Youngstown City (part 4 of 33)

"A small stream of water with its source somewhere near Squire Armstrong's home, made its way through the Beaver swamp and meandered through the fields, here and there, crossed the state road near Joseph Ladd's. lately deceased. I called there occasionally and he told me that he was the second to own and occupy the farm where he lived so long and died. I think he told me. Pleasant Cobbs entered or took the land from the government, and he Ixuight the same of Cobbs. so he was the second from the wilderness.

"Mr. I.add said the first house was made of plank, whipsawed. and when they went into a more modern house, he sold the plank one and it went to the farm now occupied by David

Gempeler. But very soon they ha messed up the little stream and put it to work, and within a mile of where he lived at one time there were three milis, one grist and two saw mills, upon it. Samuel Coppock's sawmill on the Phillip Case farm, many of us remember. Scott's grist mill a little farther down the creek, was afterward moved to Westville, where it now stands.

; and many more evidence* of pioneer enterprise, the only indisputable evidences to be seen today, are the long dams, bulwarks of earth, to hold the water in check. Any curious antiquary can track the advance of the milling industry by wandering along the banks of the

; know of still doing duty is the Wilson or Shilling mill mi the Mahoning near old Fredericksburg, and that has been modernized and has iron rolls and steam attachments to lie hooked on when the water fails.

"The first mill J recollect was Barr's fulling mill ; the next w as I-azarus' grist and sawmill and the next up stream was the Laughlin mill where the old stage road from Cleveland to SteulxMiville crosses the Mahoning near Deerfield, and a short distance above stands W right's old mill, thai the Kirk mill at Alliance. All these were water mills and pioneer mills. All now stand idle, out of business, and the lxjy with the family grist on his horse, bound for the old mill is a legend of days gone by. The merry clatter of the old brown mill has been forever drowned out. smothered and laid to rest by the invasion of George Stephenson w ith his shrieking, roaring giant - steam."

Slavery

"For nearly half a century after the first permanent settlements were made in Ohio, this j Commonwealth, always op]>osed ]*>litically to I slavery, was curiously tolerant of the presence

It was not merely that Southern slave h< I'lers were free to visit Ohio, bringing their slave servants with them, but that slave owners used to rent the serv ices of their Ijondmen to farmers living on the free soil side of the Ohio, when there was unusual need of help, as at harvest. It is estimated that fully .2.000 slaves from Kentucky and the Virginia of those days were sometimes employed in Ohio at the same time.

Shortly before 1840 this condition finally and completely passed away. It became practically certain that slaves brought into Ohio would be set free or aided to escape, and many citizens of this State ttx>k an active part in "helping them flee to Canada. A new impatience of all contact with slavery came to lie a marked phase of public opinion in Ohio. Long before the Civil War this State had become one of the most active in movements for the curbing and undermining of slavery as an institution.

Coi Nty Seat Located

The County of Mahoning was created by the legislative act of February 16, 1846. For forty-five years previous to that date it had been included within the limits of Trumbull County, in accordance with the proclamation of (governor St. Clair. July 10, 1800. which declared that "all the territory included in Jefferson County, lying north of the forty-first degree, north latitude, and all that part of Wayne County included in the Connecticut Western Reserve, should constitute a new county to lie known by the name of Trumbull, and that the seat of justice should l>e at Warren." There was a good deal of dissatisfaction among the citizens of this part of the Reserve at the selection of Warren as the county seat. While Warren was nearer the center of the territorv, Youngstown was the larger village, and nearer the center of population. Some of the most influential men on the Reserve, however, were interested in Warren, either through holding land there or by being actual residents of the place. Prominent among them was Judge Calvin Pease, who was brother-in-law of Hon. Gideon Granger. Postmaster-General of the United States. Mr. Granger, liesides his interest in Pease, was himself the owner of large tracts of land which was enhanced in value by the location of the seat of government ' at Warren.

"Under the old territorial law the Governor had authority to appoint officers for any new county he might choose to erect. The justices of the |>eacc constituted the general court of the county, five of their number being designated justices of the quorum, and the others associates. They met quarterly, and were known as the 'court of quarter sessions.' In this Ixxly was vested the entire civil jurisdiction of the county, local and legislative as well as judicial."

An account of the first court held in Trumbull County, with a list of the officers appointed by the Governor, may l>e found in the chapter devoted to the Hench and Bar.

Early Elections

Early elections in the county were held according to the Knglish method. The sheriff presided over the assembly of electors and received their votes viva voce.

The first election in Trumbull County was held in Warren, the second Tuesday in Octol>er. 1800. Owing to the difficulties attendant upon travel in those days only forty-two |>ersons participated in the election. Thirtyeight out of the forty-two votes cast were cast for General Edward Paine, who "took his seat in the Territorial Legislature in 1801, and continued to represent the county until a State government was established in 1803." During the May term of the following year the county of Trumbull was divided into tax and election districts, and the house of Mr. Simon Perkins, at the intersection of Young's road and the Lake road was the place appointed for holding elections in the northern district, which consisted of the towns of Middlelield. Richfield, Paynesville and Cleveland.

County Seat Issue

For a number of years thereafter the county seat issue occupied so large a share of the public mind as to dwarf all other topics, State or National. Though Warren had secured the county scat, Youngstown was determined that she should not retain it and a local and sectional conflict arose that was bitterly waged at the polls and in the legislature, and in almost every possible way short of physical hostilities, until the War of 1812 interrupted it temporarily by its appeal to a broader and wider patriotism. Every election was contested on the county seat issue. Youngstown, which seemed to have the initial advantage of having the commissioners and representatives of the legislature, succeeded in 1805 in having Geauga County set off, embracing all the settled western part of the Reserve, this leaving Youngstown indisputably the center of population, if not of the county. In consequence of Youngstown's influence in the legislature. Warren, in defence of her interests, felt obliged to maintain two or three lobbyists at Chillicothe "whose duty it was to see that no law was passed infringing upon the interests of their town.

The erection of Ashtabula and Portage counties, in 1808, with western and southern boundaries as at present, gave Warren a geographical disadvantage, which she sought to nullify at the next election. This was by excluding aliens from the right to vote, which had hitherto been allowed them without question. The aliens were mostly Irishmen and by the help of their vote Richard J. Elliot and Rol)ert Hughes were the candidates elected. It was proposed by Warren to contest the election and throw out the alien votes and thereby secure the election of their candidate, Thomas G. Jones. The Irish made a vigorous resistance to what they considered a blow at their liberties, and some exciting scenes were the result. The justices. Mr. I Bernard Case of Warren, and Mr. William Chidcster of Canfield, who was selected to take the testimony, sat first at Hubbard, the following day at Youngstown. and another day at Poland.

Daniel Sheehy, the leader, and most violent of the Irish, made some long and flaming oratorical outbursts, which greatly excited bis hearers and caused him finally to be placed under arrest. Many of the witnesses summoned refused to testify until threatened with committal to jail. The upshot of the matter was that "when the legislature met at Cbilli- 1 cot he, in December, 1809, Messrs. Hughes and ] Elliot were regularly admitted to seats on proper credentials." The election of Hughes was contested by Matthias Corwin, of Warren County, in favor of Thomas G. Jones, but the committee on privileges and elections subsequently reported in favor of Hughes. Some three days more were spent in discussion before the house, the contestor and contestee being present with counsel, and ended in a resolution entitling Robert Hughes to his seat in the Assembly. Jones being given leave to whitdraw his memorial.

Useless Legislation

A useless and vexatious change in county lines was made when, in accordance with bills passed by the legislature, towns number eight in ranges one to five in Ashtabula County, were made part of Trumbull County I only to be restored to Ashtabula County soon after ), giving their inhabitants just cause for indignation, and putting them to much inconvenience and uncertainty with res]>ect to matters of legal jurisdiction. This action made Warren temporarily the geographical center of the county, but had no particular effect on the final issue. The two parties were now about evenly balanced, and in 1810. a decisive contest, of which \u>ib seemed afraid, was avoided by the election to the legislature of Aaron Collar, of Canfield, a neutral candidate.

In the following year. Thomas G. Jones was chosen candidate for Warren, and Samuel Bryson as candidate for Youngstown to the House of Representatives, and George T<xl of Youngstown to the Senate. The war with England now absorbed the attention of the people, diverting their minds from the local conflict in the need of preparing to meet the common enemy, and in making preparations for defence against hostile Indians, whom British activity had stirred up to warlike demonstrations against the American frontier.

Rexewal Of The .Strife

It was not until 1K40 that the county seat contest again took on an aggravated form, the renewal of the strife king due to a petition by leading citizens of Warren for a new court house, the old one having fallen into a dilapidated condition, and not king sufficiently imposing in appearance for a place of such growing importance. This proposition at once met with opposition from southern townships of the county, whose interests centered in Youngstown. Hut the contest soon took on a wider phase than the mere question of erecting a newbuilding at Warren, and brought the old county seat question again to the fore. A number of new projects for dividing the county were brought forward, four of which at least proposed to leave Warren without the seat of government. Yonngstowri elected officers committed against the new court house project. The people of Xewton Tails wanted two new counties erected - one to k formed from the south part of Ashtabula County and the north part of Trumbull County: the other from the east part of Trumbull County, to consist of the townships of Mecca, Bazctta, I lowland AVeathersfield. Austintown. Canlield, Boardman, Youngstown, Lit>erty, Vienna, Fowler, Johnston, Hartford. Brookfield, Hubbard, Coitsville and Poland, with the county seat at Poland ; and the townships of Windham, Palmyra. Nelson and Paris, in Portage County, to be annexed to Trumbull County, with the county scat at Newton Falls.

"Youngstown finally petitioned for a division of Trumbull County, as it then existed, into two counties, the south division having the county seat at Youngstown, and the northwest, which should retain the name Trumbull, retaining the county seat at Warren. Canficld further complicated matters by petitioning for the erection of a new county seat out of the ten southern townships of Trumbull and five northern townships of Columbiana. This last propo- : sition received the support of the Warren peo- J pie, and was finally confirmed by the legislature in 184O. tlie new county being designated "Mahoning." This name is generally considered to be of Indian origin, meaning "Beautiful Meadow," though souk- other theories have km occasionally advanced.

To depict more clearly the strenuous times that have been thus brielly sketched akve, we print herewith some interesting old letters written in the height of the strife by three men prominent in the political, social, and financial life of the Western Reserve, the original of which are now in ]»>s session of Mr. Frank B. Medbury. of Youngstown. They were w titten to Asahcl Medbury ( father of Frank B. Medbury). who was a member of the legislature which effected the division. K. W. Tayler was the father of judge R. W. Tayler and was later controller of the t'uited States Treasury. Ira j Lucius Fuller was probate judge for years of ; Trumbull County and a close jjersonal friend of (governor David Tod. Judge William Raven, the writer of the third letter, is known to everyone in the city. It would seem that his letter was written after Mahoning County had ken detached from Trumbull and another county was still king talked of, to be known as Clay I County.

The Salary Law

One of the matters discussed in Judge Fuller's letter is particularly interesting at the present time, the salary law having ken but recently {Kissed and applying to all county officials of the State. It is relative to a proposition to decrease the compensation of the county officials. How amazing the figures are that he gives can only k determined by comparison with the present figures. For instance he suggests that the sheriff should receive $800; clerk $600 and treasurer and recorder each $500.

The letters are written with a care that is seldom found at the present time among busy men. The consideration which is shown regarding public affairs and interests bespeaks the old time citizen and gentleman.

An Otii Icr Proposition

Dear Sir: I-ast evening Mr. Horace Stevens, Mr. Carlile ami Mr. Line of Newton Ealls were here, having come down to make some arrangement about a different division of the county concerning which Mr. Carlile said he had spoken with you on your way to Columbus. That proposition was to divide North and South between the third and fourth ranges making a county seat at Youngstown and another at Newton Falls, taking four townships from Fort age. then cutting otT the northern tier of towns in Trumbull and two southern tiers of Ashtabula and adding one other township and making another county there. The proportion if carried out would suit us rjnite as well, but it is now too late t » relax our efforts on account of it.

They proposed to us to abandon our project or not push it to a consummation but wait until another year and join with them, intimating that our refusal would induce them and their ncighlxirs to sign remonstrances which they had not yet done. Of course, however, we cannot abandon ours nor agree to give up any portion of our efforts.

Their visit, however, will result in their refusal to sign the Warren remonstrances which are general against any division of the county. They will, however, probably remonstrate, expressing a favorable disposition towards their own proposition and such remonstrance will aid us as showing a willingness to have the county divided.

Yesterday William W'oodbridge enclosed you a petition together with proof of the publication of motion and today I forward another petition to Dr. Maiming. If not done already.

measures should lie taken to secure a majority of the Senate in favor. Would not John E. Jackson. Senator from Portage, go in for it to prevent any further dismemberment of Portage as proposed by the Newton Falls people? The Falls project would undoubtedly obtain a strong support from the southwestern and western part of the county and from the four towns jn Portage and from the northern towns interested in the new county project there, as well as from our neighborhood.

Dear Sir: I was much gratified to receive your favor of the 17th inst. Although a very short epistle it served to remind me that the' friendly relations so long and pleasantly continued still subsist lietween us. It is truly pleasing to me to be numbered among your personal as well as political friends and 1 trust it will be long ere a cause shall exist to disturb these amicable feelings so grateful to the human heart.

You do not inform me how you are pleased with vour legislative business, but I must infer from your silence that the burdens imposed by your official oath are not hard to W lioine. Yet if the session should l>e long, as I trust it will not be, the time may not seem to pass so swiftly.

Our strength in the House is less than anticipated by some three or four but as you say, "it is thus strong." The "retrenchment" bill which passed the House, is being so much amended in the Senate that its father will hardlv know it.

There can 1* little doubt but what the taxes of the people can l>e sensibly reduced by a careful application of the power vested in the legislature. P.ut the difficulty, if any exists, consists in great diversity of interests to be consulted in the process of reducing the salaries of our public officials, as well as the expenditures, to a pro|>er medium. Tlie reduction of the fees, however, should in justice he limited to those officers who may be hereafter elected or appointed. A large sum in the aggregate can l>e saved by dispensing with the records of proceedings in our courts of justice. The clerks of our courts w ill not object to the lopping off of this item. Also tor marriage licenses, etc. Public policy requires that the expense attending the solemnization of a marriage or the litigation i t a suit at law or equity should l>e as trifling as possible. But care should he taken that the salary of no office is reduced so low that a man of the requisite qualifications would not be willing to till it. \ow the pro|H»sition of Parkers' amendment to give $f*tx> to the sheriff, $600 to the clerk and $500 each to the treasurer and recorder, etc.. would answer in my opinion, provided the necessary deputies were paid in addition to those sums. J was conversing yesterday with our clerk and he had no doubt that the requisite qualifications could be obtained tor that sum.

The natural tendency of legislation is to throw wealth into the hands of the rich and in a government like ours it is necessary to check that tendency. Give all classes of the people the l>enetit of equal laws and as we all have equal rights by nature, no one can justly complain.

Doubtless you have observed that a meet- i ing of some of our citizens was held at the court house and after the passage of sundry resolutions. Battels. Crowcll and Baldwin were elected (lobby) memliers of the legislature to act against those elected by the [>eople. Petitions have lieeu circulated and signatures obtained to influence your honorable l>ody against the organization of a new county. 1 am personally willing that the people should have a new county if thev w ish one. although it may be against my interest. There is territory enough in Trumbull County for two counties and the profit-; and emoluments of office being divided, if a division of the count) is made.

But 1 must close. Mr. Rdwardsstarts in the morning. I am now in the office for the second time since cutting my foot, but cannot go to Columbus as I anticipated. This is a disappointment, truly. But I must submit like a good citizen and ho|>c for the l>est.

My Dear Sir: On Monday last William (his nephew), hearing things were not going right in what would lie Clay County, he started and went up to Gustavus. and saw Haislepand Horner, and found the Warren clan had got remonstrances against any division of the county, and that there was considerable strife lictween the people of the township of Green and Gustavus aljout where the county seat should be; that the people of Green had got up a new petition altering the lines, taking some of the northwest townships of Trumbull and attaching them to ("lav, cutting some more townships off the southwest corner of Ashtabula County and putting them to Trumbull County, so as to make the township of Greerr the center, and asking the legislature to put the county seat at Green. But this jK'tition I don't apprehend will amount to anything, as no notice had been given, and l>esides, they w ill not be able to get many petitioners for that plan

When William went back to Gustavus he found the ]>cople willing to give up the remonstrance and determined to go in for our division. Are now busy getting petitions signed and will have them forwarded immediately. Our people are now l.usv getting signers and will forward petition-; in regular a- fast as thev arc >t in.

friends had been promising the people of Green if they would lie still this year they would assist them next and get the county seat at Greet), and had also promised Gustavus the same. By that means the citizens of Clay County had pretty much concluded to lay still.

After Warren People

I saw the report of the standing committee relative to the erection of the new county of Gilead made by Mr. Hardcsty. I think his arguments made in favor of his report are just and conclusive, and they meet our wishes exactly.

I suppose you will have much said this winter on the subject of vested rights by the Warren and Can field people. The Warren people need no more sympathy than the Canfield people, for when they got the seat of justice made at Warren they got it by every kind of villainy, fraud and decqition that probably could be practiced and contrary to the then known will of a very large majority of the citizens of what was then Trumbull County, and has retained it still, against the will of the people.

There is now forwarded from Mahoning County about 2.269 petitions. There will be probably in the course of a week 700 or 800 more. I have not heard exactly from Trumbull, but I sup|x>se they are busy.

Nothing new has transpired since you left home. My respects to Dr. Manning. If the money I sent to Medray to \my my account to him is not sufficient, if you have funds I wish you would pay him the balance and take his receipt, and I Will pay you when you return.

About 1872 the county seat agitation again loomed up. but this time in another form. Youngstown had now become a city, paid onefourth the taxes, was the seat of more than one-half the litigation in the county courts, and as a railroad center was more accessible than Canfield. It was thought by her citizens that she was more entitled to the county seat than Canfield in spite of the provisions of the act of 1846. The question l>egan to be openly discussed. Among the principal advocates of the change were T. W. Sanderson, John Stambaugh. George Rudge, M. Logan. D. M. Wilson and M. Ijogan. all of whom were present and s]x>ke at a large and enthusiastic meeting held in Arms Hall. Youngstown, early in 1873. A committee appointed as the result of this meeting, one of whose members was Dr. T. Woodbridge, reported subsequently in substance, "that the removal of the county seM was to the interest and convenience of a large majority of the [>eople of Mahoning County; second, that to attain this end it was necessary to unite upon some man to represent them in the State Legislature, irrespective of party, who was fully committed in favor of removal; third, that the city and township of Youngstown pledge themselves to build the necessary county buildings, to be twice as valuable at least as those in Canfield. and in addition donate a site for such buildings." This report was adopted. The candidates of the two political parties IxJth favored the State constitutional provision giving the power of removal to the majority of tfie voters.

On June 30, 1873, the following county ticket was nominated: Sheldon Newton, of Boardman. representative; James K. Bailey, of Coitsville, auditor; Isaac Justice, of Youngstown. Jonathan Schillinger, of Springfield, commissioners; J. Schnurrenberger, of Green, infirmary director; Henry M. Boardman. of Boardman, surveyor; Dr. Ewing. of Milton, coroner. All these gentlemen, some of whom were Republicans and some Democrats, were pledged to use their best efforts in favor of the removal of the county seat.

The other side, in a meeting held in Canfield. August tyth, with G Van Hvniiig, Esq., of Canfield. chairman, nominated a ticket composed partly of Democrats and partly of Republicans, who were in favor of the retention of the county seat at Canfield. This ticket was as follows: For representative. C ]-'. Rutland, of Poland; auditor. James M. Dickson, of

Rt'S 'lz iil. 1 fiat \vc deprecate the is-uc forced upon us by tlx- convention hi-ld :it Y< mngst n» n ; that said convrtiiii.il is directly ;nid wholly responsible for rupturing long established and valued political associations for the proVal.tiity of engendering local and neighlx.rlx.od strife and division, the cnTisccpience uncertain horhood strife and division, the coii-ei|iicucc of which will he :o muire on,.- portion of our citizens ir. the uncertain csqicctalii u of benefiting them.

Ne*i>kvd. That this convention, representing every town-!')]]) in the county, deny 1 i:o truthfulness of the Youngstown ci.nventi' n of June .'X;'i, rhey I . « l n sr a gross exaggeration and misrepresentation of the facta ; hut on the contrary we U.iim the -cat of gov.-rnim. nt, living now centrally located. of convenient access from all portions of (he county, arid having g od and ample huihhr.gs for the accommodiition of the pnl. t,', the removal of it to one corner of the county, largely for the benefit of a few capitalists, and to satisfy uneasy political agitation he ;ri act of gross injustice to the greater portion of the county, etc

Sectn.ii i. I'hat from and after taking .--Yet of this section of this act, as hereinafter provided, the seat of justice in the count) of Mahoning shall be removed from the town of Cantield to the city of Y'e.ingstouit in said county.

Sec? -'on 2. That the foregoing -ec::..n of this act shall take effect and he in lone when and so s , . n as the same sliall be adopted hy a majority of all the electors in sat. I Mahoning county voting at the next g.ticral election after the passage thereof, and when pul.lic buildings shall liave been erected as hereinafter provided.

Provision was made in the act for stthmitting the i|ite-1i..n of removal to the votes of the elect. 'fs. The removal was made dependent, however, upon the following conditions enuV.dted in Section V.

That in case a majority of electors of said county shall vote for removal as heretofore provided, the seat of justice and county seat shall he deemed and taken to be removed from t'at.ficld. in said county, to the city of Yotir.gstown, and to he located in said city of Youngstou t) : provided, however, that nothing in the act shall he so construed as to authorize the removal of the scat o! justice to said city of Vctiiigstoan until the citizens and township of Youngstown shall have donated a h i or lots of land in the city of Youngstown and of sufficient size and suitably located to accommodate the court house, jail and necessary offices I for said county, and shall have erected thereon and completed thereon suitable buildings for court house, jail, and all other offices and r> cms necessary for the transaction of all public business for said enmity, at a cost for s^jd buddings of not less than $100,000, and to the s.iti-factio:i and acceptance of the commissioners of said unty. and all mkIi buildings shall be completed within two years from the date of the election at which said act shall be ratified: and said onnmissioners shall not. nor shall any other aulhoriiv of said county lev y any tax <ti the taxable property of sjid county tor s :i t lands or buildings; provided that the citizens ,,f Yoitiigstown may within two years build sa-d buildings and tender the same to said commissioner*.

Preparations to fulfill the ahove-natned conditions, were at mice made hy the citizens of Youngstou 11. The necessary committees were appointed, and a vigorous removal campaign was begun in which general politics were lost st'olit of. Hy August to. 1S74. the sum of $100,000 for the erection of ptihlic httiidings had Ikcii -suhserihed. hut the huilding committee desired to increase that sum to $^oo,- 000. The vote in < Vtoher resulted in a large majority in favor of removal, and preparations were at once made for the erection of the hnildin.i;<. In March. 1S74, the city council authorized the mayor to emtvey to t lie huilding committee two lots on the corner of Wick Avenue and Wood Street, valued at $40,000, for the nominal sum of Sio. The contracts for the huildings were let and immediately the construction of (he new court house Ivegan.

P.ut the citizens of Can field were not disi>osed to sulnnit to the removal without a struggle. Under the leadership of Ehen Newton they riled a petition in the district court "enjoining the commissioners against removing the county seat to Youngstown on the ground that the law of 1874 was unconstitutional, localise it contemplated the violation of a contract between Can field and the State, which guaranteed to that village the permanent location of the county seat."

On the Youngstown side it was argued that the word "permanent" meant simply, "without any intention of changing," and that "the law of 1846 could not be construed to mean that Canfield should have the county seat forever, for such a construction would take out of the hands of the legislature the authority of regulating the government of the State and would consequently make the act of 1846 unconstitutional."

In 1876 the case was taken from the district court to the supreme court of Ohio, which decided that the power to establish and remove county seats cannot be made the subject of contract, and that consequently the legislature of 184'! had no authority to pass an act making Canfield the perjietual county seat. But further, the act of 1846 was not in the nature of a specific contract, the words of which should be certain and direct. That it merely created the ci -unty "with the county seat at Canfield. and then provides that it shall not be considered as permanently established at Canfield" until a donation shall have been made of a suitable lot and .$5,000 for the erection of the county buildings. It also held that even had the act of 1846 been a specific contract, and the contract constitutional the validity of the act of 1874 would not be impaired, for the words "l>ermanently established," as used in that act, must \k taken to mean "established as other county seats were established." subject to change by future legislation. That the donors (of the lot and buildings) had had thirty years enjoyment under the supposed contract, and that as their property would revert to them on the removal, they had no just ground for complaint. The court, therefore, five judges concurring, dismissed the petition.

with James A. Garfield and otbers for the citizens of Canfield, and Thomas W. Sanderson, of Youngstown. for the petitioners. General Garfield argued that the eighth section of the act of 1846. when complied with by the citizens of Canfield, amounted to a specific contract, and was valid under the constitution of the United States, which protected contracts made between any State and its citizens. General Sanderson's chief argument was that the word "permanently" as used in the statutes at that time did not mean "forever," but the phrase "permanently established is a formula in long and frequent use in Ohio with respect to county seats established otherwise than temporarily." The result of the trial was that the court affirmed the judgment of the State courts and the county seat was confirmed at Youngstown.

Amid the general congratulations at Youngstown and the other parts of the county that were favorable to the removal and thanks to those who had been chiefly instrumental in effecting the change, the Youngstown Register and Tribune, in holding out the olive branch to the opposition, said: "We want the people of Green. Smith, Goshen and Canfield. to feel that Youngstown is their county *eat. and that i the beautiful temple of justice that has l>een 1 built here is their court house. We would have them appreciate the truth that we are actuated by no spirit of hostility against their section, i but throughout the controversy have only desired the claims of the majority shall be heeded, and that we shall have what is justly ours."

The handsome and commodious buildings which were then erected have since served well their purpose, until recent years, when the phenomenal growth uf the city combined with other causes have made new buildings and a new location a necessity. A favorable site for the new structure was chosen on Market street at the beginning of the present year, and soon Mahoning County will have a still more beautiful and commodious temple of justice than that which was the cause of such a bitter and long continued controversy, which will cost more than a million and a half dollars.

Chapter. Xiv

The sheriff's term begins on the first Moii day in January of every alternate year. lames Ton ers from Slarch 1/1X40. to Januarv. '1S4S ; William Schnmk. iX.jX to iX:o: William Meeker. 1850 to 185J: Frastus Piatt. i8;_> to 1856; Albert Cook. 1850 to 1858; Samuel Smith. 1858 to i8o_>; Matthew Lojjan, i8o_> to 1804: X 1'- Callahan. 181,4 t , iX<>8; Char'es

The first county commissioners were: Robert Tuntbull, who was elected for one vear from March 1. 1S46; Isaiah Bowman, elected for two years, and James Justice, elected for two years. All their succe's- ,rs were elected for terms of three years each.

In 1847 Daniel" I'arshall took TurnbuH's seat. In March Jacob layman was elected. At this time the court extended the terms of those then in office from March to \,,\ ember, and thereafter thoe officials were eleeted at the regular ( (ctoU-r elections. On X, <veml)er 1. 1X49. J. Im ( Vswden took the place of James in December, 1852, John Stewart succeeded John Cowden. On the first Monday in December. 1853. Furman Gee succeeded l>aniel Thoman. On the first Monday in Deceml)er, j 854. John R. Kennedy succeeded Jacob Brunstetter. On the first Monday in December, 1855. Alexander Pow succeeded John Stewart. On the first Monday in December, 1830, Conrad A. Hunts succeeded Furman (ice. On the first Monday in Deceml>er. 1857, John Warner succeeded John R. Kennedy. On the first Monday in December. 1858, John Shields succeeded Alexander Pow. On the first Monday in Dcceml>er, 1859, Conrad A. Bunts Ijccamc bis ow n successor. On the first Monday in Decerning. i860. William A. Miller succeeded John Warner. On the first Monday in December, 1 8ft 1. James Duncan succeeded John Shields. On the first Monday in December, 1862, Stephen Case succeeded Conrad A. Bunts. William A. Miller was elected in 1863. Lewis Templin in 1864. Stephen Case was his own successor in 186;. In 1866 Robert Lowry succeeded William A. Miller. In 1867 Shelden Newton succeeded Lewis Templin. In 1868 William Johnson succeeded Stephen Case. In i860 Robert Lowry was re-elected. In 1870 Lewis Templin succeeded Newton. In 1871 William Johnson was re-elected. In 1872 Samuel Wallace succeeded Robert Lowry. In 1873 Jonathan Schillinger succecdedLewisTemplin. In 1874 M. J. Jackson succeeded William Johnson. In 1875 Shelden Newton succeeded Samuel Wallace. In 1876 J. H. Blackburn succeeded Schillinger. In 1877 George Wetzel succeeded J. M. Jackson. In 1878 Frank Mc- Master succeeded Shelden Newton. In 1879 J. H. Blackburn was re-elected. In 1880 A. D. McClurg succeeded George Wetzel. In 1881 Frank McMaster was re-elected. John Gault was elected in 1882; A. D. McClurg in 1883: Louis Gluck. 1884: John Gault. 188^: Frank White. i88fV. I^ouis (duck. 1887; David T. Moore. 1888: Frank White. 1889; John M. Davis, 1890; James S. Price. 1891; John C. McMillin. 1892; John M. Davis. 181)3: James S. Price. 1894: Charles T. Agnew. 1805; John W. Van Auker, 184/1: John W. Van Anker. 1897 (re-elected); Marcus Westerman. 1898: William K. Wagner, 1899; John W. Van Auker, 1900; Marcus Westerman, ! 1901 ; Thomas R. Jones and Warren H. Kale, 1902; Thomas R. Jones and Warren II. Kale, re-elected in 1903 ; Thomas R. Jones and John C. Hannie, 1904; Thomas R. Jones, 1905; Warren H. Kale, 1906.

Probate Judges

Hon. Thomas Kinsman, who is the present stale -eualor. was tiist elected to th'at office in Xovctnhci. 1 < t* .3 . and was re-elected in 1905.

Yovngstown-The Covnty Seat

.'Laid Out by John Young - First Events - D isem-ery of Coal - Judge Kir/lands Reminiscences - Celebrating the Fourth - First Murder Trial - Fioneer Schools - Feminine Costumes - Wet Seasons of 1810-12 - Early Amusements - Fioneer Houses - Factions - Incorporation - City of the Second Class - Extensions of Limits - Mayors of Youngstcnw - Other Officials - Citizens in 1841 - Cemeteries - Farks - W ater Works and Filter riant - Fire Department - I'oliee Department - Mahoning cr Shciuingo Railway & Light Co. - Board >f Trade and Chamber of Commerce - Mahoning Gas Fuel Co. - Telephone Companies - Humane Society - Opera House - Fork Theater - A Fno Statistics - Xolablc Fersonages.

-Company, the land was partitioned among tfie stockholders of the company by draft. "Prior to t lie draft some portions of the land had been sold by the company to individuals not stockholders. Yoimgstown was not included in the land partitioned in the draft, and the name of John Young does not appear among the stockholders of the company. Hence we infer that he contracted for the purchase of the township directly from the company and prior to the draft, but at what time and in what manner this contract was marie the records do not show. The records, however, do show that on April 9, 1S00, the trustees of the company conveyed to John Young township N'o. _' in the second range, called Yoimgstown. containing 15.500 acres of land, for the consideration of 510,085. On the same

"Mr. Young, according to tradition, visited the township aUmt 1707 with Alfred Wolo.it t, a surveyor, for the purpose of surveying it into lots ,-md commencing a settlement. Colonel James llilltnau. who then resided in Pittsburg, and had been lor a number of years engaged in trading with the Indians on the Reserve, making his voyages tip the Mahoning in a c;moe. in returning ff>m one of his expeditions, saw a sm. ike on the Iwmk near Spring Common. On lauding he found Mr. Young and Mr. Wolctt. He stayed with them a few days, when they went with him to Reaver on the ( lllio river, to celebrate the Fourth of .!"'>'- Colonel Hillman, at the instance of Mr. Noting, returned with him to Yoimgstown. and they commenced the settlement of the town by the erection of a log house, which -to.nl on the east bank of the Mahoning river near Spring Common.

"Mr. Young laid out a town plat, which is now embraced within and is only a small part of the present city, and divided it into building lots. Adjoining the town plat he laid out lots of a few acres each, which he named out-lots, and the rest of the township he surveyed into larger tracts, suitable for farms. The town plat was not recorded until August 19. iKo->. On June 1 of that year Mr. Young executed an instrument commencing, 'Know ye that I, John Young, of Youngstown, in the county of Trumbull, for the consideration of the prospect of advancing my property, have laid out and established in the township of Youngstown aforesaid, on the north side of the Mahoning river, a town plat of the following description.' Then follows the description, wherein Federal street is described as "ioo feet in width, and 1.752 feet in length, beginning at a corner post standing in front of Esquire Caleb Baldwin's house, a little west of his well, running south 62 degrees 30 minutes east through the middle of the plat and public square.' Other streets running north and south and the public square are then descrilied. There are 100 lots in the plat contained in the instrument, the southeast lot being No. 1, and the northeast lot being No. 100. Two lots, one on the east and one on the west side of Market street, are described as 'burying ground,' but are not so noted in the deed. The instrument concluded as follows: 'And all the land contained in the before-mentioned streets I have appropriated to the use and benefit of the public, to remain public highways so long as said plat shall remain unvacated.' The instrument is signed and scaled by John Young, and witnessed by Calvin Pease, but not acknowledged before a magistrate."

Thus were the foundations of Youngstown laid by its original proprietor, and others were not slow to build thereon. Stores, mills, schools and churches soon sprang up as settlers came in ; marriages were celebrated, courts of hw established, and all the delicate machinery of civilized society began to turn, slowly and unevenly at first. Iwt gathering momentum and steadiness with each passing the first Minnie first mill in Youngstown township, if not on the Reserve, was erected by John and Phineas Hill about 1798 or '99, at the falls on Mill creek, in the southwest part of the township, on the site where Lanterman's old mill now stands. It was built of round logs, and contained machinery for lx>th grinding and sawing. The machinery was put in by Abraham Powers, one of the early settlers, who was a practical millwright. It was a small and rather primative affair, but it answered in a measure the needs of the inhabitants. It was related by an old settler, Nathan Ague, long since passed away, who was present when a boy. at the raising of the mill, that "there were not men enough in the neighborhood to raise it, and they had to send to Greensburg, now Darlington, Penna., for hands, and got a keg of whisky for them. On that day his father killed a bear, which furnished the meat used by the men who raised the mill. The family used the bear's skin afterward for a bed."

First Marriage On The Reserve

"This may certify that, after publication, according to law of the Territory, Stephen Baldwin and Rebecca Rush werejoincd in marriage on the third dav of November, 1800.

"On the nth of February prior, according to a record kept at Canfield, Alfred Wolcott, the surveyor who came out with Mr. Young, and then resided at Youngstown, was married to Mercy Gilson, of Canfield. They were married in Pennsylvania, for the reason that no person in this vicinity was authorized to solemnize marriages. Hence we infer that the first marriage in Youngstown was that of Stephen Baldwin and Rebecca Rush; and this was probably the first marriage on the Reserve.

First Male Child Born

"The first male child horn in the township \v;is I sane S wager, son of John Swager. The first female child was a (laughter of Kohcrt and Hannah Stevens,"' both of whom were born prior to i8<x>. One of the earliest births was that of John Young Shehv, son of Daniel and Jane Shehv. and tradition says that John Young deeded him a town lot for his name. There is certainly a record of a deed from John Young to John Y. Shehv. dated March 24. 1807. of town lots 83 and 84. which are located on the east side of N'orth Market street and south of the graveyard lot. "The consideration expressed is Si 00. received of Daniel Shehv." Tradition also says that Mr. Young gave lots to two other children.

The first funeral in Youngstown was that of Samuel McFarland, who was buried in the northwest corner of the west lot of the old graveyard. It is said that all the population, including Mr. Young, were at the funeral. The gravestone lx>re on the top the figures "181 1," probably the dale of its erection; then underneath. "In memory of Samuel Mc- Farland, teacher of vocal music, late from Worcester, Massachusetts, who departed this life September 20. i"9<). aged twenty-eight years." This stone was subsequently removed to the west j>art of the Mahoning cemetery.

Discovery Of Coal

"At an early day mineral or stone coal was discovered in different localities in the township and vicinity. It was ascertained to be good for blacksmith fuel, and was used to some extent by smiths in this section of country. It was not to any extent used as fuel for domestic purposes, as wood was plenty and cheaper. The early citizens little thought that this black stone, which would burn, cropping out here and there in the ravines, was destined to Income a source of great wealth to their successors, and. while some of them were still living, to develop this valley into one of the most wealthy manufacturing regions of our country." After the opening of the Pennsylvania & Ohio canal in 1840 Governor David Tod sent from his Drier Hill mines a few boat loads of cord to Cleveland as ;m exjieriment. The coal was tested for steamboat and other pur]*>ses. and approved. It soon l>ecame a regular traffic, and its transportation, subsequently by railroad, increased until the practical exhaustion of the mines not many years ago.

A letter from Jared I 'otter Kirtland. son of Turhand Kirtlaud. the pioneer, to John M. Fdwards. Ksq., and dated Fast RockpTt, O.. August jo. 187.;, contains some interesting reminiscences from the diary of his father, which will not lie out of place here, though first published many years ago. W e quote in part as follows :

"* * * Judge Kirtland. in the fulfillment of his <luty as agent (of the Connecticut Land Company), laid out and opened a road through the wilderness, from the Grand river, near I-ake Erie, to Youngstown. in 1798. He arrived at the last-named place with chain-men, surveyors, etc., on the 3d of August, and with Judge Young engaged in running out the town. At the same time he surveyed the townships of Burton and of Poland. In the latter he then located the seat of the mill, in the village, during the summer. His stopping-place seems to have been, while in Youngstown. with a Mr. Stevens, while Judge Young had a residence in Warren.

"August 30th he sold two lots and a mill seat, near the mouth of Yellow creek, to Fsq. John Struthers. the locality in Poland nowknown as Struthers.

"In 1700. May 18, he was again in Youngstown, stopping with Mr. Rol»crt Stevens, His brother-in-law, lonathan Fowler, and family, arrived there in a canoe from Pittsburg, by way of the Ohio. Big Beaver and Mahoning rivers. At evening Judge Kirtland carried them to Poland in his wagon, where they all lodged for the night by the side of a fire, with no shelter save a big oak and the canopy of heaven. The exact location was on the liomc lot of the late Dr. Truesdale, a few rods west of Yellow creek.

"1799, September 1, Sunday, he attended public worship at Youngstown. The Rev. William Wick, from Washington county, Pennsylvania, delivered the first sermon ever preached on the New Connecticut Western Reserve.

"October 19. John Struthers and family arrival at Poland." 1800, June 16, he (T. K.) went from Poland to Youngstown to agree on the place where the county-seat should be located.

"June 19, Messrs. Can field. Young, and King met J. S. Edwards at Fowler's tavern, in Poland, to advise as to the location of the county-seat.

"July 1. John Atkins, an old salt, returned to Poland with a mail from Pittsburg, the then nearest postorhce. There he obtained two lemons from another sailor who had turned pack-horse man. T. Kirtland and Atkins immediately started, with the lemons in charge, for Burton. These were proliably the first lemons on the Western Reserve.

Ceeebratint. The Fourth

"July 4, the good ]>eople of Burton, and others from Connecticut, assembled on the green, forty-two in number, partook of a good dinner, and drank the usual patriotic toasts. Then the president of the day ( T. K. ) caused the lemons to be mixed in a milk pan of punch, when he offered and drank as a toast. 'Here's to our wives and sweethearts at home.' The vessel of punch and the toast passed around the table till at length it came to a Mr. B.. who, a few weeks before, had fled from a Xanthippe of a wife in New England, to obtain a little respite, and had joined the surveying party: he promptly res|x>nded thus to the toast: 'Here's to our sweethearts at home, but the d - I take the wives.'

ague. He went from Poland to Youngstown to get his horse shod; was required to blow and strike for the smith. This threw him into an aggravated relapse of the disorder, which was at length cured by taking teaspoonful doses of the bark every hour. He adds: 'I ! found that Joseph McMahon and the people of j Warren had killed two Indians at Salt Spring on Sunday, 20th, in a hasty and inconsiderate manner; and they had sent after a number of Indians that had gone off, in order to hold a conference and settle the unhaj>py and unprovoked breach they had made on the Indians. They had agreed on Wednesday, 30th, to hold a conference at Esq. Young's, and had sent for an interpreter to attend, who arrived this day, in company with an Indian chief and his lady on horseback.'

"Wednesday, July 30, went to Youngstown ( from Poland) to attend the conference with the Indians on account of the murder I of two of their principal men at Salt Spring, on Sunday, 20th, by Joseph McMahon and Storer. We assembled aliout three hundred whites and ten Indians, had a very friendly talk, and agreed to make peace and live as friends.

"Monday. August 25. went to Warren, met the judges and justices of the county, when they all took the oaths of office, and proceeded to open the courts of Quarter Session and Common Pleas; appointed constables and summoned eighteen grand jurors. Bills of indictment found against Joseph McMahon and Richard Storer for murder.

"Sunday, September 14, Sample, the counsel for McMahon, went on to Youngstown. The prisoner is on the way from Mcintosh (Heaver) with the sheriff, and an escort of twenty-five troops from the garrison at Pittsburg. to guard him to Warren, where a court is to l>e held on Thursday, for his trial for the murder of Captain George and George Tuscarawa (Indians) at Salt Spring.

After quoting t lie above from the diary of his father, Mr. J a red I'. Kirtland, in the letter almvc referred to. goes on to relate a few of his own recollections:

He recalls the night of June 10, 1810. when on his way from Wallingford. Conn., to Poland. Ohio, he s[>ent the night at Adam's tavern, in the town of Liberty. "At noon of the following day," he says. "1 dined with Dr. Charles Dutton in Youngstown. a sparsely settled village of one street, the houses mostly log structures, a tew humble frame dwellings excepted: of the latter character was the dwelling house and store of the late Colonel Raven." After dinner the doctor accompanied him to Poland 1 l»>th on horseback), where he was going to join his father's family, from whom he had been separated since 1S03. "No bridges then sjKinned the Mahoning. We passed over at Power's ford, the water high and muddy from recent rains; but the doctor pointed out a rock in the river, with its top barelv above the water, which, he said, was an itidex that when the top appeared it was safe to ford the stream.

"In the following week." says Mr. Kirtland. "I took charge of the district school in the village of Poland, consisting of sixty scholars, which 1 taught till late in September, in a log house mi the public square. I soon teamed that Joseph Noyes. a former schoolmate of mine, had charge of a school of similar size in Youngstown. It occupied a log building in Main street, next adjoining Mr. Prvson's log store, near where Colonel Caleb Wick formerly resided. Mr. Noyes and myself soon established the rule to visit each other's school on every alternate Saturday and counsel each other on school teaching. Reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, and geography were the branches required to lie taught. I have the vanity to lielieve that, in the three first named, the progress of our classes was as satisfactory as in the classes of the present day. Those three branches were rather s))ecialties with l*>th of us. Neither found use for the r>xl. Those bi-weekly visits to that school established an acquaintance w ith nearly every individual, old and young, in the village. 1 now know not a surviving one of that number.

"Mary Tod fthe late Mrs. K vans') was a member of Mr. Noyes' school. She then was just entering her teens, and a more lovely face than hers I have never seen. But, what do our fashionable and ambitious mothers of the present day imagine were the texture and style of the dress of that beautiful girl? Her external costume was a home-made mixture of linen and cotton, cut after the female disciples of Mother Ann I>ee. with no plaits and fewgores, unmodified by either corset or bustle. The lower margin was adorned with a twoinch stripe of madder red. followed next by one of indigo blue, and a third one of hickory kirk yellow, very much like the kalmorals which, a few years since, our fashionable city ladies were sure to exhibit < accidentally, of ' course 1 at every street crossing, much to fhe admiration of crowds of idle loafers."

The latter part of Mr. Kirtland's letter is devoted to a regimental muster which he witnessed in Youngstown, in September, 1810. and which is referred to elsewhere in this volume, and closes with some account of the heavy rainfall that year, and in the two following seasons. "As a consequence." he says, "the streams frequently overflowed their banks, cornfields were not worked, and the heavy crop of wheat was generally grown or sprouted, much to the displeasure of the housewife and joy of the whisky distiller. The latter found his grains half malted by nature, while the former could hardly restrain her loaves from running. Every public road was almost impassable, and some of the recent emigrants left the West, discouraged and disgusted."

Other Educational Matters

"This article, l>etween the undersigned subscrilwrs of the one part, and Jabez P. Manning of the other, witnesseth. That said Manning doth, on his part, engage to teach a school at the schoolhousc near the center of Youngstown for the term of one quarter, wherein he engages to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, and English grammar; and, furthermore, that the school shall be opened at 9 o'clock A. M., and closed at 4 P. M. on each day of the week (Saturday and Sunday excqrtcd), and on Saturday to be opened at 9 arid closed at 12 o'clock A. M. And we, the subscribers, on our part, individually engage to pay the said Manning one dollar and seventy-five cents for each and every scholar we subscribe, at the end of the term; and we furthermore agree to furnish or to bear the necessary expense of furnishing wood and all other things necessary for the use of the schooL

"Furthermore, we do engage that unless, by the 6th day of April of the present year, the number of scholars sul>scribcd amount to thirty-five that the said Manning is in no way obligated by this article.

"The township was first divided into sch<x>l districts on May 22, 1826. There were seven districts and two fractional districts. I The first or center district, which included the I present city and some additional territory, con- I tained fifty- four householders. The whole I township, as then enumerated, contained 206 . householders, of which twelve were women." Some further reminiscences of the early inhabitants of Youngstown may be found in a letter from Roswcll M. Grant, uncle of General U. S. Grant, which is published, in part, in the chapter on the Settlement and Organization of Mahoning County.

Early Amusements

Though our forefathers were without the theater, the moving picture show, the trolley car and the automobile, they were by no means destitute of amusements, and most of them of , a healthy and beneficial kind. Debating societies were frequently held, at which such subjects as the following were debated. "Whether, is the intrinsic value of an article or the probability of obtaining the price to be made the rule in selling?" "Is slave-holding pro|xr or improper?" "Ought the Mahoning to be a public highway or not?" Then there were the huskings and logging-bees, the athletic sports and dances, "Sister Phoebe," and kicking the blanket, The bill of fare at a logging in 1817, in which the Hon. Shelden Newton (then a young man) participated, was bread, raw pork, raw onions, and whisky. We have J since improved on that diet. In relating the 1 circumstance, he said that in those days "all men raised what they ate and made what they wore, all business transactions were conducted by simple barter, that money was only used in the payment of taxes, and that 160 cents for a long time paid the taxes on 160 acres of land. Occasionally the paper of neighboring banks was circulated, redeemable only at the place of issue, and sometimes not even there.

Pioneer Houses

Alexander McKinney, who settled with his parents in Youngstown in 1804, and who came from Fort Wayne. Indiana, to attend the pioneer reunion in this city in 1875. sa'c' m re" gard to the houses : "After the logs were piled up for one side of the house, the man would go out with a broad-axe and scratch them down a little, so that they would be a little smoother on the inside. Some places where there was good timber that would split well, they would split the log in two and that was considered a go<xl deal better. There were not many nails used in building in those days; every man had the charge of the erection of his own temple. I suppose in the majority of the houses there wasn't a pound of nails used in the whole building. No nails were made then except by the blacksmith. The furniture was very crude. If the jjcoplc were fortunate enough to bring- furniture with them they had it; otherwise they had to do the best they could. * * * The house was a factory in one sense, for whatever we had to wear we manufactured for ourselves as a general thing. The men raised the flax and the women spun it and wove it. The wtx>l was shorn from the sheep and picked atid carded by hand. We had hand-mills and carded the wool and made the cloth. If there was a fulling-mill in the neighborhood it was taken there, and made into winter wear. We wore flannel in the winter and linen in the summer. The doors were hung on wooden hinges, generally with the latch-string out. Some houses had chairs and some benches. In many cases they used, as there was generally a baby in the house, a sugar-trough to rock the baby in. * * * If we wanted to go any place we had to go on foot or on horse back. If a young gentleman wanted to take his lady to singing school he took her on the horse with him."

Most of the facts and incidents contained in this chapter up to the present page were related at one or the other of the two reunions of old settlers which took place in Youngstown in May. 1874. and on September 10, 1875, respectively, by some of the very men whose early years had been passed amid pioneer surroundings, and whose parents were, in most cases, among the earliest settlers in Youngstown and the vicinity. John M. Edwards, Esq., in addressing the first of these meetings, made use of these words: "Those pioneer men and women have mostly passed away. To cherish their memory ; to recall the history of those early days; to renew ancient friendship; to greet, as of old, companions and acquaintances from whom we have teen long parted, we. their successors and early settlers of this, one of the earliest settled townships of the Reserve, have assembled here today. To all those present, to those who were residents of this township thirty-five or more years ago, to our invited guests and visitors, and to those, as well, who have Income residents at a more recent period and are here as spectators, we extend a cordial welcome."

Elections were held in Youngstown at the dwelling-house or inn of William Raven up to 1813, after which they were held at different public-houses until the town-hall was built, about 1850. They were afterwards held there until the city was divided into wards in 1870, since which time each ward has been its own election precinct for those residing in the ward. The town hall is still the place of voting for the inhabitants of the township outside of the city.

In 1848 upon application of the citizens, an act was passed by the legislature incorporating so much of the town of Youngstown as was included in the recorded town plat. In June, notice given, extended the limits of the town, 1850, the county commissioners, upon due and on the 15th an election was held "at the Union House, kept by W. H. Ross, in said Youngstown, for the 'purpose of electing by ballot one mayor, one recorder, and five trustees, to serve for one year, according to the act of Assembly in such cases made and provided." The notice for this election was signed by W. Edson, James Fowler, James Calvin, George Murray, J. R. Holcomb, T. Garlick, John Heiner, Cvrus Brcnneman, B. F. Heiner, A. McKinnie, R. W. Tayler, G. G. Murray, George W. Seaton, William S. Parmele, and Benjamin H. Lake. John Heiner was elected mayor, with 91 votes, and Robert W. Tayler, recorder ; John Loughbridge, Abraham D. Jacobs, Francis Barclay, Stephen F. Burnett, Manuel Hamilton, trustees.

First Council Meeting

On the evening of the same day the first meeting of the council was held, and Youngstown commenced its existence as a municipal corporation, no organization having been formed under the act of 1848. At first a borough, it became, under the subsequent state laws governing municipal corporations, the "Incorporated Village of Youngstown."

City Of The Second Class

"In June. 1867, a census of the village was taken, and the number of inhabitants found to exceed five thousand. This fact was certified by resolutions of the council to the Secretary of State, in order to secure the advancement of the village to a city of the second class,'* which it was soon after accordingly declared.

Further Extensions Of Limits

On March 2, 1868, the council passed an ordinance to extend the city's boundaries, and at the same time a vote of the people was ordered to ratify or reject the proposed extension. A proclamation was also issued to elect at the same time officers of a city of the second class. The vote on the extension was yeas 593. nays 10. George McKee was elected

In September, 1870, the population having increased to 8,100, the council divided the city into five wards. In 1880, on a further increase of population, the First and Second Wards were subdivided, making seven in all.

In January, 1880. the city having again widely outgrown its boundaries, a petition signed by 469 citizens, most of them prominent business men, was presented to the council asking for a further extension of the city limits, and an ordinance was passed by the council extending the city according to the report. When presented to the county commissioners for approval their decision, contained in their journal, November 18, 1880, was as follows: "The board met at 10 A. M. On motion the prayer of the petition for the extension of the city limits is ordered not granted, and the petitioners pay the cost."

This summary dismissal of the petition caused widespread dissatisfaction, as there were hundreds more who would have signed it had they known that the influence of their names was needed. April 8. 1889, however, an ordinance was passed which extended the limits, making them very nearly the same as they are today, there having tieen but two subsequent modifications, namely, by an ordinance passed in 1892 some land was detached in the neighborhood of the Austintown road, and in 1903 another slight change was made at Crab creek whereby two or three acres were added on.

Mayors Of Youngstown

The following is a list of the mayors of Youngstown from its incorporation as a village and first election, held June 15, 1850, with dates of election. The mayors of the village were elected for one year.

Merchants - Ix-mucl Wick. Hcnrv B. and Hngh Wick. |r,. P. and A D. lao-hs. Frank and Joseph |i;,rclay. Wick and McClelland. John Kirk. Thornton and C.rrl.

No Newspaper

There was no ne\vsp.i|>er published in Youngstown at that time, hut four years later Ashael Medbury started the Mahoning County Republican, a vigorous Democratic weekly.

stock of this bank was owned by Yonngstown men, and on the board of directors of the hank were men of Yonngstown and vicinity, to-wit: William Raven. Henry Wick, Sr., Henry Wick, Jr.. Lemuel W ick, David Clendcnnei*, Turhand Kirtlaml, Jared P. Kirtland, A damson Bcntlev, Charles Dutton of Yonngstown and Comfort S. Mvgatt and Elisha Whittlesey of Canheld.

Citizens of Yonngstown and vicinity who were incorporators of the Western Reserve Bank were George Tod. William Rayen, Turhand Kirtland and Comfort S. Mvgatt.

Ok High Character

The physicians then here had a high reputation throughout Northern Ohio as men of high character of their profession. Dr. Theodatus Garlick was the first man in America to demonstrate the possibilities of hatching fish eggs in the artificial way.

The only practicing attorney was Robert W. Tayler, although Judge George Tod and Homer Hine, both widely known as eminent lawyers, resided here, but lx>th had retired from active practice of their profession. Soon after this David Tod moved from Warren to Brier Hill.

John S. Dcnnison. who died in Yonngstown. at the age of 83 years. April 17. 1907, was a pioneer resident of this locality. He was a native of Liberty township. Trumbull County. O., where he lived until his early manhood. In 1842. when he was eighteen years of age, he came to Youngstown to do blacksmithing work for John Shchy. The shop in which he worked stood near the Robert Montgomery homestead on the banks of the canal. Youngstown was then a village of less than J.000 inhabitants.

The land where the John H. Fitch wholesale house now stands was then offered for sale at S.jn an acre. It was used as a dump for an old tin shop. No building then stood between it and the old American House since demolished. Between the Diamond and Spring

Common there were com and potato patches in a high state of cultivation, and the land which was not thus occupied was, for the most part, of a swampy character. One or two small houses stood in the vicinity, and they were built of logs. Where the court house now stands was the Youngstown cemetery.

Mr. Dennison helped to do the blacksmithing for the first rolling mill in the city. Youngstown was then a station on the old stage road running from Cleveland to Pittsburg, and Mr. Dennison did his share of shoeing stage horses.

Colonel Rayen lived in the finest house in town at Spring Common. There was a man by the name of Mcdbury located in South Hazel street who operated a distillery there. The Disciple Church was located where the opera house now stands. There were two doctors in town at that time, Dr. Cook and Dr. Manning. Wick avenue was then graced by but two residences, one a small brick house and the other a log shanty. The land around these buildings was selling for $20 an acre. Mr. Dennison often related that he had heard his father say that on first coming to this section in 1 800, he had shot deer over the present oak trees in Wick avenue, as they were then scrubs only a few feet high.

Oak Hill Cemetery

Oak Hill Cemetery was founded in 1852, the Cemetery Association being incorporated in that year with Dr. Henry Manning as its first president. About sixteen acres of the original land was purchased from Dr. Manning and formed part of his farm. The land has been improved at considerable expense, and now consists of twenty-seven acres, beautifully situated upon a high hill on the south bank of the Mahoning River. To this cemetery were gradually conveyed the remains of those who had been previously interred in the old burying ground on Wood street and Wick avenue. In it about 14.000 interments have been made up to the present time. The cemetery is not conducted for the profit and no dividends are declared. Myron C. Wick is now president of the association, with Mason Evans secretary and treasurer. The grounds are tastefully laid out and kqit in admirable order under the careful superintendence of Mr. J. D. Orr. With its retired and picturesque situation, elevated far above the noise and smoke of the valley, it makes an ideal City of the Dead, where liereaved ones may commune , awhile in spirit with those who have passed away. There are seven costly private burying vaults now in the cemetery.

Belmont Park Cemetery

The Belmont Park Cemetery Association was incorporated in July, 1903. The cemetery, which is located on the Belmont avenue extension, with the main entrance on the Holmes road, comprises two hundred acres of rolling farm land, of which, up to date, but forty have been improved. These are well and tastefully planted with trees and shrubs, interspersed here and there with forty- foot flower beds. Spacious driveways render every part of the cemetery easily accessible. The improved portion is all hand mowed in lawn fashion, and there are no raised graves. Several small lakes, connected by rustic bridges, and fed by an artificially designed fountain, serve to enhance the picturesqueness of the surroundings. The water for these lakes is drawn from natural wells by electric pumps and stored in two large tanks - one of 12,000 and one of 15.000 gallons capacity. A tasteful building near the main entrance serves as the headquarters of the superintendent. Mr. G. E. Whitaker. The present officers of the association are J. H. Fitch, president; E. F. Shellaberger, vicepresident; F. G. King, secretary treasurer.

Milt. Creek Park

The brief description of this beautiful park which follows is taken from a longer descriptive article, which apjieared in the report published in i<)04 by Mr. Volncy Rogers, who, more than anyone else has been instrumental in securing and improving the park for the lienefit of the inhabitants of Youngstown and J the vicinity.

Mill Creek Park is the property of Youngs, town township, including the City of Youngstown. It is located partly within the city limits, and has two entrances, each one and onefourth miles from Central Square, the central business portion of the city. The park has an area of 482 acres, and when completed it will have over 500 acres within its boundaries. Its total cost up to January 1, 1904, was $339,- 920.47.

"The one dominating feature of the park is its natural, beautiful and picturesque scenery. An eminent landscape architect, the late Charles Eliot of Boston, who visited the park in 1891, after careful observation, said: 'So far as natural beauty is concerned there is no park in the country to compare with Mill Creek Park. It is as if a bit of choice scenery had been taken from the mountains of Switzerland and deposited in a level country.' " Similar testimony has been given by other wellknown landscape architects. The late H. W. S. Cleveland, of Minneapolis, who visited the park in 1893, said: "The existence of a tract comprising such a rare combination of attractive natural features in the immediate vicinity of a city is, so far as my experience goes, unparalleled elsewhere."

"The park is, in brief, a gorge, and its environments: A picturesque stream coursing through its center, having fine cascades and waterfalls, cliffs and bluffs upon each side of from sixty to over a hundred feet in height with sylva and flora exceedingly rich in variety and beauty.

"In a direct line the park is two and onefourth miles in length. Its width varies from a few hundred feet at places where the gorge is narrow, to a half, three-fourths, and in one instance over a mile, where it includes Bear Creek and its enchanting surroundings. The windings of Mill Creek make the park seem much longer than it really is; the main driveways follow the banks or bluffs of the main stream upon each side and are connected by a bridge across the gorge, where most remote from the city, ninety feet in height.

banks of the main stream on each side, and fine vistas have also been opened from good view points along both driveways and footpaths. * * * There are meadows, lakes, islands, swift-running streams, waterfalls, cliffs, natural grottos, and wooded hills of unending variety and interest.

"The park is naturally well-drained and abounds with ample shade, as well as excellent springs of pure, clear water, convenient to all its parts. It adjoins the city on the west, or windward side, insuring pure air from the country for the refreshment of visitors while at the park, and in a measure preserving and passing to the city generally, better air at all times than would have been the case had this large territory been occupied for residence or manufacturing purposes. The benefits to health that will result from the establishment and preservation of this park are incalculable.

Mill Creek And Its Relics In The Park

The source of Mill Creek is about twenty miles south of Youngstown, and the stream flows almost directly north through portions of Columbiana and Mahoning counties to its confluence with the Mahoning River within the corportate limits of Youngstown. It drains seventy-five square miles of territory, and its waters flow slowly and peacefully until about three miles from Youngstown, when they suddenly become turbulent upon reaching Mill Creek Park and dashing over a series of rapids and waterfalls, make a descent of 132^ feet before they reach the Mahoning.

"Geologically the stream is new, likewise the greater portion of the gorge, that is, they have been formed since the glacial period. The lower central portion of the gorge, however, is the partially filled valley of an ancient river."

A hundred years ago the water shed of Mill Creek was covered by a dense virgin forest, resulting in a constantly amply flow of water in its streams, and when the first settlers came to Ohio at the close of the eighteenth century, that portion of Mill Creek which passes through the gorge above described was in good demand for mills and factories; many being established and operated successfully there by water ixnver, hence the name.

The first of these was erected bv fohn and Phineas Hill alxmt i -»>S at Mill Creek balls, (I^anterman's ). It was constructed of round logs and contained machinery for grinding grain and sawing lumber. It was a primitive affair, but when ready to be raised there were not men enough in the neighlx>rhood to do the work and help came from Pennsylvania.

On the day the mill was erected a l>ear was killed near by and its flesh served as meat to the men engaged in that work. This mill was replaced by a larger and lx-tter one. built by Eli Baldwin, the father of the late Hon. Jesse Baldwin of Boardman. Ohio, and Mr. Homer Baldwin, of Youngstown, about 1823. It was a frame structure, and was entirely washed away by an unprecedented flood in the summer of 1843: when, it is said. Mill Creek suddenly became larger than the Mahoning River. All dams in Mill Creek and some dwellings in the creek valley were swept away in the mad rush of waters, resulting in great loss of pro|XTty and some loss of human life.

The present mill structure on the same site, known as the Lantcrman mill, was built by the late Samuel Kimlierly and the late German Lanterman in 1845 and 1846. It was o|x?rated as a flouring mill until about 1888. and became the property of the park commissioners in 1892, whose purpose is to preserve the relic.

Another object on the bank of Mill Creek that ought always to be of interest, is what is now called "The Pioneer Pavilion." This stone structure was built for a woolen factory by James Eaton in i8_>i, but later was used as a store-room in connection with a charcoal furnace near it. built by Daniel Eaton, a brother of James, in 1826.

I.Akk Coiiasskt

Lake Cohasset, Ins. including two small islands, a surface area of twenty-eight acres. It is surrounded by bluffs varying from sixty to one hundred and ten feet in height, and just above its head is a vertical cliff one hundred feet high, with Mill Creek swiftly running at the base of the cliff to the inlet of the lake. These bluffs and cliffs are clothed w ith natural forest grow th, largely of handsome evergreens, suggesting the name "Cohasset," an Indian word, meaning "Place of Pines." The lake was formed by the construction of a masonry stone dam of excellent design and workmanship, twenty-three feet in height, resulting in a I picturesque lxxly of water in three connected , pools. There is a drive and a foot-path u|x>n each side- - the drives mostly overlooking the lake from the bluffs; the foot-paths are at the Ixrttoms of the bluffs trailing the shores. The west drive, however, descends to the lake at one point and follows its shore for some distance.

The vistas from both drives, and from the foot-paths present some of the most charming park scenes in America. The prospects from boats on the lake are very different from those on shore and seem even grander at times.

The cliffs and bluffs around the lake and in view from its waters are rlothed with lichens, mosses, ferns, wild flowers, and shrubs, as well as trees, and. as a whole, present one of nature's very best lake lx>rders.

In conclusion we may say, once more in the words of Mr. Rogers, "To the stranger who visits Mill Creek Park there is a pleasant surprise always, and to the resilient of Youngstown who is somewhat familiar with its more prominent features there is always something new. The face of nature changes there as the seasons come and go. in forms and pictures of wondrous 1>eauty. Mill Creek Park is a place that never disappoints an intelligent, appreciative visitor.

The East End Park. Youngstown. is composed of alnvut sixty-two acres of land, extending along the valley of Dry Run. fifteen acres being included within the limits of Coitsville township. The land was purchased about two wars ago. at a cost of $io/kxi. The park occupies the l>ottom lands of the creek, which runs through it. and which it follows in general direction. In some places the banks are steep and in others rocky, but in general the slopes are gentle, anil covered with nice timber. In the plan of development laid out it is proposed to retain all its natural features of beauty, and to add thereto such artificial conveniences and improvements as may be required to transform it into an ideal summer resort for Voungstown people. These improvements include a band stand, which has already been constructed, several bridges, graded roads and driveways, with possibly a dam. in order to form a jkx»1 for swimming or skating. This jvirk contains one the largest glacial boulders in the State of Ohio, the stone being split into two parts. Many years ago the Delaware* and several other Indian tribes used to come to the Mahoning Valley yearly for their supply of corn and salt. The corn was grown in the fertile river bottoms, and the salt was obtained from the salt springs. After the battle of Braddock. which was fought July 9. 1755, the Indians came here to celebrate their success. The place selected for the big feast was the usual ground around Xca-To- Ka, or Council Rock, the large boulder above mentioned. In all there were six trills represented and 3.;cx> Indians at the feast. While it was in progress a hurricane struck the place. Many Indians were killed by falling trees. Four chiefs were killed when lightning struck the rock. The dead Indians were buried on the site of the present Haselton furnaces. The Indians thought the calamity a visitation from the "Great White Spirit." and none of them ever visited the spot again. The Indian name for Dry Run Creek was Scm-is-co-le-to. which means shady water.

Wick 1'Ark

W hich takes its name from the Wick family, wa< deeded to the city of Voungstown by the heirs of Hugh B. Wick, in 18X9, on condition that the city would improve and beautify it for park purposes. It is a large piece of ground, rectangular in shape, situated in the north part of the city, and measuring about 1.700 feet in length by 1,200 feet in width, including the streets which form its boundaries. It is crossed by several spacious driveways and has six entrances. The land is finely timbered, but the main attractions are the Hower lieds, which are very tastefully laid out, and in the summer time present a fine appearance. In accordance with the conditions of the deed of gift, the city has spent thousands of dollars in setting out flowers and caring for them and making the grounds attractive. As many as twelve thousand tulips have Ixren set out in one season, while there is an abundance of other favor- ; ite Mowers. During the present year (1907) ; it is proposed to erect a fine band stand, which will be built of pressed buff brick, withconcrete floor and tile roof, with other useful and artistic improvements.

Voungstown City Water Works

The Voungstown City Water Works was established by an ordinance' passed in City Council, May 23, 1871. In the year 1872 a pumping station was erected on the Ixank of the Mahoning River just west of what was then known as Stull street, now known as North West Avenue. The equipment of the plant at that time was as follows: One Holly Gang pump of one million gallons capacity per twenty-four hours; two Holly rotary pumps, one of two million gallons capacity, and one of three million gallons capacity; one Holly vertical boiler to generate steam for rotary jnimps ; two return tubular boilers for generating steam for gang pump. With alxmt seven miles of water mains, in sizes from 15- inch to 4-inch, cast iron, and 2-inch gas pipe. This plant was installed at a cost of aliou* §135.000. In the year 1886 the Holly rotary fire pumps were replaced by a three million gallon Worthington duplex non-expanding condensing pump. In the year iH7<). the Holly rotary fire pumps were replaced bv a million ; gallon Dean duplex cotujHumd condensing pump, thus completing the retirement of the entire original pumping plant in the short period of fourteen years. Changes were made from time to time, so thai from the humble beginning in 1872, as stated above, the plant has grown in the short period of thirty- four years to the following equipment :

One rive million gallons Deane duplex compound condensing pumping engine. Two five million gallon William Tod & Co. cross compound condensing, crank and fly-wheel pumping engine. Two 200-horse-power Stirling water tube boilers. Two 1 so-horse-power Babcock & Wilcox water tube' boilers. Two 200-horse-powcr Scotch marine boilers. One 3,000 gallons dentrifugal pump, used as a booster to increase pressure for fire purposes in high ground.

Two ten million gallons William Tod Co. centrifugal pumps, direct connected to Reeves vertical cross compound engines. One fourfive million gallons William Tod Co. centrifugal pump, direct connected to a simple vertical Reeves engine. Two 125-horse-power Sterling water tube boilers.

The outside equipment consists of two stand-pipes of 528,768 gallons capacity each. Ninety-five miles of cast iron water pipe, ranging in size from 4-inch to 24-inch, together with valves, etc. Altogether the equipment has a value on January 1, 1906, of $1,- 303.171.16.

Youngstown Kilter Plant

A mechanical filter plant of 10,000,000 gallons capacity has been built at Youngstown (1005) to treat the water of the Mahoning River, which was formerly pumped under direct pressure into the mains of the distribution system without any attempt at purification. The Mahoning River has a watershed of 960 square miles above the pumping station -of the water works in Youngstown and is

I large steel mills in Youngstown above the pumping station, rendered the river unsatisfactory as a source of supply, unless the water from it was filtered. In attempting to secure a more satisfactory supply, several projects were first considered for developing reservoir sites on creeks in the vicinity which arc tributaries of the river and bringing the water by gravity from these reservoirs to the pumping station. The adoption of any of these sources, however, would have required the erection of a filter plant to insure a sanitary supply, so it was decided to adhere to the river as a source of such supply, and build a filter plant near the old pumping station; then, if necessary, develop a further supply on one of the creeks.

The pumping station on the north bank of the river is in a very closely built-up section, with little room to expand and no feasible site for a filter plant. A tract of vacant ground of several acres, bordering on the south bank of the river, and immediately across from the pumping station, was acquired and the filter plant erected on it near the river and about 500 feet up stream from the station.

Quicksand was encountered in making the e\cavatii.in for the clear water well and sonic difficulty was experienced in completing the cxc-ivation and laying the concrete.

The contract for the intake and boiler house, filter building, clear water well and all filtering appliances was awarded to Messrs. Thomas I.ightbody & Son. of Youngstown, for Si 00.000. The machinery equipment was furnished by the William Tod Co. of Youngstown. at a cost of S0.400. The lioiler-house contains two 1 25-horse-power water turbine toilers, built by the Sterling Boiler Company at a cost of $4,200. The total cost of the plant, exclusive of heating and lighting and the 36- inch river crossing, was $123,000. The valves in the entire plant were made by C. W. Thomas, of Detroit : the cast iron pipe by the Massillon Iron & Steel Company. The plant as constructed was designed by Mr. F. M. Lillie, city engineer of Youngstown, assisted by Messrs. H. M. Reel and S. A. King, assistant engineers, and with the advice of W. S. Hamilton, superintendent of the water works. Mr. George \V. Fuller, of New York, was consulting engineer. The plant was built under the direction of the Board of Public Service, David Hcinselnian, president, with Messrs. Hagan and Vettcr as the other members. The committee of the City Council, which had much to do with the adoption of the plans for the plant, and their execution, consisted of Messrs. Middleton ami Parrock.

Fire Department

One of the notable incidents in the history of Yonugstown was the organization of the Youngstown Fire Department. As with all cities the first was a volunteer department, and for years the organization maintained a name for itself by the efficient work which it performe<l,

The patron of the organization was Governor David Tod. and after him the engine which marked the start of the department was n'nmed. The venerable machine is still in existence, after having gone through years of service, and stands in the annex to Central fire department station, as a monument to the organization which "whooped 'cr up" so many times in making the runs to the many fires which they extinguished during the existence of the department.

With it came the reel hose wagon yet rcmeml>ercd by all. and later came the hook and ladder wagon, and the detriment was a reality. The organization of the department was coincident w ith the blossoming of the village into a city, and was demanded by considerations of public safety.

bonds for the purpose of purchasing a fire engine. It became evident before the village became a city that such an amount would be inadequate for the purchase of a fire engine, and the ordinance was repealed.

The city organized as such after the first city election on April 6, 1868, and on April 14, the new city officers took charge. One of the first acts of the new city government was to authorize the issue of $20,000 worth of bonds for the purchase of the fire engine. In the meanwhile the citizens were preparing an organization to. take hold as soon as the city was ready for them, which was perfected April jo, 1808. Governor Tod had worked incessantly on the organization of the department, and the city showed its appreciation of his labors when they finally bore fruit, by naming the engine after him.

Fireman - Henry Morris. Assistant Fireman - A. W. Jones. The company got along with the hose wagon and engine for three years, and in the meanwhile the first engine-house was built A temporary house for the fire engine was erected, but on November 2d, H. Hamilton and Mayor McKee were ap|iointcd a committee for the erection of a permanent house on the present site of the Central department station. September 14. 1871, a hook and ladder company was organized with fifty members, After the organization of the engine company the first appearance of its members in uniform was at the funeral of Governor T>«! in November. 1868. Surviving menuVrs well re- member that day. when the uniforms, which had arrived the day l)efore, were donned for the first time to pay tribute to one of the strongest friends the volunteers ever had. The companies were governed simply by foremen until May 6, 1873, when the office of chief engineer was created, and J. \Y. Ross was a|>- pointcd to fill it. Fourteen fire police weic also appointed.

On April jo, 1875. the volunteers reelected J. M. Ross chief, and he was confirmed by the council, together with the following officers of the department: J. W. Metz. assistant chief; \V. S. Hamilton, fire engineer; Albert Probst . hose cart driver; Chaunccy Hamilton, hook and ladder marshal.

On February 20,, 1876, the City Council fixed the salary of the chief of the fire department at $65 per month. On April 11, 1876. the following nominations of the volunteer association were confirmed by the council : John \Y. Metz, chief; Philip McGonnell. assistant chief: W. S. Hamilton, fire engineer, and A. M. Probst, hose cart driver. The following year the salary of the chief was made $600 per year.

Charles \Y. McNab was nominated chief and confirmed by council on April 9, 1878. together with the following officers nominated by the volunteers: Joseph C. Cook, assistant chief: YV. S. Hamilton, fire engineer; D. H. Evans, hose cart driver.

May 13. 1879, McNab was again appointed' chief of the department with the same sub-officers. April 27. 1880. Richard Morgan was confirmed by the council as chief, and served one year. The following year William Horner was chosen chief, and served through until the next year. YV. S. Hamilton in that year resigned as fire engineer, and K. K. Jones succeeded him.

The following spring there arose differences between the council and the volunteer organization over the purchase of supplies. Council refused to confirm the officers selected bv the volunteer organization in 1882. and the organization immediately retaliated with a notice that it would disband. The following notice was served on the council :

"Whereas. We have been a volunteer fire department for fourteen years for the said city; and whereas at our regular meeting held Thursday. April 6. 1882. we elected our officers tor the ensuing year according to the rules and laws of said comiwny. and

"Resolved. That we cease to exist as a volunteer fire department for said city from Monday. May 8, 1K82. at 9 o'clock p. m. "Signed William Horner, "James W. Mktz, "Edward K. Jones.

The volunteers immediatelv made preparations for leaving and took their possessions from the fire department building. D. II. Evans, as driver, on May 4. 1882, resigned, and it seemed that for a short time the city would l>e without a fire department.

A number of the members of the old department came to the rescue, however, and offered their services to the city as "experienced and trained firemen.'" Their offer was at once accepted, and the nomination of Charles W. McNab as chief, John Lung as hose car; driver, and Albert Probst as hook and ladder driver, were confirmed on April 28. A move was made in the same year for a new building.

On May 7. 1883. the volunteers nominated William H. Moore as chief. John Lung as hose cart driver, and Al Probst as hook and ladder driver. On June 30. 1884. Moore was reelected chief, and his salary fixed at $500 per year. Five men were ordered hired at $60 per month, and later the council passed a resolution to pay the minute men fifty cents per hour.

and Sim Dyer, book and ladder driver, George Battieger. Ambrose Perkins, and Charles Vaughn were appointed as stationary men at the tire station.