Cambridge City (part 11 of 12)

Although charged with serious practical engineering problems, Mr. Carty has fotmd time to follow to some extent his strong natural inclination for original research. He made an exhaustive investigation into the nature of the disttubances to which telephone lines are subjected and gave the first public account of his work in a paper entitled, "A New View of Telephone Induction," read before the Electric Club on November 21, 1889. The \'iew put forth in the paper was revolutionary, but, nevertheless, after being checked by numbers of experiments in this country and Europe received universal acceptance, and is the one now adopted in all works dealing with the subject. In this paper he showed the o\-erwhelming preponderance of electrostatic induction as a factor in producing cross-talk, and proved that there is in a telephone line a particvdar point in the circuit at which, if a telephone is inserted, no cross-talk will be heard. The paper gave directions for determining this silent or neutral point, and described original experiments showing how to distinguish between electrostatic and electromagnetic induction in telephone lines.

On March 17, 1891, Mr. Carty made additional contributions to the knowledge of this subject in a paper before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, entitled "Inductive Disturbances in Telephone Circuits." This paper might better have been called "The Theory of Transpositions," because in it was first made known precisely why twisting or transposing telephone Hnes renders them free from inductive disturbances.

In 1889 he entered the service of the MetropoUtan Telephone and Telegraph Company, now the New York Telephone Company, for the purpose of organizing all of the technical departments, building up its staff, and reconstructing the entire plant of the company - converting it from grounded circuits overhead and series switchboards to metallic circuits placed tmderground and to the then new bridging switchboards. In carrjdng out this work he selected and trained a large stafE of young men fresh from college, many of whom have since attained positions of prominence in the telephone field. In the development of the personnel of his department, Mr. Carty has taken a particular pride, looking to the welfare of those already engaged, and through his touch with prominent technical educators, adding each year to his staff, from the graduating classes of our principal technical schools.

Mr. Carty's work in connection with the development of the plant of the New York Telephone Company has been most successful and far-reaching in its consequences. Based upon his plans and under his direction, there has been constructed a telephone system which, according to the foremost authorities in the world, is without a parallel in its efficiency and scope. His work has been studied and approved by all of the technical administrations of Europe and even of Asia, and to a large extent what he has done for the telephone art in the United States;

In recognition of his achievements as an engineer and in view of the services which he rendered to the Japanese Government in connection with electrical engineering, he was decorated with the Order of the Rising Sun by the late Emperor of Japan, who, shortly before his death, again decorated Mr. Carty, conferring upon him the Order of the Sacred Treasure, for valuable services rendered to Japan and her people. In China, where a commission has recently investigated the telephone systems of the world, that of New York was selected as the model for Pekin, and as a consequence the first great order for a telephone system in China was given to American manufacturers.

While for many years Mr. Carty's work was more particularly directed to the extraordinary problems of telephony presented by the great centers of population, it remained for him to accomplish a revolution in telephony of the greatest social and economic value to rural communities in all parts of the world. Prior to this work upon the subject, the nimiber of telephone stations which could be operated upon one line was limited and the service was imperfect. As a result of his solution of a problem presented by the New York Central Railroad in the city of New York, he devised a mechanism known as the "bridging bell," whereby any number of stations, even as many as a hundred, might be placed upon a line without in any way impairing the transmission of speech. This made possible the farmers' line, which is found by the hundreds of thousands in farmers' houses in America, and is now being extended abroad. For this achievement there was conferred upon him by the Franklin Institute the Edward Longstreth Medal of Merit.

Mr. Carty is chief engineer of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, in which capacity he is responsible for the standardizing of methods of construction and operation of its vast plant, which extends into every community in the United States, and which, through its long-distance wires, extends into Canada and Mexico.

its higher branches, and is a member of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. In connection with the technical or what might be called the "trade school" feature of educational work, he has taken a lively interest and is an active member of the Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, and is a member of the Millbum Board of Education in New Jersey.

Mr. Carty has been prominent in the affairs of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, of which he is vice-president and director. He is the past president of the New York Electrical Society; member of the Society of Arts, and honorary member of the American Electro- Therapeutic Association, the Telephone Society of Pennsylvania, the Telephone Society of New England, and the Telephone Society of New York.

He is a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and the American-Irish Historical Society; belongs to the Baltusrol and the Casino Clubs of Short Hills, and to the Engineers', Electric and Railroad Clubs of New York.

In 1891 he married Miss Marion Mount Russell, of the Irish family of Russells and the the English Mounts, which has been distinguished in the annals of the stage, the only present representative of which now upon the stage is Miss Annie Russell. He lives at Short Hills, N.J., and has one son, John Russell Carty, a youth of twenty-one years.

Frederick Simpson Deitrick

FREDERICK SIMPSON DEITRICK Deitrick, Frederick Simpson, lawyer and member of Congress, was bom at -New Brighton, Pa., on April 9, 1875, being the son of Frederick A. and Louisa (McKnight) . Deitrick. His father was in the railroad business. Frederick Simpson Deitrick attended Geneva College, from which he received the degree of B.S. He then began the study of law at the Harvard Law School, graduated with the class of 1897 and was given the degree of LL.B. Admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1899, he has since engaged in general practice, becoming also a member of the United States District and Circuit Court Bar. Mr. Deitrick represented Cambridge in the State Legislature for three terms, 1903, 1904 and 1905. He was the Democratic candidate for Congress in 1906. Although defeated, he polled an unusually large vote, when it is remembered that normally the district is strongly Republican. In 1912, however, he was successful in his contest with Frederick Dallinger, the Republican candidate, and was elected to Congress.

Congressman Deitrick's home in Cambridge is on Massachusetts Avenue. His law offices are on State Street, Boston. He is a member of the Bar Association of Boston.

Charles R. Greco

Greco, Charles R., architect, was bom in Cambridge on the 15th of October, 1873, being the son of Letterio and Catherine (Raggio) Greco. He attended the pubHc schools of this city, and then studied architecture at the Lawrence Scientific School. After this he entered the employ of Messrs. Wait and Cutter, with whom he remained from 1893 to 1899. In the latter year he became connected with Messrs. Peabody and Steams. He stayed in their office until 1907, when he began to practice for himself. Mr. Greco has made a special study of public buildings. Among those he has planned might be mentioned the following, which architectural critics declare to have been successfully designed, showing both individuality and practicabiUty : Church of the Blessed Sacrament, Cambridge; St. Patrick's Church, Brockton; Church of the Blessed Sacrament, Jamaica Plain; Thomdike School, Cambridge; Charles Bulfinch School, Boston; Cambridge Theatre; Elks' Temple, Cambridge; Nautical Garden, Revere; Wyeth Square Fire Station, Cambridge.

The professional and social organizations of which he is a member include the Boston Society of Architects, Boston Rotar>' Club, CathoHc Union, Knights of Columbus, Cambridge Board of Trade and Cambridge Lodge of Elks.

On the 16th of April, 1902, Mr. Greco was married to Miss Gertmde L. Hennessy. Their home is at 36 Fresh Pond Parkway in this city, and Mr. Greco's offices are in Boston, at 8 Beacon Street.

Edwin Blaisdell Hale

EDWIN BLAISDELL HALE Hale, Edwin Blaisdell, la\vyer, was bom at Orford, N.H., on the 16th of June, 1839. His parents were Aaron and Mary Hale. He graduated from Dartmouth College with the degree of A.B. in 1865. He attended the Harvard Law School, and in 1875 graduated from that institution, recei\'ing his degree of LL.B. Mr. Hale was admitted to the bar on September 15, 1875. Since then, with the exception of a few years when he was superintendent of schools in Cambridge, Mr. Hale has been engaged in the practice of his profession. He is the senior member of the law firm of Hale and Dickerman, of Boston. Mr. Hale served in the lower branch of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1878-1879.

George Hodges

GEORGE HODGES Hodges, George, dean of the Episcopal Theological School, was bom at Rome, N.Y., October 6, 1856. He is the son of George Frederick and Hannah (Bullard) Hodges. He graduated in 1877, and received the degree of A.M. in 1882 from Hamilton College. Western University gave him the degree of D.D. in 1892, and Hobart College that of D.C.L. in 1902. He was ordained deacon in 1881, and priest in 1882. He was assistant rector of Calvary Church, Pittsburg, from 1881 to 1889, and rector from 1889 to 1894. Dr. Hodges has been dean of the Theological School since 1894. He is president of the Associated Charities and the Cambridge South End House. Dr. Hodges has written many books and articles dealing with religion and ethics.

Robert Noxon Toppan

ROBERT NOXON TOPPAN ToppAN, Robert Noxon, writer on historical, economic and monetary subjects, was bom in Philadelphia, Pa., October 17, 1836, being the son of Charles and Laura Ann Toppan. His early education was received in his native city and in New York, whither the family had removed when he was twelve years old. He graduated from Harvard in 1858, and from the

Columbia Law School in 1861. He entered a New York law office, but never practised. The following years, until 1880, were spent in Europe with his family. He came back to America that year, and on October 6th married Miss Sarah Moody Cushing of Newburyport. They went abroad, and after their return settled in Cambridge in 1882. Of the marriage four children were bom: Laura N., November 17, 1881; Fanny Cushing (now Mrs. Benjamin Hurd of New Jersey), August 26, 1883 ; Cushing, November 25, 1886; and Charies Frederick, May 28, 1889.

Mr. Toppan devoted his time to the study of history and economics, taking an especial interest in civil service reform and international coinage. Besides many pamphlets on monetary questions, his works include an extensive biography of Edward Randolph and a collection of biographies of natives of Newburyport. He was a member of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. Among the other organizations to which he belonged are the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Antiquarian Society, the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, and the Century Club of New York.

In order to further the study of PoUtical Science, a subject which engaged much of his attention, he gave Harvard College one hundred and fifty dollars annually from 1880 to 1894, when he made a gift of three thousand dollars, the income from which is used for the Toppan Prize.

Joseph Goodnow

GooDNOw, Joseph, lumber merchant, son of Luther and Sally (Abbott) Goodnow, was born in vSudbury, Mass., June 16, 1814, and attended the district school there. He left his home in Sudbury in 1835, on reaching his majority, and engaged in the lumber business, becoming the senior member of the firm of Joseph Goodnow & Co., Boston. He was married in Boston, November 30, 1842, to Lucia M., daughter of Nathaniel and Hannah (Maynard) Rice, of Sudbury, Mass.

Mr. Goodnow was a member of the Central Square Baptist Church in Cambridge, and in 1871 was elected a deacon of the society, and was re-elected in 1881. He served as trustee of Tremont Temple of Boston for many years, and in his home church. At the close of Sunday School service on January 29, 1882, a stroke of apoplexy caused his death. The Central Square Baptist Church Society lost a servant who had worked faithfully for a generation. He is survived by Ella Josephine Boggs, born August 8, 1847; she was married January 12, 1875, to Edwin P. Boggs.

Edwin P. Boggs

EDWIN P. BOGGS Boggs, Edwin P., a prominent resident of this city, was bom in Philadelphia. His father, Francis P. Boggs, a captain in the merchant marine, afterwards came to Cambridge to live. Edwin decided on a mercantile career. Engaged in the wholesale ,L,'roccry trade, Mr. Boggs was also interested in lumber and shipping; four or five schooners belonged to him. He was connected with Richardson & Bacon until that firm was absorbed by the Bay State Fuel Company, of which he then became a member. At the time of his death, Mr. Boggs was the owner of the concern of Joseph Goodnow & Company.

Well known as a yachtsman, Mr. Boggs had been commodore of the Massachusetts Yacht Club, and when it was consolidated with the Hull Yacht Club, he was elected to the same office in the latter organization. He was a member of the Oak Bluffs and the New Bedford Yachting Association ; the Oakley Country Club and the Boston Athletic Association; and the old Union, the Colonial and the Cambridge Clubs, of this city.

The Harry Elkins Widener Library

Gore Hall was disgracefvilly inadequate for the needs of America's oldest and greatest university. This old building, since 1841 the college library, has been demolished, and the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library will supersede it.

Harvard gets this gift through the generosity of the mother of Harry Elkins Widener. She lost her husband and her son in the wreck of the Titanic. The husband, George D. Widener, was the son of P. A. B. Widener, whose generosity has been shown in many ways in and about

Harry Elkins Widener, with his father, George D. Widener, was a passenger on the Titanic, of fateful memory. The young bibliophile had been pursuing his favorite quest in Europe - the search for books of sufficient value to have a place in his Hbrary. Among the rarities he had acquired was a first edition of Bacon's Essays. He prized the little volume so highly that he refused to entrust it to the mails, and carried it in his pocket on that trip across the

Front Elevation

^ Harry Elkins Widener was bom in Philadelphia in 1885, prepared for college at the High School at Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and was graduated from Harvard with the class of 1907. He was well-known at college and became a member of the Institute of 1770, the Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Phi Delta Psi, the Hasty Pudding Club and other student organizations. The Harvard librarians knew that this undergraduate was interested in books, but they did not realize that this youth just starting the twenties was already beginning what in the

Atlantic which ended in the disaster of April, 1912. The copy of the famous Essays went down with this lover of books to his grave in the sea.

There is a certain poetic fitness in the association of books and collector even in death; for Harry Elkins Widener lived with his books as few men have ever done. His library was his bedroom, and his waking gaze fell upon his cherished companions.

of which one hundred and two copies were printed. Harvard has the copy numbered twenty-five. Since that Hst was made the collector had acqiiired many very valuable works, one of which is said to have cost him $25,000.

A turning of the pages of the catalogue shows, however, that his library contained rare first editions, "association books" (volumes valuable because of the authors who have owned them, the inscriptions they contain, or the history of

There are large collections of drawings by Cruikshank, a volume of unpublished sketches by Aubrey Beardsley, and, not to mention any others, a book which the collector used to show with laughter to his friends. This was a presentation copy of the Ingoldsby Legends from the author to his friend, E. R. Moran. It happened that one of the pages had been left blank, and their vicissitudes), extra-illustrated books, and a certain nuinber of manuscripts. He owned the four folios of Shakespeare, first editions of the "Fairie Queene," of Ben Johnson's works, of "Robinson Crusoe," of "Gulliver's Travels," of "The Vicar of Wakefield," of the "Elegy in a Country Churchyard," and others almost as famous. There were first editions and presentation copies of Dickens, Thackeray, Browning, Tennyson and Stevenson, and many manuscripts from the period to which these writers belonged. The assembly of books by and about "R. L. S." was probably unique. Here is all that Stevenson ever wrote toward his autobiography, the original manuscript in a quarto blank book.

There are autograph manuscripts of Swinburne, including the pamphlet of 1872, in reply to Robert Buchanan's "The Fleshly School of Poetry," on one page of which appears the famous passage attacking Tennyson - a passage which was at once suppressed. Only three copies of the original leaf are known; this one

Thos. Ingoldsby

THOS. INGOLDSBY. These books make many times over the most valuable bequest the Harvard Library has received since 1638, when it was established by the modest bequest of three hundred and seventy books from John Harvard, for whom the university was named.

The Widener bequest called attention once more to the insufficiencies of Gore Hall. Mrs. Widener immediately proposed to erect a suitable building or wing in which to shelter her son's books. Then she was shown the opporttmity which had come to her for rendering a vast service to scholarship and education, and she notified President Lowell that she would like to provide Harvard with the long-awaited library, a building to contain all the books of the college and to afford room for growth.

The new building will have a capacity for 2,500,000 volumes, almost five times the number which could be stored in Gore Hall. Thus the stack space will be about the same as that in the new Fifth Avenue building of the New York Public Library. The building will cover a little more groimd space than the Public Library in Copley Square, Boston, and the reading room will contain about one hundred more square feet than the Bates Hall Reading Room in the Boston building.

At the very heart of the great fire-proof structure of brick and limestone which is to be erected immediately in the Harvard College yard will be the large room in which will be installed the Widener collection, the library of rare volimies which had given Harry Elkins Widener his honorable place among the great bibliophiles of the world. Access to the collection will be through the Widener Memorial Hall, a room forty by thirty-two feet, and lighted on each side by a court. Then on each side of the Widener collection will be rooms in which are to be placed the large accimiulation of precious manuscripts and priceless volumes which already belong to Harvard, and which for years were sheltered in Gore Hall in what was called the Treasure Room.

Briefly, these are the dimensions and the arrangements of the new structure. It wiU face the interior of the college yard and the main entrance will be directly south of Appleton Chapel, the college church. The ground covered measures two hundred and six by two hundred and seventy-five feet, the longest dimension being north and south. Outside of this dimension of two hundred and seventy-five feet come the imposing flight of steps, descending from the first floor to the yard, and the Corinthian colonnade.

The principal facade is to be most impressive. Twelve Corinthian colvmins, each forty feet high, rest on a portico of one hundred and twenty-eight feet, which extends along the front of the building, reached by the steps from the ground twelve feet below. On each side of the porlico are one large and several small windows, and back of it are the main entrance doors to the library. The long facades also are most handsome, with porticoes carrying four columns surmounted by well-proportioned pediments at each end. The rear or Massachusetts Avenue front will also be attractive and dignified and will have an entrance.

The lowest or basement floor of the building rises from the ground to the level of the portico. There are on this floor large special reading rooms for the departments of history, government and economics, accommodating about one hundred and fifty students. Also, here are work-rooms for the staff, a rest room and a limch room for the women employes of the library, together with apartments designed for dupHcate books, the archives of the university, the quinquennial catalogues, and a large newspaper room.

Now comes the first or main floor, on the level of the portico and main entrance. Here the memorial feature has its most imposing illustration. The visitor will pass through the doors into a vestibule, which opens into a great entrance haU, and this in turn leads to the Widener Memorial HaU. There is an intimation in one of the blueprint drawings that a bust of Harry Elkins Widener will have a place here.

Beyond is the room for the Widener collection, flanked by the rooms for the reception of the contents of the present Gore Hall treasure room. Further back comes a great open court, fifty-two feet by one himdred and twelve feet, which will provide light for the interior of the building. At the right and left of the main entrance are the offices of the chiefs of the library staff, and in the northeast comer a group of rooms for cataloguing and other work of the library.

At the head of the stairs, on the second floor, will be the card catalogue room, and back of it the delivery room where books will be given out, this much after the manner of the Boston and New York Public Libraries. Then on the north side, facing the college yard, extending from east to west one hundred and thirty-six feet, and going up through three stories of the building, is the main reading room, with seats for three hundred and seventy-five students. At each end of this large room will be a special reading

The next or mezzanine floor contains a large art and archaeology room and a map room. On the top floor are the bindery, a photographing room, special quarters for the Classical Ubrary, the English library, the library of the Romance department, and other collections, and, running around three sides of the building, a series of twenty or more rooms of various sizes for seminaries where instructors can meet their classes and have their reference books near at hand. These rooms come above the book stacks, which stop at the level of this floor.

These "stacks," the cases in which the books of all great libraries are kept, extend, roughly speaking, around the east, south and west sides of the building. They will be Hghted by windows on the outside and on the three open coiu-ts in the interior of the building. Expected to hold about two millions and a half of books, they would make, laid down on one level, about fifty-nine miles of shelves. The stacks are about thirty feet in width. They run from the basement to the third floor, but for convenience of access are themselves divided into seven floors.

Thus, at last Harvard's library is to take the place in the eyes of the world which long it has held in the estimation of those who have expert information about books. There are but three Ubraries in the United States which contain more volumes than Harvard's, namely, the Congressional Library in Washington, the Public Library of New York City, and the Boston PubHc Library.

A word should be said about the treasiires which Harvard wiU deposit in the rooms that are to flank, at each side, the room which will contain the Widener collection. In the fireproof quarters built in Gore Hall for the keeping of these precious things were to be seen beautiful specimens of early printing, many examples of the work of the famous presses of the Middle Ages, books printed on velltim and on parchment, illviminated books, rare Bibles and office books, and such splendid rarities as Racine's New Testament - fit companion to Samuel Johnson's New Testament which comes to Harvard with the Widener gift - Milton's Pindar and Bunyan's Bible; a quantity of Carlyle books with his blunt notes and comments all over their pages; a copy of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates in the Greek character, worth, perhaps, $7,000; such priceless original manuscripts as that of Bvuns' "Scots Who Hae wi' Wallace Bled," and Shelley's "Ode to a Skylark " ; nature books covered with the dainty drawings of the poet Thomas Gray; an autograph book containing a Milton signatvue and "sentiment," and himdreds more.

Now Harvard's treasures will have their fitting home. But not all the books owned by the university will go into this new building: the Harvard libraries contain about 1,000,000 books and 500,000 pamphlets, and many of these are in the libraries of the law school, the medical school, the divinity school, and the other departments that combine to make the university. There were in Gore HaU about 500,000 volumes; about 150,000 additional volumes are scattered about in various buildings belonging to the college. These 650,000 volumes and some 400,000 pamphlets, which make up the college library proper, wiU be placed in the Widener building. Thus the new structiire will take care of the library needs for many years. The special libraries of the departments will remain where they are.

Educational Radcliffe College

In 1879, the Society for the Collegiate Instruction oj Women was organized for the purpose of providing systematic instruction for women by professors and other instructors in Harvard University. The work thus begun was carried on with increasing success, but in no official relation with the University, untU 1894, when the name of the Society was changed, by act of the General Court of Massachusetts, to Radclife College. By the same act Radcliffe College is authorized "to furnish instruction and the opportimities of collegiate life to women, and to

Under this provision, and with the consent of the Board of Overseers, the President and Fellows of Harvard College have been constituted the Board of Visitors of Radcliffe College; and they have authorized the President to countersign the diplomas of Radcliffe College and to affix to them the seal of Harvard University. The administration of the affairs of Radcliffe College and the powers and functions of all its promote their higher education"; and "to confer on women all honors and degrees as fully as any vmiversity or college in this Commonwealth is now so empowered respecting men or women, - provided, however, that no degree shall be so conferred by the said Radcliffe College except with the approval of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, given on satisfactory evidence of such qualification as is accepted for the same degree when conferred by Harvard University." Further, "it may confer at any time upon the President and Fellows of Harvard College such powers of visitation and of direction and control over its management as the said officers are subject to the direction and control of the Board of Visitors, and no instructor or examiner can be appointed, employed, or retained, without their approval.

The immediate government of the College is vested in a Council and an Academic Board. The Council, consisting of the President, the Dean, and the Chairman of the Academic Board, with seven other members chosen by the Associates, each for the term of seven years, has general control of all the affairs of the College, including the educational work, the government of the students, and the conferring of degrees. The Chairman of the Academic Board must be a member of the Factdty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University, and his election is subing members are appointed annually by the Associates, subject to the express approval of ject to the express approval of the Board of Visitors. The President and Dean are ex-officio members of the Academic Board. The remainthe Board of Visitors, from the teachers or Associates of RadclifCe College who are also members of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard.

The Browne And Nichols School

Impressed with the necessity for a thorough and progressive school for boys in Cambridge, Prof. Child, Prof. Norton, and others, in the fall of 1882, gave their encouragement and patronage to a small private class formed with a, view to the estabhshment of such a school. With the co-operation of the late Edgar H. Nichols, the result was the organization the next year, at No. 11 Appian Way, of the Browne and Nichols School. The school was immediately successful, and in September, 1885, moved to more commodious quarters at No. 8 Garden Street, opposite the playground on the

Common. In 1887 the gymnasium was built and equipped by Dr. Sargent. A new building, now owned and used by RadclifEe College, was built in the rear. Experience satisfactorily tested the superior Hghting, heating, and ventilating of this building, and proved that in every detail it was admirably adapted to the growing needs of the School. Accordingly, in 1897, when the School moved to its present site, on the corner of Berkeley Street (then Phillips Place), the main features of this building were reproduced in the present substantial brick building. The gymnasium is in the basement; and the hall on the third story has the best dancing floor in Cambridge.

The School was originally called a "Fitting and Developing School for Boys." It was designed, however, not to be a mere fitting school, but to be a school in which the pupils should be trained to think for themselves. The founders believed that a school, to accomplish this end, must be kept small enough to enable the teachers to do a great deal of individual work with the pupils. They also believed that the work of the different departments should be more evenly divided than had been customary, and consequently adopted at the start a course of study that gave to science, history, English and other modem languages, as much time as to classics and mathematics.

They soon found that great economy of time and effort would result from beginning with younger boys, and they formed a preparatory department, which, while kept as distinct as may be from the upper school, has enabled the teachers to plan continuous work for the whole course. This department is now tmder the supervision of Mr. William C. Gerrish. He is ably assisted by Mr. Augustus H. Smith, who directs the physical activities of the junior department on Nichols Field, the new playground adjoining the Metropolitan Park, on the river, opposite Soldiers' Field.

This ideally situated playground, only a few minutes' walk from the School, provides not only home-grounds for football and baseball games, but an afternoon rallying place for the whole School, with ample facilities; also for tennis, basketball, running, jumping, and other field sports. The river offers opportunities for boating and other water and ice sports. The locker building, equipped with the latest and best appliances, provides room for indoor games and exercises in inclement weather, and also study-rooms for all-day pupils. In fact, this Nichols Memorial is not a mere arena for competitive sports, but an attractive outdoor center, in winter as well as in spring and fall, for the natural development of those physical and social activities that are such an important adjunct to the more intellectual training of the classroom.

In 1912 the School was incorporated with the follov/ing Board of Directors: Prof. F. Lowell Kennedy, president; George H. Browne, clerk; Rev. Willard Reed, treasurer; Dr. Joseph L. Goodale, and Lawrence G. Brooks, Esq. Mr. Reed, joint-principal, an old teacher in the School, whose experience in dealing with things and men in business and in church, in addition to his resourceful educational activities, fits him exceptionally for administrative school service, has introduced up-to-date business methods to the increased prosperity of the new School.

Though the School now offers the advantages of a country day-school, it is still true to its old traditions, which set inteUectual and moral considerations above athletic and social; and consequently it still maintains the aims that have hitherto distinguished it for thirty years:

The Staff, 1912-1913. - Principals: George H. Browne (A.M. Harvard), 23 Chaimcy St., English, Latin; Rev. Willard Reed (A.M. Harvard), 103 Walker St., History, Greek, Latin. Masters: Frederick Phillips Smith (A.B. Harvard), 3 Walker Terrace, French, Latin; Harry Davis Gaylord (S.B. Harvard), 98 Hemenway St., Boston, Mathematics, Physics; George Courtright Greener (E.M. in CER., Ohio State University, '07), 39 North Bennett St., or 198 Clarendon St., Boston, Arts and Crafts, Sloyd; William Churchill Gerrish (A.B. Harvard), Winthrop Hall, Junior Department and History; Augustus Henry Smith (A.B. Harvard), 1 West St., Arlington Heights, Natural Science and Physical Training in the Junior Department, German, and Faculty Director of Athletics; Alton Lombard Miller (A.B. Harvard), 36 Dana St., Chemistry; Edwin Martin Chamberlin, Jr., 2 Avon St., Assistant in the Junior Department; Miss Bertha C. Eaton, Registrar and Secretary.

Financial

Cambridge has long been fortunate in the character and financial standing of its banks. While a considerable number of its citizens do business in Boston, and naturally make use of financial institutions of that city, there is still a large volume of local business which the Cambridge banks are called upon to handle. It is gratifying to be able to state that these institutions have done far more than merely await the business that might be brought them by the merchants and manufacturers of the city. They have in many instances shown an inclination to aid actively in the development of the city by offering accommodations for intending borrowers and other facilities that are necessary to the upbuilding of a modem community. No factor is more potent in the life of a twentieth century city than its banks. Large enterprises are dependent to no small extent upon their good-will, and they frequently have the making or breaking of a city in their hands. In Cambridge this power has been exercised wisely and with a keen appreciation of the duty owed by the bank to the community of which it is a part. The banking facilities of Cambridge include four trust companies, two national banks and four savings banks. These institutions are all favorably located in the business centers of their respective sections. They have all attained that degree of stability which comes with long years of successful business life. Their deposits total far into the millions, and their resources are much more than sufficient to meet their liabilities. Their money is loaned ver\' largely on Cambridge securities, and they are closely interwoven with the life of the citv.

The organization of the Harvard Bank was first suggested by Benjamin Tilton, who had been for some years a director in the Cambridge Bank and president of the Cambridgeport Savings Bank. The desired capital of $200,000 was soon subscribed, and the first meeting of the stockholders was held at the City Hall, November 3d, 1860. The largest subscribers were Benjamin Tilton and Wilkinson, Stetson & Co. for one hundred shares each. Other large subscribers were Harvard College, Cambridgeport Savings Bank, New England Mutual Life Insurance Company, Isaac Livermore, George Livermore, Edward Hyde, Newell Bent, Alanson Bigelow, John Sargent, Charles Wood, Daniel U. Chamberlin, Z. L. Raymond, Lewis Colby, William A. Saunders, Charles Theodore Russell, George P. Carter, George Fisher, A. E. Hildreth, John Livermore, J. Warren Merrill, Ira Stratton, Rev. William A. Stearns, Emerj^ Willard and Robert Waterson.

After ratifying the Articles of Agreement, the stockholders elected the first Board of Directors, twelve in nvmiber, as follows: Benjamin Tilton, Z. L. Raymond, Lewis Colby, George Livermore, John Sargent, Estes Howe,

This Board of Directors met November 7th, 1860, when Benjamin Tilton was elected President. It was decided to secure banking rooms in the Dowse Building, so called, on the comer of Main and Prospect Streets.

At a meeting of the Directors held December 17th, Willard A. Bullard was unanimously elected cashier and Edward G. Dyke messenger and bookkeeper.

On January 14th, 1861, the Directors voted to open the bank for business on March 1st. President Lincoln's inauguration was to take place March 4th. Predictions were freely made that he would never hold office. Threats of secession were rife, business was unsettled, the country was in a condition of intense excitement. In view of this, it was thought wise to postpone the opening of the bank. The morning of March 5th was selected, if a government were then in existence. The President having been peacefully inaugurated, the Bank was opened for business the next morning. On the day preceding, the special Commissioners appointed hy the Governor came to Cambridge with specie scales and satisfied themselves, in the presence of the Directors, that the entire capital, $200,000 had been paid in, and was lying before them in gold coins of standard weight. This formality was then reqiiired by law.

The Harvard Trust Company

Sir: At a meeting of the Directors of the Harvard Bank, held this evening, a fuU Board being present, it was unanimously voted that, in consideration of the present condition of the covmtry and the necessity for prompt action, the President be authorized to tender a loan of fifty thousand dollars to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In compHance with said vote, I have the pleasure to notify Your Excellency that the Harvard Bank will hold itself ready to respond in that amount to the call of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. I am, sir, very respectfully,

No immediate necessity existing for its instant acceptance, I am directed to say, as has already been done in the case of other similar offers, that, with your permission, he will hold your offer in reserve for such future emergency as may arise.

A dividend of three per cent, was paid on October 1st, 1861, less than seven months from the opening of the bank ; and from that time to the present, dividends have been maintained varying in amount from six to twelve per cent, per annum. The amoimt of money thus disbursed to the stockholders to the present time has been, in dividends and profits, $997,000, or nearly five times the capital.

a Committee to consider the expediency of seeking a charter under the National banking law. Four days later this Committee reported, closing its report with these words:

If the Directors are of the opinion that it is best to make the change and wish to be the First National Bank of Cambridge, your Committee recommend immediate action with regard to it. Benj. Tilton, Signed, Charles Wood, Committee. Alanson Bigelow.

On April 25th, 1864, the stockholders voted that "The Harvard Bank do become an association for carrying on the business of banking under the laws of the United States."

The bank began business as The First National Bank of Cambridge, June 1st, 1864, under a charter expiring February 25th, 1883. Although the deposits in the Harvard Bank had seldom exceeded $75,000, the profit and loss accoimt at the date of changing to a National Bank showed net profits of $67,971, $41,000 of which had been paid to the stockholders in dividends of from six to eight per cent, per anmmi.

The first of the original Board of Directors of the Harvard Bank to be removed by death was George Livermore, who died in 1865. Benjamin Tilton, who had served as President from the beginning, died November 23d, 1882. His administration of nearly twenty-two years had been eminently successfvd, and his loss was severely felt by his associates in the Board of Directors. At a meeting of the Directors held November 27th, the vacancy in the Board of Directors caused by Mr. Tilton's death was filled by the election of his oldest son, Henry N. Tilton. He did faithful and valuable service until his death in 1904. He was a member of the Board the same length of time as his father, between twenty-one and twenty-two years. Daniel U. Chamberlin was elected successor to Benjamin Tilton, as president, January 9th,

Willard A. Bullard, who had held office as cashier from the opening of the Harvard Bank, was elected president June 21st, 1898, and Walter F. Earle, who had been for some years an efficient officer of the bank, was elected successor to Mr. Bullard, as cashier.

For several years before action was taken, the advisability of becoming a Trust Company under the laws of this Commonwealth had been discussed from time to time. It was finally decided to apply to the Savings Bank Commissioner for a charter to do business as a Trust Company. It was resolved to revive the original name "Harvard," and to call the new corporation the Harvard Trust Company. This petition was granted. On July 8th, 1904, at a meeting of the stockholders. By-laws were adopted and officers of the Harvard Trust Company elected as follows:

Directors: Henry Endicott, Erasmus D. Leavitt, Frederick W. Tilton, Willard A. Bullard, William W. Dallinger, Albert M. Barnes, Frank A. Kennedy. President - Willard A. Bullard; Vice-president, Erasmus D. Leavitt; Clerk, Walter F. Earle.

At a meeting of the stockholders of the First National Bank, held August 5th, 1904, it was resolved, two-thirds of the capital stock of the Association being represented, that the First National Bank of Cambridge be placed in voluntary liquidation, under the provision of Sections 5220 and 5221 U.S. Revised Statutes, to take effect August 6th, 1904.

Caleb Wood served as a Director of the First National Bank from 1870 to 1877, having succeeded Charles Wood. Dana W. Hyde served as Director more than twenty-five years, having succeeded Caleb Wood in that office. He died in June, 1903. Edward Hyde died in 1885, and Joseph A. Holmes held office, as his successor, till his own death in 1893.

As the result of the liquidation of the First National Bank by the Harvard Trust Company, its liquidating agent, the stockholders received the par value of their stock and sixty-five per cent, in addition. Semi-annual dividends had been paid regularly during the life of the Bank. Almost without exception the old stockholders transferred their interest to the Harvard Trust Company, taking the new stock at $150 per share. This enabled the new company to begin business with a surplus of $100,000, or fifty per cent, of its capital.

The business was transferred to the present commodious and well appointed banking rooms in the Savings Bank Building on Satvirday, August 1 1th, 1906. On the opening of the doors at eight o'clock that morning, several customers were in waiting, each desiring to make the first deposit. This distinction fell to G. C. W. Fuller, who had been a depositor for more than forty years, having had an account in the Harvard Bank. The Safety Vault Department was opened at this time, many renters having selected boxes before the removal. The demand for boxes since that time has far exceeded expectations and has necessitated the addition of two nests of boxes, each nearly as large as that originally provided.

In addition to its regular banking business, the Harvard Trust Company acts as administrator, executor, trustee, guardian, etc., and already has in its care trust property to the value of more than $400,000.

It is of interest to mention that the outlay for adequate vault and safe accommodations with fittings, etc., when the Harvard Bank commenced business was $675.

It is worthy of note that from the beginning in 1861 only four persons have held the office of president, the change in each case being caused by the death of the incumbent ; and only three persons have held the office of cashier or treasurer, the changes being caused by the promotion of the incumbent.

The record of the Company during the halfcentury is an honorable one. Devotion, loyalty and strict honesty have been marked characteristics of its officers and employees in the past, and are equally so, we think, today. It has been and still is the aim, so far as prudence will allow, to use the resources of the Company locally, helping those who need and deserve aid from time to time in carrying on and developing business in Cambridge. The Company enjoys the confidence of the community and will make every effort to administer its affairs in such a way as to retain this confidence.

The present officers are: Walter F. Earle, president; Erasmus D. Leavitt, vice-president; Herbert H. Dyer, treasurer. The Directors are: Walter F. Earle, Henry Endicott, William W. Dallinger, Erasmus D. Leavitt, Frederick W. Tilton, Albert M. Barnes, Frank A. Kennedy, Edward D. Whitford, Warren H. Dunning, John H. Corcoran.

The Cambridge Sa\'ings Bank, the oldest savings bank in this city, and indeed one of the oldest in this section of the State, was incorporated in 1834, beginning business in 1835. The bank occupies a handsome building at 15 Dunster Street, a few steps from Harvard Square, in the center of a very large business, and whose assets total $7,449,404 . 09. During its existence the institution has enjoyed a period of uninterrupted prosperity and has done splendid work in inculcating and encouraging the habit of saving in the community. During its existence assistant treasurer, Arthur H. Boardman, has likewise had a long and honorable service, having been connected with the bank twentyfive years. The receiving teller, Henry A. Nichols, has seen fourteen years of service. During the past six years the bank has paid interest at the rate of four per cent, per year, which rate has been exceeded only by a few of the well-conducted savings banks in Massachusetts. It has a total of 17,254 depositors. Its accommodations for the expeditious transaction of business are not excelled by any bank in it has enjoyed the services of some of the leading men in the community and has had specially good fortune in the length of time in which its capable officials have held office. The first president of the bank was Asahel Steams, who was followed in turn by Levi Farwell, Simon Greenleaf, Sidney Willard, Jacob H. Bates, Charles C. Little, Charles Beck, Stephen T. Farwell, John B. Dana, Charles W. Sever, Dr. John T. G. Nichols and Dr. Edward R. Cogswell, the present (1913) head of the institution. The treasurer, Oscar F. Allen, has been connected with the bank for thirty-six years, holding the present position during thirty years. The

One of the gems in the setting of notable North Cambridge btdldings, is the handsome home of the North Avenue Savings Bank, at the comer of Massachusetts Avenue and Porter Road. The new building occupied by this bank, which was completed in 1908, is practically on the site of the original home that the institution occupied for so many years, and which was torn down to make way for the new Masonic Temple.

The North Avenue Savings Bank Building is a one-story structure of limestone and bufffaced brick. The banking room is handsomely finished in mahogany, with a mosaic marble

The North Avenue Savings Bank was incorporated in 1872, and was the fourth institution for savings to be started in the city of Cambridge. The first officers of the bank were as follows: President, Samuel F. Woodbridge; vice-presidents, Jonas C. Wellington, Cornelius. Dow, W. Fox Richardson, Chandler R. Ransom r. treasurer, Milton L. Walton; clerk, George W. Park; trustees, Chester W. Kingsley, Warren Sanger, Daniel W. Shaw, Person Davis, Henry J. Melendy, Daniel Fobe, Henry C. Rand, Horatio

North Avenue Savings Bank

The bank is open for deposits and drafts from 8.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. daily, and for the special convenience of customers is open on Saturday evenings from 6 to 8 p.m.

The North Avenue Savings Bank has pursued a uniform policy of encouraging savings among its patrons, and has been as liberal and accommodating as any institution of its kind. Its growth has more than paralleled the growth of the locality, its deposits having increased from $49,228 in 1875 to $2,480,766 in January, 1912. The deposits have stUl further increased during the year just passed, and on January 1st, 1913, there were 8,270 depositors with total deposits of $2,619,664.58. The bank pays interest at the rate of four percent - as high a rate as is

The present officers of the bank are the following: President, Charles F. Stratton; -aicepresident, Warren L. Hooper; treasurer, Milton L. Walton; clerk, William H. Goodnow. Its trustees are Charles F. Stratton, Warren L. Hooper, Milton L. Walton, William E. Hutchins, Edward L. Grueby, Phineas Hubbard, Byron T. Thayer, William J. Mandell, Hon. Arthur P. Stone, Frank E. Sands, Edward B. Stratton, Samuel Usher, Henry O. Cutter, George B. Wason, Charles D. Rice and Charles F. Hathaway.

It is a matter worthy of note that the present treasurer, Milton L. Walton, has been the treasurer of the bank since its incorporation in 1872, a period of forty years.

Cambridge Industries

For almost three centuries, her influence has been exercised throughout the land in the arts and literature, education and the higher sciences, and in these opening years of the twentieth century, Cambridge bids fair to rival the greatest mantifacturing and industrial communities. Every one knows of her part in the crises of our country's existence, but many do not realize the tremendous strides in business activities and that the city ranks today as a leader in Massachusetts in value of manufactured products. Cambridge is a city of homes, an abiding place for education, but has an expanding manufactvuing and industrial section.

It will be of advantage to glance over the following pages on which are recorded some pertinent facts. During the last four years the total building operations have amounted to nearly six million dollars. In the year 1912 alone the building operations showed a gain of eighty-seven percent over the preceding year, which is only exceeded by one other city in United States, namely, Tacoma, Wash. This great gain was due largely to the number of new manufacturing structures. The year 1913 bids fair to show an equal gain, due in great measure to the erection of fine apartment houses and private residences.

Cambridge, Mass., deserves the consideration of the modem manufacturer. "With its proximity to the Atlantic seaboard, its admirable rail and water transportation facilities, its in- \agorating climate, its abundance of skilled and imskiUed labor, its close relation to the great city of Boston, the natural purchasing center for New England's 6,500,000 population, its opportunities for comfortable homes; - with these advantages it affords an unrivalled location for industrial plants of all descriptions. Labor strikes and disagreements are practically vmknown in Cambridge.

Along the Charles River front and contiguous, to the lines of railroads are acres of most desirable land which are immediately available for manufacturing purposes.

The Boston and Albany Railroad runs across the eastern portion of the city, and the Boston and Maine Railroad, in its southern and western division, affords easy means of handling any quantity of inbound or outbound freight. By these railroads direct and rapid coruiection is made with the great docks on the sea front, thus providing advantageously for the quick distribution of the manufactured products among the markets of the world.

The large and flourishing industries already established in Cambridge have an annual output of nearly $45,000,000 . 00. Many of these manufacturing plants were located in Cambridge after a thorough examination and exhaustive study of conditions, and the proprietor of one of the largest plants has said: "Of the suburbs of Boston, beginning at East Boston, and following the raUroad through Chelsea, Everett, Charlestown, SomerviUe and Cambridge, and examining all vacant lands on railroads entering Boston, not too remote for oui purpose, the resxilt of this carefvd examination was the choice of the present location of the works. The price was found very reasonable compared with any other land so near Boston. We have at times made three round trips daily to different parts of Boston with heavily loaded teams. We have never regretted our choice of location.

The manufacturing district, too, is surrounded by the public park system. The workmen in the factories and the toilers in the shops thus have places easy of access, where throughout the hot summer months they can find necessary and welcome relief from the dusty streets and crowded tenements of a city in the green lawns, the trees and fresh air.

Every manufacturer at once appreciates the value and effect of such parks and open places upon the health, happiness and morality of employees.

There is an exceptional diversity in the manufacturing interests of Cambridge. They include founderies and machine shops, food preparatory establishments with an annual output of twenty million dollars (the largest industry and in this respect leading the cities of Massachusetts), meat packing, printing and publishing, the manufacture of confectionery, furniture, soap, structvu-al iron work, pianos, organs and other musical instruments, marble and stone, carriages, men's clothing, lumber, brick, undertakers' goods, druggists' preparations, automobiles, shoes, rubber goods, bithulithic pavement, etc. The annual product of musical instruments aggregates two and a half millions ($2,500,000.00), machinery, four millions ($4,- 000,000.00), and printing and publishing three and a half millions ($3,500,000.00).

Cambridge has confectionery factories enough to supply the demands of many thousands. Candies by the ton; candies of all grades and all quantities; candies for old and for young; fashionable, stylish, high-priced candies, in fancy boxes - sweet things in every conceivable form are made in Cambridge, and sold everywhere. Think of candies to the value of $1,700,180.00 made in one city in one year. Think of an average of eight hundred persons making candy (in the Christmas season nearly two hundred more). There was a time when candy was counted a luxury, but today it is believed to be a necessary of life, and Cambridge is supplying a large share of the demand for it.

Cambridge soap-making is one of the oldest industries of the city, and the latest figures show an annual product of $1,183,765 .00 worth. The bulk of the business is done by three great concerns, with a capital of about $2,000,000.00 and pay rolls of about $100,000.00 a year.

Cambridge furniture is well-known, not only in Boston, but in places far remote. Some of it is of a very high grade, and the product includes artistic specialties and order work requiring more than common skill.

The musical instruments made in this city are sold everywhere. The makers are old, wellestablished concerns, with long experience and a reputation based upon merit. There are about eight hundred employees on the pay rolls, and they earn about $300,000 a year, producing pianos and organs, and material for musical instnunents to the amount of nearly $800,000 . 00 a year.

There are a half-dozen establishments engaged in work upon lumber, producing house finish, sash, doors, blinds and other material used by the builders of Cambridge and other places.

The Cambridge business of making structural iron work was established many years ago by a few large concerns, which have a standing among the best in New England. They pay out more than $100,000 a year in wages, and their products sell for more than a half million dollars.

Nearly 1,200 retail establishments supply the wants of Cambridge, paying wages approaching $2,250.00 a year, and having sales of more than $15,000,000.00.

The building up of Cambridge of late years has followed two separate and distinct channels. In the industrial sections of the Lower Port and East Cambridge there has been a steady influx of new industries. Acre after acre of vacant land has been utilized for the construction of high-class factory properties, adding to the value of the surrounding land, besides bringing in a great amount of personality for taxation in Cambridge. The land in the vicinity of the Grand Junction Railroad has seen a particularly favorable development along these lines.

From the neighboring city of Boston, manufacturing Cambridge is distant only ten minutes by trolley lines, and connecting routes afford a quick trip to all points of interest in the great Metropolitan District.

The new Subway, now makes it possible to reach the great retail district in three minutes from the factory and not more than ten minutes from Harvard Square.

The firm of Giiin and Company, Publishers of School and College Textbooks, was established in 1867, by Edwin Ginn. For six years the firm carried on business under the name of Ginn Brothers, as Fred B. Ginn during that time was his brother's only partner. The name was changed in 1876 to Ginn and Heath, upon the occasion of the admission to the firm of Mr.

Ginn and Company manufacture the many textbooks that are daily shipped all over the United States and into foreign countries for use in the thousands of schools and institutions which are a part of the vast educational system of today.

The home office of Ginn and Company is in Boston, beautifully situated on Beacon Street two doors west of the State House, on the site of the John Hancock mansion. Just across the Charles River, on First Street, in East Cambridge, is situated the Athenaeum Press where of Ginn and Company. The quiet of the Common with its beautiful elms, its inviting shaded walks, and the historical Frog Pond are eminently suitable and appropriate surroundings for the office of a publishing house, being removed from the noisy traffic of the busier streets without being far away from the business center of the city.

and Company since 1901. For more than a quarter of a century prior to that their offices were in another place almost, if not quite, as much honored by time and tradition. This was the "Old Brick Row," 13 Tremont Place, overlooking the Granary Burying Ground. About this building there was an Old-World air as unusual as it was attractive. The high ivymantled stone frame of the gateway to the burying ground, the graceful spire of the Park Street Church, and the picturesque nooks and comers of the burying ground itself were all easily visible from almost every window. No more quiet and restful spot could be found in aU

The business of Ginn and Company demands that they also have offices in other cities, as their selling organization extends all over the United States as well as into foreign countries. The branch offices of the firm are situated in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Columbus, San Francisco and London.

All of the books which are distributed through these offices are manufactured at the Athenaeum Press. This is one of the most imposing manufacturing establishments in New England. It is a building of 200 feet frontage, and a width of 400 feet. With its simple brick facade, crowned by a giant statue of the goddess Athena (by

Athenaeum Press

Boston. But the old brick structure at last gave way to a huge steel office building, and the publishers were obliged to seek another home where, if possible, the same sort of mellow traditions to which they were accustomed could be sectired. Fortunately, the site of the old John Hancock house was offered for sale, and Messrs. Ginn and Company were soon established on this favored spot.

Siligardi of Florence), it presents an exterior obviously appropriate for a great press. The building consists of four floors and a basement, which provide over two hundred thousand square feet of available surface, fully occupied by the departments engaged in the several processes of book-making. Ten thousand additional feet of floor space afforded by a frame building, are given up to a well-established restatirant, a carpenter shop and a paint shop. The Press itself is very substantially constructed of brick and steel, its proof against fire being made doubly certain by automatic sprinklers, fire hose and sliding metal doors.

It has been the aim of Ginn and Company to furnish for their employees the most comfortable accommodations possible. Light and fresh air are abundant in practically every part of the building. Individual lockers, a rest room, an emergency room, and reading rooms are among the conveniences provided.

Every process of book-making - composition, engraving, electrotyping, printing and binding - is admirably represented at the Athenaeum Press. The most modem machinery, the best methods and the highest type of workmanship have won for Messrs. Ginn and Company the enviable reputation of publishing books that are as superior in mechanical execution as they are in content.

In the manufactvure of the many thousand books which are daily completed at the Press, over five hundred skilled men and women are regularly employed.

Composing Room

The composing room, located on the fourth floor of the building, is the department where the mechanical process of making a book begins. The size of page, the size and style of types, and other details having been settled, the manuscript (or "copy") of the book is divided among various compositors, and the work of type setting commences. The matter is first set in long strips or galleys, from which "proofs" are taken. Needed corrections are then indicated on the proof by the proof-reader and by the author, and made in the type. The galley is then divided into pages of the desired size. Further proofs are taken and further corrections and changes made until the matter is finally approved, when it is locked up in strong steel frames (or "chases") and sent to the electrotype department. After the electrotype plate has been made, the type is returned to the composing room and distributed, each letter to its proper compartment, and is ready for use in other work.

At the Athenaeum Press all books are printed from electrotype plates, which are much lighter than pages of type, much more easily handled and stored away for later impressions, and much more durable.

Electrotype Department

The electrotype department is on the fourth floor of the building, adjoining the composing room, and consists of two rooms - a molding room and a finishing room. The process of making an electrotype plate is essentially as follows : An impression of the type page is taken in a sheet of wax under heavy pressure. The mold, which faithfully reproduces the face of the type, is covered, by dusting with black lead and afterward polishing, with a thin film, which is to serve as conductor for the electricity in the plating process. The mold is then suspended from the negative pole of the electric battery in a bath containing an acid solution of copper, in close proximity to a large sheet of pure copper hung from the positive pole. By the action of the electric current the bath is decomposed; copper from the bath is deposited evenly over the surface of the mold, a fresh supply of copper being dissolved from the positive pole by the free acid thus formed. When copper has been deposited to the desired thickness, the mold is taken from the bath and the copper shell stripped off. After thorough cleaning, the shell is laid on its face, and upon its back is povu-ed melted lead to the thickness of a quarter of an inch. The plate thus made then goes through the various processes of planing, beveling and testing for defects and is ultimately packed with others in wooden boxes and delivered to the press room.

Press Room

The press room occupies space on the first and second floors of the building, for machinery ; a portion of the basement, for storage of paper; and two fireproof vaults, for the storage of electrotype plates. On the first floor are the office of the press room, several presses (biiilt especially for illustrated work) known as stopcylinder presses, and many fast-running tworevolution presses for general work. Nearly all of the cylinder presses are fitted with automatic feeders for feeding paper sheet by sheet. At the further extremity of the room are three large presses capable of printing a sheet 46 x 60 inches, btiilt especially for the printing of Frye's geographies. On this floor also are presses (known as perfecting presses) which print on both sides of a sheet of paper at one impression; also powerful hydraulic presses for removing indentations in paper which occur in the process of printing.

On the second press-room floor are several large double presses so arranged as to print two different colors at each impression, these presses being devoted principally to printing maps for geographies, histories, etc. On this floor also are many other presses for general work, small presses for printing stationery, circulars, etc., and a well-equipped machine shop with powerful lathes, planers and drills.

In the fireproof vaults in the basement are stored the electrotype plates of over two thousand publications. For use in case of accident or excessive wear of the plates there are also extra sets of plates of several hundred of these books.

This department occupies most of the third and fourth floors of the building and also a portion of the basement. On the fourth floor are performed the operations of folding, pasting, gathering and sewing or stitching. The folding machines take the printed sheets as they come from the presses and fold them, sixty-fovir pages at a time, making four folds (or signatures) of sixteen pages each, In their proper places are pasted the fly-leaves and any inserted maps, portraits, or diagrams.

In the gathering department the signatures are placed in piles in numerical order in a gathering machine, an ingenious device for arranging the signatirres in the proper order to form a book. From sixteen thousand to eighteen thousand books are made up by one of these machines in a day. Only a few years ago all this work was done by hand. The books are next sewed on machines operated by women. Geographies and many books designed for primary schools are fastened by another method, known as stitching, which, though less flexible than sewing, is much stronger.

various processes known as forwarding. The edges are trimmed in powerful cutting machines, the backs are rounded by machines built for this purpose, several thicknesses of cloth and paper are glued on the backs for reinforcement, and the books made ready to put into the covers.

Meanwhile the covers are being made in other departments. The cloth, leather and board are cut to the proper size, and a special machine assembles the various pieces and forms them into a cover. The title of the book and the cover design are stamped upon this cover by means of an engraved brass plate or die, which in many cases must be hot. When gold or silver effects are desired the metal is laid on in sheets and the design stamped with the hot die. The process of putting the books into covers is done either by a clever invention called a casing machine, or by hand.

The books are then arranged between boards having projecting edges of brass, and are put under pressure for from four to twelve hours, when they are taken out and carefully examined. After the defective copies have been thrown out, the perfect books are packed in large trucks and carried to the storeroom.

Shipping Department

For the convenience of the shipping department a special railroad track runs to a door of the Press. Over this supplies are received in carloads and books are shipped out in large quantities to the branch offices of Ginn and Company in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Columbus, San Francisco and London.

Power House

In the power house there are four steam engines with a combined force of 670 horse power. Each drives a separate electric generator. The plant is complete in dupHcate so that in case of a breakdown no delay occurs. These engines furnish all the power and Ught for the Press. The two hundred and fifty machines in the building are driven by individual motors, thus doing away with all shafting and belting.

A fire pump with a capacity of a thousand gallons a minute is connected with the sprinkling system and standpipes throughout the building. In the power house is also a twelve foot fan which constantly forces fresh air throughout the building.

No great business house in Cambridge has a more interesting history than the John P. Squire Company. When John P. Squire started in business in 1842 he was the entire concern and his plant was a wheelbarrow. Today the company employs one thousand men in its plant at East Cambridge alone. This means that fully five thousand people, or a large-sized town, are dependent upon this concern. This does not include the great chain of wholesale houses throughout New England and the millions of dollars that are paid annually to farmers throughout Iowa, Illinois and in sections of Ohio for hogs. The success of the John P. Squire Company from its humble beginning to the great success of today is a romance in business that has no rival in fiction.

When John P. Sqtiire started to kill hogs for the Boston market he chose a site along what was then the Miller river, a section that is now the busy manufacturing section of Cambridge and Somerville. He chose this site because he could dispose of the garbage of his plant in the creek. Here he started lolling hogs and carted them along the turnpike to Harvard Square and into Boston via what is now Allston and the Back Bay. This was the only way he could get to Boston in those days. The carcass was taken to North Street, Boston, where it was cut up for the trade. Up to within a few years the little shed or shanty where Mr. Squire did his work stood in the center of the present plant, but it was torn down to make room for another large building of the plant.

The packing industry of this coimtry had its origin at the Squire plant. He was the originator of the packing system as it is now carried on throughout the country. The work up to this time had been done by butchers. Through the original efforts of Mr. Squire the packing business has developed in this countr>' as in no other nation in the world.

As Mr. Squire's business increased he found that he must butcher in the summer time if he wished to keep pace with his trade. Animal food to be cured must be kept at a temperature of thirty-eight degrees or less until the process is completed. This necessitated his butchering only in the winter time. Mr. Squire built a large ice-house with a room in the center. He found that by packing ice all around this room he could maintain a temperature so that he could kill hogs during the summer months. This was an immense task, however, as hundreds of men had to be employed winters to gather an ice supply sufficient to last during the simimer months. The freshly-killed carcasses coming into this chilled room, added to the presence of a large force of workmen, consimied immense quantities of ice. For a number of years he could not secure an ice supply to carry him through the simimer months with his constantly increasing business. Finally over one thousand men were employed to cut ice from ponds throughout this section of the State during the winter months to supply ice for the great icehouse which he built. Candle light was used inside the packing house and this consvuned large quantities of ice. Finally a gas plant was installed to take the place of the candle light. Mr. Squire manufactured his own gas and sold the coke. One of the old coke pits is still a part of the present works and is used as a storage place for chemicals.

Even with the iced refrigerating rooms the products of the plant could not all be properly ctu-ed during the summer months. There was yearly a heavy loss caused by some of the meat spoiling because it coiild not be kept at the right temperature.

Another great difficulty was in the employment of men. While one thousand men were engaged in the winter in harvesting ice, jobs could not be found for them during the siunmer months. Most of the help that worked for Mr. Squire in the winter time had to find other employment during the summer months.

It was about twenty-five years ago that the present system of artificial refrigeration was discovered. This solved the problem of the meat packers, and the tremendous business of the present Squire Company came as a result of modem refrigeration. Modem refrigeration caused other packing companies to spring into existence, but they came without the struggle and romance of beginning that had been the story of the John P. Squire Company.

packing year was divided into two One was the summer and the other the winter packing season. The simimer season was from March to November and the winter period from November to March. These terms of winter and siommer packing are still used in the trade, although packing is carried on just as much in the hottest of the stimmer months as in the time. But the trade papers and even the government reports stiU cling to the old system of dividing the packing season into summer and winter si. ismis ind ^nm^' the statistics panic of 1907, when money was so scarce that but very few industries were able to pay off their help in cash. One of the great exceptions to this rule was the John P. Squire Company. Every man in its employ received cash during the panic. The company's daily receipts in cash from its local business was enough for its weekly payroll, and when banks could not take care of their payroll the management used its own cash supply. The present Squire Company plant covers nineteen acres of land and one million feet of floor sjjace. There are seven

It is a man's industry. There is but one woman and fifteen girls employed in the plant. The woman and girls are employed in the packing room. All the other work of the great plant is done by over one thousand men, who are constantly upon the pay roll. ' The stability and soimdness of the Squire Company as a New England institution was well illustrated during the disastrous financial acres used for artificialXrefrigeration. Four enormous ice machines have a capacity of seven hundred and fifty tons a day. What is known as packer town, the three great concerns in the neighborhood of the Squire plant, have an ice capacity sufficient to supply the whole city of Boston, if its ice men should go on strike and refuse to supply ice.

The John P. Squire Company is complete in itself. It maintains its own machine, carpenter, paint, blacksmith and electrical shops and a box mill with a capacity of turning out one million feet of lumber a month. It has its own cooper shop, its own masons and plumbers and does all its own repair work. There is a duplicate of every part of every machine used in the plant constantly on hand in case of accident. The plant is run night and day, and Sunday is the only time that the huge plant is idle.

The plant has a capacity of killing and dressing six thousand hogs a day, but the usual run is from twenty-five hundred to three thousand hogs a day.

The selection of hogs for the John P. Squire Company is one of the features that have made its products notable for their excellence. Throughout the great hog-raising districts of the Middle West there is a brand of hogs known as the "Squire kind," and this means that they are the best that a farmer raises. He picks out of his herd of hogs the "Squire kind," and sends the rest to the great packing houses in Chicago in one lot. For the "Squire kind" he is paid a better price than he gets for other hogs, which are usually sold as a whole. The Company maintains stations along the Mississippi River for the collection of these hogs, which are taken by the train load and shipped to its plant in East Cambridge.

The Company distributes its products along the entire Atlantic Coast and the New England States and the Provinces. It maintains branch packing houses equipped with cold storage plants in all the large New England cities. The Company also does a large export business, sending its products to the British Isles, Norway and Sweden, Russia and Germany, Italy and Spain. On account of a high protective tariff none are sent to France.

Mr. Squire introduced the first "Pure Food Bill" ever written as a law in the State of Vermont. He found that other packers had been adulterating their lard. He used only the pure leaf and he scorned adulteration. He tried to have his "Pure Food Bill" passed in Massachusetts, but the opposition of other packers was so strong that he did not succeed. He finally had the bill passed in Vermont, thereby giving that State the honor of passing the first "Pure Food Law." Mr. Squire spent a large fortune in trying to get Congress to pass a pure food bill in 1895, but was unsuccessful. Mr. Squire always insisted upon only the most pure of products being sent from his factory. This high standard has always been maintained. It was conspicuous how little change was necessary at this plant when the recent pure food law was passed. The only changes the company had to make was in a few cases where the law called for the percentages of different materials used. Its labels of "pure" were made years ago and had always stood.

The John P. Squire Company is the largest manufacturer of sausages east of Chicago. Its goods are sold strictly fresh to the retail trade, and New England is one of the greatest sausage consuming communities in the world. By its chain of branch houses the company puts on the market only goods that are strictly fresh and perfect in every respect.

The purity of the Squire products is open to any who care to see. There are no secret rooms in the Squire plant. In the hands of accommodating guides, men and women throughout the east daily visit the plant in East Cambridge and marvel at the care and cleanliness wdth which the products are produced.

One of the most notable manufacturing institutions in Cambridge is the factory of Mason & Hamlin Co., located at 162 Broadway, where are made the celebrated Mason & Hamlin pianos. It is visited by manufactiirers and musicians from all over the world, and has been called an atelier rather than a factory, owing to the artistic atmosphere which envelops the place.

returned to this country in the early fifties. He was casting about for some pursuit and fell in with a yovmg man by the name of Emmons Hamlin, who had been at work in Buffalo making melodeons. Hamlin, with a spark of genius had made a rich discovery, namely the art of voicing reeds, and by this discovery opened up an El Dorado of tone quality for the instrument. With small capital Henry Mason and Emmons Hamlin joined forces and started, in 1854, under the firm name of Mason receives its color or characteristics from its head. This is strongly apparent in the case of the Mason & Hamlin Co. Since its inception in 1854, the ideals of this eminent house have been high and lofty.

The founder of the House, Henry Mason, was a son of Dr. Lowell Mason, one of the most illustrious educators and pioneers in the building up of music in this country. Having graduated from a German University, yoimg Henry Mason

& Hamlin, the mantifacture of melodeons. Before long they developed the instrument into what has since been known as the American Cabinet organ, a name which they coined and copyrighted. In all great world expositions in this country and abroad wherever these instruments have been exhibited, they have invariably received the highest possible awards and honors, a fact made doubly noteworthy when it is considered that no other American

In 1882, imbued still with the same lofty ideals as to quality, they added the manufacture of pianos to their industry. The Mason & Hamlin piano sprang by leaps and bounds into public favor. It was greeted by musical associations, by the world's greatest musicians, by the most eminent virtuosi of the day, as an artistic instnmient par excellence.

In the meantime the third generation of Masons, bom and reared under the same shibboleth which had served their father and their grandfather, worked unremittingly for the maintenance of the highest quality in the instruments produced by the Mason & Hamlin Co. Associated with this third generation has been a remarkable man, Richard W. Gertz, an expert in piano construction, recognized throughout the world as one of the greatest of all times. Together they have worked for a common end, the highest possible acme in pianoforte construction. A new system of piano construction was evolved, overcoming the inherent weaknesses in the old systems and resulting in what is admittedly the finest piano the world has ever seen.

as one of the three great epoch-making discoveries in pianoforte construction, the first being the French action, introduced in 1821, the second the full iron frame and overstrung scale introduced in 1859, and the third the Mason & Hamlin Tension Resonator, introduced in 1900, the most important of the three, as it pertains to tone production and permanency. Without it a piano gradually loses its tone; with it, its tone is maintained permanently with its pristine beauty and sonority.

A visit to the great plant of Mason & Hamlin Co. will show conclusively why the Mason & Hamlin piano is today the highest-priced piano in the world, and why it is conceded to have gone ahead of what the world has heretofore seen in piano construction.

The same principle which was in evidence at the inception of the Company is today at work with splendid energy and ceaseless activity. There is but one real end in view, and that is to make a contribution to the world's artistic instruments which shall ever and ever set its standard higher and higher. At the head of the Company are men who are abreast of the times in matters artistic and scientific, as well as financial, men whose moral structures are such that they could not rest easy were they not producing results in advance of their fellows.

The Fresh Pond Ice Company and Cambridge people are indeed fortunate in the source of supply at their command. The Company took its name from Fresh Pond in this city, the original source of the city's water supply. When ice cutting was forced off this pond the Fresh Pond Ice Company was compelled to seek another place to obtain its supply. More fortunate stUl were the people of this city when the company secured rights on Lake Muscatanapus at Brookline, N.H., for here was found a supply fully equal if not better than that of Fresh Pond. This New Hampshire lake is situated among the rocks and woodlands of the Old Granite State, about sixty-five miles from Boston, in the little town of Brookline, secluded, peaceful and picturesque. This lake, itself fed by two mountain streams and innumerable crystal springs, gets its name from the Indians, who, pleased with the clearness and purity of its waters, called it in their language, Muscatanapus - The Great Mirror.

On the eastern shore, surrounded by taU pines are the big white buildings of soHd and enduring construction comprising the extensive plant of the Fresh Pond Ice Company. The ice is stored in the houses thirty tiers high, and the capacity of these houses is from 65,000 to 75,000 tons. The lake yields during an average season 150.000 tons.

Manufacturers Of Pottery

where prevail. The grounds and surroundings are in keeping with the rest of the plant and it would seem as though the sanitary and hygienic conditions had been the point always in the minds of the promoters of this vast enterprise. The Company owns and controls the land on all sides of the lake and along the banks of the streams which have their source in the mountains beyond. No mills or hamlets are allowed anywhere near the banks, and every possible precaution is taken to insure the pvuity of the water. In fact, the Company now owns several hundred acres of land adjacent to the lake and rivers. The Company has the reputation of cutting the purest ice in the coimtry, and this fact is admitted by experts who have analyzed and scientifically examined it.

The main yards for the distribution of the ice and the general offices are situated on the Fitchburg division of the Boston & Maine Railroad, a short distance above the Union Square Station, Somerville. While the principal end of the retail business is carried on from the Somerville yard, the Company's property on Crescent Avenue, North Cambridge, aids materially in expediting the deHvery of ice in that vicinity.

The Fresh Pond Ice Company, organized in 1882, is the outgrowth of the business established by Jacob Hittinger, one of the pioneers in the ice business of this country. He was among the first shippers of ice to Calcutta and the West Indies, but after the ice-shipping trade was largely transferred to other ports or supplanted by the ice machine, he developed an extensive local trade. Upon the death of Mr. Hittinger in 1880, his son, Thomas S. Hittinger, succeeded to the business. When the company was incorporated in 1887, T. S. Hittinger became its superintendent, a position which he held until his death, October 26, 1904. Mr. Hittinger's inventive faculty and great experience in the harvesting and storage of ice placed him at the head of his profession and the Company's plant at Brookline, N.H., which was designed and perfected by him, will be a lasting evidence of his ability. The present officers of the Company are Josiah Q. Bennett, president; E. A. Davenport, treasurer; H. H. Davenport, assistant treasurer; and E. L. Hadley, superintendent.

With the development of modem civilization, articles which at one time were looked upon as luxuries, if in fact they were known at all, have come to be ranked among the necessities of life. Ice is a typical illustration of this development, for ice has come to be one of the primary comforts of the people and is regarded as a necessity not only in warm seasons, but throughout the entire year. In a large city like Cambridge the supplying of ice to its inhabitants is a no unimportant industry. The Cambridge Ice Company is one of the larger concerns engaged in the ice business in this city and adjacent territory. The Company has been in existence under one name or another since 1847, when the business was established as the Durgin Ice Company. It was incorporated under its present style in 1896, with a paid-up capital of $40,000.00. J. E. -Kimball, who is very familiar with the ice business, has been treasurer and manager of the Company since its incorporation. The Company's office and distributing plant, stables and storage house are located on Cottage Park Avenue, North Cambridge, where there is a storehouse with a capacity of 40,000 tons, practically every inch of which is made use of by the Company for its business. A considerable quantity of ice is shipped to outside points, as the storehouse is connected with the main line of the Boston & Maine Railroad by a spiu: track. The principal part of the business of the Company is done in Cambridge and vicinity, where thirty-three wagons are called into requisition. From seventy-five to one htmdred employees are carried on the pay roll.

One of the notable modem buildings of Cambridge is the Shoe and Leather Exposition Bmlding, which lends picturesqueness to the Cambridge bank of the Charles River. It is a source of self-congratulation to all progressive citizens that this structure has been allowed to remain one of the permanent landmarks of the city. This biiilding is now the home of the J. Frank Cutter automobile industry. For about twenty-five years Mr. Cutter has been identified with the carriage and automobile business, first with Hugh Stewart & Company. This firm now is J. Frank Cutter, having been so the past five years. The firm has been located in the Shoe and Leather Exposition building since the first of February, 1911. The firm is one of the most extensive builders of Limousines and Landaulet bodies, automobile tops and slip covers, and also paints and upholsters cars.

The Warren Brothers Company, the originators of the bituHthic pavement, with its headquarters in Boston, has a large manttfacturing plant and laboratory located on Potter Street, this city, and employs many citizens of Cambridge, both at its plant and in its street work here and in Boston.

Bitulithic pavement was laid on Temple Street in Cambridge, in 1901, and its use has been continued in increasing quantities since then. The city should be congratulated in

Plant Of Warren Brothers Co.Mpany

In the past eleven years the citizens of Cambridge have seen a number of different forms of pavement used on its streets, many of which have not been satisfactory, while the bitulithic having the bitulithic pavement for a number of its prominent streets, and the policy recommended by the pa\'ing commission of continuing the work along main thoroughfares is sure to meet with the hearty approval of the citizens. The bitulithic pavement in this city is laid on a concrete base, the excavation and concrete work being done by the city with municipal labor.

Upon the fomidation is spread the wearing surface which is compressed with a heavy road roller to a thickness of two inches. The surface is made of the best stone obtainable, varying in size from a maximum of one-quarter inch to dust. The proportion of the different size of stone being so arranged that the finer fit into the interstices of the coarser, so as to reduce the air spaces or voids between the stones. The proportion used of the various sizes of mineral are predetermined by physical tests, with a view to obtain the smallest percentage of air spaces or voids in the mineral mixture and vary with the character and shape of particles of the stone in each particvdar case.

After the proportions have been determined, the mineral material is passed through a rotary dryer, from which it is carried by an elevator and through a rotary screen which separates the mineral material in several different sizes. The proper proportions by weight of each of these sizes is secured by the use of a "multibeam scale," and the exact required amount being weighed out into a twin pug rotary miser, where it is combined with the bituminous cement accurately weighed in proper proportions. The mixture is then dumped while hot into carts and hauled to the streets, spread and thoroughly rolled with a heavy steam roller. Upon this is spread a flush coat of special bittmiinous cement, thoroughly sealing and waterproofing the surface. There is then applied a thin layer of finely crushed stone, which is rolled into the surface, making it rough, and thereby affording a good foothold for horses and a surface upon which automobiles will not skid.

Cambridge was one of the pioneer cities to adopt this kind of construction for its streets in 1901, when it was first introduced, and it now has eighteen streets aggregating one hundred and thirty-five thousand square yards of bitulithic pavement. While Cambridge has largely increased its area of bitulithic pavement, its development in this city is much less in proportion than the increase of its use throughout the United States and Canada, as is shown by the following table:

Development Of Bitulithic Pavement

Some twenty-six years ago a partnership was formed in Cambridge between George W. Rawson and John G. Morrison, for the manufacture of hoisting engines, fertilizer dryers and plate iron work. At about the same time there was formed in Boston a company, known as the Automatic Coal Handling Company, which controlled the Newell & Ladd Patent steam shovel, this being a coal -handling shovel whose operation was something like that of the Rawson

The Automatic Coal Handling Company was succeeded by John A. Mead & Company, of New York City and Rutland, Vt. A working agreement was formed between Rawson & Morrison and John A. Mead & Company, controlling the patents of these two grabs, and out of the development of these grabs there has emanated the large business of the Mead-Morri- son Manufacturing Company. Up to the time of the formation of these two companies coal had been handled by the crudest methods, but these automatic grabs changed the entire condition of labor in the discharging of coal from vessels. When the first Newell & Ladd grab was installed at Bums Brothers, in New York City, it took the place of seventy men. Of course, any machine that could save seventy men to an employer would be in great demand.

Massachusetts. In 1904 the Mead-Morrison Manufacturing Company was incorporated and pvirchased the interests, in the coal handling business, of the John A. Mead Manufacturing Company, which had absorbed John A. Mead & Company, and in 1906 the Mead-Morrison Manufacturing Company pirrchased all the interests of the Rawson & Morrison Manufactiiring Company. This company has been most successful; it has a capital of $1,000,000, and at the present time has contracts on hand amoimting to about $2,000,000. It has shipped its product all over the world and maintains wovild operate this shovel. From the engine that operated the shovel, there naturally came up the question of the carrying away of the coal. This produced first, the cable road for carrying coal from docks; later the transporter for carrying coal through power houses and pockets; the McCaslin conveyor for carrying coal to boilers and taking the ashes away; the man trolley for carrying coal in large imits, and other labor-saving devices for the handling of sand, gravel, broken stone, phosphate and other loose materials.

offices in the large cities of the United States. Its machinery handles most of the coal for the United States government, and it has installed complete discharging and storage plants for many of the large railroads operating throughout the United States. The foreign business of the company extends to Brazil, England, Alaska, South Africa, and the Philippine Islands. In addition to the manufacture and installing of coal-handling machinery, the company manufactures a complete line of steam, electric and gasoline hoists, derrick swinging machines, grab buckets, etc., for use in the contracting and quarrying business. Its shops and erection force employ some five himdred men.