Cambridge City (part 5 of 15)

Antia", Isaac'-'', Dea. Tiinothy^^\ Johnjr}^, John^ VI John Avei'j- Park of Grafton, Vt. and Black Earth, Wis., ninth child of Robert and Anna :/84 (Gibson- Martin) Park (Anna's thirteenth child), b. Grafton, Dec. I, 1811 ; d. Plymouth, la., Sept. 2, 1881; bur. in

Capt. Park was a soldier in the civil war - enlisted Sept. 6 and mustered Sept. 27, 1861, sergt., co. A, nth reg. Wis. vol. infantry, promoted orderly (ist) sergt. Sept. 5, 1862, commissioned ist It. Aug. 18, 1863 and capt. July 2, 1864, mustered out Sept. 4, 1865; ^^ the battle of Champion's Hill, Miss., May 15, 1863, Sergt. Park (the captain killed, the ist lieutenant mortally wounded and the 2d lieutenant sick) flourished his sword, jumped to the front, called out " Follow me boys ! " and took command of the company. On Oct. 18, 1884 the G. A. R. post at Black Earth was named in his honor Luther T. Park.

VIII ^ Eleanor Tenney Park, graduate Hamline univ. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1897, b. Wyandotte, Sept. 13, 1874; m. Jan. 5, 1899, Alonzo Draper Meeds of Minneapolis, proprietor and manager Northwestern distilled water company, graduate University of Minnesota (Minneapolis) 1889 (b. Minneapolis, 1864).

VII ^ Ellen Laurette Park b. Grafton, Ap. 10, 1840; m. first, June 23, 1861, Sergt. Edwin Burnett of Black Earth (b. Claridon, O., Oct. 5, 1838, d. Sept. 22, 1871); m. second, Sept. 11, 1880, Henry Decker Goodwin of Milwaukee, Wis., stenographer and agent North American phonograph company, graduate University of Wisconsin (Madison) 1880, and a fine classical scholar (b. Menasha, Wis., Ap. 12, 1859).

VIII ^ Edwina Burnett, graduate Chicago (111.) music coll. 1883, b. Black Earth, June 23, 1862 ; m. June 9, 1898, Bertram J. Kellenberger of Chicago, 111. (b. Toledo, O., Jan. 17, i860), son of Jacob R. and Amelia (Bain) Kellenberger. VIII 'William Sylvester Burnett of Milwaukee, graduate Carroll coll. (Waukesha, Wis.) 1883, b. Black Earth, ]\Iar. 3, 1864; m. July 4, 1885, Gertrude Leonard; one child: ^Frances Edwina Burnett b. Nora township, Wis., Dec. 11, 1886. VIII ^ Hugo Philler Gobdwin, a fine musician, b. Milwaukee, July 18, 1883. VII ^Eloney Mariette Park b. Grafton, Ap. 17, 1843; d. Plymouth, June 2, 1880 ; m. as first wife, at Baraboo, Wis., Sept. 29, 1867, Loren Walker of Medford, Minn, and Plymouth (b. Chester, Vt., May 2, 1840, d. Brown Branch, Mo., Mar. 31, 1897).

Mr. Walker was a soldier in the civil war - mustered Sept. 27, 1861, private, co. A, nth reg. Wis. volunteers, mustered out Sept. 4, 1865. CHILDREN :

VIII 'Nellie Elona Thorn, graduate Oberlin coll. (O.) 1899 and in 1900 to be head teacher Girl's high school (IMardin), b. Mardin, Nov. 25, 1876; unm.

VII * lyillian De France Park, graduate University of Wisconsin 1875, b. Grafton, Aug. 3, 1849 5 i^- ^^g- i5> 1876, Hon. James Quirk of Waseca, Waterville and Minneapolis, Minn., president James Quirk milling company and treasurer Northwestern life association (b. Laxey, Isle of Man, June 18, 1849).

Hon. Mr. Quirk has always been identified with educational and political interests, graduate University of Wisconsin 1873 and law dept. 1876, president school board (Waterville) 1887-1896 and present trustee Hamline univ., city engineer (Madison) 1872-1875, city attorney (Waseca) 1883, mayor (Waterville) 1893-1894 and 1895-1896, presidential elector 1896.

IV Keiibeii Gibson (Capt.) of Stow and Lunenburg (Fitchburg), Mass., twelfth and youngest child of Dea. Timothy 0 and Rebecca (Gates) Gibson, b. Sudbury,

Mass., Feb. 14, 1725; d. Fitclibiirg, July 27, 1800; bur. in South Street cemetery (accepted as a " bueringyard " 1756), his gravestone inscribed: " Capt. - Reuben Gibson - died July 27, 1800 - ^t. 76;" m. at Sudbury, Nov. 13, 1746 (pub. Sept. II, 1746), Lois Smith (b. Sudbury, Nov. i, 1726, d. Fitchburg, Nov. 22, 1816, " Mrs. Louis . . . Aged 94 " on gravestone and correctly entered " widow Lois Gibson 90 " on First church records), dau. of Thomas and Elizabeth Smith, and gr. dau. of John and Sarah (Hunt) Smith of Sudbury.

Capt. Gibson was one of "the Gibson brothers" of local history and the last of the four who settled in Lunenburg ; he was probably not of age when he bade farewell to the parental homestead on Pomciticut hill in Stow, followed his brothers Capt. John, Arrington and Isaac to Lunenburg and located on Pearl hill, on a farm of 100 acres or more deeded by his father Oct. 25, 1744:

"I, Timothy Gibson of Stow, County of Middlesex in New England, yeoman, in Consideration of love and good will and affection I have and do bare to my beloved son, Reuben Gibson Jr [junior meaning a minor] of said Stow, Husbandman ... a Certain Tract of Land Situate Lying and being in Lunenburg and it is bounded Southerly by the Divisionall Line between him and his Brother, Isaac Gibson and is bounded all otherways as it stands Recorded in the Proprieters Book of Records for Lunenburg, provided allways my said son Reuben Shall allow one hundred Pounds Received of my Estate as part of his portion equal to one hundred Pounds Given by me to any of his Elder Brothers before the Date of this Deed . . . I set my Hand and Seal this twenty fifth day of October Annoque Domini, One Thousand Seven hundred and forty-four and in the Eighteenth year of his Majesty's [George II] Reign."

This was Capt. Reuben's home until his death although in 1769 he and Isaac leased together some 200 acres of their lands for gold mining purposes; shortly after 1863 his heirs sold the property to strangers and about 1892 the house built in 1746 or earlier, was torn down.

courage, and of such enterprise and force of character that he was a very important person both in old Lunenburg and the new Fitchburg after its incorporation Feb. 3, 1764 - selectman on the first board Mar. 5, 1764, surveyor of highways 1767, among the thirteen largest taxpayers in 1771, one of the committee of seven on correspondence Dec. I, 1773, constable 1775, chairman of the committee of five on safety and correspondence 1776, collector 1781, probably captain of a company as town records call him "Cap' Gibson" after 1772.

He was one of the five Gibsons among the forty- four Fitchburg minute-men in 1775, also a revolutionary soldier - sergt., Capt. Ebenezer Woods' co. , Col. Asa Whitcomb's reg. of militia, marched from Fitchburg on Lexington alarm of Ap. 19, 1775, served 11 days.

By his will dated Mar. 10, 1797 (" the twenty first yeare of the independency of America") and allowed Sept. 2, 1800, Capt. Gibson left his household goods to his children equally, to Arrington, the only unmarried child, " my land and buildings by him freely to enjoy after the decease of myself and wife, on condition of my said son Arrington faithfully providing for myself and wife all necessarys of life both in helth and sickness, and also at death to bury myself and wife in a deacent and Christian form and manner," and one dollar to each of the seven married children - " for the love I have to my daughter Billings . . . for the love I bare to my sons Reuben, Abraham, Thomas, Bezaliel, Isaac & Ephraim Gibson One dollar to each and every one of them at our decease ; " the appraisement, made by his nephew Rev. Stephen Gibson and two others, showed an estate of $1,100 real and $309.19 movable property.

Mr. Gibson was a member of the train-band in 1775, and always resided on the Pearl hill homestead devised him by his father of whose will he was executor.

Lunenburg (Fitchburg), Sept. 21, 1748 (town records) ; d. Fitchburg, Ap. 20, 1836 ; m. Feb. 8, 1774 (pub. Jan. 22, 1774 Fitchburg records), his second cousin Betty Gibson (b. Stow, Mass., June 6, 1750, d. Fitchburg, Sept. 12, 1824, t>u^- ^^ Ivaurel Hill cemetery, the gravestone naming her Betsey), dau. of Jonathan and Mary (Forristall) Gibson, see SI.

Mr. Gibson was a revolntionary soldier - private, Capt. Ebenezer Woods' co., Col. Asa Whitcomb's reg. of militia, marched from Fitchburg on Lexington alarm of Ap. 19, 1775, served 7 days. He was a man of great strength and courage, and it is said of him and his cousin Jake (Jacob Gibson, see 162) that in the Shay rebellion of 1787 they by their intrepid fearlessness, set at defiance the soldiers sent to arrest them as "suspects."

The Fitchburg records show that he held offices of trust - " Surveyer of Highways & Collector of highway Taxes " 1778, one of the committee " to provide a Scool marfter or marfters" 1783 and on the committee ' ' to provide schooling in each Quarter of the Town " 1786 and 1788.

He owned considerable real estate in Fitchburg - 49 acres bought of his father Mar. 22, 1777 for ;^6o ; - 30 acres purchased Dec. 24, 1789 from John Knight for £80 and sold Mar. 17, 1797 for $500 ;~'22 acres from the same party May 6, 1790; he also bought June 15, 1792 from John Knight, 20 acres in Lunenburg, and Sept. 9, 1795 from Peter Stone, 53J acres in the east part of Ashburnham, paying ^200 and selling the same May 16, 1798, together with " |^ Pew No. 27 in Ashburnham Meeting House," for $730. In his will dated Nov. 4, 1831 and allowed June 2, 1836, each child was named with some small legacy, and the rest of the property left to his eight surviving daughters and the three children of his deceased daughter Sally Whitcomb.

Mr. Gibson was one of the most prosperous farmers in Salisbury and by his energy and influence was of great help to his townsmen - selectman many years, representative 1815-1817, always interested in religious and educational advancement, giving freely towards building three churches, making- liberal donations to Middlebury coll. (Vt.) and bequests to the Congregational ajid Methodist societies in Salisbury. VI ' Mary Gibson. 194

Mr. and Mrs. Chesmore resided the first few years of their wedded life in Henniker where Mr. Chesmore took a lively interest in church affairs, joining his wife's uncle Thaddeus Gibson Dec. 9, 1801 in voting against the settlement of Rev. Moses Sawyer ; later they removed to Troy, and about 18 15 Mrs. Chesmore returned with her young family to Fitchburg.

VIII ^ Henry Franklin Rockwell (Hon.) of Fitchburg b. Fitchburg, Sept. 9, 1849; m. at Brooklyn, N. Y., Ap. 28, 1881, Jessie F. Lamberson (b. New York, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1857), dau. of Thomas and Emeline (Nostrand) Lamberson, and descendant of early Dutch settlers on Long island.

Hon. ]\Ir. Rockwell is one of the thorouo-h business and public-spirited gentlemen of Fitchburg, alderman 1889-1891, representative 1892 and 1893, iiiayor 1896-1899. Two children b. in Fitchburg : ^ William Milton Rockwell, student Harvard coll., b. Aug. 4, 1882. 'Jessie Kimball Rockwell b. Nov. 30, 1886.

VIII ^ Emily Newton Stowell b. Ashburnham, Jan. 29, 1835; m. Jan. 29, 1853, Stephen C. Hastings of Ashburnham, Mass. and Providence, R. I., merchant.

CHILDREN : IX ' Elmer T. Stowell of Antrim b. Ashbiirnham, 1861 ; m. 1883, Nellie Butterfield ; three children b. in Antrim : ^ Sadie E. Stowell b. 1886. " Bertie A. Stowell b. 1888 ; d. 1892. ^ Bertha Stowell b. Feb. 1896. IX ^Irving E. Stowell of Antrim b. Ashburnham, 1864 ; m. Feb. 1890, Etta George ; one child : ^ Luella Belle Stowell b. Antrim, Nov. 1890. IX 'Edgar A. Stowell of Ashburnham b. Antrim,

Mr. Gibson was a soldier in the civil war - mustered July 19, 1861, private, co. G, 2ist reg. Mass. infantry, discharged for disability May 8, 1862 ; enlisted 1862, Corp. , CO. F, 53d reg. Mass. infantry, mustered out Sept. 3, 1863.

1867 ; unm. IX -Eugene M. Stowell of Providence b. Ashburnham, 1870 ; m. 1895, Laura Brown of Providence. VIII ^ Sarah Eucinda Stowell b. Ashburnham, Oct. 18, 1843; m. Jan. 10, 1867, Lyman T. Lovewell of Antrim, son of Isaac and Eliza Lovewell of Gardner, Mass. and Antrim ; no children.

Sept. 17, 1842. VIII ^ Sarah E. Chesmore b. Leominster, Ap. 17, 1834; m. Oct. 23, 1862, John Francis Thurston of Lancaster, Mass. ; no children. VIII ^ John G. Chesmore of Leominster, a prosperous farmer, b. Leominster, Oct. 20, 1836; m. July 4, 1861, Lizzie R. Blanchard.

children: IX ^ Amelia Josephine Cushing b. Westminster, Feb. 28, 1854 ; m. May, 1881, Charles Dunham of Rochester, N. Y.; no surviving children. IX ^ Annie Eliza Cushing b. Westminster, July 20,

IX Irving Francis Ciishing of Ashburnliam b. Westminster, Ap. 24, 1858 ; unm. IX ^Ida Elizabeth Gushing b. Ashburnliam, Oct. 20, 1863 ; unm. VIII ^ Henry Francis Whittemore of Fitchburg b. Fitchburg, Mar. 17, 1832; m. June 8, 1854, Ruby Church of Augusta, Me.

IX ' Mary Elizabeth Whittemore b. Fitchburg, Aug. 20, 1855 ; m. July 20, 1881, Willard S. Hathorn of W. Fitchburg ; one child : ^ Helen Marguerite Hathorn b. Chicopee, ]\Iass., Mar. 11, 1885.

VII William Ililey Cliesniore of Hopkiiiton and Holliston, Mass., sixth child of Daniel and INIary 19Jz (Gibson) Chesmore, b. Thetford, Vt., Mar. 26, 1810 ; d. Worcester, Mass., Mar. 26, 1870; m. Nov. 30, 1834, Lucinda Lovering of Hopkinton.

VIII ^ Irene Elizabeth Chesmore b. Westminster, Mass., July 29, 1838 ; m. first, Mar. 5, 1854, Simeon Ward of Hopkinton; m. second, Oct. 7, 1874, Ira S. Joslin of Holliston. Mr. Ward was a soldier in the civil war - enlisted Jan. 4, 1864, private, co. C, 26th reg. Mass. infantry, taken prisoner at battle of Cedar Creek, Va. , Oct. 19, 1864, supposed to have died in prison.

infantry, transferred to the navy Feb. 17, 1862, discharged from the Clara Dolson Dec. 2, 1862 ; mustered Dec. 26, 1863, private, co. A, 4th reg. Mass. cavalry, discharged June 24, 1865.

VIII 'John J. Cook b. Hyde Park, Ap. 30, 1841 ; a soldier in the civil war - enlisted Nov. 25, 1861, private, co. I, ist reg. Vt. cavalry, promoted Corp., taken prisoner at Martin's Ford near Fairfax Court House, Va., Nov. 28, 1863, d. Ander-

Reuben^, Capt. Reuben'''', Dea. Tiinothy'^''\ John jr}'\ Jolin^ VI Sally Gibson, seventh child of Reuben 193 and Betty 51 (Gibson) Gibson, b. Fitchburg, Mass., Dec. 8, 1782; bap. First church, Ap. 14, 1783; d. Potton (Bronie county, P. Q.), Can., May 27, 1826 ; bur. in No. Troy, the adjoining Vermont town ; m. (probably Henniker, N. H.)Jan. 20, 1805, Elijah Whitcomb of Henniker, No. Troy and Potton (b. Henniker, 1778, d. Potton, about 1863), son of Benjamin Whitcomb of Henniker, and gr. son of Benjamin Whitcomb of Stow, Mass.,

VIII ^Harvey J. Whitcomb of Jackson, Mich, and Gilmore City, la. b. Potton, Aug. 8, 1847 5 ^"- Nov. 14, 1873, Carrie E. Spring of Union City.

Reuben^, Capt. Reuben''^, Dea. Timothy^'", John jr. '\ John' VI Siiiieoii Gibson of P'itchburg, Mass., twelfth child of Reuben 193 and Betty ol (Gibson) Gibson, b. Fitchburg, Nov. 18, 1789 ; bap. First church, Sept. 26, 1790; d. Fitchburg, Feb. 19, 1852 ; bur. in Laurel Hill cemetery; m. first, at Salisbury, Vt., Lovica Graves (d. Feb. 9, 1828 aged 32 years); m. second, Aug. 27, 1829, Sarah Wilkins (bur. New Ipswich, N. H., Sept. 1835), dau. of Israel Wilkins.

Mr. Gibson lived and died on the home farm ; among other articles bequeathed him by his father were "my laro-e Bible and House clock," the former after his death given to his sister Mrs. Lovica Stratton.

Children : VII ^Harriet Eliza Gibson b. Fitcliburg, Nov. lo, 1816; d. Ashby, Mass., July 5, 1846 (family record) ; m. Feb. 6, 1840, Joseph Foster of Ashby. CHIIvDREN : d. 1856. VIII ^George Lawrence Sanderson of Fitchburg b. Fitchburg, July 30, 1856 ; unm. VII * Nancy Alden Gibson b. Fitchburg, Ap. 7, 1822 ; d. young. VII * Caroline M. Gibson b. Fitchburg, Dec. 17, 1825; d. Nov.

VI Abigail Gibson, thirteenth child of Reuben 193 and Betty ol (Gibson) Gibson, b. Fitchbnrg, Mass., Aug. 12, 1791 ; bap. (Nabby) First church, Aug. 21, 1791; d. Salisbury, Vt. , Ap. 9, 1884; bur. in W. Salisbury cemetery; m. at Salisbury, Ap. 1810, James Gipson (originally Japson) of Salisbury (b. Leominster, Mass., May 15, 1790, d. Salisbury, Sept. 11, 1883), son of John Gipson.

Mr. Walker was a soldier in the civil war - mustered Sept. 16, 1861, private, co. F, 5th reg. Vt. infantry, discharged Oct. 31, 1862 ; enlisted Nov. 28, 1863 (veteran), same company and regiment, killed at battle of Spottsylvania, Va., May 12, 1864.

VII James Ilerrick Gipson of Salisbury, Vt. and Rochester and Waterford, Wis., first child of James and Abigail 205 (Gibson) Gipson, b. Salisbury, Jan. 26, 1812 ; d. Waterford, Dec. 21, 1894 ; m. first, about 1833, Betsey I^ittle (d. Lockport, N. Y.); m. second, Ap. 1837, Theodosia Little (b. Sudbury, Vt., 1821, d. Rochester, Ap. 1876). Children :

Capt. Gipson was both soldier and sailor in the civil war - prior to Oct. i, 1862 on the Carondelei^ 4th master, q. m. dept., U. S. army; appointed Oct. i, 1862, act. ens. U. S. navy on the Exchange^ promoted Oct. 24, 1863, act. master and July 9, 1864, act. vol. It. on recommendation of Adm. Porter, discharged Nov. 14, 1865.

IX ^ Brainard Leig-h Newell of Waterford b, Waterford, Ap. 23, 1869; 111. Nov. I, 1894, Lucinda Elizabeth (Linnie) Foate ; one child : ^ Fordyce Edward Newell b. Waterford, July 31, 1895.

VIII ^ Albert Eugene Gipson of Greeley, Colo, and Caldwell, Id., graduate lawdept, University of Wisconsin (Madison) 1870, b. Waterford, June 20, 1848 ; m. May 20, 1873, Lina Maria West (b. Kewanee, 111., Aug. 20, 1853), d^^- of Henry I. West, president of the company founding Greeley.

VII William A. Gipson of Salisbury, Vt., second child of James and Abigail 205 (Gibson) Gipson, b. Salisbury, Jan. 8, 1818; d. Salisbury, Ap. 26, 1849; m. Feb. 4, 1846, Clarissa S. Alexander of Salisbury.

Reuben", Capt. Reuben'''', Dea. Timothy''''\Johnjr.'\John^ VI Olive Gibson, fourteenth child of Reuben 193 and Betty 51 (Gibson) Gibson, b. Fitchburg, Mass., Mar. II, 1793 ; bap. First church, Sept 28, 1794; d. Hyde Park, Vt., Ap. 23, 1879 ; bur. in the old burying ground (Stowe, Vt.); m. Dec. 19, 1813 family record, Dec. 31, 1813 Fitchburg records (pub. Nov. 11, 1S13), Enos Sherwin of Rindge, N. H. and Stowe (b. Rindge, Sept. 23, 1790, d. Stowe, July i, 1863, bur. beside his wife), son of the revolutionary soldier Capt. Asa and Mercy (Kimball) Sherwin of.Rindge.

Children : VII ^Reuben Gibson Sherwin of Stowe and Craftsbury, Vt. b. 1814 (perhaps Rindge, the entry recorded, however, in the adjoining Jafifrey); d. Craftsbury, Oct. 23, 1890; m. Nov. 20, 1839, Amanda L. Sanborn of Stowe.

Craftsbury, June 12, 1856); two children b. in Walcott : ' Etta Sherwin b. July 16, 1884. ' Wilnier Sherwin b. Jan. 24, 1896. VII ^Jonathan French Sherwin of Stowe and Morristown b. Nov. 20, 1 8 15 (perhaps Rindge but entered on Jaffrey records) ; d. Morristown, May, 1897 > t)ur. in Riverbank cemetery (Stowe) ; m. Dec. 19, 1839, Hannah Marshall, dau. of Dea. Samuel IMarshall of Stowe.

CHILDREN : VIII ' Henry Clay Marshall Sherwin of Morrisville, Vt., farmer, b. Morristown, Oct. i, 1841 ; m. Dec. 18, 1865, Maria Hobart of Waterbury, Vt.; one child: ^ Reuben Leland Hobart Sherwin b. Stowe, Sept. 5, 1888.

VII ^Gihnan Moore Sherwin (Dea.) of Hyde Park b. Ashby, Mass., Nov. 22, 1816 ; d. Hyde Park, Ap. 29, 1893, and at the time of his death had been deacon of Second Congregational church nearly thirty years ; m. first, Ap. 22, 1839, Louisa D. Savage (d. Sept. 18, 1842), dau. of Dea. Joseph Savage of Stowe ; m. second. Mar. 20, 1843, Matilda Noble of Stowe (b. May 3, 1822).

VIII ^ Elbridge Gerry Sherwin of Hyde Park, farmer, b. Hyde Park, May 26, 1841 ; m. Feb. 9, 1863, Annette M. Fitch, dau. of Erastus P. Fitch of Hyde Park ; no children.

Heman and Abigail (Hopkins) Baker, and descendant of both Remember Baker, a prominent man in the early history of Vermont, and Stephen Hopkins, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.

Hon. Mr. Sherwin in early life taught school, and on his removal to Hyde Park in 1850 followed for some years the double vocation of farmer and millwright, introducing the first rotary planing mill in that section of the country; he has also filled several important ofiices - selectman, school superintendent, chairman of various committees, charter member Central grange and president Second Congregational church society. CHILDREN : VIH ^Enos Heman Sherwin of Johnson, Vt., depotmaster, b. Hyde Park, June 8, 1850 ; m. Dec. 25,

V Abraham Gibson of Fitchburg and Ashburnham, Mass. and Leicester, Vt., third child of Capt. Renben 192 and Lois (Smith) Gibson, b, Lunenburg (Fitchburg), Aug. 15, 1752 ; d. Leicester, Ap. 10, 1829 family record, Ap. 9 gravestone in Westside cemetery (W. Salisbury, Vt.) ; m. Oct. 13, 1778 (pub. May 30, 1778), Mary Brown (b. Lexington, Mass., May 5, 1758, bap. May 8, 1758, d. Goshen, Vt., Mar. 3, 1835, bur. beside her husband), dau. of Daniel and Anna (Bright) Brown of Lexington and Lunenburg.

"Taken up by Abraham Gibson Jui^June the 26 1780 a Dark Colered mare foure white feet a white face trots & pafes Supofed to be six years old now artificall mark "

He was a revolutionary soldier - private, Capt. Jonathan Wood's CO., Col. James Converse's reg. (4th Worcester county) Sept. to Nov. 1776, service at Dobbs Ferry and Tarry town "with forces which constituted a part of the army under Washington ; " private, Capt. Nathaniel Carter's co.. Col. John Joslin's reg. (6th Worcester county, late Col. Job Cushing's)*Sept. 17 to Oct. 23, 1777 (" I mo. 15 days"); private, Capt. John White's CO. (Lt. Joshua Martin probably in command), Col. Abijah Stearns' reg. (8th Worcester county) Ap. I to June 24, 1778 ("2 mos. 23 days"), service at

Castle island, Boston harbor ; private, Capt. Timothy Boutelle's co.. Col. John Rand's reg. of militia (a Worcester county regiment raised by Resolve of Jan. 22, 1780 to reinforce Continental army) July 20 to Oct. 10, 1780, marched to West Point and on duty at the time Arnold's treason was discovered.

About 1795 Mr. Gibson moved to Ashburnham and resided there till between 1798 and 1800 when he removed to Vermont as shown by two deeds from Champion Ackley, the one to "Abraham Gibson of Ashburnham," dated Nov. 15, 1798 and conveying "one hundred acres or thereabouts in Leicester," and

1800 and made to "Abraham Gibson of Salisbury, co. of Addison," conveying " 50 acres, a part of the Sayles or Grigg farm in Salisbury " [the town north of Leicester].

Children : VI 'Polly Gibson b. Fitchburg, Sept. 6, 1779; bap. First church, Nov. 7, 1779 ; m, Daniel Smith of Chateaugay (St. Lawrence county), N. Y. ; four children b. in Leicester. VI 'Anna Gibson. 211

VII ** Reuben Wellington Gibson of Eagle and Mukwanago b. (probably Chateaugay) Aug. 24, 1824; d. Mukwanago, Jan. 17, 1864 ; m. Sept. 4, 1845, Susan T. Dewey of Vermont (d. June 3, 1889); two children: ^ Lilly Jane Gibson b. Eagle, Dec.

VII ''George Washington Gibson of St. Helena, Cal. b. (probably Salisbury or Goshen) July 29, 1829; d, St. Helena, May 22, 1879 ; m. June 16, 1852, Kate Maguire ; no children.

VI Abraham Gibson of Leicester, Salisbury and Rochester, Vt, third child of Abraham 210 and Mary (Brown) Gibson, b. Fitchburg, Mass., Mar. 2, 1784; bap. First church, July, 1784; d. Leicester, Nov. 11, 1866; bur. in Westside cemetery (W. Salisbury) ; m. first, at Grafton, Vt. by Justice Amos Fisher, Sept. 25, 1806, Persis Gibson of Grafton (b. Dec. 13, 1783, d. Salisbury, May 12, 1824), ^^^^- of Nathaniel and Hannah (Brown) Gibson, sec KiH ; m. second, Mar. 3, 1825, Mrs. Esther (Bump) Paine (b. Salisbury, Mar. 28, 1795, d. Salisbury, Nov. 25, 1878). Children : VII ' Elvira Elizabeth Gibson, teacher, b. Leicester, Jan. 8,

Sergt. Gibson was a soldier in the civil war - mustered Aug. 29, 1864, private, co. A, 42d reg. Wis. vol. infantry, appointed sergt. Sept. 16, 1864, mustered out June 20, 1865. VII ' Artemas Edmond Gibson of Leicester b. Salisbury, Nov.

CHILDREN : VIII ^ Luella Wainwright b. Salisbury, Dec. 25, 1856; d. Sept. 7, 1887 ; m. Dec. 22, 1875, Daniel Strong of Starksboro and Bristol, Vt.; two children: HIabel C. Strong b. Starksboro, Dec. 12, 1881. 'Pearl A. Strong b. Salisbury, July 16, 1883. VIII 'Cora J. Wainwright b. Salisbury, Ap. 10, 1862; m. Feb. 22, 1882, Chester J. Kingsley of Salisbury; no children. VII " Caros Ozro Gibson of Walden, Vt. b. Rochester, Feb. 16, 1832 ; m. Dec. 21, 1856, Almira Hunt of Caledonia, Vt. Mr. Gibson was a soldier in the civil war - enlisted Aug. 24 and mustered Sept. 21, 1861, private, co. H, 4th reg. Vt. vol. infantry, discharged for disability

VII Amaiidii Brown Gibson, second child of Abraham 212 and Persis 168 (Gibson) Gibson, b. lycicester, Vt., Oct. 24, 1810; d. Rochester, Vt., Sept. 28, 1884; ni. Jan. 10, 1833, Lonian Martin of Rochester (b. Aug.

VII William Wellington Gibson of Warsaw, Ala. and Ash Creek (Osborn since 1884) and West Point, Miss., teacher, third child of Abraham 212 and Persis KiS (Gibson) Gibson, b. Salisbury, Vt, July 25, 1812 ; d. Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 13, 1876; bur, in West Point cemetery; m. at Winstonville, Miss., Oct. 13, 1843, Mary Katharine Rogers (b. Blountsville, Ala., June 16, 1828).

Mr. Gibson was a soldier in the civil war - entered Ap. 1863, private, co. E (Oktibbeha Rescues), ist reg. Miss, cavalry (Gen. Stephen D. Eee dept. commander), mustered out May 26, 1865.

VII Henry Hiibbell Gibson of Leicester, Salisbury and Middlebury, Vt., teacher, sixth child of Abraham 212 and Persis 168 (Gibson) Gibson, b. Salisbury, July 22, 1817; d. Middlebury, Oct. 2, 1872; m. Oct. 7, 1847, Laura A. Noyes (b. Leicester, May 25, 1831).

VIII * Roswell Augustine Ingalls of Chicago, 111. b. Brandon, Aug. 2, 1844 ; m. Jan. i, 1866, Ruth Fuller ; five children: ^Drusilla Ingalls b. Ashland, Minn., Feb. 2, 1869. ^Athalinda Ingalls b. Dodge

VIII ^Edson Loyal Ingalls of Hampton b. Pittsford, Vt,, Jan. 7, 1852; m.; no children. VIL * Melvin B. Gibson of Mukwanago, Wis. b. Whiting, June

VIII ^ Frederick Edward Laudersdale of Liberty b. Elkhorn, Oct. 27, 1871; m. Sept. 25, 1895, Anna Hecknian ; one -child : ^ Helen May Laudersdale b. Roslyn, July 25, 1896.

V Thomas Gibson of Fitchburg and Ashburnham, Mass., fourth child of Capt. Reuben li))i and Lois (Smith) Gibson, b. Lunenburg (Fitchburg), Nov. 19, 1753; d. Ashburnham, June 11, 1841; m. xAp. i, 1783, the Ap. I torn off the Fitchburg records (pub. June I, 1782), Relief Hartwell of Fitchburg (d. Oct. 19, 1849 aged 85 years), dau. of Phineas and Mary (Pierce) Hartwell of Fitchburg (Relief; Phineas'" of Fitchburg, constaWe, selectman and town clerk ; Judge Edward '" of Lunenburg ; John " of Concord, Mass. ; Ens. William", the English pioneer in Concord in 1636, see note tinder 83).

Mr. Gibson was a revolutionary soldiei - private, Capt. Josiah Stearns' co., Col. Epliraini Doolittle's reg. (24tli Mass.) July 28, 1775, on returns dated Winter hill near Boston, Oct. 6, 1775 ; private, Capt. Jonathan Wood's CO., Col. James Converse's reg. (4th Worcester county) Sept. to Nov. 1776, marched to Dobbs Ferry ; private, Capt. William Thurlo's co. under Maj. Ebenezer Bridge Sept. 6 to Oct. - 1777, service at Saratoga at Burgoyne's surrender ; private, Capt. John White's co. (Et. Joshua Martin), Col. Abijah Stearns' reg. (8th Worcester county) Ap. i to July 2, 1778, service at Castle William (Boston harbor) and from Ap. 5 to July 2 acting as corporal ; private, Capt. Timothy Boutelle's co.. Col. John Rand's reg. of militia (Worcester county) July 20 to Oct. 10, 1780, marched to West Point, was there when Arnold's treachery was discovered and " on guard when Washington rode up." In 1832 he was enrolled among the revolutionary pensioners as " private in Massachusetts state troops."

Shortly after his marriage Air. Gibson removed to the adjoining Ashburnham and settled in the southeast of the town, on the farm deeded him Oct. 19, 1784 by Silas Whitney.

Children : VI ^ Thomas Gibson of Aslib}', Mass. b. Ashburnham, July 4, 1784; d. Salisbury, Vt.; m. first, Ap. 27, 1808, Hannah Cutter (b. Cambridge, Mass., July 29, 1790, d. Ashby Jan. 31, 1842), dan. of Ammi and Hannah (Holden) Cutter (Hannah ''; Ammi '" of Cambridge, captor of a British soldier fleeing from Lexington on Ap. 19, 1775 ; Dea. John"' of Cambridge ; William " of Cambridge ; Richard', pioneer in Cambridge); m. second, Dec. 29, 1842, Mrs. Martha Wilkins (d. Ashby, June i, 1846); m. third, Oct. 16, 1846, Mrs. Annas Whitcomb.

Bristol of Buffalo. VII '^Jerome Sebastian Gibson of Ashburnham and Ashby b. Ashby, Oct. 24, 1822 ; m. 1845, Abigail Sawyer (d. 1886); two children. VII ^Rosella Rebecca Gibson b. Ashby, Sept. 20, 1825 i

VIP" Andrew Cutter Gibson of Fitchburg b. Ashby, Aug. 27, 1832; d. Ivcominster, Mass., July 23, 1873 ; bur. in Laurel Hill cemetery (Fitchburg) ; m. Mar. 23, 1858, Charlotte A. Billings of Fitchburg.

deeded him June 4, 1824 by liis parents, b. Ashbnrnliam, Feb. 12, 1796; d. July 28, 1881 ; m. (pub. Nov. 4, 1820) Rebecca Munroe (b. June 7, 1798), dan. of the revolutionary soldier Lt. Ebenezer Munroe of Lexington and Ashburnham, Mass., who is said to have fired the first shot at battle of Lexington in 1775. CHILDREN :

VII ^ Sophia Hartwell Munroe b. Ashburnham, Mar. 27, 1821 ; d. Fitchburg, June 17, 1895 ; m. Feb. 27, 1846, Winchester Wyman of Fitchburg (b. Cambridge, Nov. 7, 1821), son of Capt. William and Anna (Palmer) Wyman, and gr. son of William and Mary (Gibson) Wyman, see 27,

VII ^Porter Munroe of So. Acworth, N. H. and Brattleboro, Vt. b. Ashburnham, June 23, 1826; d. Oct. 30, 1880 ; m. Jan. i, 1849, Harriet Mavnard of Winchendon, IMass.; five children : ^ Ella Sophia Munroe b. Winchendon, Sept. 27, 1849 i m. Edward A. Warner of Springfield, Vt. ^ Harriet

V Beziileel Gibson of Fitchburg and Ash by, Mass., sixth child of Capt. Reuben li)2 and Lois (Smith) Gibson, b. Lunenburg (Fitchburg) ; bajD. Aug. 29, 1761, the name frequently spelled Berzelel or Bezeliel on old records ; d. Ashby, Nov. 17, 1840; m. at Acton, Mass. by Rev. Moses Adams, Nov. 23, 1784 (pub. Nov. 5, 1784), Lois Billings of Acton (bap. Ashby, July 21, 1822, d. Ashby, Oct. 27, 1854).

Mr. Gibson was a revolutionary soldier - private, Capt. William Henry's co. (a Worcester county regiment raised by order of Council Sept. 1779) Oct. 3 to Nov. 10, 1779, service at Castle and Governor's islands, Boston harbor.

Children : VI ' Bezaleel Gibson of Leominster, Mass. bap. Fitchburg First church, Oct. 16, 1785 ; d. Leominster, Aug. 6, 1855 ; m. (pub. Ap. 9, 1810) Lucinda Gibson (b. Ashburnham, Mass., Mar. 25, 1791, d. Sept. 9, 1852), dan. of Thomas and Relief (Hartwell) Gibson, see 221. Mr. Gibson was a thorough business man, buying and keeping the inn as early as 1816, opening a store in 1820 and later founding the comb manufacture which became a widespread industry throughout the town ; also a great temperance advocate and one of the original members about 1823 of the C. C. church. CHILDREN : children b. m Leominster: ^Alexander Waldo Gibson b. Nov. 13, 1837; m. May 3, 1859, Anibrozine Davidson. ^ Charles Henry Gibson of Fitchburg b. May 29, 1842 ; m. Nov. 15, 1882, Ellen Spill of Leominster. ^Theodore Augustus Gibson b. June 12, 1847.

VII ''George Payson Gibson of Leominster b. Leominster, Oct. 15, 1824 ; "1- Feb. 15, 1847, Lydia Simonds of Ashby (b. June 2, 1825) 5 cliildren. Mr. Gibson was a soldier in the civil war - enlisted Aug, 2, 1862, private, co. A, 36th reg. Mass. vol. infantry, discharged June, 1865.

Mr. Gibson, the " Arrington Gibson 3d" on Fitcliburg records, resided the greater part of his married life in the ancestral home on Pearl hill given him by his uncle Arrington; after his death the heirs sold the projDcrty, and the old house built by Capt. Reuben Gibson about 1746 and occupied for more than a century by his family, passed into the possession of strangers.

VII * Marietta Gibson b. Fitchburg, Jan. 3, 1841 ; m. Nov. 27, i860, George Lincoln Chipman of ^ Waltham, Mass.; one child: ^ Georgietta Chipman b. Fitchburg, Sept. 7, 1862 ; m. Dec. 27, 1892, William C. Merchant of Boston, Mass.

VII ^Caroline Belinda Gibson b. Fitchburg, June 9, 1845; "^- Dec. 3, 1877, Joseph Augustine Tufts of Fitchburg (b. Fitchburg, Jan. 25, 1836), son of Nathan A. and Eliza (Downe) Tufts, and gt. gr. son of Capt. William and Mary (Gib.son) Tliurlo, see 130,

VI ^Reuben Gibson of Fitchburg and New Salem, Mass., Troy, N. H. and Springfield, Vt. b. Fitchburg, Dec. 8, 1816; m. first, May 21, 1840, Louisa Pierce (d. Fitchburg); m. second, July 16, 1843, Mary Maynard (d. Fitchburg, Dec. 24, 1845 aged 22 years) ; m. third, Sarah A. Harris (d. Fitchburg) ; m. fourth, Eunice

VI Lemuel Whiting- Gibson of Fitclibiirg, Mass., fourth child of Israel 224 and Lucinda (Whiting) Gibson, b. Ashby, Mass., July i, 1804; d. May 26, 1856; m. (pub. Feb. 3, 1836) Jane E. Whittemore of Fitchburg (b. Dec. II, 1809).

VI Israel Gibson of Petersham, Mass. and Charlestown, N. H., seventh child of Israel 224: and lyucinda (Whiting) Gibson, b. Ashby, IMass., Ap. 24, 1811; d. Charlestown, July 10, 1881; m. Oct. 18, 1836 (pub. Sept.

Mr. Gibson was a soldier in the civil war - enlisted Nov. 27, 1861, private, co. D, 6th reg. N. H. infantry, wounded at battle of Chantilly, Va., Sept. i, 1862, discharged Nov. 30, 1862.

VII * Arvilla Gibson b. Fitchburg, Aug. 28, 1850; m. Aug. 13, 1872, Nelson G. Lewis of Fitchburg (b. Warrensburg, N. Y.) ; one child: 'Herman Gibson Lewis of Fitchburg, youngest child of the youngest child for six successive generations in descent from John Gibson, jr., b. Fitchburg, Sept. 9, 1874; unm.

VIII ^Ida Laura Gibson b. Winchendon, Mass., June 18, 1865 ; m. O. Pettis of Omaha ; two children b. in Omaha : ^ I. Nine Gibson Pettis b. Ap. 29, 1889. ^Albert Arrington Pettis b. Sept. 29, 1890. VIII ^Martin Arrington Gibson of De Bolt, Neb. b. Omaha. VII * Susan Ann Gibson b. Fitchburg, Jan. 22, 1835 ; m. Sept. 27, 1858, Gen. George Edwin Bryant of Madison, lawyer (b. Templeton, now Baldwinsville, Mass., Feb. 11, 1832), son of George Washington and Eunice (Norcross) Bryant of Templeton, Mass. and Fitzwilliam, N. H., and descendant of Abraham and Mary (Kendall) Bryant, residents in Reading (Wakefield), Mass. in 1664 (Gen. George E." ; George Washington " b. Feb. 22, 1800 ; Nathan''' of Templeton, a revolutionary soldier ; Thomas'" of Concord, Mass.; Thomas" of Reading ; Abraham ' ) ; also descendant of Roger Chandler of Concord in 1658, said to be gr. son, on the maternal side, of James Chilton, the Mayfioiver puritan in 1620, see note tinder 116.

He was a soldier in the civil war - on Jan. 9, 1861, the day of the withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union, Capt. Bryant offered the services of himself and his company (Madison Guards), enlisted Ap. 17 and mustered May 17, 1861, capt., co. E (Madison Guards), ist reg. Wis. vol. infantry (three months' service), mustered out Aug. 21, 1861; commissioned Sept. 27, 1861, col., 1 2th reg. Wis. vol. infantry, served as brigade commander in 1863 and 1864, mustered out Nov. 6, 1864; later made brigadier general. CHILDREN :

Page

347 Webster P. Monroe - chatige to - Webster Porter Munroe (b. Sept. 26, 1861, d. Nov. 5, 1883), son of Orison J. and Ann E. (Newton) Munroe, and gr. son of John and Sophia (Gibson) Munroe, see 221.

Gibson Consorts

Stearns, Ellen P., 464 Stearns, T, J., 204 Stebbins, Charles W., 40S Stebbius, Dorothy W., iS Stebbins, Luceue A., 419 Stedman, Mrs. Elizabeth (Reuiintr ton), 8 ^

Source changes here: from A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630-1913, by Eliot, Samuel Atkins, published 1913; 162,031 words in this source stream.

Preface

"Of the making of books there is no end," and, while histories are issued less frequently than books of fiction, travel or science, still the publication of a work of this nature requires little in the way of an introductory notice. Cambridge is rich in historical material - not only the history of the dim, distant past, but the history of the present, for it must be borne in mind that the future of tomorrow quickly becomes the present of today, even more swiftly to fade into the past of yesterday. Indeed, we are constantly making history, and who knows with what interest the readers of the next centvuy will peruse the record of this very day and hour? It has been so long since a history of Cambridge was pubUshed - nearly forty years, in fact - that it seems proper at this time to bring out a work which shall present to strangers and information-seekers a true record of the Cambridge of the past and of the present, while at the same time giving to the residents of the city and those who are familiar with its traditions and institutions a volimie which will furnish accurate information and, at the same time, interesting reading. In this volume the emphasis has been placed upon the quality of the men and women who have made the renown of Cambridge rather than upon the chronology of its history or the record of the passing day. While neglecting no important movement of occasion, the present writer has tried primarily to describe the purposes and accomplishments of the people who composed the town and to depict the minds and characters of the Cambridge citizens whose lives, whether famous or obscure, have made the events possible and carried the hopes of each generation toward fulfilment.

Table Of Contents The Foundations

Introductory - Arrival of Governor John Winthrop and his company in Massachusetts Bay - Settlement at Charlestown and the organization of the first church - Scarcity of water causes the settlers to disperse - Boston settled and named - The search for a position less open to attack results in the choice of Newtowne - Thomas Dudley and other early inhabitants - The Braintree company - The original town - The Rev. Thomas Shepard and his flock - The founding of Harvard College 9-15

The Founders

The English Puritans - Thomas Dudley; his family; his military career and connection with the courts; his contemporaries - Political and religious unrest in England - Dudley and the Earl of Lincoln - Protestants, oppressed in England, meet with reverses on the Continent - The Puritans at a conference at Cambridge, England, decide to emigrate to America - The twelve signers - The Massachusetts Bay Company - The Puritan exodus - Thomas Hooker; his career in England - He arrives at Newtown and becomes pastor - Thomas Shepard and his troubles in England - Shepard minister of a new church at Newtowne - Qualities of Dudley, Hooker and Shepard 16-23

The Church

The great aim of the settlers - The first meeting-house - The gathering of February 11, 1636 - Winthrop, l5udley, Vane and other notable men present - Shepard chosen pastor - How the question of a new form of church government worked out in New England - Nearly all the first ministers originally ordained clergymen of the Church of England - The New England churches, at first independent, drawn into close alliance - The development of Congregationalism and its adoption to the new life of the Western Continent 24-29

The College

The colonists desire to advance education - The General Court votes four hundred pounds towards a college - Newtowne selected for the site and renamed Cambridge - A committee chosen and the erection of a building begun - Description of the edifice - John Harvard; his family and education - He comes to America - His early death - His bequest to Harvard - Gifts from others - The first book in America is printed - President Dunster - The first Commencement and the first graduates - Board of Overseers established and the Charter granted 30-37

The Colony

Massachusetts in 1641^Independence of the colony and its efficient government - The Charter - The first session of the General Court held at Boston - The attempt to limit the franchise to church members - Widespread misunderstanding of the motives of the founders of Massachusetts - Roger Williams - Anne Hutchinson - Re-election of Winthrop and return of Vane to England - The Charter saved by Winthrop's management - The "Body of Liberties" - The New England Confederation 38-45

The Community

The original Newtowne and its subsequent enlargement - The military force - Picture of Cambridge in the latter half of the seventeenth century - Important houses and estates - The "Printery" - Manners and customs - Interest in education and influence of the ministers - President Dunster's heresy and that of Benanuel Bower - A dwelling-house for the minister built at public expense - Dr. Chauncy - Daniel Gookin - Relations with the Indians - John Eliot - Thomas Danforth - The Charter revoked - The royal Province of Massachusetts " 46-56

The Village

VII THE VILLAGE Increase in prosperity - -Influence of the CoUege^A new Harvard Hall built in 1682^The College described by two Dutch travelers - Increase Mather made president ; his personality - New buildings begin to appear - Record of those who graduated during Mather's presidency - John Leverett president - Benjamin Wadsworth - Edward Holyoke - Harvard Hall burnt and the present building erected on the old site - St or)' of the Cambridge Church - William Brattle's pastorate - Nathan Appleton - A new Parsonage built - George Whitefield and his controversy with the College - The fourth meeting-house built - A new element comes into Cambridge life with the advent of families of wealth - Christ Church is built for the Episcopalians - Several distinguished lawyers - The village as it appeared just before the Revolution 57-75

The Siege

THE SIEGE Discontent with the British government - The Stamp Act and the Taxation Act - Committee? of Correspondence formed - Coercive measures and the appointment of General Gage as military governor - His acts lead to riotous scenes in Cambridge - The Massachusetts Assembly meets at Salem, adjourns first to Concord, then to Cambridge, and votes that military preparations be made - The 19th of April, 1775 - The Cambridge Train band - Combat at Menotomy and North Cambridge - Cambridge men who lost their lives - The days following the battle of Lexington see Cambridge filled with American fighting men - Flight of the loyalists; their fate - The besieging force - The battle of Bunker Hill; Colonel Thomas Gardner's death - Washington, selected as general-in-chief by the Continental Congress, comes to Cambridge and takes command of the army under the great elm - Famous Revolutionary officers and public men at Cambridge during the siege - Raw troops drilled and forts built - Slow progress of the siege - Treason of Church - The British evacuate Boston and American troops take possession .76-89

The Town

IX THE TOWN Cambridge after the siege - A list of patriot soldiers - General Burgoyne and the troops that surrendered with him detained at Cambridge - The Constitution of Massachusetts framed in the meeting-house - ^Washington revisits the town - Visit of Lafayette - Development of the eastern part of the town - The purchasers of the Tory estates - The West Boston Bridge opened for travel - Effect of the Embargo Act and the War of 1812 on Cambridge - Dowell's description of the town in 1824 - Andrew Craigie and East Cambridge - Harvard Square and its environs in the early part of the nineteenth century - The old meeting-house and new churches - Wadsworth House - The College Yard - The dormitories - Student life - The old Court House - Noteworthy houses - "Tory Row" - Birthplace of Oliver Wendell Holmes - "Professors' Row" - Margaret Fuller - Washington AUston - Nathaniel F. Wyeth - President Kirkland - Josiah Quincy - Famous College professors - Judge Joseph Story - Theologians - Edward Everett, John Quincy Adams and John S. Popkin - Three presidents; Sparks, Walker and Felton - Francis Sales - Charles FoUen - Louis Agassiz; his scientific enthusiasm - The humble beginnings of the Museum of Comparative Zoology - Debt of Cambridge to Agassiz - What Darwin said of him - Mount Auburn 90-1 16

The City

THE CITY Cambridge receives a City Charter - Needs of the young city - The new city government - Causes of the growth of Cambridge - Boston merchants and professional men residents - Influence of the University - Reasons for the number of factories - Characteristic industries - The water- works - Cambridge public schools; Private schools; Professional schools - Cambridge a great center for the education of ministers - Radcliffe College - Parks and playgrounds - Churches and charitable institutions - Banking and public service corporations - Frederick H. Rindge and his gifts to the city; Public Library, Manual Training School, High and Latin Schools, City Hall - The population doubled in thirty years - Cambridge patriotism - Loyalty of Cambridge people to their city - James Russell Lowell - Richard Henry Dana - Charles Eliot Norton - Noted men of letters - Longfellow; his life in Cambridge - William Dean Howell's account of his Cambridge neighbors - John Fiske - Henry James and his sons - ^Joseph E. Worcester, the lexicographer, and William E. Rolfe, the Shakespearean scholar - Other leaders in science and literature - Emerson 117-138

The Outlook

THE OUTLOOK Prestige of Cambridge - Cambridge compared with other American cities - Problems of public service - Administration - Cambridge fortunate in the plan and names of the streets - Necessity for care in the development of the newer parts of the city - The main highways and the amount of traffic carried - Schools and libraries - Police and fire departments - Health statistics - Water supply - Hospitals - Topography of the city - The Charles River - Parkway development - The approaches to the city from Boston - Question of new bridges - City planning - Playgrounds - Growing density of population and the problems resulting therefrom - Civic spirit of Cambridge 140-153

The Foundations

CAMBRIDGE is an interesting place in which to hve, because it is hallowed by so many heroic memories. There is a good background of inspiring tradition. The very dust is eloquent of the long procession of saints and sages, soldiers, scholars and poets, whose works and words have made the renown of the place. The names of the Cambridge streets and schools recall its historic associations and its former inhabitants. Winthrop, Dudley, Endicott and Eliot Streets commemorate the founders of the Massachusetts Colony. The names of Washington and Green, Prescott and Putnam, recall the times when those patriot soldiers commanded the revolutionary army here at the siege of Boston. Hancock, Ellery and Gerry Streets are named for signers of the Declaration of Independence who lived in Cambridge or had close associations with the town. The streets named for the Cambridge families of the period before the Revolutionary War, such as Vassall, Oliver, Inman, Dana, Danforth, Lee, Trowbridge, Remington and Brattle, recall the Tory gentry who made the town the center of an abundant hospitality, and who maintained a genial social life, whose memories still linger in the beautiful homes they left behind them. There are streets named for the college presidents, Dunster, Chauncy, Wadsworth, Holyoke, Willard, Langdon, Kirkland, Quincy, Sparks, Everett, Felton and Walker; and for distinguished college professors like Ware, Channing, Story, Bond, Farrar, Francis, Frisbie, Follen, Gumey and Peabody. Shepard Street is named for the first pastor of the^First Church. Appleton Street recalls the name of Nathaniel Appleton, who was minister of the same church for more than fifty years. Allston Street takes its name from the famous Cambridge-bom painter, Washington Allston, and Lowell Street and Holmes Place from the two Cambridge-born poets. Riedesel Avenue reminds us of the time when the German troops captured at Saratoga were quartered in Cambridge. The streets named Craigie, Fayerweather, CooUdge, Gushing, Wyeth, Brewster, Hastings and Sidney, tell us of the local worthies who developed the town. The names of Decatur, Perry, Lawrence, Erie and Niagara recall the times of the War of 1812, and the names of Grant, Andrew, Banks, Ericsson, Sherman and Sheridan arouse the stirring memories of the period of the Civil War. The names of Garfield and Cleveland, of Washburn and Greenhalge, of Russell, Houghton, Allen and Bancroft remind us of more recent leaders in the nation, the Commonwealth and the city. Waterhouse Street and Wyman Square are named for distinguished Cambridge physicians, Agassiz and Gray for the great scientists who made Cambridge famous by their presence and their work, and Longfellow Park for the beloved poet who made Cambridge his home. Then there are the streets that remind us of the landmarks of the place: Harvard Street, leading to the College Yard; Divinity Avenue, to the Divinity School; Garden Street, leading to the Botanic Garden, which is appropriately bordered on the south by a street named for the great botanist, Linnaeus. Arsenal Square one of the autumn days after the}' had established themselves at Boston, rowed three or four miles up the Charles River behind Boston until they came to a meadow gently sloping to the riverside, backed by rounded hills and protected by wide-spreading salt marshes. This, wrote Winthrop, seemed to all "a fit place for a fortified town, and we took time to consider further about it." To quote the old chronicle written by Edward Johnson in 1654 and called "The Wonderworking Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England," "They rather made choice to enter further among the Indians than to hazard the fury of malignant adversaries who might pursue them, and therefore chose a place situated upon Charles River, between Charlestown and Watertown, where they erected a towne called Newtowne, and where they gathered the 8th Church of Christ."

Thomas Dudley, describing these events in his famous letter to the Countess of Lincoln, says, "We began again to consult about a fit place to build a town upon, leaving all thoughts of a fort, because upon any invasion we were necessarily to lose our houses when we should retire thereinto. So after diverse meetings at Boston, Roxbury and Watertown, on the twenty-eighth of December (1G30), we grew to this resolution, to bind all assistants (Mr. Endicott and Mr. Sharpe excepted, which last purposeth to return by the next ship to England) to build houses at a place a mile east from Watertown, near Charles River, the next spring, and to winter there the next year; that so by our examples, and by removing the ordnance and munition thither, all who were able might be drawn thither, and such as shall come to us hereafter, to their advantage, be compelled so to do; and so, if God would, a fortified town might there grow up."

According to this agreement, the Governor, John Winthrop, the Deputy-Governor, Thomas Dudley, and all the councillors, except John Endicott, who had already settled at Salem, were to build and occupy houses at Newtowne in the spring of ]()31, but this agreement was never carried out. Winthrop, Dudley and Bradstreet built their houses, and the General Cn-rt of the colon}' met alternately at Newtowne and at Boston until 1638, when it finally settled in Boston. Winthrop removed his house to Boston, thereby stirring up a controversy with Dudley which was never completely healed, and the other leaders of the colony settled elsewhere.

The inhabitants of the Newtowne during the first year of its existence probably did not number more than ten families, yet there were enough men to be noted in an order of the Court on July 26, 1631, requiring military training. In the "Towne Book" there are recorded the names of eight heads of families living in what is now Old Cambridge, in the summer of 1631. They are "Mr. Thomas Dudley, Esq., Mr. Symon Bradstreet, Mr. Edmond Lockwood, Mr. Daniell Patrick, John Poole, William Spencer, John Kirman, Symon Sackett."

Of these eight persons who laid the foundation of the Newtowne, Thomas Dudley was the leader. He was the first Deputy-Governor of the Colony, became Governor in 1634, and was either Governor, Deputy-Governor, or Assistant, during the remainder of his life. In 1636 he removed from Cambridge to Ipswich. Later he removed again to Roxbury, where he died July 31, 1653. Simon Bradstreet was an Assistant from 1630 to 1678; Deputy-Governor in 1678; Governor from 1679 to 1686, and from 1689 to 1692. He removed to Ipswich with Dudley, whose daughter was his wife; was afterwards in Andover for a short time; then in Boston until September 18, 1695, when he removed to Salem, and died there, March 27, 1697. Edmond Lockwood was evidently a man of substance for he was appointed by the General Court Constable of the Newtowne at its organization, and at the same session was selected as one of the two deputies of the town to the General Court. He died before March, 1635. Daniel Patrick had been a soldier in the guard of the Prince of Orange and was one of the two captains originally appointed to command the militia of the Colony. He served three months in the Pequot War and performed other military duties. In 1637 he planned to follow Dudley and Bradstreet to Ipswich, but seems rather to have gone to Watertown, where he was a Selectman in 1638. He afterwards removed to Connecticut, and was killed in a quarrel with Dutch traders at Stamford in 1643. The name of "Captain's Island" at the foot of Magazine Street preserves his memory. John Poole probably remained in the Newtowne only a few months, as he is not named in the list of proprietors in 1633. He appears afterwards as a citizen of Lynn and he died at Reading, April 1, 1667. William Spencer was one of the "principal gentlemen." He was associated with Mr. Lockwood in 1632, as the first deputy of the town and continued to serve until 1637. He was one of the first Board of Selectmen in 1635; the lieutenant of the trainband in 1637, a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company at its organization in 1639, and he died in 1640. John Kirman removed to Lynn in 1632, and was a deputy from that place in 1635. Simon Sackett died before November 3d, 1635, when administration was granted to his widow, Isabell Sackett.

In the spring of 1632 the settlement received a great addition to its population. The Puritan congregation of Braintree, in Essex, England, had emigrated in a body, and were soon followed by their famous minister, Thomas Hooker, afterwards the founder of Connecticut and the man who first visioned and did much to inake possible our American democracy. The Braintree company first located at Mount Wollaston but soon removed to the Newtowne, raising the population to some four hundred souls. House lots were laid out compactly, and farming and grazing lands assigned to each household. Rules were adopted for the well-being of the community. Town meetings were provided for on the first Monday of each month and at the first of these meetings it was ordered, "that no person whatever (shall set) up any house in the bounds of this town (without) leave from the major part.

These regulations appear to have been successful, for in 1633 a traveller, the author of "New England's Prospect," described the village as "one of the neatest and best compacted towns in New England, having many structures, with many handsome contrived streets. The inhabitants, most of them, are rich and well stored with cattle of all sorts." This is doubtless an extravagant picture and true only in comparison with some of the neighboring plantations which were not so favorably situated. So primitive was the place that Thomas Dudley, the chief man of the town, writing home, could say, " I have no table or any place to write in than by the fireside on my knee."

The original town was all contained within the small section between Harvard Square' and the river, from Holyoke Street on the east to Brattle Square on the west. By 1635, the streets, now called Mount Auburn, Winthrop, South, Holyoke, Dunster and Boylston, had come into existence within these limits, and there were some eighty-five dwelling-houses. The meeting-house, built of rough-hewn boards with the crevices sealed with mud, stood at the crossing of the road with the path that led down to the river, where there was a ladder for the convenience of a landing. The northem frontier street, upon the line of Massachusetts Avenue and Harvard Square, was called Braintree Street. The road upon the site of what is now Brattle Square was known as Creek Lane, and it was continvied in a southeasterly sweep into Boylston Street bj^ Marsh Lane, afterwards called Eliot Street. On the north side of Braintree Street, opposite Dunster, and thence eastward about as far as Linden Street, stood a row of houses, and at their back, where the College Yard now is, was the forest. Through this forest ran the trail or path from Charlestown to Watertown, which coincided pretty closely with the line of Kirkland, Mason, Brattle, Elmwood and Mount Auburn Streets. This was the first path from the seaboard into the inland country. It followed the windings of river and marsh. A palisaded wall, with a ditch, for defense against Indians and wolves, started at "Windmill Hill," or the present site of Ash Street, and ran along the western and northern sides of the

A History Of Cambridge, Massachusetts

Eastward from Holyoke(then called Crooked) Street ran Back Lane, while Braintree Street, deflecting southeastward, took the name of Field Lane. These two lanes, meeting near the present junction of Bow and Arrow Streets, formed the "highway into the Neck." "The Neck," was a name for the territory now covered by Cambridgeport and East Cambridge. It was largelj' a salt marsh but the arable land was parceled out among the inhabitants in severalty. The western part was cut up into small portions of from one to three acres, but to the eastward of the site of Hancock Street it was granted in large tracts of from twenty to sixty acres. This region of the Neck was marked off and protected by a fence which ran - to use modem names - from Holyoke Place to Gore Hall, and thence to the line between Cambridge and Somerville at Line Street near Cambridge Street. "Thus we find," said John Fiske, "in the beginnings of Cambridge clear traces of the ancient English method of forming a town, with its threefold partition into town mark, arable mark, and common."

A little later a second arable portion was inclosed between Garden Street and Vassall Lane, westward from Wyeth Street to Fresh Pond meadows; this was known as the "West Field." Another farming region, a little to the north of the Palfrey estate on Oxford Street, was known as "Pine Swamp Field." Extensive marshes stretched along the bank of the river from the vicinity of Mount Auburn to East Cambridge. Along the west side of Brattle Square ran a small creek, which curved southwestward through the marshes. This creek, deepened and widened into a canal, furnished access to the Town from the river, and at its mouth a ferry was established in 1635, connecting with a road on the south bank through Brookline and Roxbur>^ to Boston Neck. The only other communication with Boston was by river or over the trail to Charlestown and thence by ferry to Copp's Hill. No bridge was built until as late as 1662 when the "Great Bridge" - now the Boylston Street Bridge - was completed.

The Braintree company lingered long enough at Newtowne to get their houses built and their farms broken, but then determined upon another removal. Some adventurous spirits had penetrated the wilderness of the interior until they discovered the charm and fertility of the valley of the Connecticut, and soon Hooker and his company were impelled b}- "the strong bent of their spirits" to remove thither. They alleged, in petitioning the General Court for permission to remove, that their cattle were cramped for room in Newtowne, and that it behooved the English colonists to keep the Dutch out of Connecticut ; but the real motive of the exodus was doubtless ecclesiastical. Hooker did not find himself altogether in accord with the Boston teacher, John Cotton. "Two such eminent stars," says Hubbard, writing in 1682, "both of the first magnitude, though of different influence, could not well continue in one and the same orb." Hooker's subsequent conduct of affairs in Connecticut shows that he did not approve the Massachusetts policy of restricting the suffrage to church members. In the spring of 1636, therefore. Hooker and most of his congregation sold their possessions, and, driving one hundred and sixty cattle before them, went on their way to the planting of Hartford and the founding of a new Commonwealth.

The rude houses of Hooker's congregation were bought by a newly-arrived company, the flock of the Rev. Thomas Shepard. This firm but gentle leader, who left a deep impress on the habit of the town, was a youth of thirty-one, and a graduate, like many of the Massachusetts leaders, of Emmanuel College at Cambridge. He came to New England with a company of earnest followers, actuated, as he wrote, by desire for "the fruition of God's ordinances. Though my motives were mixed, and I looked much to my own quiet, yet the Lord let me see the glory of liberty in New England, and made me purpose to live among God's people as one come from the dead to His praise." His brave young wife died "in unspeakable joy" only a fortnight after his settlement at Newtowne, and was soon followed by the chief man of his flock and his closest friend, Roger Harlakenden, another godly youth of the manly tj'pe of English pioneers.

The Foundations

At once, too. Shepard was plunged into the stormy debates of the Antinomian Controversy which nearly caused a permanent division in the Massachusetts churches. The general election of 1637, which was held on the Common at Newtowne, was a tumultuous gathering, and discussion over the merits of "grace" and "works" ran high till John Wilson, minister of the Boston church, climbed up into a big oak tree, and made a speech which carried the day for John Winthrop to the confusion of the heretical disciples of Anne Hutchinson. Through these stormy waters Shepard steered his course so discreetly that he came into high favor among all people as a sound and vigilant minister, and Cotton Mather tells us that "it was \vith a respect unto this vigilancy and the enlightening and powerful ministry' of Mr. Shepard that, when the foundation of a college was to be laid, Cambridge, rather than any other place, was pitched upon to be the seat of that happy seminary."

The founding of Harvard College by the little colony was one of the most heroic, devout and fruitful events of American history. It was on the 2Sth day of October, WM\, Sir

Harry Vane - Milton's "Vane, young in years, but in sage counsel old" - being the Governor, the General Court of the colony passed the following memorable vote; "The Court agrees to give £400 towards a school or college - whereof £200 shall be paid the next year and £200 when the work is finished." Never were the foundations of such a structure laid by a community of men so poor, and under such sullen and averted stars. The colony was nothing but a handful of settlers barely clinging to the windswept coast ; it was feeble and insignificant, in danger from Indians on the one hand and foreign foes on the other; it was in throes of dissension on the matter o f heresy which th r e a t e n e d to divide it, yet so resolved were the people that "the Com m onwealth be furnished with knowing and understanding men and the churches with an able ministry," that they voted the entire armual income of the colony to establish a place of learning. In the following year the original vote was supplemented by a further order that the college " is ordered to be at Newtowne, and that Newtowne shall henceforth be called Cambridge."

The Founders

WHAT manner of men were these who founded Cambridge? To say that they were English Puritans does not tell the whole story, for to many minds of the twentieth century Puritanism means little more than a harsh and narrow theology and a severe social and domestic discipline. We too easily forget that "the whole history of English progress since the Restoration has been the history of Puritanism. ' ' The Puritans were the people who carried the principles of the Protestant Reformation to their natural and logical applications. Wherever the Puritans went there went the seeds of "a church without a bishop and a state without a king." Macaulay said of them that they were "the most remarkable body of men which the world has ever produced." Hume wrote that "the precious spark of liberty had been kindled and was preserved by the Puritans alone;" and that "it is to them that the English owe the whole freedom of their Constitution." Carlyle called the Puritan movement "the last of all our Heroisms. . . . Few nobler Heroisms, - at bottom perhaps, no nobler Heroism ever transacted itself on this earth."

The three Thomases who had most to do with the beginnings of Cambridge were typical Puritans. To follow the careers and describe the characters of Thomas Dudley, Thomas Hooker and Thomas Shepard is to reveal the motives and the potency of the Puritan moverhent. We can study these men now impartially and intelligently and the more we know of them the more cause have we to rejoice in our inheritances from them.

Thomas Dudley was a man of fifty-four when he came to America. With him came his wife, Dorothy Dudley, his son Samuel, a youth of twenty-two, and his four daughters, Anne, Patience, Sarah and Mercy. Anne was already the bride of stout Simon Bradstreet. Dudley was a native of Northamptonshire. His mother died when he was very young, and when he was but fourteen years old his father, Captain Roger Dudley, was killed fighting on the Protestant side at the Battle of Ivry. Cotton Mather records in his history that as soon as Thomas Dudley "had passed his childhood he was by those that stood his best friends preferred to be a page to the Earl of Northampton, under whom he had opportunity to learn courtship and whatever belonged to civility and good behavior; with that earl he tarried till he was ripe for higher service. ' ' This appointment brought him into relations with one of the great families of the Midlands and put him in what Ben Jonson, who was two years older than Dudley, called the " succession for the noblest way

Attaining his majority, Dudley, by the goodwill of Lord Compton, obtained a Captain's commission and led a company to the wars in France. At the siege of Amiens he fought under the great King Henry, of Navarre, in whose service his father had fallen seven years before. When Amiens surrendered Dudley came back to England and seems at once to have found employment as a clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, sitting at Westminster. His immediate connection was with Sir Augustus Nichols who, says Cotton Mather, "being his kinsman also by the mother's side, took more special notice of him; and from him, being a prompt young man, he learned much skill in the law, and attained to such abilities as rendered him capable of performing a secretary's place, for he was known to have a very good pen, to draw up an3^ writing in succinct and apt expressions." At this time he married Dorothy Yorke, a daughter of one of his former neighbors in Northamptonshire and "a gentlewoman both of good estate and good extraction." She bore the five children who accompanied their parents to America, and

The connection of Dudley with the Courts ceased with the death of Judge Nichols, but during this relationship Dudley must have lived right at the center of all the political and religious agitations of that stirring time. Those were the days when Shakespeare was living in London and when his plays were being produced at the Globe and Blackfriars theatres. The makers of the King James version of the Bible were at work in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster and finished their immortal labors in 1611. Francis Bacon was ruling in the realm of the intellect and Sir Edward Coke was laying the foundations of jurisprudence. Sir John Eliot and Sir Thomas Wentworth were just coming into fame as the great antagonists in Parliament. With all these Dudley may well have come into personal relations.

But more than all those were the days when the passion for freedom and hatred of kingly and ecclesiastical oppression found utterance in England. The otherwise glorious reign of Queen Elizabeth was stained by horrible cruelty toward all who refused, for conscience sake, to conform to the dogmas and ceremonies of the Church of England. The Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity made nonconformity first treason and then a felony. The progressive Protestants found Elizabeth as "bloody" as Mary; and the only alleviation was that the victims of ecclesiastical tyranny were hanged instead of burned.

Things were no better under Elizabeth's successor. James Stuart had been king of England but ten months when he invited the leading Puritan clergymen to meet himself and the bishops in a conference about the government and ritual of the church. In the course of the discussion he lost his temper and stormed, as was his wont. The mention of the word "presbytery" lashed him into fury. "A Scottish presbyter}^" he cried, "agreeth as well with a monarchy as God and the Devil. Then Jack and Tom and Will and Dick shall meet, and at their pleasure censure me and 'my council, and all our proceedings. . . . Stay I pray you, for seven years, before you demand that from me, and if then yovL find me pursy and fat, and my windpipes stuffed, I will perhaps hearken to you. . . . Until you find that I grow lazy, let that alone. ' ' One of the bishops declared that in this tirade his Majesty spoke by special inspiration from Heaven! The Puritans saw that they could expect nothing from the King. If any doubt remained, it was dispelled by the vicious threat with which the king broke up the conference. "I will make them conform," said he, "or I will harry them out of the land."

This purpose the King and the bishops proceeded to carry out with unspeakable cruelty, and with all the persecutions and the hangings Dudley, as an officer of the Court, must have been familiar. He was still presumably a member of the Church of England; but more and more his sturdy common sense, his passion for reality, and his hatred of tyrrany, inclined him to association with the persecuted non-conformists.

In 1616 he was invited by the Earl of Lincoln to become the manager of his estates. Now the Earl was at that time the most conspicuous layman of the Puritan party and his house at Sempringham in Lincolnshire was in no small degree the head center of Puritan consultation and action. The eastern counties of England, the region between the Humber and the Thames, had for two centuries been the hotbed of heresy and independency. It was in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, and among the fens of Ely, Cambridge and Huntington, that Puritanism was strongest. It was as member and leading spirit of the Eastern Counties Association that Oliver Cromwell began his career; and, in the Civil War, East Anglia was from first to last the one region in which the supremacy of Parliament was unquestionable and impregnable. While every one of the forty counties of England was represented among the settlers of Massachusetts, the eastern counties contributed far more than all the rest. An accurate investigator reports that two-thirds of the American people who can trace their ancestry to New England might follow it back to East Anglia ; one-sixth might follow it to the southwestern counties - -Devonshire, Dorset, and Somerset - which so long were foremost in maritime enterprise, and one-sixth to all the other parts of England put together. It was not by accident that the oldest counties of Massachusetts were called Suffolk, Norfolk and Essex, that the Lincolnshire Boston gave its name to the chief city of New England, and that names like Ipswich, Lynn, Chelmsford, Braintree, Sudbury, Haverhill, Hingham and Needham appeared very early on the map of Massachusetts.

For fourteen years Dudley discharged the arduous duties of his office as the trusted "Steward" of the Earl of Lincoln. He rescued the estates from impending bankruptcy and proved himself a faithful and efficient man of business. At Sempringham he met all the Puritan leaders of the time and with them entered into high debate about all manner of things involving church and state. For a while he lived at the Lincolnshire Boston under the ministry of John Cotton, and again at Clipsham in Rutland, near the family of Isaac Johnson, who had married the Lady Arbella, sister of the Earl of Lincoln.

Meanwhile the stupid tyranny of the Stuart Kings and the bigotry of their ecclesiastical agents went on "harrying" the Non-conformists. Charles Stuart succeeded his father in 1623, and his character was such as to emphasize and increase the evils of his father's reign. Both father and son had some good intentions and both were sincere believers in their own theory of the business of being a King, while "for wrong-headed obstinacy and bottomless perfidy, there was nothing to choose between them." During the first four years of Charles' reign, the king's purpose to rule as an absolute monarch and the impossibility of expecting him to keep his promises became perfectly apparent. Despite all protest the king persisted in levying illegal taxes and to some extent was able to collect them. Men who refused to pay enforced loans were thrown into jail and the writ of habeas corpus was denied them. The treatment of the Non-conformists became even more severe, and fines, imprisonment and exile for breaches of the ecclesiastical decrees became more and more common.

While affairs at home thus went from bad to worse, the news from abroad was equally discouraging. In France the surrender of Rochelle had ended the existence of the Protestants as an armed political party. In

Germany the terrible Thirty Years' War had just reached the darkest moment for the Protestants, and as yet there was no sign that Gustavus Adolphus was to cross the Baltic and bring the Swedish legions to the rescue of the cause of liberty. Everywhere in Europe the champions of freedom were hard pressed, if not completely overthrown. Well might the Puritans begin to look across the broad ocean and to wonder if they might not in the untamed wildness of the new continent find an escape from a situation that was fast becoming intolerable. The settlers of Jamestown in Virginia, for all their mishaps, had at least shown that the ocean could be overpassed and the wilderness tamed. The bold Separatists of Plymouth had pioneered the way to New England and for eight years had been clinging to the edge of the shaggy continent. "Learn wisdom, my countrymen," cried John White, the Puritan minister of Dorchester, "from the ruin which has befallen the Protestants at Rochelle and in the Palatinate; learn to avoid the plague while it is foreseen, and not to tarry as they did till it overtook them." The Puritan party in England was numerous and powerful, but none could foretell the issue of the impending conflict. Clearly it was well to establish a strong and secure retreat in America. What had been done at Plymouth by a few people of humble maans might be done on a much greater scale by an association of men of larger resources.

Many were the conferences at Sempringham or at Boston or around the table at Emmanuel College at Cambridge. It was at a meeting of these Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire neighbors at the English Cambridge on the the 26th of August, 1629, that the agreement to emigrate to America was finally drawn up and signed by the twelve gentlemen who thereby adventured their lives and fortunes in the effort to plant a colony in the wilderness where they might embody their ideals of a Christian Commonwealth. We have sometimes been led to suppose that Puritanism meant the rule of narrow-minded Calvinist ministers, but the twelve signers of this agreement were all laymen, country gentlemen and men of affairs.

minded of the Puritan leaders, the founder of Watertown, and the ancestor of one of the most serviceable of Massachusetts families. Dudley's name stands second. Then comes the name of William Vassall, the first of that family to appear in New England. We shall meet the descendants of William's brother, Samuel Vassall, later in this history, for they were the leading family in Cambridge in the days before the Revolution. Isaac Johnson and John Humphrey signed the agreement. Both were men of property and standing, brothers-in-law of the Earl of Lincoln. Johnson was the largest subscriber to the joint stock of the company. He and his wife, the Lady Arbella, were among the first of the Colonists to die. Of her the New England historian Hubbard wrote that she came "from a paradise of plenty and pleasure into a wilderness of wants," and Cotton Mather adds that " she took New England in her way to heaven." She died in August, 1630, and her husband followed her a month later. His grave was the first made in what was later the King's Chapel burial ground. Winthrop wrote of him that "he was a holy man and wise, and died in sweet peace, leaving some part of his estate to the Colony." John Hampden was the executor of his will.

John Winthrop's name stands ninth on the list. He was at that time in his forty-second year, grave and modest, tender and true, a man already famed for the strength and beauty of his character, the weight of his judgment and the charity of his disposition. Increase Nowell was another signer, and was later Selectman of Charlestown for nineteen years, and for six years the faithful secretary of the Colony. Of the other signers William Colbum became the ruling Elder of the First Church in Boston, and William Pynchon laid the foundations of the town of Roxbury and later was the father of Springfield on the Connecticut. Of the remaining three, two failed to keep the agreement to emigrate and one returned to England after a very brief stay in Massachusetts.

The adventurers hastened to ally themselves with the Massachusetts Bay Company that had in the previous year secured the grant of a tract of land including all the territory between the Merrimac and the Charles Rivers, and had already despatched John Endicott and his comrades to America. Of this company Matthew Cradock, a wealthy Puritan merchant in London, was governor, and the records show that Sir Richard Saltonstall, Mr. Humphrey, Mr. Vassall and Mr. Nowell had been engaged in the enterprise from its beginning. Mr. Pynchon's name appears on the record as early as May 11, 1629, and Isaac Johnson's name appears in the governing board in the same month. Two days after the signing of the Cambridge agreement, these six presented the articles of the agreement to the Company, and there was much discussion over the stipulation that the government of the Colony should be transferred from the meeting of the Company in London to the actual Colonists themselves settled or to be settled in New England. That was a vital issue and the decision meant much for the future destinies of America. The subject was first proposed at the meeting of the Company on July 28, 1629, at the house of the Deputy-Governor, Thomas Goffe, in London, bj' Mr. Cradock, the then Governor of the Company, who "read certain propositions conceived by himself; viz., that for the advancement of the plantation, the inducing and encouraging persons of worth and quality to transplant themselves and families thither, and for other weighty reasons therein contained, to transfer the government of the plantation to those that shall inhabit there, and not to continue the same in subordination to the Company here, as it now is."

The proposition was too important to be the subject of hasty decision, and the Record states that, " by reason of the many great and considerable consequences thereupon depending, it was not now resolved upon." The members of the Company were requested to consider it "privately and seriously." This call for "private and serious" consideration furnishes abundant proof that the Company understood how important and how bold a measure their Governor had proposed to them. It was no mere measure of emigration or colonization. It was a measure of self-governing independence.

A History Of Cambridge, Massachusetts

August, 1629; but the interval had not been unimproved by those who desired to have the question wisely and rightly decided. It had cost them, we may well believe, many an anxious hour of deliberation and consultation; but the act of the signers of the Cambridge agreement settled the issue. The most significant clause of that memorable agreement stated the condition upon which the signers agreed so solemnly, "to pass the seas (under God's protection), to inhabit and continue in New England." The clause read:

" Provided always, that before the last of September next, the whole Government, together with the patent for the said Plantation, be first, by an order of Court, legally transferred and established to remain with us and others which shall inhabit upon the said Plantation."

These men were not proposing to go to New England as adventurers or traffickers; not for the profits of a voyage, or the pleasure of a visit; but "to inhabit and continue" there. And they were tmwilling to do this while an}- merely subordinate jurisdiction was to be exercised there, and while the}- would be obliged to look -to a Governor and Company in London for supreme authority. They were resolved, if they went at all, to carry " the whole Government" with them.

"Where, by erection of hands, it appeared, by the general consent of the Company, that the government and patent should be settled in New England."

The names of Winthrop and Dudley first appear on the Company's record as present at the meeting of October 15, 1629. Five days later, as the vote establishing the government in New England required that the officers should be chosen from those who were to emigrate, Winthrop was elected governor in the place of Mr. Cradock, and John Humphrey was elected Deputy-Governor. Later Mr. Humphrey found that he must delay his departure and Dudley was chosen in his place.

The great Puritan exodus began in the following spring. Seventeen vessels sailed from England in April and May, bearing nearly a thousand souls to the new land. Dudley had before him twenty-three years of noble service, and he never again revisited the pleasant fields, the stately church towers, the ancient dwellings of England. His personal history becomes the history of Massachusetts.

In all his varied career as a leader of the Massachusetts Colony, Dudley showed himself an efficient man of affairs, a resolute administrator, a rigid disciplinarian and above all a man who had a profound sense of the immediate presence of God in the world and of his own accountability to him. He was an Old Testament hero and could iise with perfect sincerity the phrase with which the prophet Elijah began his speeches in each crisis of his life, "As the Lord liveth, before whom I stand." He did his work from day to daj' as in the sight of God. It mattered little to him what consequences followed his actions so long as he had the approval of his conscience. Dut}^ was the supreme law, and he tested everything by appeal to moral sanctions. His piety was austere, and he was sometimes harsh in his moral judgments; but his ability, his rectitude, his indomitable fortitude, made him the trusted guide of his j-ounger comrades and their steadfast reliance in times of perplexity or peril. His blood flows in the veins of a host of the most distinguished of the sons and daughters of New England. The stock has been fruitful and serviceable to a remarkable degree.

As Thomas Dudley represents the sturdy, efficient, masterful Puritan layman, Thomas Hooker may well stand as the type of the fervent, high-minded, liberty-loving Puritan minister. He was bom. in the little Leicestershire village of Marfield in 1586, so he was just ten years younger than Dudley. He had a good education and graduated at Emmanuel College at Cambridge in 160S, taking his Master's degree three years later. As we have already seen, Emmanuel College was, in the thought and language of the conservative churchman, "neither more nor less than a mere nursery of Puritans." It thoroughly justified that title. It trained its students in the love of freedom, in zeal for the simplicity of public worship, in hearty support of Protestantism against all " Popery and Prelacy," and in those ideas of church organization and discipline which the Puritans discovered in their Bibles. It represented the intensest spirit of nonconformity and of resistance to the oppressions of King and Bishop. Its services in training the founders of New England were pre-eminent. Of the first Massachusetts ministers the names of John Cotton, John Harvard, Thomas Shepard, Samuel Stone, Nathaniel Ward, and Thomas Hooker, and many another less known to fame, are borne on the roll of the graduates of Emmanuel.

From 1620 to 1020 Hooker was minister at Esher, a village some sixteen miles southwest of London. It was a modest post of service, but one which fell in the gift of a Puritan patron and did not require confirmation by a bishop. Here he married the wife who later accompanied him to America. In 1626 he became "lecturer" at Chelmsford, some twenty -nine miles east of London. It was the growing habit of the Puritan party, where they could not secure the kind of service they wanted from the regular parish minister, to settle a "teacher," or "lecturer," as a kind of colleague to the parish minister. This was done usually by voluntary subscription and proved an efficient method of diffusing the Puritan principles. At any rate, the system was bitterly condemned by the Anglican party, and Bishop Laud was from the first its conscientious and active enemy.

Hooker quickly won a high reputation as a preacher. He was thorough-going in his Protestantism and believed that it was his duty to do what he could to reform the Church of England into what he believed to be the pattern commended in the New Testament. He strove for the moral betterment of the people, and regarded the toleration in the Anglican church of an ignorant and lazy clergy as an abomination which was not to be submitted to. He insisted on a searching, moral discipline and advocated the need of a learned, preaching ministry. Hooker's reputation for intense spiritual earnestness, strenuous industry, vividness and aptness of public speech, soon brought upon him the condemnation of the Bishops. Laud was his immediate ecclesiastical superior, and by the j^ear 1629 he had forced Hooker out of his Chelmsford ministry. Not content with that he was cited before the

High Commission Court and obliged to flee to Holland. There he served for two years as one of the ministers of the Scotch Church at Delft; and again for a few months with an exiled congregation at Rotterdam. It was evident, however, that this Dutch residence was only a temporary refuge. Hooker obviously kept in close commtmication with his former parishioners at Chelmsford, for in 16o2 a considerable body of these people, together with others from the neighboring towns of Braintree and Colchester, sailed for New England, and we find them described in Governor Winthrop's Journal sometimes as "the Braintree Company," and sometimes as "Mr. Hooker's Company." It was evidently anticipated that Hooker would follow them to America and become their leader.

The following year, then, 1633, Hooker sailed for New England in company with Rev. Samuel Stone, who was his colleague throughout his American career. Rev. John Cotton, of the Lincolnshire Boston, who was going over to become the minister of the First Church of the Massachusetts Boston, and John Haynes, the leading layman of the Braintree church, who was afterwards to be governor successively of Massachusetts and of Connecticut, were also passengers in the "Griffin." The ship's company had plenty of preaching, for Cotton Mather writes, "They had three sermons for the most part every day: of Mr. Cotton in the morning, Mr. Hooker in the afternoon, Mr. Stone after supper in the evening."

Hooker found his congregation waiting for him at Newtown, and on October 11, 1633, he was settled there as a pastor, with Mr. Stone as teacher. This congregation was then the most influential in Massachusetts, not only in ecclesiastical but also in civil affairs. Hooker was rivalled among the ministers only by Cotton, and John Haynes in 1635 succeeded Dudley as governor. The reasons which led this congregation to leave the banks of the Charles and transfer itself to the banks of the Connecticut have already been described. In the late spring of 1636 Hooker and his parishioners built their new homes at the place which was soon to bear the name of Hartford. It was here, on May 31, 1638, that Hooker in his sermon before the General Court of the little colony set forth the fundamental political principles which have ever since governed the development of American democracy. These principles were embodied two years later in the fundamental laws of Connecticut.

He was no less eminent as an expounder of the principles of congregational government. As the author of the book entitled, "A Survey of the Summe of Church Discipline," he first laid down the principles of congregational independency. To his thinking, a true church was a company of Christian people united to one another in the service of God by a voluntary covenant, and owning no other leadership than that of Christ. He held that such a congregation possesses full and complete authority to administer its own affairs, choose and ordain its own officers, and govern its own members. This democratic conception of church organization was destined to be vastly influential in the development not only of New England but of American political and religious life. On July 7, 1647, Hooker died at Hartford, and will always be remembered as the pioneer advocate of the principle that a self-governing democracy is the proper basis of a Commonwealth and as the great expounder of the characteristic polity of the New England churches.

Thomas Shepard represents a third type of Puritan - a man of gentle spirit, frail body, but a "gracious, sweet, heavenly -minded and soul-ravishing minister, in whose soul the Lord shed abroad his love so abundantly that thousands of souls have cause to bless God for him." We know the man's most private and innerlife, for he left behind him an autobiography^ which records the history of his personal and spiritual experiences as well as his public career. We know just how he felt, worked, dared and suffered. He was bom in the little village of Towcester in Northamptonshire. " In the yeare," he wrote, "of Christ 1605, upon the day, & that very houre of the day wherein the Parlament should have bin blown up by Popish priests." His mother died when he was four years old and his father when he was ten, and his childhood was evidently one of no little hardship. At fourteen he was admitted a pensioner at Emmanuel College and made at the University a fine reputation for scholarship and high purpose. He received deacon's orders in the Established Church, but accepted an appointment as "lecturer" at Earls-Colne in Essex. Shepard's first charge was memorable, because it brought him into connection and close friendship with the stalwart young Puritan squire, Roger Harlakenden, who afterwards accompanied him to America, was the chief layman of the Church at Cambridge, and whose body was one of the first laid in the old Cambridge burial ground.

The young minister was not allowed to do his work in peace. He was promptly charged with being "a non-conformable man, when for the most of that time I was not resolved either way." After three years, and a little more, had passed, he was summoned before Laud, then the Bishop of London. The Bishop was more angry than was becoming to his sacred office, and his sentence was more explicit than paternal: "I charge you that you neither preach, read, marrj', bury, or exercise any ministerial functions in any part of my Diocess; for if you do, and I hear of it, I'll be upon your back and follow you wherever you go, in any part of this kingdom, and so everlastingly disenable you." This far-reaching denunciation was fitted to have some effect in one direction or the other upon the " prating coxcomb. ' ' He must either conform or venture to defj- the ecclesiastical decree. He took time to consider his course. The Puritan made haste slowly, it was a trait of his character, but he did not go backward or side wise. Shepard spent a few months with the Harlakendens, while his spirit burned within him as he saw more clearly "into the evil of the English ceremonies, crosse, surplice and kneeling." Then the Bishop "fired me out of this place," a curiously modem phrase to find in a Seventeenth Centurj' Journal and equally apt. He accepted an invitation to Yorkshire and became chaplain in the family of Sir Richard Darley, where he was kindly treated - very kindly, inasmuch as the knight's kinswoman became his wife. She was the first Margaret Shepard, who shared all her husband's hardships onl}- to meet earh^ death soon after landing in New England.