.H. In 1901, Governor Crane, of Massachusetts, appointed him one of the three commissioners to inquire into the question of constructing a dam at the mouth of the Charles River, and the favorable report of the commission made in 1903, which led to the accomplishment of the great project, was written largely by Mr. Dana. In 1901 he was appointed by the board of overseers of Harvard University on the visiting committee in the department of philosophy, and organized the movement for raising funds for building Emerson Hall, which resulted in procuring about $165,000. He was a member of the executive committee of the Cambridge Good Government League and the Massachusetts Election Laws League, was president of the Massachusetts Civil Service Reform Association, and is chairman of the council of the United States Civil Service Reform League. He is a vice-president of the Massachusetts Reform Club; a member of the New York Reform Club, and was president of the Library Hall Association, organized for the improvement of the municipal government in Cambridge. His social club affiliations include the Union and Exchange Clubs, of Boston; the Essex County Club; the Oakley Country Club, of Watertown, of which he was president ; and the Harvard Club, of New York. His trusteeships have included the New England Conservatory of Music; the Oliver Building Trust; the Washington Building Trust; the Delta Building Trust; the Bromfield Building Trust and the Congress Street Building Trust. He is the author of "Double Taxation Unjust and Inexpedient" (1892); "Double Taxation in Massachusetts" (1895); "Substitutes for the Caucus" (Forum, 1886); "Workings of the Australian Ballot Act in Massachusetts " Annals of American Academy, (1892) ; and Conference of Good Government, (1906); Address on the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Town of Dana (1901) ; and other papers and addresses on civil service reform, taxation, ballot reform, election expenses and better houses for working men. ,

Robert Douglass

ROBERT DOUGLASS Douglass, Robert, the second child and older son of Robert and Betsey Hadley Douglass, was bom in Cambridge, Mass., June 17, 1806. In 1812 his parents left that City, business being at a standstill on account of the Embargo. His father was a carpenter and an expert mechanic, and set up the machinery in cotton mills which were being built at that time. They returned in 1816 or 1817, after having lived in several towns of Massachusetts. With that exception Cambridge was always his home. As a boy he worked with a carpenter, but this was too hard for him. In 1822 his father died, leaving his mother in very poor circumstances with a family of seven children dependent upon her. It was necessary that the older son shovild help his mother, and he was apprenticed to Isaac Lum, probably the earliest manufacturing confectioner in Cambridge, of whom he learned the trade. After leaving the latter' s establishment, he spent a short time in Roxbury, and in June, 1826, before he was of age, commenced business for himself on the comer of School and

Cherry Streets. He bought his sugar in small quantities and brought it out of Boston himself, and after it was made into candy carried it into Boston to sell. From this small beginning by untiring industry, strict economy and fair dealing was built up the largest confectionery manufactory at that time in New England, sending wagons all over these states. Soon he moved to near the comer of Windsor and School Streets. On account of his increasing business and of loss and annoyance caused by the high tides, which in those early days had unobstructed rise over the marshes, one of which in 1830 covered the place to a depth of three feet in fifteen minutes, he bought an estate on what is now Massachusetts Avenue, comer of Douglass Street, where his business was carried on. He introduced the manufacture of English and medicated lozenges in this vicinity. In 1834 his brother Royal became his partner, and in 1843 this firm was dissolved. In the following year he entered into partnership with Charles Everett, under the firm name of Everett and Douglass, for the sale of domestic goods on commission in Boston. This continued for three years only, and he was never afterwards in any active business. In 1836, he bought shares in the Cambridge Bank. He was connected with that institution and its successor, the Cambridgeport National Bank, as director or president for more than forty-four years, holding the latter office for nineteen years. He was trustee of the Cambridgeport Savings Bank from its incorporation in 1853 vmtil his death, and vice-president for the last twenty-six years of his life. He served as one of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of the city of Cambridge, was a member of the Cambridge Water Board, and was the treasurer of the Union Glass Works of Somerville. He always attended the First Universalist Church, having identified himself with that society when very young. He was married in 1832 to Adeline M. Welch, daughter of Joseph W. Welch of Cambridge, who died in 1857. In 1860 he married Anna E. Dexter, daughter of Henry Dexter of Cambridge, and they had three daughters. Mr. Douglass died Febmarv 19, 1885. Mrs. Anna E. Douglass died October 26, 1913. Mr. Douglass was pre-eminently a self-made man. He had little opportunity to obtain an education when a boy ; but notwithstanding that fact, he became a successful business man, and one whose advice was sought by many, and this he was always most willing to give. He was kind and genial to all with whom he was brought in contact. He was a man of the strictest integrity, of whom it could truly be said that his word was as good as his bond. He was very quiet and retiring, and refused to hold any public office.

Henry Endicott

HENRY ENDICOTT Endicott, Henry, was bom in Canton, November 14, 1824; son of Elijah and Cynthia (Childs) Endicott. He belongs to the branch of the Massachusetts family of Endicotts that settled in Canton in 1700. Mr. Endicott was educated in the public schools, and began business life in the manufacturing of steam engines and boilers in Boston, in 1845, under the firm name of Allen & Endicott, and has had a long and successful career in this branch of work. He was president of the Allen & Endicott Building Company, director of the Cambridge Gas Light Company, director of the First National Bank of Cambridge, and president of the Cambridgeport Savings Bank. Mr. Endicott was connected with the Masonic order fifty-seven years, being Master Mason, in 1860, in Amicable Lodge, and Worshipful Master in 1864, '65, '66; was Master Mason of Mizpah Lodge (U.D.) in 1868, and elected Worshipful Master in 1869, under charter, and was District Deputy Grand Master, District No. 4, in 1867, '68. Was exalted, in 1861, in St. Paul's Royal Arch Chapter, Boston; was Scribe in 1862, '63; King, 1864; High Priest, 1865, '66; also High Priest of Cambridge Royal Arch Chapter (U.D.) in 1865, and Grand King of the Grand Chapter of Massachusetts in 1867. He was made Royal and Select Master, in Boston Council, in 1861, and was made a Knight Templar, in 1861, in Boston Commandery, and became a member the same year; was elected Captain General in 1868;

Generalissimo, 1869, '70; and Eminent Commander in 1891, '92. He received the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, from the fourth to the thirty-second, in the Grand Consistory of Massachusetts. Mr. Endicott has filled a ntmnber of other important offices in the order, was a member of the Colonial Club, of Cambridge, and the Union Club. He married, in 1847, Miss Miriam J. Smith, who died in 1849. In 1851 he was again married, to Miss Abby H. Browning, of Petersham. They had four children, of whom one only survives; Emma Endicott Marean. He has five grandchildren. Mr. Endicott died No\^- ember 8, 1913.

Robert Oliver Fuller

He was educated in the public schools. He began his commercial career in the iron business in 1855, under the firm name of Gay, Manson & Co., changed in 1857 to Robert O. Fuller, then Fuller & Dana in 1860, and in 1866 to Fuller, Dana & Fitz.

A'Ir. Fuller was a trustee of Worcester Academy, Colby University, and Newton Theological Institution. He was one of the founders of the Boston Baptist Social Union, and its president in 1874; president of the Boston Baptist Bethel ; president of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, and a member of the executive committee of the American Baptist Missionary Union. He was a member of the Cambridge common council in 1861-'62, but had uniformly declined all other city offices.

He was a member of the House of Representatives, 1871; in 1872-'73 a member of the state Senate, and in 1889 a member of the executive council of Governor Ames, from Cambridge.

Mr. Fuller was married in Cavendish, Vt., May 31, 1855, to Sarah P., daughter of Joseph and Emma (Baldwin) Parker. Of this union were seven children: Mary F., Robert O., Alfred C, Grace, Annie, Charles Sumner and Helen Fuller.

Arthur Elmer Denison

Denison, Arthur Elmer, for thirty-six years a resident of Cambridge, was bom in Burke, Vt., December 5th, 1847. He fitted for Tiifts College at Westbrook Seminary, during which period he enlisted in the service of the United States Army, being mustered out with the rank of Sergeant, and graduated from Tufts in 1869 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He was also a member of the Phi Beta Kappa.

After his graduation, he returned to Maine, and there founded and became the first cashier of the Norway National Bank, reading law in his spare moments. After he had made the decision that he was fitted to adopt the legal profession as his life work, he resigned his position in the Bank, went to Portland and entered the office of the Hon. William Wirt Virgin, who later became one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Coiut of Maine, and in whose office Mr. Denison received a fine legal training.

He was admitted to the Maine Bar in 1872, and directly afterward came to Boston, where he was associated with Henry W. Paine, then one of the foremost lawyers and citizens of the Commonwealth, and for thirty-eight years thereafter practised law in Boston, where he attained the highest eminence in his chosen profession, both as a practicing attorney, and as Master and Auditor in nimierous important and complex cases.

He was married in 1873 to Ida E., a daughter of the late Dr. Ward Eddy Wright of Cambridge. Of this union two children were bom, one, a daughter, died in infancy; the other, a son, is now a practicing attorney in Boston. After Mr. Denison's marriage, he moved to North Cambridge, and here he spent the remainder of his life. Suggestions of public honors were frequently made to him, to all of which he gave a firm refusal, but in his own quiet way, and by the very force of his remarkable personality, he found much good to do in the world as a citizen in the ranks.

He was a member and had been a vice-president of the Cambridge Club; a past president of the Universalist Club of Boston; a member of the Mizpah Lodge of Masons; and honorary counsel of the Avon Home. He was a trustee of Tufts College, to the duties of which he gave largely of his time, strength and ability, which the College recognized by giving him the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1908. For many years he was Chairman of the Standing Committee of the First Universalist Chiu-ch on Inman Street; and later, after his removal to North Cambridge, he took a prominent part in

Mr. Denison died on the 18th of May, 1910, after a brief illness, closing a life fvdl of honor, and possessed of the respect of all who were privileged to know him.

Henry Dexter

Dexter, Henry, sculptor, was bom at Nelson, Madison County, New York, October 11, 1806, on a farm in the midst of an unsettled wilderness, where his parents had settled shortly before. He is notable as having been one of the earliest sculptors of the United States, and typically American, in that being entirely a self-taught genius, his achievements were wholly due to his natural talents and his own unguided efforts. As a child he made pictures on cloth, paper being an unattainable luxury, with colors made from fruit juices. When he was eleven years old his father died, and the family removing to Connecticut, he was put to work with a farmer, who sent him to school in winter. He sought to obtain emplo}'ment with a family named Alexander, whose son, Frank, then little more than a boy, was already a recognized artist, and it became the dream of young Dexter's life to meet this "Frank" and learn his art from him. Years afterwards he became his friend, and related to him by marriage, and though at first discouraging him from an artists' career, he finally proved of great assistance to him. In the meantime, when he left the farm, Dexter was, much against his will, apprenticed to a blacksmith; and after learning the trade, he made it necessary for himself to follow it, by marrying a niece of Alexander, and thus assuming the responsibilities of the head of a family. He made his first attempt at portrait painting about this time; but Alexander himself expostulated with him for even dreaming of giving up his trade, and he reluctantly continued it for seven years. Then, in 1835, he went to Boston, resolved that, whether successful or not, he would at least try to become an artist, and, with the assistance of Alexander he soon made a certain reputation as a portrait painter. In the following spring he went to Pro\'idence, R.I., where he painted portraits of General Carpenter and his family. Returning in the autumn to Boston, he followed the profession of a portrait painter until Mr. Alexander, chancing to suggest to him to obtain a quantity of modeling clay, his attention was thus accidentally turned to the art of sculpture, and he at once achieved remarkable success in making portrait busts. His first commission in marble was to make a bust of the mayor of Boston, Hon. Samuel A. Eliot, after whom many of the most distinguished gentlemen of Boston made request for similar works. He made busts of Longfellow, Agassiz, Henry Wilson, Cornelius C. Felton, president of Har- College, Anson Burlingame, and of Charles Dickens, when that noveHst \asited Boston, as well as of several hundred others; and the work, executed entirely by his own hands, was frequently of surpassing merit. In statuary he executed the figure now in Mount Auburn cemetery, known as the Biimey Child, a colossal figure of a "Backwoodsman"; figures of the children of J. B. Gushing, of Watertown, exhibited as "The Young Naturalist" and "The First Lesson;" a statue of the daughter of William P. Winchester; a statue of Gen. Joseph Warren, now at Bimker HiU, and figures entitled "Nymph of the Ocean," and "Devotion." In 1860 he set about making a group of busts of the president of the United States and all governors of states then in office, and in the execution of this work he traveled over every state except California and Oregon. On completing the casts, he exhibited them in the rotunda of the State House in Boston, and though the outbreak of the Civil War prevented him from executing all of them in marble, the work in its partial completion is still a valuable portion of the art collection at Washington. Among the best of these busts are those of Governors Hicks, Morgan, Morrill, Banks, Ellis and Chase.

In May, 1828, he was married to Miss KeUey, the niece of the artist Francis Alexander. They had three children: a son who died in infancy and two daughters; one of the latter, Mrs.

Harriet D. Mason, is dead; the other, Mrs. Anna E. Douglas, is living. His first wife died in 1857. Just before beginning a tour through the United States, he married Mrs. Martha Billings, of MiUbury, Mass.

which seemed to be for the public welfare, and to all the duties of the various offices which he was called upon to fill he gave freely of his time and talents.

William Bullard Durant

Mr. Durant was bom in Barre, Mass., in 1844, the son of Rev. Amos Bxollard and Mary Ann Durant. He was known as William Bullard until after he had finished his education, when he took as his surname the maiden name of his mother. He received his elementary education at the Leicester Academy and graduated from Harvard in the Class of 1865. He received an A.M. in 1868, and his degree from the Harvard Law School in 1869. He married, in 1879, Caroline V. Aldrich, the daughter of Judge P. E. Aldrich, of Worcester; and she and three sons - Aldrich, an engineer at Havana, Cuba; Henry W., a lawyer in Boston; and William B. Durant, an engineer at Greenfield, Mass., - survive him.

Mr. Durant lived in Cambridge for fifty years, and always took an active interest in city affairs. He was sent to the Common Council in 1880 and 1881, and his ability was at once recognized by his fellow citizens. He was a member of the House of Representatives in 1894 and 1895. He served as president of the Water Board from 1899 to 1906, and here his legal training was most valuable, and he was able to render great service in settling many important questions. At the time of his death he was a director of the Charles River National Bank and a trustee of the Cambridge Savings Bank. He was an attendant at the First Congregational Chxu-ch, a member of the Oakley Country Club and the Cambridge Club.

Mr. Durant was the typical "good citizen," and was always found ready to perform his duty in serving the City. He could be depended upon to lend his support to any movement

Charles William Eliot

CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT Eliot, Charles William, president emeritus of Harvard University, was bom in Boston, on March 20, 1834, the grandson of one of the famous merchant princes of the New England capital, and the son of Samuel Atkins and Mary (Lyman) EHot. His father was one of the most eminent public men of the Commonwealth, having been mayor of Boston, a member of

Congress, and the treasurer of Harvard College. The family was descended from Andrew Eliot, who came from Devonshire, England, about 1632, and settled in Beverly, Mass., very soon after the first Puritan migration.

To have sprung from such a sterling race is more honor than kinship with any titled aristocracy. Through every generation the men of the Eliot name have justified their heritage. No youth could have had a more fortunate or inspiring environment than that of the Boston home whence young Eliot went to the Boston Latin School and to Harvard College. His was the class of 1853. Graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Arts and an enviable reputation for scholarship, second in rank in his class, Mr. Eliot remained at the college as a tutor in mathematics, studying chemistry meanwhile with Professor Josiah P. Cooke, and in 1856 receiving the degree of Master of Arts. For two years more he continued to be an instructor in mathematics, applying himself at the same time to research in chemistry, but in 185S he became assistant professor in mathematics and chemistry in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard.

In 1S61 Mr. Eliot relinquished one part of his double professional duty to become assistant professor of chemistry alone, holding this post for two years. From 1863 to 1865 he studied chemistry and investigated educational methods in Europe. Returning to America, he became professor of anah-tical chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then a young institution brought into being by the progress of New England and the need of a more thorough scientific knowledge in the industrial arts.

For four years, from 1865 to 1869, Mr. Eliot continued in the Faculty of the Institute of Technology, passing parts of the years 1867- 1S6S in France.

Through the stormy years of the Civil War the urgent problem of American higher education had been thrust aside, but it came to the forefront as soon as the war had ended. There was much of dissatisfaction and unrest at Harvard. New methods and new men were demanded. The election of a new president of Harvard was impending when Professor Eliot printed in the Atlantic Monthly, two vigorous and stirring articles on "The New Education," which stamped him at once as an iconoclast in the judgment of conservative Massachusetts. But there were powerful men of progress to whom these new ideas appealed, and Professor Eliot, in 1869, was elected by the Harvard corporation as President. The overseers at first refused to concur, but finally yielded, and Dr. Eliot began his great work of educational reformation.

President Eliot, once seated, began straightway to broaden the curriculum of the University and to give the individual student some freedom of choice in the courses which he should pursue. This was a perilous attack on immemorial custom. Latin, Greek, mathematics, a smattering of modem languages and a smattering of some of the sciences had been the prescribed higher education of New England ever since the beginnings of education there. Regardless of individual characteristics and regardless of the careers which they were to pursue, the young men of one academic generation after another were passed through the same mold and rigidly required to learn the same things, or try to learn them, whether the topics interested them or not.

President Eliot changed all this, but the process required years of patient endeavor. The "elective system," as it came to be called, did not win a complete triumph at Harvard until about 1884. Yet there was progress from the first; the broadening which the new president began was never halted. The graduate school was developed and "That truth should be the final aim of education and that without liberty the attainment of truth is thwarted," became the guiding principle at Harvard. At the same time, President Eliot gave his splendid energies to the allied task of making Harvard a genuine university. There were law and medical schools, a divinity school, a scientific school and a school of dentistr}', but the organization was loose and sprawling, and Harvard in 1869 was still a university only in name. The new president sought to bring these scattered departments genuinely together after a new plan which was not European, but American. "A university in any worthy sense of the term," he said, "must grow from seed. It cannot be transplanted in full leaf and bearing. It cannot be run up, like a cotton mill, in six months, to meet a quick demand. Neither can it be created by an energetic use of the inspired editorial, the advertising circiilar and the frequent telegram. Numbers do not constitute it, and no money can make it before its time."

One of the first points upon which President Eliot insisted was that the departments of the university should have a common treasury' and a uniform and efficient system of government. He carried his point, and went on to modernize the methods of instruction in the various schools. He gave his personal atten- tion and presence to the various branches of the university. "Well, I declare," said Governor Washburn, when the new president first appeared officially in the law school, "the president of Harvard College in Dane Hall! This is a new sight."

The leadership of President Eliot in American education has been frankly and graciously recognized abroad as well as at home. He is an'''officer of the Legion of Honor, of France, and corresponding member of the Institute of France. In this country he is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the American Philosophical Society and of many other organizations for intellectual and social advancement.

John R. Fairbairn

JOHN R. FAIRBAIRN Fairbairn, John R., Sheriff of Middlesex County, was born in Boston, January 26, 1851, of Scotch ancestry. His father, John Fairbairn, was bom near Glasgow, and served eleven years in the Forty-Second Regiment Scottish Highlanders before emigrating to America. Shortly after the birth of the son, the family moved to Cambridge, where the subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools. At an early age he was apprenticed to the upholstery trade, at which he worked several years as a journeyman after completing his term of service. In

1874 he established himself in East Cambridge as an auctioneer and dealer in real estate, in which he was successful. He was appointed Deputy Sheriff in 1884. In 1889 he was a member of the Common Council of the city of Cambridge; and in 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1895 and 1896, one of the Board of Aldermen, serving as President in 1893, 1895 and 1896. In June, 1896, he succeeded the late John M. Fiske as keeper of the jail and master of the house of correction in Cambridge, and as Special Sherii? under Henry G. Gushing. June 22, 1899, after the death of Sheriff Gushing, he was appointed Sheriff by Governor Walcott to fill the vacancy, and subsequently elected by the people term after term, and is now serving his second year of a five-year term. He is connected with the Masonic fraternity in Cambridge, being a member of the lodge, chapter, council and commandery, and several other fraternal organizations.

John Fiske

FiSKE, John, philosopher, historian and man of letters, was bom in Hartford, Conn., March 30, 1842; son of Edmund Brewster and Mary Fiske (Bound) Green; grandson of Humphreys and Hannah (Heaton) Green of Delaware, and of John and Mary (Fiske) Bound of Middletown, Conn., and a descendant from Phineas Fiske of Fressingfield, Suffolk, England, who came to America in 1641, and settled in Wenham, Mass. His name was originally Edmund Fiske Green, and in 1855, on the marriage of his widowed mother to Edwin W. Stoughton, he took the name of his maternal great-grandfather, John Fiske, there being no other male descendant of the family to carry down the name.

He passed his early boyhood with his maternal grandparents who lived in Middletown, Conn., and displayed great precocity as well as diligence in preparing for college. He entered Harvard as a sophomore in 1860, although he had already advanced in every department farther than the college course could take him. Here he became an enthusiastic investigator on his own account in history, philosophy and comparative philology, averaging fifteen hours of work daily.

He had studied Euclid, algebra, trigonometry, surveying and navigation at twelve ; could read Plato and Herodotus, and had begun German at fifteen; could read Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese at seventeen, studying Sanscrit and reading the Bible in Hebrew at eighteen, meanwhile continuing an incessant course of reading.

He was graduated at Harvard in arts in 1S63, and in law in 1S65, having been admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1SG4. He was married at Appleton Chapel, Cambridge, September Gth,

He never practised law, devoting himself to literature, gaining position as an author, from the publication of his first article in the National Quarterly Rrciew, in 1861, a review of Buckle's "History of CiviUzation," which won for him the consideration of editors of both American and English periodicals, and he became a frequent contributor to the leading magazines and reviews.

He was university lecturer at Harvard, 1869-71, his subjects being "Positive Philosophy," and the "Doctrine of Evolution." He was instructor in history there, 1870; assistant

He was non-resident lecturer on American history in the University College, London, England, 1879, at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1880, and in Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1881-1885; and from 1885, non-resident professor of American history in that institution.

After ISSO, he gave his entire time to writing and lecturing. On April 4th, 1881, he gave by request a lecture on the Old South Meeting House on the site of the pulpit where Samuel Adams and Warren once roused the people to resist the encroachments of George III. He wound up -n-ith a grand and eloquent appeal to save the building, and convert it into a place for teaching American histor}-. The audience was large and most enthusiastic, and a fresh impulse was started towards saving the building.

"The Old South meeting-house, and John Fiske inside it, is a combination that can make an honest patriot of anyone," was the remark of a certain Boston statesman. These words but reflect the public estimation of this big, hearty, clear-minded teacher of the people.

He delivered in 1890, 1895, and 1S9S three series of twelve lectures each on " The Discovery and Colonization of America' ' ; " Old Virginia " ; and "The Dutch and Quaker Colonies," before the Lowell Institute, Boston.

He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; a member of the Historical societies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, California, Oneida County, N.Y.; the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts; the Essex Institute; the American Antiquarian Society; the American Geographical Societ}-; and the American Folklore Society; was given the degree of LL.D. by Harvard in 1894, and that of Litt.D. by the University of Pennsylvania the same year.

He composed a mass in B minor, and several hymns and songs, and was president of the Boylston Club of Singers, Boston, from 1876 to 1881. He was joint editor with James Grant Wilson of Appleton's "Cyclopaedia of American Biography" (6 vols.) 1887-1889.

His published works include: Tobacco and Alcohol (1868) ; History of English literature, abridged from Taine and edited for schools (1872); Myths and Myth-makers (1872); Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy based on the Doctrine of Evolution (2 vols. 1874) appeared simultaneously in London and in Boston; two years later, The Unseen World (1S76); Darwinism and Other Essays (1879) ; new edition (1885) ; Excursions of an Evolutionist (1883); The Destiny of Man viewed in the Light of his Origin (1884); The Idea of God as Affected by Modem Knowledge (1885); American Political Ideas viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History (1885) ; Washington and His Country (1887); The Critical Period of American History, 1783- 1789 (1888, illustrated edition, 1897); The Beginnings of New England or the Puritan Theocracy in its relation to Civil and Religious Liberty (1889, illustrated edition, 1898).

"In the Beginnings of New England John Fiske has given us another of those practical philosophic studies, which have placed him among the very foremost of living historical writers. Indeed, for insight, for appreciation of the continuit}^ of human thought and development, for the true perspective, and for literary skill, and lucidity, there is no English writer of the day who can be named with him except Prof. Bryce, and while his style is not less soHd than that of the author of "The Holy Roman Empire," it is more picturesque.

" In his introductory chapter, Dr. Fiske, opening the way for New England, treats of the Roman idea and the English idea in the development of government. It is a masterly chapter. We wish every congressman was compelled to read it before he takes his seat, and obliged to pass an examination upon it. We might hope then for some little comprehension of the philosophy of real statesmanship."

The War of Independence, for Young People (1889) ; Civil Government of the United States, considered with some references to its Origins (1890); The American Revolution (2 vols. 1891, illustrated edition, 1896); The Discovery of America, with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest (2 vols. 1892); Frantz Schubert (in Millets Famous Composers, 1892) ; Edward Livingston Youmans, Interpreter of Science for the People (1894) ; Old Virginia and her Neighbors (2 vols. 1897); The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America (2 vols. 1899); Through Nature to God (1899); and Japanese translations of The Destiny of Man and The Idea of God; Life Everlasting (1901); New France and New England (1902) ; Essays, Historical and Literary (2 vols.) ; History of All Nations (3 vols. Lea Brothers, publishers, Philadelphia) ; Colonization of the New World; Independence of the New World; Modem Development of the New World.

He was equally at home in treating of language, art, natural science, music, religion, modem literature, the classics, history or philosophy; but it was in the two last-named fields that he chose to do the bulk of his most serious work. In philosophy he ably supplemented the system of Herbert Spencer by opening up, while he expounded it, new vistas into a reverent theism.

It is not too much to say that he shows an insight and comprehension greater than Spencer's own, while his form of statement is often more felicitous.

Of the extremely important original contribution of John Fiske to the general theory of evolution, his own statement is to be found in his "Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy" (tenth edition, New York, 1889), ii, 159, 342, and in his "Excursions of an Evolutionist" (ninth edition, Boston, 1889) in a paper entitled "The Meaning of Infancy."

In his treatment of history he displays the same grasp, insight, and analytic power, and the same ingenuity in extending the application of the evolutionary principle.

"The government of the United States," he says, in the preface to "American Political Ideas," "is not the result of special creation, but of evolution." This sentence strikes the key-note of his historical method. In writing history, he was still the philosopher, seeking before everything else the why of the great movements and events.

His style was invariably rich, flexible, and clear, - "such a style," said the Atlantic Monthly, " as was perhaps never before brought to the illustration of the topics with which Mr. Fiske habitually deals."

In a letter of Charles Darwin to Dr. Fiske, bearing date December 8th, 1874, he says: "I never in my life read so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you are." Added to his profound scholarship, this gift of expression was invaluable to the great leader of philosophic and historic thought in America.

Just before his death Dr. Fiske had taken passage for England, having accepted an invitation to represent this country at the commemoration of the millennial of the death of King Alfred the Great, to be held at Winchester, England, and to give an address at the unveiling of the statue.

James W. Bright, secretary, in acknowledging Dr. Fiske's acceptance, said: "I am exceedingly gratified to receive your acceptance of the invitation to deliver an address at the Alfred celebration, and I can assure you that this announcement will be received with peculiar pleasure bj' the English committee.

"The initial construction of the programme is chiefly in my hands. I have accordingly first addressed you, as the pre-eminently qualified man to represent America in a broad historical view of the real meaning of the celebration. You may, of course, select your own theme; whatever you do select will be treated in that deeply interpretative manner for which you are so justly admired."

Intensely interested in the subject, andappreciating the honor conferred upon him by a committee of distinguished Englishmen. happy also at the honor bestowed through him on America, and his Alma Mater, Harvard, in connection with a celebration of such magnitude, he was looking forward to the event with great enthusiasm, feeling, as he said, that he had "something to say."

Michael E. Fitzgerald

MICHAEL E. FITZGERALD Fitzgerald, Michael E.. superintendent of Cambridge schools, was bom in East Abington, Mass., November 22, 1863, son of John C. and Mary D. His early education was received at the public schools of his native town, and he was graduated from the Bridgewater Normal School in 1887. The twenty-five ensuing years have been devoted to school work. Before coining to Boston, in 1901, as sub-master in the Lawrence district, he spent four years as principal of the largest school in Spencer, Mass., and had charge of the evening school during that time; ten years as principal of the Lincoln Grammar School in South Framingham; and a short time as principal of the Wetherbee School in Lawrence; and while in Framingham, having studied law in the office of Judge Walter

Adams, was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1898. His work in Boston has included the directorship of the vacation schools. He received the appointment as master of the Christopher Gibson district in Dorchester, in 1903. On the opening of the new Oliver Wendell Holmes district in 1905, he was transferred to that district. In 1909-1910 the Franklin Park Open Air School was under his charge. He is president of the Schoolmen's Club whose membership of four hundred and fifty includes all the men teachers of the Boston school system.

Ruel Hasseltine Fletcher

Fletcher, Ruel Hasseltine, sixty years a" teacher (1849-1910), one of a family of twelve children, six sons and six daughters, was bom in Cornish, N.H., May 16, 1829, and was brought up on a farm until his majority.

He was educated in the schools of his native town, in the Newport, N.H., High School, at Kimball Union Academy, and at the New Hampton Institute. Years later he took courses in geometry, physics and physical geography at Harvard University.

At the age of twenty he taught his first school in Newport, N.H. Subsequently he taught winter schools in his native town, in Hartford, Vt., Canaan, N.H., and West Newbury, Mass. He began teaching in annual schools at Abington Centre, Mass., in March, 1854, where he remained two years, resigning to accept the mastership of the Coddington School in Quincy, Mass.

In December, 1857, he was called to the mastership of the Olis Grammar School in this city. In January, 1861, for lack of accommodations, the school was moved into the building that it now occupies, on the comer of Thomdike and Sixth Streets. After fiftytwo years of service as master of the Thomdike School, Mr. Fletcher retired, January 1, 1910, and was unanimously elected Master Emeritus by the school officials.

In Febmary, 1863, Mr. Fletcher married Rebecca Caroline Wyman, daughter of the late WilHam and Ruth Bradstreet Wyman, of Cambridge. Eight children were bom to them two of whom died in infancy, and one, Frederick William, died June 22, 1909, at the age of thirty-one years. Mrs. Fletcher, his bosom companion for forty-three years, died July 10, 1906, in her seventieth year. Of the five children still living, all are graduates of the Thomdike School. Two of them, Charles Ruel and Austin Bradstreet, are graduates of Harvard; Caroline Rebecca, of Wellesley College; Edward Wyman, of the Cambridge High School; and Frank Kelley was two years in the Cambridge Manual Training School. All are well employed.

On the day of the graduation exercises of the Thomdike Grammar School, June 20, 1907, the committee met and by a unanimous rising vote passed resolutions formally expressing the esteem of the members, and their appreciation of the patient, industrious and successful efforts of Mr. Fletcher in his career of fifty years as head principal of the school. An account of the meeting and copies of the resolutions, signed by the secretary, were sent to him. The other occasion was the day when Mr. Fletcher's resignation and that of Mr. Bradbury of the Latin School were accepted by the committee. At the meeting on that day, December 31, 1909, a resolution was adopted, which, after commenting on the work and the great influence for good exercised by the two educators, concluded as follows: "The School Committee, desiring to note these remarkable careers and in some especial manner to approve and honor such lives and service, has created the office of 'Master Emeritus' and appointed William Bradbury and Ruel H. Fletcher as the first incumbents thereof. (Signed) Sanford B. Hubbard, Secretary of the School Committee."

James Augustus Fox

Fox, James Augustus, son of George Howe and Emily (Wyatt) Fox, was bom in Boston, August 11, 1827. He traced his ancestry to prominent English and Scotch families; on the paternal side of one in Lincolnshire, England, which included the author of the celebrated "Book of Martyrs"; and on the maternal to the Scotch family of Forbes, represented in the State by Hon. John M. Forbes and Hon. Lincoln F. Brigham, Chief of the Superior Court of Massachusetts.

His academical education was attained in the public schools of Boston, after which his studies were in the Hne of his chosen profession, and were pursued in the law school of Harvard University and the office of the late Hon. John C. Park. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1854.

In 1848 he married Julia Elizabeth, daughter of Col. James and Julia (Sterry) Valentine, of Providence, R.I., and the granddaughter of William and Elizabeth (Borden) Valentine, of Fall River. Her grandfather was one of the original projectors of the extensive manufacturing enterprises of that city. She died in 1872, leaving three daughters, Henrietta, Jtdia and Lillian.

He continued in practice until the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion in 1861, which found him as captain of the Boston City Guard in the militia of the State, and his company became the nucleus of the Thirteenth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. He left with his command for the front, July 29, 1861. Captain Fox ser\'ed in the perilous campaigns in Virginia during the remainder of that year and in 1862, receiving the warm commendation of his superior officers and the respect and love of the men of his command.

He was early a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and an active comrade of the G.A.R., and in his Memorial Day addresses on several occasions, his oratorical abilities were conspicuously manifest, especially in one oration, entitled "The Two Civilizations," which has been published.

In 1864 and 1865 he was the commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, and was one of the delegation of that historic organization at the three hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the parent corps, the Honorable Artillery Company >i London, held in London during the jubike period of Queen Victoria, in 1887.

In civil life Mr. Fox had a somewhat extended experience, having been a member of the School Committee of Boston for three years, and a member of the Legislature in both its branches - - in the House of Representatives in 1867 and 1868, and in the Senate in 1870 and 1871. While in the last-named branch he delivered a merited and eloquent eulogy upon the life and military service of Major-General George H. Thomas, then recently deceased.

After his removal to the university city of Cambridge, in 1872, he served for two years in the Aldermanic Board, and subsequently as Mayor for four consecutive terms.

He was identified as an active officer or member with several of the prominent beneficiary orders of the country, such as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order of Red Men, and the Knights of Pythias; in the latter named body he had been Grand Chancellor of Massachusetts, Supreme Representative to the national branch, and Judge-Advocate-General of the uniform rank, upon the staff of Commander-in-Chief Major-General Camaham, of Indiana. In the world-wide institution of Free Masonry, he attained the very highest grade. Commencing with the "blue lodge" he advanced through all the series of degrees of York and Scottish rites, the chapter, cryptic masonry, the commandery (K.T.), the consistory, unto the sovereign grand inspector-generalship of the thirty-third and last degree, and in most of these he served as the president officer.

As a legislator, municipal chief -magistrate, soldier, orator, or officer of fraternal beneficiary societies, he always discharged his varied duties with abiHty and faithfulness.

Frank Foxcroft

FRANK FOXCROFT FoxcROFT, Frank, was bom in Boston, Mass., January 21, 1850. He was the son of George Augustus and Harriet Goodrich Foxcroft, and was educated in the public schools of Boston and of Pittsfield, Mass., and at Williams College, from which institution he graduated in 1871. His father was a newspaper writer, so that Mr. Foxcroft turned naturally to journalism, when he had completed his college course. Naturally, also, when he came to Boston, in the fall of 1871, to take an editorial position upon the Boston Journal, he established his home in Cambridge, - for he is a direct descendant of the Judges Francis Foxcroft, father and son, who, in the eighteenth century, owned and occupied the Foxcroft estate, comprising two hundred acres or more in old Cambridge, including " Norton's Woods," and whose name is perpetuated in the Foxcroft Club and the Foxcroft House. Mr. Foxcroft retained his editorial connection with the Boston Journal from 1871 to 1904, as literary editor, editorial writer, and associate editor. From 1895 to 1911 he edited a department in The Youth's Companion; since 1896 he has edited The Living Age (Littell's) ; and since 1905 he has also been treasurer of The Living Age Company. He published a volume of verse entitled "Transcript Pieces," in his youth; and he edited a collection of hymns and songs of the resurrection, entitled "Resurgit," in 1878. He has also contributed to various magazines and reviews, including the Atlantic Monthly, and the Nineteenth Century and the Contemporary Review, of London. Mr. Foxcroft was married in 1872, to Elizabeth True Howard, formerly of Columbus, 0., who died suddenly in October, 1885. In 1888, Mr. Foxcroft was married to Lily Sherman Rice, of Dan vers. Three children of the first marriage and two of the second are living. Mr. Foxcroft was a deacon in the North Avenue Congregational Church from 1872 to 1895; he taught a Bible class in the Sunday school of that .church for more than twenty years; and for five years after the death of his first wife, in 1885, he conducted the Monday class, a weekday class of boys and girls for religious instruction, comprising nearly four hundred members of all denominations, which Mrs. Foxcroft had estabhshed in 1880. Mr. Foxcroft early identified himself with temperance activities and no-license work. He was vice-presidsnt of the Home Protection League, the organization formed in 1881 to carry on the no-licens; campaigns, which soon gave place to the Citizens' No-license committee; he was chairman of the executive committee of the Law and Order League, an organization which mad 3 itself dreaded by violators of the liquor law3 from 1881 to 1886; he was for twenty years a member and for fifteen years chairman of th^

Citizens' No-license committee. He was active in the organization of the Law Enforcement Association, which, in the early years of nolicense, lent valuable aid to the authorities in the enforcement of no-license; and it was he who christened, and up to the time of his resignation from the committee, edited the nolicense organ "The Frozen Truth." On his retirement from the committee, he was given a banquet in recognition of his services. Mr. Foxcroft has always been interested in public affairs. He served two years upon the Cambridge school committee in the seventies; and he was appointed a member of the Massachu- setts Civil Service Commission by Governor Bates in 1904, was reappointed by Governor Guild in 1907, and again reappointed by Governor Draper in 1910. Mr. Foxcroft is a member of the Cambridge, Twentieth Century, Boston City, Congregational and Puddingstone Clubs.

Henry Hammond Gallison

HENRY HAMMOND GALLISON Gallison, Henry Hammond, the first American artist to have a painting placed in the National Museum of Italy, was born in Boston,

Mass., May 20, 1850. He was the son of Joseph Henry and Lavinia (Hammond) Gallison. He received his early education in Boston at the public schools and at the private school of Mr. Fetto, who fitted him to enter Harvard. He graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1871. In settling his grandfather Hammond's estate, he found it necessary to have a knowledge of law, and entered the Harvard Law School. After having been admitted to the bar in the County of Suffolk, and after having settled his grandfather's estate, he did not practise law except for a short time, when he was appointed judge in the town of Franklin. He never practised law or medicine, except to help his friends. It was the profession of art to which he was most strongly drawn, and finally he gave himself up exclusively to painting. His first studies were in the evening schools of Boston; then he watched other painters and profited by their criticisms of his work. When Tomaso Inglaris came to Boston and had charge of the drawing and painting classes that were features of the Boston Art Club, Mr. Gallison had his criticisms. In 1883 he went to England, Italy and Paris, where he studied with Adrian Bonnefoy. In Paris he met Marie Reuter of Lubeck, Germany, to whom he was married at Paris in 1886. She was the daughter of Dr. Franz Reuter, and studied singing in Paris under Madame Pauline Viandot-Garcia.

After Mr. GalHson returned to America he exhibited in London, Munich and Paris and in Turin. In Italy the newspapers spoke enthusiastically about the simplicity of his subjects, his broad masses and his glorious colors. The first time he exhibited in Italy his picttire created a sensation, and the King of Italy wished to meet his teacher, Cavalier Tomaso Inglaris. In London and Paris his pictures received distinction by honorable mention. In St. Louis he received a medal.

The Italian government in 1903 purchased one of his pictures, entitled "Rising Mists," for the National Museum. This was an unusual distinction, as it was the first picture by an American artist which the Italian government had purchased.

The greatest monument to the genius of Mr. Gallison in this country is the Ray Memorial at Franklin, Mass. It is a ci\'ic building, including a library, lecture haU, reading-room and other conveniences. The decorations which Mr. Gallison painted for the memorial were of a landscape character, ideal and poetic. He was given charge to plan and execute the bviilding, and everything was carried out under his directions. He put a great deal of time, thought, energ>' and love into his work, and the Ray family seconded him in the work by pro\ading the funds. It cost about one miUion dollars, and is a memorial such as few towns in the country possess, and it is a monimient not only to the Ray family, but also to the genius of Mr. Gallison.

Mr. Gallison's pictures have been exhibited in all the prominent art exhibitions of the country. His work has a nice distinction of freshness in color and a very suggestive poetic quality. He had a rare sympathy for the larger aspects of nature - for broad stretches of landscape in storm or sunshine, in the mists of early morning, or the purple mystery of svmset and twilight. He was delicately sensitive to atmospheric qualities in nature - to great cloud shadows that drifted over the face of the landscape; to the bursts of sunlight that gilded moimtain, foliage and fields; to the gray subtleties of the mist and the palpitating warmth of midsummer sunshine on water and land. Nature spoke to him in terms of color, and there were few artists who could as adequately express the rich greens of spring and summer as Mr. GaUison. He seemed to revel in greens - greens that were fresh and juicy and full of life. But he also used purples and blues with these greens, and he was especially successful in expressing topography in his blue and purple distances. He saw pictures in light and color and atmosphere; and some of those he painted down at Annisquam, and in the White Mountains in New Hampshire, seem as if they were painted by an inspired brush.

He had a studio at Annisquam, where in the last years of his Hfe he painted from late spring until early fall, when he returned to his studio in the Grundmann Studio on Clarendon Street over Copley Hall, in Boston. He was one of the most active members of the Boston Art Club and also of the St. Botolph Club. Many of the prominent galleries of the country have purchased his pictures.

Edwin Ginn

GiNN, Edwin, was bom in Orland, Me., February 14, 1838. His father, James Ginn, farmer and lumberman, was a man of remarkably good judgment; he often acted as arbitrator and referee in cases of dispute, and had great influence in the community in which he lived. His ancestors came from England, and were among the early settlers of Maryland and Virginia. His mother, Sarah Blood, daughter of Daniel and Esther (Rideout) Blood, was descended from Puritan stock, and through John Putnam, brother of Israel Putnam, claimed descent from John and Priscilla (Gould) Putnam, emigrants from England about 1630- 34, settling in Salem.

Edwin, although a rather delicate boy, was bent on obtaining an education. As a child his advantages in this direction were very limited, as his home in the country was far removed from good school privileges. His ambition to obtain an education he inherited largely from his mother, his keen business insight from his father. His early childhood was passed on the farm - where the customary chores were a part of his daily duties - in a logging camp, and on a fishing schooner to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. In the winter he attended the district school.

At the age of sixteen his father gave him his time and fifty dollars with which to gain an education. He then began to attend the country high school, but as the teacher could not instruct him in Latin he entered the Seminary at Bucksport, two miles and a half from his home, walking to and from school each day. Later he went to Westbrook Seminary, where he finished his preparation for college. He graduated from Tufts in 1862, and later received the degree A.M. In 1902 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of Litt.D. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa college fraternity, and of the Twentieth Century Club.

While in college his eyes failed him and his health broke down. The professors urged him to drop out for a year, but he objected, saying that if he left his class he should never return. His classmates lent a helping hand by reading his lessons to him and he succeeded in graduating even above the middle of his class.

Mr. Ginn had hoped to devote himself to purely literary work, but physically handicapped as he was, he abandoned this purpose and determined to enter the publishing business. In coming to this decision he was actuated largely by a desire to influence the world for good, by putting the best books into the hands of school children.

way in a school-book agency, buying his books outright, and thus was under obligation to no one. His first independent venture was the publishing of Craik's English of Shakespeare, which he obtained from the house of Crosby and Ainsworth. The study of Shakespeare had just begun to be taken up in colleges and secondary schools, and the j'oung publisher realized that it was an opportune time to put out this book. A little later he secured the services of the Rev. Henr>- N. Hudson, who edited for him twenty-one plays for the use of the schools and the Harvard edition of Shakespeare for libraries.

His second work of importance was Allen's Latin Grammar, a book which was very well received. The success of this book led the young publisher to apply to Professor Goodwin of Harvard for a Greek Grammar. He called I'-pon the professor and made known his errand; he at once said to him: "The manuscript 3-0U wish is in m}- desk at this moment, wellnigh finished."

Professor Goodwin's "Moods and Tenses," had already established his name among Creek scholars, and almost immediately upon its publication his Greek Grammar found an entrance into nearly all the leading classical schools and colleges in the country.

The popularity of Allen's Latin Grammar, l:owever, was of short duration. It was soon found that the brief course was not sufficient for the schools, that a fuller treatise was necessary for the intelligent study of the texts. Therefore, Professor J. B. Greenough was called in to revise and enlarge this book, and to prepare editions of the Latin texts, Caesar, Cicero and Virgil. Professor Goodwin also enlarged and revised his Greek Grammar, and he and Professor John Williams White began the editing of the Greek texts. These Latin and Greek books laid the foundation for the success of the house of Ginn and Company.

Philanthropy of all kinds has always appealed to Mr. Ginn. He has given especial attention to the housing of the poor in model tenements, and to the cause of peace and arbitration, looking forward to the disarmament of the world's great armies. This last he counts as his greatest effort for the good of mankind, and

He was married in 1869 to Clara, daughter of Jesse and Martha (Bartlett) Glover; and again in 1893 to Francescam, daughter of Carl Christian and Maria Christiana (Vitriarius) Greb^, of Germany. By his first wife he had four children: Jessie, Maurice, Herbert and Clara; and by his second wife, two: Edwin, Jr., and Marguerita Christina.

Walter S. Glidden

WALTER S. GLIDDEN Glidden, Walter S., a member of the Governor's Council for the years 1908-9-10, was bom in Pittston, now Randolph, Me., April 30,