Youngstown City (part 7 of 33)

The manufacturing interests of Canfield, Ohio, though not as extensive as they might have been have been sufficient and worthy of consideration. The town has contributed brains and skill that have produced great and extensive results, and had not petroleum oil been discovered, the fields of cannel coal would have l>een made and developed an immense resource for public utility, by light and fuel. We can safely say, our possibilities are scarcely discovered. In our fire clay lies a proposition, yet to be solved. The persistent drilling for coal in special, not isolated, localities, bids favorable for the future good. Our forests are stocked with the finest timl>er suitable for the world's demands. Ship timbers of immense size are frequently forwarded, and our product runs clown almost to the clothes-pin and tooth-pick trade. The trade at large recognizes that the Canfield product has a special quality and finish now well known, and its demands are beyond our present output. The proof of this lies in the fact that for the last eight years solicitation for orders has not been needed.

About three hundred thousand handles were distributed to the trade in general last year, by the Canfield Manufacturing & Novelty Company, a plant originally erected in iSK>. by (ieorge X. Boughton with a pay roll at present of twenty-eight, distributing its funds almost entirely at home, for crude products and lalxjr. Although a modest concern, yet the fact of its distributing annually over $10,000 to its employes and eventually to the merchants, makes it a desirable proposition for our community. It is a public institution in which many of our prominent and active citizens are personally interested. The demands of the agricultural field have not l>een forgotten, for over 200,000 hand-rakes have been placed by them on the market during the last ten years, and over 5,000 horse-rakes, Ixrsides wood novelties of various kinds.

But this is not our only wood-working establishment. The Canfield Lumber Com|>any, originally established by W. J. (ice, Mr. Stark and Mr. Brobst, but now with new owners, new buildings ami new machinery, is laying the foundation for a valuable acquisition. The new owners, Weikart & Overhultzer, have the grit and push to make things go.

The grist mill under J. V. Calvin's management is advancing fast to the front, and winning its way to the hearts, as well as to the stomachs of the public. It has grown beyond the home demand and enjoys a good trade in other markets.

Delfs & Sons, though not making and changing their feed product as the manufacturers, yet place a fine stock of grain before the farmers. This with their coal, tile, etc., gives them a favorable trade.

overlook the needs of the eye and pleasures of the aesthetic tastes of heavenly beauties. To meet that want, extensive greenhouses, erected five years ago by W. J. Smith of I'ittsburg, and organized under the name of the Altino Culture Company in 1907, is an institution of large possibilities. The immensity is more fully realized by a jjersonal inspection of its lengthy glass-covered buildings and its fortyacre tract of land, one space, 200x40 feet and another 400x40 feet, being under glass.

The manufacture of oil from cannel coal was carried on by several companies in the southeastern part of the township from 1854 to 1863. This business came to an end with the discovery of the naturally flowing oil wells. These manufactories, which were established at a cost of about $200,000, were built by eastern capitalists, who during the somewhat brief .spell of their existence did a considerable business.

Canheld has usually lxren favored by the high character for faithfulness and ability of her public officials. Those now in control are no exception to the rule. Hon. H. A. Manchester, who as mayor exercises the largest share of influence in the local government, is an old resident of the town, thoroughly versed in its history and having a clear and sympathetic understanding of the needs and aspirations of the community. He is well supported by the subordinate officials, who arc efficient in their respective spheres of duty, and have the full confidence of the people by whom they were elected to office.

This township, which lies directly east of that of Youngstown, lieing adjacent thereto, was purchased previous to the year 1798 by Daniel Coit, of Connecticut, from the Connecticut Lind Company, and derive* its name from him. "It does not apjicar that he ever became a resident of Ohio, but authorized Simon Perkins, of Warren, as his general agent."

The first white settler in the township was Amos Loveland, a Revolutionary soldier, who came in 1798. and who spent the summer in assisting Mr. Hisscll in surveying. In the fall of the same year, he purchased all the lands in that part of the township on the south side of the Mahoning river - some 424 acres - and then returned to Vermont for his family. After settling his affairs there, he and his family left Chelsea in December, in two sleds drawn by four horses. After going some distance the snow melted, and he exchanged his sleds for a wagon, with which they continued their journey. Says Mr. Shields, the source of our information: "After many trials, hardships and discouragements, they arrived at their future home, in the rich and beautiful Mahoning valley, April 4, 1799, themselves and their horses much the worse for their long winter journey. Where they landed thev found a log cabin erected for their residence, one-half of it floored with puncheons, split out and dressed with an axe, the other without a floor except Mother Earth. Cynthia Loveland was the first white child bom in the township. She was born in June, 1799, and died at the age of sixteen years. Her brother David, the second white child Ijorn in Coitsvillc, attained an advanced age. residing in a house upon the original homestead, of which he owned about 300 acres."

"Ordered by the Board of Commissioners for the County of Trumbull, that No. 2 in the first range of townships in said county, l>e set off as a separate township, by the name of Coitsville, with all the rights, privileges, and j immunities by law given to and invested in any township in this state, and the first meeting of said township shall be held at the house for-

"Clerk Commissioners pro tern." The first election was held April 6, A. D. 1807, Alexander McGuffey, chairman; John Johnson and Joseph Jackson, judges of election. The following officers were chosen : Township clerk, Joseph Bissell ; trustees, Wm. Huston. Joseph Jackson and William Stewart; overseers of the poor, John McCall and Timothy Swan ; supervisors of highways, William Martin and Kbenezer Corey; fence viewers, David Cooper and John Stewart; appraisers of houses, James Stewart and Alexander McGuffey; lister, Alexander McGuffey; constable, James Lynn; treasurer, John Johnson.

Character Ok The Settlers

In 1801 settlers began to come into the township in large numbers. They were mostly farmers from Western Pennsylvania, especially from Beaver and Washington counties, while some came from east of the mountains. They were in general a moral and church-going people, a number of different sects being represented among them, while there were a few who were loose-living, fond of drink and opposed to Bible religion.

The year 181 1 brought hard times for many of the pioneers of Coitsville. Mr. Bissell died in that year. His financial affairs were found in bad condition, which brought disaster to many of those who had purchased their land from him. Some had paid for their lands, received their deeds, and were consequently safe. Others who had not got their lands paid for and received their titles were caught up. No matter how much they had paid, all fared alike and received a small per ccntage on their money. The land had to be repurchased or abandoned. It was supposed that load Mr. Bissell lived to settle up his own affairs, the result would have been different. Another cause of discouragement was a series of very rainy seasons, which flooded the low flat lands, and caused them to be unproductive. This caused a bad report to be put into circulation concerning the town, and many emigrants passed by. Then the W ar of uSu came on and many of the men subject to military duty were drafted, or volunteered, and went into the service. There were few left at home except women and children, old men, cripples and invalids.

A majority of the settlers, however, withstood their trials, and many of those who had lost their lands made new contracts for them with Mr. Perkins, and were finally successful. The soldiers returned home amid great rejoicings without losing a man, it is said; the rains ceased their profusion, the fields again yielded good crops, and soon every farm had its occupant, and Coitsville was again progressing.

The first public highway laid out in this township is the east and west road, known as the Mercer and Youngstown road; it was opened in 1802. Soon after that date the Yellow Creek road leading from Poland village to Hubbard, was opened through the township. In 1827 the Youngstown and Mercer road became a post road from New Bedford, Pennsylvania, westward. The Coitsville postoffice was first established iu that year at the center of the town; William Bissell was appointed postmaster.

The first sawmill in the township was built by Asa Marriner and James Bradford on Dry Run, about a mile northwest of the center. There were five other sawmills built on the same stream at later periods, all of which have long since disappeared, having been replaced by steam sawmills in different parts of the town.

owner by purchase in 1855. The plant was rebuilt in 1875, with the addition of modern machinery ami other improvements, by Mr. Stewart ami his sou, D. C. Stewart.

The tirst school was taught in a log cabin on the farm of Joseph Pcggs, a short distance west of the center, Jeremiah Rreaden, afterwards Dr. Hreaden, lieing the first teacher. The second school organized was in the Harris district, in the northeast portion of the township. It was held in a log cabin erected tor that purpose, which was afterwards taken away, a frame house l>eing built on its site. The new one was used for a number of years, but was burned almut the time that the union school system came into effect.

In this school, as in many others in early days, the Hible was used as a reading book, the younger scholars reading from the Xew Testament, while the older ones read in the Old Testament.

Rev. William McGufTev, whose name became famous in connection with his excellent series of school books, entitled *'Mc( hifTey's Eclectic Readers." and who was long a resident of Coitsville. did a great deal for the cause of common school education in thus providing suitable school Ixjoks. Though a college graduate and licensed to preach the Gospel, he was never settled as pastor over any congregation, but spent his life in promoting the cause of education. He died in Dayton, Ohio, at the age of sixty-five years. Mr. Mc- GufTey's home in Coitsville was on Gravel Hill, which is interesting to geologists as. being a remarkable deposit of the glacial period. , The present schools of the township are in a | sound and flourishing condition. Mr. S. D. L. Jackson, a leading attorney of Youngstown, is now president of the school Ik -ai d. J. S. Palmer being clerk. Quite a number of the advanced scholars who Inc near the street car lines attend the Raven high school in Youngstown, it living more easily accessible to them than the high school of their own township.

Among the early settlers of Coitsville was the Rev. William Wick, who afterwards became the pastor of the Presbyterian churches at Youngstown, Ho]*wcll and Xew Bedford, Pennsylvania. Vet. notwithstanding that the religious and moral element had a preponderance among the inhabitants of the township, there was no church edifice until 1836. The Methodists had an organized society for a numl>er of years before, but held their meetings in barns, private houses and school houses. In 1837 they erected a meeting house on a lot half a mile west of the village, the lot being the gift of Isaac Powers, of Youngstown. This building was destroyed by fire in 1847. In 1N4S a new and handsome church was built on the site of the old one. Rev. Mr. Patterson, of Youngstown, is the present pastor of the M. K. church, the membership of which has fallen off in recent years, owing to the death of many of the older members and the removal of others. The Sunday school, which is in a more flourishing condition, having a roll call of forty-five scholars, is presided over by C. F. Shipton.

Presbyterian

The old-school Presbyterians organized a congregation in 1836 and erected a church building at the village. Rev. William Xesbit was their first pastor. In [S70 the old church was torn down, and a new and substantial one erected in its place. The pastors since 1882, with dates of their employment, have been as follows: Rev. Hair, October. i88_»; Rev. V. Yerner. June, 1KS0; Rev. Robert Stranahan, Septeml>er. 1S89: Rev. A. I). Collins. March, 1804; Rev. Mr. Foster, June. 1896; Rev. J. C. Harvey. May. i8q-; Dr. Evans (supt ), June. 11)03; ^L*v- J- S. Grimes. April, 1904; Rev. A. A. Loomis (present pastor), April. i< jo?.

now largely disappeared. The township has a plentiful supply of clear, pure water, there being many artesian wells and springs, and the water of Dry Run Creek, fed largely by artesian wells, "being suitable for drinking purposes. The East End Park of Youngstown, which follows the course of this creek, overlaps the boundary line and has an entrance in the western part'ot this township. In recent years Coitsville has become a favorite residence suburb for Youngstown people, which has had a tendency to advance the price of real estate here, and indicates that the future prosperity of the township is to be found chiefly in enhancing its natural beauty and attractiveness, rather than in seeking to become a rival of Youngstown as a place of business and manufactures.

This township was settled mainly by people from Connecticut and Pennsylvania. The immigration commenced in 1X04. Among the first comers was Captain Joseph Coit, who began making improvements in that year. The familv of fames Reed, it is said, was the first in the township. His daughter Polly, who married a Mr. Bowman and settled in Goshen township, where she was living in 1882. being then over ninety years of age, said that her father came to Ellsworth from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in 1803. and remained during the summer. He made a clearing and raised a crop of com that year, occupying a camp on the bank of Meander Creek. He had previously made several trips from his home in Pennsylvania to Canfield carrying supplies to the settlers on pack horses. In 1804 he brought his family, and erected a rude log structure for shelter, one side of which was open and used for an entrance. This was occupied until a more substantial house could be erected. Bears and deer were numerous, and the children sometimes found young fawns K ing in the bushes near the house.

Several other settlements were made about the same time by men who remained but temporarily, soon removing to other localities. The second family to arrive in the township was that of Thomas Jones, of Maryland. He became a permanent settler, dying in Ellsworth in 1 85 J, at the advanced age of ninety-two. His wife, whose maiden name was Sarah Wilson, survived her huslxmd in longevity, dying in 1865 at the age of about ninety. They were the parents of fifteen children.

Philip Arner, from Pennsylvania, purchased land in Ellsworth in 1803 and built a cabin in 1803. In the following year he brought out his family and settled on land east of the Meander. Hugh Smith, of Maryland, who had made a previous visit, settled on the main branch of the Meander in 1806. He had a family of five sons and three daughters. He died suddenly about 1821.

In 1805 Elisha Palmer and William and Hervey Ripley, with several others, came from Windham County, Connecticut, and l>egan improving land west of the center. William Ripley served as justice of the peace for many years, was a member of the legislature in 1826 or 1827, and was afterwards state senator. Richard Fitch was another early settler near the center. So was Andrew Fitch, who married Lucy Manning, and who when quite old returned to Connecticut. John Leonard and family settled near the Meander about 1806, but dietl at an early date; he left several children. James Parshall was an early settler in section twenty-four. James McGill and family in section twelve. David and Philo Spaulding came about 1813, David settling'about a quarter of a mile west of the center, and Philo in the southwestern part of the township. The latter died in 1876 in his ninetieth year. Other early settlers were, John and Rol>ert Mc- Creary. who settled on section nineteen; Michael Crumrine; William Logan, the first coo|icr in the township, who died during the war of 1812; John Bingham, from New London County, Connecticut, who married a daughter of Richard Fitch;

Asa \V. Allen, of Windham. Connecticut, who came to Ellsworth in a one-horse buggy in 1817, and who married Sophia Hopkins. Mr. and Mrs. Allen reared a family of five or more children. In 1864 he removed to Columbiana County.

First Events

The first child horn in Ellsworth was Th omas Jones, Jr., son of the Thomas Jones already mentioned, who came from Maryland in 1806. the child being born in that year. In the same year two other births occurred - those of Jeanette, daughter of Hugh Smith, and Mary L., daughter of Richard Fitch.

The first death was that of a child of Mr. Bell, a miller, who remained in the township but a short time. The second death is thought to have l>een that of William Logan, which occurred in 181 2.

The first marriage was that of Hezckiah Chidester and I.ydia Buell. the latter a sister of the wife of Richard Fitch. Mr. Chidester was a resident of Canfield. Richard Fitch was the first captain of a company of cavalry that was organized in 1810 in Boardman, Poland, Canfield and Ellsworth townships.

Some Historical Facts

March 22. 1810, or eight years after the first white man settled here, the Board ot Commissioners of Trumbull County set off a tract of land from the townships of Newton and Canfield, and called it Ellsworth, after a prominent citizen of Connecticut. The land thus set off was five miles wide, north and south, and ten miles from east to west; but eighteen years later the County Commissioners set off the western half and formed Berlin township. April _>, 1810. eleven days after Ellsworth was established, the first township election was held. |ti<t how the voting was done we are not certain, hut the electors were all present at 10 A. M. and as soon as the election was over the officers qualified anil took the oath of office. The records d. > not state where this election was held. I ml it is presumed that it was held at the residence of Richard

Fitch, as the succeeding elections were held there for many years. The judges of this election were Harvey Ripley. Andrew Fitch and Daniel Fitch. The township officers elected were: Joseph Coit. clerk; Andrew hitch. Daniel hitch and Hugh Smith, trustees; William Ripley and James Forshall, overseers of the poor; John Leonard and Robert McKean were fence viewers; Daniel Fitch and William hitch, appraisers; Jesse Buel. constable- Harvey Ripley, treasurer; Daniel Fitch. ' lister which corresponds to the present office of assessor. It is worthy of note that a good citizen was allowed to hold three offices, besides acting as judge of the election of the offices to which he was elected. Corruption was evidently not the political bugbear that it is nowadays. I he newly elected trustees levied a road tax for the township equal to that prescribed by law for countv purposes. This tax [or the first year was $27.60 for the township, five years later the taxes were $39.80, and ten years after the organization of 'the township they had doubled being $s6.8o. While we often teel like complaining we are thankful that this increase did not continue, though the taxes of the township run from $600 to $700 at the present time.

Richard hitch, the first justice of the township, qualified for office June 19, 1810, and was sworn in by Wm. Chidester. Justice of the Peace of Canfield. It seems that the citizens did not intend to he burdened with supers for the first fourteen months at least after its first settlement. The township records contain the information that someone notified the overseers of the poor that one Polly Reeves was likely to become a charge of the township. Whereupon said overseers at once ordered the constable to notify her to leave forthwith. This was an old Yankee custom that our forefathers brought with them, and occasionally resorted to, though not justified liv statute; hut there was a statute "enacted twenty years later, taking effect Tune, horses 50 cents; for a wagon, 37 cents; plow, 25 cents. In the spring of 1819 there was an enumeration of the white male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years. Wc have no record of the result of that enumeration. It is interesting for the younger generation to note the ear-marks in use for branding cattle at that early day. We can give but a few examples : Joseph Coits' mark, a crop off the right ear and a slit in the left ear. Richard Fitch's mark, a square crop off the right ear and a half-penny on the side of same. Thomas McKean's mark, square crop off the right ear and swallow tail in end of left ear; and so on, each man having different marks. The same custom is in use today on some of the Western ranches.

March 26, 1826, the trustees ordered the balance of the money after the annual statement, (this being $6.62 y2), to be invested hi a plow for the township, this being the first tool or implement that the township owned, April 12, 1826, the second justice of the peace was allowed by the common pleas court. The assessors' report, dated February, 1845, showed there to be fifty-four able-bodied white male citizens, between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five years, in the township. Two years later the report shows forty-nine white male citizens of the age from twenty-one years to forty-five years, able-lx>died. Two years later the number had increased to sixtysix.

The original deed of the first land sale made in Ellsworth township is still in existence, in the possession of Mr. Eli Arner, son of the man who made the first purchase from the Connecticut Land Company.

Celebration

Early in June, 1854, it was decided to hold on July 4th a Semi-Centennial Celebration in commemoration of the settlement of Ellsworth township in 1804. A committee was appointed and full arrangements made. Judge Elton Newton of Canfield, and Rev. I.. Chand-

Iler, pastor of the Congregational church in Ellsworth, were the principal speakers. Stirring toasts elicited tremendous applause. Poems were read by Dr. James Hughes and P. A. Spicer, both of Berlin township. Mr. Spicer also read a short history of part of the earliest events occurring in the township of Ellsworth.

The stand for speakers, band stand, and seats were placed in Uncle Andrew Fitch's fine old orchard, not tar from the township centre. J An old cannon of the kind used in the Revolutionary war was placed in position on the public square. A signal man w as located in the road opposite the speaker's stand and at appropriate times the roar of this cannon emphasized applause.

Publication of suitable memorials of this , celebration for some unexplained cause was not accomplished. Mr. Spicer, so far as known, is the only one now living who took active part on the platform that day. Earnest solicitation induced him to furnish for publication such parts of the early history not lost in the shuffle of more than fifty years.

Part Ok The Earliest History Of Ellsworth

Just when the government made survey of this part of Ohio was not definitely known to my informant. The work was evidently completed some time previous to the year 1804.

Captain Joseph Coit, a resident of Connecticut, left his home that year, and about July 4th, the same year, located land at Ellsworth Center, which at the time was an unbroken wilderness, although Canfield township next east had been settled five or six years. Captain Coit did not personally clear his land; however, he cut the first tree which was felled for the purpose of clearing land in Ellsworth township.

The names of men coming here at the same time with (."apt. Coit or near this time, were : (ieneral W. Ripley, Messrs. Fitch, Ware, Borts, McCain, McCill, Broadsword. Logan,

Among his varied accomplishments, Capt. Coit was a land surveyor. Assisted by Mr. Moore, also a surveyor, the work required in this line was readily done. Capt. Coit was the first postmaster at Ellsworth Centre, and, in fact held the office continuously for years.

Ellsworth was on the direct stage and freight rout,e from Pittsburg to Cleveland, and before the construction of the railroad connecting these cities immense amounts of freight and quite heavy passenger travel passed through Ellsworth daily. Erom one Concord coach drawn with tour horses which passed both ways daily, sixm after the opening of the i route, in time there was from two to four coaches each way as often. The freight was j mostly transported in very large covered wag- i ons drawn by from four to six horses - bell teams.

Rev. John Bruce was the first minister who preached regularly at Ellsworth Centre. His house was a somewhat capacious log dwelling, said to have had live front doors.

Some of the first business done by the village in council was to secure suitable burial grounds, or cemetery. The plot of ground for this purjxise was a gift to the village; but if the name of the donor was ever made known, it does not appear. The first interment was one William Logan.

At this time there were no temperance societies. Not infrequently some who followed the rush of emigration westward would lake a stop off, and spend some time resting up at Ellsworth. It was not an uncommon occurrence for some of these persons to get beastly drunk. In fact, some few of the regular residents (accidentally of course) occasionally became a trifle hilarious. To suppress this in a measure, the village council passed an ordinance to this effect : "Any one found drunk, shall be compelled to dig out a tree stump from the highway, or pay a tine of five dollars, and the cost of prosecution. * * *" Tradition records that the desired reform was broght alxnit. but not be tore numerous stumps in and near the highway had been removed.

Thus far there had been no weddings in Ellsworth. It is not to be supposed that this was on account of any backwardness on the part of any one, but for reasons not unusual in newly settled territory. One day, among passengers on the stage coach who took dinner at the hotel, there was a line looking young lady. Her name was on the coach way bill showed her destination to be Cleveland. The roads at that time were very rough: nearly all low ground. On account of the heavy travel, would have been impassable during certain parts of the year, w ithout the pole, or corduroy road.

The surroundings in Ellsworth, as well as the hotel must have appeared pleasant ; at any rate this young lady seemed to feel the need of rest for a few days. She procured a stop off check. Among those w ho managed in some way to secure an early introduction, was the stalwart, good-looking Robert McGill. It is rejxirted on good authority that Miss Polly did not resume her journey quite as soon as expected, and further that, go-ahead Bob. Mc- Cill was responsible for the delay. W hen she resumed her journey, accompanied by the said McGill. her full name was somewhat different from that on the stop off check. This couple was the first married in Ellsworth.

The first schoool was taught in a log house cast of the center. Miss Clara Landon of Canfield Ix-ing the first teacher. She was followed consecutively by Miss Matilda Sackett. Jesse Buell, Hiram B. Hubbard and Asa W. Allen. During the winter of i8r--i,S, when Mr. Allen taught, there were not over twenty scholars in the tow nship. There arc now six schools, with

District No. 1 has two school houses. The original building not 1>eing large enough, the board purchased a school building from the Berlin Board of Education for the primary scholars. Bertha Bonsall is the teacher of the primary department, and J. L. Gray of the higher grade.

No. 5, or Prospect School, one and one-half mile south of the center, is taught by Emma Lovelocks. All the school buildings in Ellsworth at present are wooden structures of one room each.

The Presbyterians were the first in the Ellsworth field, the Rev. John Bruce being the first preacher. The first meeting house was situated just north of the center, and was a rude structure, built of hewn logs and without any floor. Other log buildings were subsequently used, and services were frequently held in the open air, in barns, school -houses, and private dwellings. In 1818 the Presbyterian and Congregational denominations united and organized a union church, under Revs. William Hansford and Joseph Treat, missionaries, the town hall being used as a place of worship until 1833, when the Presbyterian church was built. This church has had but few regular pastors, missionaries, or "stated supplies" usually conducting the services. It has 110 pastor at the present time.

The Methodist, it is thought, organized a society in Ellsworth about 1824, the Rev. Nicholas Gee, a native of New York, having settled in the township the year previous. He A\as licensed to preach in 1824, and acted as local preacher here tor same years. Meetings were first held in private residences, arid then in the school-house in district three. About 1835 the church in that district was completed and dedicated. The organization, however, became disrupted in 1856.

In 1839 a society was formed at the center, and through the efforts of Mr. Gee, Mr. Bunts, Dr. Hughes, John Smith, and others a building was commenced, which was completed in 1840. The congregation worshipped here until the present church edifice was erected in 1880 - dedicated February 17, 1881. The society is in a prosperous condition. The present pastor is I-. D. Spang)-.

This township lying between Smith and Green, on the lowest tier of townships of the county, possesses an undulating surface, and fertile soil, with good grazing lands. It is watered chiefly by the middle fork of Beaver Creek, which flows through its eastern portion, and by a branch of the Mahoning river, which flows in a northerly course through the western portion, besides, some smaller creeks and tributaries.

The first settler of whom there is any record was Anthony Morris, who located in section thirty-one in 1804. He married Hannah French, of which union there was a daughter, Sarah, who became the wife of James Bruff, who took up his abode in the township in 1822. Anthony Morris was overseer of the poor in 1 8 1 2. Other Frenches settled in the same neighborhood, among them Barzilla, on section thirty-one, Thomas, who located in Damascus in 18(35. and who was followed by his brother Elijah. Jonas Cattel settled at an early date in Salem, and one of his daughters became the wife of Thomas French. Cattel rented a part of his farm to David Venable, who came to Goshen in 1805.

1818. Thomas Votaw, wlio settled on section | six, was supervisor and trustee. Another early , settler and township official was Robert Arm- 1 strong, some of whose descendants still reside in the township. In 1806 came Stacy Shreeve and wife from New Jersey and settled in section 19, as did also Shreeve's brother-in-law, Joseph Kindcle. In the same year came James Brooke and Isaac Ellison, the former settling in section 7. Ellison married a daughter of James Cattcll, while a daughter of Mr. Brooke married Dr. James Hughes.

In 1808 came Aaron Stratton, who built a grist mill on Beaver Creek; also Henry Hinchman from New Jersey, who had a family of seven or more children.

Benjamin and Hannah Butler, with seven children, came from near Philadelphia, arriving in Salem in the spring of 181 1, where they remained for a year on the farm of Robert French, afterwards removing to Goshen. Mr. 1 Butler ultimately settled on one hundred and I sixty acres in section 18, where he remained j until his death in 1828. His son, John, married Priscilla Fawcett, who died in 1830, and four years later he married a second wife. He was a member of the Society of Friends. William Fawcett came from Virginia with his wife in 1811 and settled on section thirty-two. Peter Gloss bought land in section twelve, about the year 1820, and built a factory where he manufactured wooden bowls.

Other early settlers were Samuel and Thomas Langstaff, 1812; Joseph Wright, from New Jersey, 1810; Benjamin Malmesbury and family 1812; Basil Perry and wife, from Maryland' 1811 ; Adam Fast, 1816, who settled in section 1 ; Jacob Lehman, who married Mr. Fast's daughter; Drade Husk, who settled in section 2, and William Bradshaw, 1832, who settled in section 9.

The township of Goshen was incorporated September 11. 18 10. In December Thomas Watson was chosen to the office of constable. At a meeting in April. 1812. a committee con sisting of Isaac Votaw, Michael Stratton, Thomas Conn, Thomas French, and Joel Sharp, was appointed to "view the southeast quarter of section 16 and to conclude on a suitable piece of ground to set a house for to hold elections in." At the same meeting township officers were chosen as follows : Joseph Wright, clerk; Michael Stratton, Isaac Votaw, Levi Jennings, trustees; Anthony Morris and Isaac Barber, overseers of the poor; Thomas French, Josiah Stratton, appraisers of property ; Robert Armstrong, Asa Ware, fence viewers; Bazilla French, Stacy Shreeve, Thomas Votaw, Thomas Conn, Abram Warrington, supervisors; George Baum, treasurer; Joseph Kindle, constable.

The village of Damascus was platted and laid out by Horton Howard in 1808. It was made a postoffice in 1828, with James B. Bruff as first postmaster.

It is a pleasant country village with good stores, and is the seat of Damascus Academy, further mention of which will be found in this article. E. E. Walker is the present post master.

Patmos was settled by John Templin, William Ware, Benj. Regie and Levi A. Leyman. It was named after the old-fashioned hymn tune of that name. Mr. Leyman was the first postmaster, being appointed in 1850, and holding the office twelve years.

The inhabitants of Goshen township are largely engaged in farming and dairying, and kindred occupations. There are a number of large and llourishing creameries and cheese factories..

The township now lias eight schools, the enumeration of scholars (taken May, 1906), being 271. There are two special districts - Garfield special district and joint sub-district, which is composed of territory in Butler, Knox and Smith townships.

Damascus Academy

Damascus Academy was founded in 1857. In 1885 it was regularly chartered under the laws of Ohio by the Friends' Church. It has since remained under the same control. While the school has not the financial aid that would be desirable, yet the endowment iund gives much material support, and gives the school a guarantee of permanency. In addition to this, an effort is now being made to place the Academy on even a firmer financial basis. But the spirit of education shown by those who have charge of its management, is in itself sufficient guarantee of the school's welfare.

The Academy is located at the east end of the village of Damascus, which is on the line between Columbiana and Mahoning counties, about five miles west of Salem, and with the Stark Electric Railroad running through it. The surrounding country is rolling and picturesque.

The Academy Building is a large frame structure, well lighted and arranged. It contains five large rooms - three on the second floor and two on the first floor - besides basement and hallways. The Library contains several hundred volumes of well selected books, of kinds best suited for aiding the student in his researches, new books ljeing added from time to time as circumstances permit. The Laboratory is well arranged and fitted with apparatus and material for successful work in chemistry and physics. The ctbinet contains a good collection of rocks and minerals, also some relics, which have been obtained from different parts of the country. The rocks and minerals are classified so that the stinlcnt can find in them much valuable aid.

cm under the auspices of The Delphian Literary Society. It is required that each student take an active part in such work, as it is one of the most potent sources of strength. It is the aim of those who control the Academy to make it an institution for the inculcation of Christian virtues and the development of a Christian spirit. Helpful chapel exercises, conducted by the faculty, are held each morning in Literary Hall. These exercises arc of a devotional character. Visitors and friends of the Academy are often present to assist in these convocations.

The earliest schools in Goshen township were established by the Friends, who formed a majority of the population. These schools were small and scattered, some of them being known as family schools.

Samuel Votaw, son of Isaac Votaw, taught in the first log school house built in the township, which was opened in the winter of 1812. Soon after another school was opened and taught by Daniel Stratton. Among the early teachers at the school first opened were Martha Townsend, William Green, William Titus, Joshua Crew, Benjamin Marshall, John Butler, Isaac Trescott, Solomon Shreeve, Jesse Lloyd and Stephen Roberts.

At the first school built at Damascus the early teachers were Joshua Lynch, James Bruft, John P. Gruel, Jacob Hole, Simeon Fawcett, Lydia M. Stanley.

Elizabeth Blackburn taught at the Votaw settlement, and James Hemingway in the Benjamin Malmesbury neighborhood. About 1825 a log school house was built in district N'o. 1, of which Andrew Templin was the first teacher.

The Garfield Special District High School wes erected in 1875 at a cost of $2,740. It is a two-room brick building, and was at first a sub-district of Goshen township, becoming a special district by act of legislature March 1, 1803. In i8<jo it suffered severe damage t'p<m a storm, which necessitated extensive repairs. The present principal is Prof. Frank

The Friends, or Quakers, established the first church in Goshen township, and worshipped in it until it was destroyed by lire in 1842. They built a brick church in 1852. The Methodists organized a class as early as 1820, and in 1807 they built the Methodist church on section eight. The principal founders of this church were John Templin, Joseph King, Newton French, Joseph Keeler, William Cassaday, W illiam Stratum and X. K. Guilder. The first pastor was Rev. McCartney. On October 1, 1903, Rev. John \V. Eie'hcr assumed the pastorate. The present membership of the church is about 200. The Sunday school superintendent is A. R. W illiamson. The pastors since 1880 have been as follows: J. K. Roller, 1870-82; Rev. Clark. 1882-83; John Hunter, 1883-85; T. 1. Ream, 1885-86; W. H. Dickcrson' 1886-88'; A. \V. Newlin. 1888-90; J. J. Billingsley. 1890-91; \Y. D. Stevens. 1891-93; F. I. Swaney, 1893-96; M. C. Grimes, 1896-99; T. \V. Anderson, 1899-03; John W*. Eicher, 1903 - . The Goshen M. E. church, sometimes known as "The Hunker Hill M. E. church," stands among the first missionary churches, fur gifts to foreign missions, in the entire East Ohio Conferee. 1'

Other churches in Goshen are. the Friends' church, pastor. O. L. Tomlinson : the Friends' Branch church, at Garfield, which has no regular pastor, the present officiant in that capacity being G. B. Malmsl>crry.

(ireen township has a generally undulating sin face, with soil well adapted to the cultivation of trees, small fruits and grain. The most common native trees are the chestnut, oak and lieech.

Elwn Newton, of Canfield, became the purchaser of section 1, on which account it was afterwards known as the "Newton tract." Henry Beard and family, Germans, were the first settlers in section 4, and his descendants remain in the vicinity to this day. Section 5 was bought by James Webb and John Beard.

Henry I Vie and wife, who came from Germany about 1804, settled in section 2. Some of the other sections passed rapidly through various hands. Coal was found and was formerly worked to some extent in sections 17, 19 and 20. Section 16 was the "school lot" and in 1849 was sold to a number of different persons. In section 14. which was entered by a stranger who sold it to Abram Gather, is Greenford station, on the old Niles and New Lisbon Railroad.

Philip Houtts.who purchased the west part of section 12 on which was a spring, carried on a distillery there until about 1830. Elisha Teeter entered section 20 for his four sons - John, Jonathan, William and Wilson - in 1808, and in 1822 the first steam mill in this part of the country was erected by Wilson Teeter. The large vein of coal found on this section was opened and operated bv this family.

Section 36 was entered by Jacob Roller in 1803. His son, Col. Jacob B. Roller, served under General Harrison, and at Fort Meigs and was state representative for twenty-one

Green Village, situated near the center of the township, was first laid out by Lewis Baker. Jacob Wilhelm and Jacob Cook. The postofiice was established in 1831. William Van Horn lieing the first postmaster. The

Washingtonville was laid out about 1832, the first store being opened in the following year by Jacob Stobbcs, who became the first postmaster in 1836. The present postmaster is Joseph Thorpe. The postorhce is situated in Columbiana County, just across the line from Green. Peter Miller was rhc first blacksmith to open a shop.

New Albany was laid out by Wilson Tee- . ter and Kdwin Webb, the first postoflke being established (trior to 1853. The first postmaster was Henry Thulen, who was succeeded by Joshua Webb.

Schools And Churches

At an early date after the settlement of the township a log school house. 20x24 ieet m size, was built on a piece of ground situated on the east side of section 20, and donated by Elisha Teeter. Edward Bonsai was the first teacher. Another log school house was built by Henry Pyle on the New Lisbon road in j section 10. Samuel Mc Bride and George Pow were the earliest teachers, the former being engaged to teach in 1814. After Mr. Pow's retirement no school was taught there until the district schools were opened in 1827.

West of Green Village was a log church, in which the first school was taught near the center. About 1815 Henry Zimmerman taught schixjl in a log school house in section 34, on land belonging to Jacob Stofcr. Another log school house was subsequently built on this section, and was taught for a time by William, Rachael and Samuel Schofield.

In 1844 there were twelve schools in the township, with ten teachers, with an average daily attendance of 169 males and 131 females, the branches taught being reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and geography. The changes since then have been chiefly in the line of improving general conditions, providing a higher class of text books, with more comfortable school houses and a better system of instruction. There are now twelve teachers employed and the schools are well attended and in a flourishing condition.

The Evangelical Lutheran church at Greenford was founded in 1840, the present building being erected in 1884. The first pastor was Rev. John H. Huffman, and the church was started with forty-one members. The pastors since 1870 have l>een as follows: Rev. (. M. Ruthrauff, 1876-80; Rev. S. P. Kiefer, 1880-82; N. W. Lilly, 1882-85; Rev. T. S. Smedley, 1885-00; Rev. A. B. Kast,

Green township is essentially a farming community, but has several small manufacturing industries, including a tile works, of which C. C. Pettit is manager; a planing mill, conducted by M. G. Hoffman; a grist mill, by Fred Mattix ; sawmill, V. V. Zimmerman. Coal mining is also carried on to some extent by Bush Brothers.

This is an agricultural township and was named after Andrew Jackson, the hero of New Orleans and our seventh president. The surface of the township is somewhat broken and uneven. Meander Creek drains the eastern portion, while a number of small streams flow into the creek from the westward. Here and there a stretch of woodland affords a pleasing contrast to the wide-spreading acres of cultivated land, and contributes to the make-up of a picturesque and varied landscape.

From the historical reminiscences of Mr. I). Anderson and from other sources, we learn that Samuel Calhyun, who died in 1873, was the "first actual settler in this township. Samuel Riddle, John Morrison and William Orr were others who settled very early, and Andrew Gault was the first white child born

In the year 1803 there were just six taxpayers in the township - Samuel Calhoun, Andrew Gault, William Orr, James Stamford, Samuel Kiddle and Joseph Mclnrue - the total taxes being $3.07.

The first marriage was probably that of John Ewing and Margaret Orr, in 1805, the ceremony being performed by 'Squire Chidester, of Canheld.

The first death was that of Mary, daughter of William and Mary Orr, which took place February 18, 1805, when she was in her fourteenth year.

There was but little interest taken in education in early days in Jackson. The first log school house was a very rude, ramshackle sort of structure, with a roof of loose boards, weighted down, and a tloor or split timber. It was in the southeastern part of the township, on the side of a steep bank. John Fullerton and a man named Ferguson were, it is thought, the first teachers. In the same neighborhood, on a hill northeast of the Covenanter church, a second log school house was afterwards erected. The name of Matilda Taylor has been preserved as that of the first teacher of summer school in this part of the township. Mr. Fullerton, above mentioned, seems to have been a practical joker, as there is a story to the

effect that he once assisted some of the larger boys of the school in placing a wagon on the roof of the school house, gravely informing the owner, who came to him with a wrathful

-complaint of the misconduct of his pupils, that he would do his best to ascertain the authors of the outrage and punish them as they deserved.

Other school houses -»vere afterwards built in different parts of the township, all the early -ones being constructed of logs, these later giving way to frame buildings.

had been taught in the school a part of the time and German the remainder. But about this time English alone was substituted by Samuel Jones, who had been elected school director and who having made a canvass among the settlers, had discovered that nearly all of them were in favor of the change. The township was now divided into eight school districts, with a fractional district in the southwest corner. Competent teachers were engaged, and a good attendance of scholars secured.

There are now nine school districts in the township, though only six school buildings are in use, owing to the fact that the board has adopted, so far as possible, a policy of centralization, conveying three districts to the graded school at North Jackson. Mr. Guy Hoover 1 is the present superintendent, Miss Fern Winstead, assistant. The other teachers are as follows: District No. 1, Miss Emma Klingcman; Xo. >. David Walters; No. 3, Stephen Goldner; Xo. 4 (two rooms), G. S. Hoover and Miss Fern Winstead; Xo. 5, no school; No. 6, Miss Etta M. Lynn; No. 7, Miss Isa Flick; Xo. 8 and Xo. 9, no school in use.

There are no special districts, and no new school house has been erected for the last sixteen years. The total number of scholars now in attendance is 170.

The Covenanter church was organized in 1830, in the southeastern part of the township, in the Gault and Ewing settlement. In 1833 ; a division occurred, which led to the formation of two societies, one locating in Austintown, and the other continuing to worship in the old church for many years.

The Methodist Episcopal society was organized in the same year at the center and is still in existence. Their church, north of the center, was erected in 1840. In 1834 the German Lutherans and German Presbyterians were organized into a society, and in common erected a house for public worship one-halt i mile north of the center, which has l>cen rcfit- '. ted once or twice since then. The Presbyte- rians of Ohlton and Orr's Corners united in one organization, and in 1872 erected a good substantial house for worship a few rods cast of the center. The Rev. T. R. McMahon was the first pastor. The pulpit is now filled by the Rev. Charles Wiseman, The other churches in Jackson are the Disciples' church, pastor, Rev. S. H. Bush; Reformed, Rev. Mr. Schaft

Industrial Enterprises

Among the early merchants were Colwell Porter, who was the first to open a store in a log cabin ; Mr. Koons, who sold out to Mr. Graton; David Anderson, who commenced business in 1843 a,lfl afterwards sold out to John Cartwright, and Trumbull & Welkins, who had a store on the northwest corner of the center. Anthony & Klaugher began business on the southwest corner in 1856. Anderson & t'laugher formed a partnership under the name of D. Anderson & Company and in 1862 the name was changed to Anderson, Shaffer & Company. Welkers sold to Moherman, Osborn & Lynns. Lynns retiring, the iirm became Moherman, Osborn & Moherman, and afterwards William & A. Moherman. They were followed by Dickson & Kirk, who were burned out September, 1874. Folk & Anderson commenced in 1866. Many subsequent changes have occurred, which lack of space forbids us to chronicle. The leading industrial enterprises of the township at present are, Kirtler Brothers, roller mills, capacity, 100 barrels per day; H. H. Lynn, sawmill, planing mill and feed mill, in connection with an up-to-date lumber yard, with supplies of building material. There are also the usual stores carrying supplies of furniture, farm ma- -chinery and provisions.

Pricetown; and also about the same time on the eastern side of the township. Nathaniel Stanley, who settled in the western part, near the Mahoning river, was probably the first actual settler. He remained, however, but a short time, removing north to Newton township. Asa Porter, who came from Pennsylvania in 1803, is said to have been the second settler. He located west of the river, and afterwards went to reside on the farm of his sons, Enoch and Joseph. He brought up a family of twelve children. He was a man of great physical and constitutional strength, and lived to the remarkable age of ninety-six years.

Another settler in the western part of the township, in 1803, was John Vanctten, who came to Milton from Delaware, with his wife and three children, seven others being afterwards born to them here. Mrs. Vanetten's maiden name was Anna Lebar.

Among the other early settlers were Samuel Linton, Samuel Bowies, who afterwards removed to Portage County ; Isaac, James and held the office of associate judge; Daniel Jacob Winans, who came from Delaware in 1804; Jesse Holliday, Reuben S. Clarke, who Stewart, who settled south of Orr's Corners; John DeLong, Joseph Depew, James and John Craig, who settled east of the river ; John Mc- Kenzie, who came in 1805, and William Parshall, who settled west of the river and kept a store.

Robert Price, from whom Priceville was named, came in 181 7. Robert Rose, a native of Bath, Virginia, torn in 1786, came to Ellsworth from Poland township with his father when a youth. He was living in 1881, being then ninety-six years of age, and possessing a remarkable degree of vigor.

Jesse Holliday, one of the earliest settlers, in 1804, built a grist mill, sawmill and carding mill, selling them twelve years later to John Price.

late thirties by Dr. Jonathan I. Tod, son-inlaw of Judge Price, and remained in possession of Dr. Tod and his widow until 1861, when it was purchased by Mr. Calender. Dr. Tod also built a foundry on the west side of the river, which was operated for several years and then converted into a linseed oil manufactory. Another foundry erected by the Doctor was changed by Mr. Calender into a tlax mill. J. M. Calender established a woolen factory, which was carried on for a number of years. There are now no manufactories in the township. At Blanco there is a general store kcqt by Emory Kale. In the southwest part of the township there is a small bank of coal, which supplies the local trade.

There are no township records of earlydate in existence. In 1814 John Johnston and Bildad lline were elected justices of the peace by the joint townships, Newton and Milton. A year or iwo later Milton became a township and voting precinct by itself.

At an early date there was a log school house east of the river, which was taught by Daniel Depew, an elderly man. John Johnston taught school about 1812 in a log school house that was situated on the center road, three-quarters of a mile west of the Jackson township line. Other early teachers were, Kol>crt White, Margaret Depew, Tillinghast Morey. Nancy Best. I'eggy Stevens, Joseph Duer. (lain Robison and Biilings O. Plimpton. The last named afterwards became a famous Methodist preacher. The teachers were paid about $4 or §5 a month in summer, and §9 or $10 in winter, a part only in cash and the rest 111 orders on the store keepers.

and a church erected in New ton near Price's Mills. Rev. James Boyd was the first pastor, and was succeeded by Rev. John Beer, after which the church was "supplied" for a number of years. Al»ut 183O Rev. \Y. O. Stratton became the pastor and during his ministry (.in 1847) a new church was built at Orr's Corners, the old one being no longer used. In 1871 many of the members left and joined the new church at Jackson. This weakened the church so that it died a gradual death and is no longer in existence as an organization.

school house at Orr's Corners. The pulpit was supplied by circuit preachers, among whom was Dr. Bosvvick, Rev. Ira Eddy ."Rev. B. O. Plimpton and others. Tillinghast Morey, Isaac Mitchell, with the Winans and Vaughns, were prominent members and supporters of this church. Mr. Morey 's house was a frequent stopping place for Methodist preachers while on their circuits, and services were often held there. The Methodist church is now the only denomination represented in the township. The building is a frame structure located a little west of the center. The congregation numbers about fifty.

The Disciples organized a church about 1830, and held meetings at the Orr's Corners school house. William Hayden and Walter Scott were among their first preachers. Their organization came to an end about i860 or earlier.

Ckm Eteries

The early settlers were all buried in Newton, near Price's Mills. There are now two cemeteries - the Vaughn cemetery, situated west of the center, and the lickis cemetery, in the southeastern part of the township. The old cemetery located in the northwestern part of the township has been abandoned, and is now in ruins.

considerable population, which consisted largely of emigrants from Pennsylvania. The township has an uneven surface, being deeply cut in the northeastern portion by the Mahoning river and in the northwest by Yellow creek, which Hows through Poland Village. The soil is deep and fertile and in most places well adapted to fanning. Considerable coal and iron ore have been found in the township, and some small veins of coal are still worked, though, owing to the exhaustion of the best mines, that industry is not so flourishing as formerly. Others have taken its place, however, as the busy, prosperous villages of Lowellville and Struthers fully evidence. An account of the early furnaces may be found in the chapter on the coal and iron industries of the county. An account of some of the most interesting events in the early history of Poland was contained in a paper read by Mrs. Mary M. Maxwell at the Columbus celebration in Poland October 21, 189.2, from which w<» here quote extensively:

"The first to lay out and take claims in this place was Turhand Kirtland, afterwards known as Judge Kirtland, a surveyor named W'oolcott coming with him. These men began work in 1798, remaining here during the warm weather, and returning east in the winter, until 1803, when Mr. Kirtland brought out his family and settled on the spot where Isaac Walker now lives. This was done to the great sorrow of his beautiful wife, who declared that if she had to leave her eastern home, she would never return for even a visit, a promise she faithfully kept.

"Mr. Kirtland and Mr. W'oolcott had many strange adventures anil endured many hardships during the years they spent in the forest surveying, a minute detail of which is found in Mr. Kirtland' s diary, now in the possession of Hon. C. F. Kirtland, his grandson, and which is very interesting reading. Much of the time they spent far from any habitation ; a large beech tree, standing until recently near the home of Charles Kirtland, marking at least one spot where they cam[K'd, proof of which was given by the names cut in its smooth bark. They seem, also, to have been often ill from exposure, an example of what they suffered being found in the diary under date of May, 1799. and reading as follows: 'The rain began to fall extremely hard, filling up the swamps and streams. It rained for three days, but we kept on, reaching Burton after bridging, swimming and wading, being all one day in the water." No complaint, however, is ever entered, but on the contrary such notes as this frequently occur after a hard day in a swamp : 'At night we made a tent of bark and slept sweetly." Indeed, all the pages of this closely written diary are but records of toil, privation and dangers truly painful to read, though not unfrequently an amusing story is told, one l>eing how he fetched, on one of his journeys west, a quantity of money in a box under the seat of his cart, marked 'Bibles,' leaving it safely wherever he stopped, no one showing any desire to rob a traveler so pious as to carry Bibles by the quantity.

"The laying out and starting of a' town on Yellow creek was a pet idea with Mr. Kirtland and Mr. Jonathan Fowler, in which they were aided by Mr. W'oolcott, whose careful survey of 'Town one, Range one,' I find recorded in a beautiful manner in a large book kept w ith the diary of Mr. Kirtland, the site of our present village being referred to as 'very pleasing.' The name of the young town was a matter of much thought. Poland being chosen as unlikely to be duplicated in other places, thus avoiding the annoyance of missent letters. One of the first acts tor the encouragement of his town was a gift by Mr. Kirtland of a portion of land 'to be kept for a church, school and other public purposes,' and for a graveyard.

"May 29, 1799, Jonathan Fowler came from Connecticut on horseback, bringing his wife, a sister of Mr. Kirtland, and their child; also their household goods. The part of the journey from Beaver, then called Mackintosh, was made in a canoe. Until a cabin was built they camped near a spring back of where John Brown now lives, sleeping at night in the hollow, but friendly, heart of a large tree. In 1804 they left their cabin for the stone tavern, still one of our landmarks, and whose well prc- served walls could, were they able, tell many an interesting tale, relating not only to the early history of Ohio, but more or less connected with that uf the United States. Mr. Fowler kept a store in part of the stone house, taking in exchange for goods such produce as the scattered settlers could furnish, once a year packing it on horses, or with an ox team, to Beaver Point, where he placed it on a raft and poled it to New Orleans, then the nearest market, the trip requiring three months' time. At New Orleans the produce was exchanged for sugar, molasses and other needed articles. The nearest mill was also at Beaver Point. W hile preparing his raft for one of these long journeys, Mr. Fowler was drowned, his last act being an endeavor to save his assistants, all of whom escaped. Mr. Fowler's daughter, Kachael, was the first white female born in Poland ; Ebenezer Struthers being the first white male. Indians were their only neighlwrs, the nearest white family living eight miles to the west, and a ten-mile swamp separating them from the nearest cabin on the east, some of the logs which later on formed a corduroy road over the swamp having been, this summer, uncovered near the home of James Sexton, and being still perfectly sound. This road was surveyed in iSoj, the one to Youngstown having been cut the year previous.

"Mrs. Fowler was greatly tried by the Indians, who had never before seen a white babe, asking almost daily for little Kachael. frequently carrying her off, and keeping her for hours. She dreaded risking the child out of her sight, also the condition in which its filthy nurses usually returned it, but did not dare refuse their request lest they should be made angry.

"Kachael was married in 1820 to Thomas Riley. A good black silk gown had l»een prepared for the event, but at the last moment she concluded to wear the one in which her mother had lieen married, a thing easily done, as fashions did not then change with each iii'»m, Mr. Riley, being a good tailor, probably wore a suit of his own making, and not those of Mr. Fowler, his wife's father, which consisted of a fine blue 'swallow tail" cloth coat, with brass buttons, white satin knee breeches, and light blue stockings, the latter still owned by his grandson, Jared Riley.

"Jonathan Fowler saw his wife but once before marriage, their courtship being carried on by letter, the following most dignified epistle being a copy of the last one sent his future wife before their marriage.

i that we are to be one (God willing), suffer me to call on you once more to examine yourself by yourself, to see if your love to me is such love as will keep you constant to me before all others, in comfortable, or neglectuous circumstances; whether you feel yourself able to take the charge with me of a family so as to do yourself honor, and render you my greatest earthly blessing, and the world a useful member of society. 1 believe 1 have carefully considered every particular myself, and hope the

, world will not censure my actions. But when 1 consider that there is so much trouble in the marriage state, it almost discourages me to be sure. When 1 sec men of able heads, and I hope of better hearts, err in this, what may not I be left to do in my infirmity? I hope this diffidence in my heart proceeds not from any jealousy of its own by nature, but from desire of doing what is right in the eyes of the Lord, for we are now laying the foundation of our future happiness or misery, and for that reason we must not neglect any part of our duty. We must first consider what is our duty to each other, and what we may reasonably expect, one from the other, and

' will make us willing to give ourselves to each other, and. if need be, give ourselves one for the other. If this is too much for you to submit to. then let us stop where we are now. and never suffer me to press your breast to mine, for these are the only terms 1 can agree to.

and the world at large that we arc reasonable creatures, and not made for ourselves alone, but are only instruments in the hands of Providence to distribute his bounty with liberal hand to the distressed whenever they happen to fall in our way.

" 'You may expect to see me next week, if I hear nothing from you. and it is likely that I shall bring some company with me. Remember my duty to your mother, and all other friends, and accept my best wishes for yourself. These from, Madam, yours,

"When Mrs. Fowler lived in her cabin near the spring, she each night, after sunset, blew for a long time, a wooden horn, so that any belated travelers hearing it could follow the sound and find shelter with her, instead of spending the long, dark hours as did a man named Kidd, who, while off looking at some land he afterwards bought, was chased up a tree by a bear, near where Chauncey Lee now lives. Horns were blown at intervals all night, with the hope that he would hear, and reach Fowler's cabin. He heard, but could not leave his airy refuge until about nine o'clock the next morning, as the bear patiently watched him until that hour.

"Mr. and Mrs. John McCully were the first couple married in Poland, the ceremony being performed by Judge Kirtland, the guests coming through dense forests to be present at the wedding.

[The History of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties, published at Cleveland in 1882. gives the first marriage as that of John Blackburn and Nancy Bryan, about 1830. Judge Kirtland officiating.]

"As a sample of the weddings of that day, I will describe that of Isaac P. Cowden, of Poland, and Anne Gibson, whose home was at the well-known Gibson sprinp between this place and Youngstown. This wedding took place in 1831, the young man being careful to call himself Isaac P. Cowden. second, to distinguish himself from a cousin tearing the same name. The evening before the wedding, the groom, who lived at what is called Kansas

Corners, took his 'waiter,' as the groomsman was called, and repaired to the home of the bride, where her 'waiter' was in attendance, and spent the evening practicing the ceremony for the next day. Next morning, at an early hour, the guests invited by the groom assembled at his home and formed a procession, led by himself and his 'waiter,' and went to the home of the bride, making a point on arriving of riding in great style entirely around the cabin before alighting at the door, where they were received by the bride's friends.

"The whole company stayed until the following morning, then accompanied the newly : wedded pair to the groom's home, where they ! had another day and night of feasting. The j company were all mounted on horses, the pro- I cession being headed by the bride and her gallant Isaac, the ride ending with the usual circle around the cabin, though a sister of the bride marred the affair a little by falling from her horse, causing someone to shout, 'thirty-five on horseback and one on the ground,' show ing that a large number not only of 'beasts,' as horses were called, but people also attended these festivities.

"Mrs. Esther Gibson Dickson, a sister of the bride, and present at this wedding, says 'it took a great deal of time to get married those times, as three or four days were spent going from house to house feasting, closing Saturday by the 'waiters' spending the night at the bride's home, so as to aid in making an appearance at the meeting next day.

"It was custom, also, for the owners of , cabins passed by the wedding procession to fire a salute, so, when Isaac Cowden was taking his new wife home. Peter Webber, who lived where James Brownlee now resides, not seeing : the cavalcade in time to get his rille, seized a pitchfork, and hastening into the path, stopped I the whole train by aiming directly at the bridal party, who, intent on themselves, did not notice what he held in his hand, and halted at once, lest so near a shot should alarm their lively steeds.

goods, their wives and children, and crossed the mountains to this place from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, arriving in 1801. and living 111 a shanty made of rough logs and covered with chestnut bark.

"Mr. Walter Ariel still owns the original Arrel farm. Stephen Sexton, Sr., came from Washington County, Pennsylvania, also in 1801, purchasing what is still known as the Sexton farm. After clearing and sowing a small piece of land, and partly preparing a cabin, he returned home, the next spring fetching his family, also a solid black walnut door , for the cabin, which he carried in the bottom of his cart. This door was in use until recently. Its hinges were long pieces of strap iron, fastened on by great spikes clinched quite through the wood. The lock was a famous one, whose key is still kept as a relic.

"Mr. Sexton, David Loveland and William Buck came to Poland inside the same the same twelve months, were bom within the same year, all lived to be ninety-three years of age, and all died within twelve months of each other. Joseph Sexton, son of Stephen Sexton, lived to be older than his father.

"James McNabb came to Poland from Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 1801, feeling that he was coming to the fartherest west. He brought his family, and all his household goods, on two horses, one bearing a load that would not admit the added weight of a rider, the other having across the saddle a bed-tick opened in the center, one end being filled with bedding, the other having in the bottom a set of shoemaker's tools, over which a board was placed as a scat for three children, whose heads protruded through the opening. On the saddle sat the brave mother holding her babe, and in one hand the head of her large spinning wheel and the flyer of her small | one, that being the only way she could carry j them and feel sure they were safe. Mr. McNabb walked the whole distance, save when 1 his weary wife begged him to take her seat, and the babe, and let her rest by walking. When they stopped at night they asked the privilege of sleeping on the tavern floor, the pretense of economy giving them the privilege of laying down a quilt into which they had quilted their money, the children laying on the precious article, while the parents slept on either side guarding both.

"Mr. McNabb purchased the farm on which his grandson, James McNabb, now lives, his cabin being near the site of the old furnace, the little caves in the banks of the creek being used as hiding places for the children when the Indians were about, each child having its own ca\ e.

"In 1800, Capt. Dunlap came here, his father having preceded him, and in 1803 he dug for Judge Kirtland the well from which Isaac Walker, a son of one of the early settlers, still refreshes himself.

"In 1802 Jared Kirtland, father of the late Mrs. Dr. Mygatt. built the tavern that so long stood where we now see the pleasant home of Rolicrt Walker. The hostelry was noted for its commodious rooms whose walls and woodwork were all hand-finished very handsomely; for its hospitality ami choice liquors. It was also the half-way house lietwccn Cleveland and Pittsburg, and often at night the ample yard and large stables were crowded with 'beasts' great six-horse covered wagons and four-horse coaches. The proprietor of this famous house had two daughters who attracted the attention of a rising young physician in Youngstown, then known as 'a small settlement near Poland.' One day this youth called on Mr. Kirtland, saying he was looking for a wife and would like one of his daughters, it being quite immaterial to him which one he got. Mr. Kirtland replied that he thought it appeared better for an older sister to marry first, so she being willing, the matter was soon settled, the marriage so strangely arranged proved satisfactory to all concerned.

"The old brick store was another well constructed and handsomely finished building whose upper floors had large double parlors, dressing rooms, and other conveniences, where the lads and lassies met to dance, and where shows, lectures, and other public meetings were held.

one set having been ordered by Sally Blackman, who was sent through the forest by her mother on an errand. One of this set of chairs I have owned for several years, it being still in good condition. As long as she lived Miss Sally used for herself the chair on which her mother sat in a wagon, carrying her babe, while the young father walked beside guiding the team as they came to this place from Connecticut.

"The 'old furnace,' the ruins of which are ! on the creek below the village, was the first blast furnace in the now noisy and smoky Mahoning valley. This furnace was abandoned about the year 1835.

"The first blacksmith was a man named Hoadly, whose forge was where the school property now stands, John McCully working with him, having learned his trade at Fort Pitt. These men were often annoyed by wolves howling about their shop at night, and twice James Barclay, a son-in-law of Mr. McCully, was chased by the festive creatures, from whom his fleet horse enabled him to escape.

"Dr. Issac Cowden was the first settled . physician in this region, living to be very old. Dr. Jared Totter Kirtland also practiced here for a considerable time, afterwards removing to Cleveland, where he died a few years since one of the most extensively known men in the profession in the state, while Drs. Kii Mygatt and Joseph Trucsdalc are still held in kindly memory, the former practicing here for more than fifty years, and the latter nearly as long.

"Squire Drake's name also appears as one of the early citizens of our famous village, many yellow documents existing to which his signature as justice of the peace is attached, while the late venerable brothers, George and Billious Kirtland, were worthy a high place among scientists.

"The Presbyterian church was organized in 1802 by Rev. Joseph Badger, who was sent to this benighted region by the Connecticut Mis- ' sionary Society. For sometime previous to his coming there had been a strong desire to have a church organization, so when an evening was set apart for the purpose a little band of men

"Among the first to put their hands on the roll of membership were James Adair. Sr., John McClelland, Josiah Walker, Thomas Mc- Cu Hough, Robert Smith, Stqmen Sexton, Sr., John Hunter, Joseph Porter, David Justice, and others whose names I did not learn.

"The first house for worship was erected in 1804 on the land donated by Mr. Kirtland. near which, in 1828, the white frame church, which preceded the present brick one, was built, it being considered a fine structure, with its three galleries and high pulpit.

"The earnest worshippers came to their first log temple by foot-paths, bridle-paths and corduroy roads, the women wearing homespun gowns (calico cost four dollars for eight yards, the amount needed for a dress), and the men hunting shirts, made of linen and reaching to the knees. Each man carried a rifle, and often a tomahawk, the former being stacked in one corner of the church ready for use should a desirable deer or l>ear come in sight for food or an un desirable Indian or wolf appear behind some tree.

"Rev. James Wright was the first settled pastor of the Presbyterian church, holding the office in connection with the society at Westfield, just over the state line. Mr. Wright lived in what is known as the Rohrbaugh house. He was married three times, two of his wives l>eing buried in the old graveyard in Poland, a few steps from the Presbyterian church ; his own grave, and that of his third wife, l>eing near the pulpit in Westfield, where he lived and worked so many years after leaving here. He was a good man whose faithful service was rewarded by the princely sum of two hundred dollars a year, his 'steepens,' as his salary was called, being collected by himself as l>est he could, he gladly taking pigs, corn, grain, wool, and not un frequently good, old rye whiskey, the latter being then the chief circulating medium, as well as the chief part of the diet of many respectable persons, as was proven at least once at good lather Wright's own home, the occasion being a wood-bee giv-

"'Hie Rev. Algernon S. MacMaster, D. D., succeeded Mr. Wright at Westfield, afterwards being pastor of the Presbyterian church here for twenty- four years.

"The old Sececder church, now the wellknown United Presbyterian, was organized in 1804, the first pastor being the Rev. Mr. Douglass, a good young man. who died early, and it is to be hojied his heavenly estate was rich in proportion to the nieagerness of his earthly one, his personal property being found to consist of a saddle, bridle and two barrels of whiskey.

"A few Covenanters were scattered among the early settlers, to whom Rev. George Scott sometimes preached, using the Presbyterian church about eight Sabbaths in the year, that being all the gospel privileges they felt able to pay for.

"A Methodist church was not established here until 1834. at w hich time a meeting was held in the school-house where the Presbyterian church now stands, and a society formed; Mr. and Mrs. William Logan, Sr., Mrs. Elizabeth Barclay, Herman Hlackman, and his sister Sally, being among the first who joined. Services had, however, been previously held in a log school-house at Cook's Corners, and once a camp-meeting was held in Elkana Morse's orchard, at which a great revival took place. Another remarkable revival was held in Josiah Beardsley's barn in Boardman. The upper part of the present Methodist church was the fust building erected for public worship by this society, and has lx;en in constant use ever since. The faith and good works of many of the first members of this church, and its hard toiling pastors, are still held in affectionate memory, notably one of its earliest ministers - the Rev. Mr. Preston.

"Mrs. Anna Diantha Detcheon. who was one of the first workers in die Melhodist society, says she always felt an interest in her church but did not personally ktrnw many of the Poland people in her young days as shelived out of the village and 'somehow did not get from home much, having the care of four children under rive years of age, and spinning the first year after her marriage yarn tor seventy yards of woolen cloth, besides linen threads for sheets, towels, and other things, and doing her own housework.'

"The first school-house stood on the spot where the Presbyterian church is now located. The state had then no control of public schools, the -master.' as the teacher was called, taking a school for a certain sum of money and dividing the amount among the families who patronized him, according to the number each sent, lost time sometimes licing filled in by persons not in regular attendance, John Barclay recalling one young man whose educational advantages consisted of two days' study, obtained in this way. A favorite method of punishing pupils in these schools was to compel them to hold an arm out at full length until it could be held so no longer.

"Mrs. Kirtland allowed the children tocome from the old school-house to drink from her famous well, near which she one day emptied a vessel that contained cherry-bounce. The children picked up and ate a quantity of the rich berries, and so did a tlock of mother Rutland's turkeys. The teacher could do nothing with his pupils the rest of that day ; but the poor turkeys had a bitter lesson, for they soon fell over, apparently stone dead, and Mrs. Kirtland. thinking some fell disease had killed them, thought she would at least save the feathers, so at once plucked them carefully, being greatly surprised an hour or two later to find her birds walking about the yard, calling in the sad way peculiar to their kind.

"The first select school in Poland was held over what is now Mr. Koontz's store, by a man named Bradley, who afterwards sold out to- Mr. Lynch, the owner, builder and principal of the Academy, now useil by Mrs. Gheehan as a dwelling. John Barclay says he hauled stone and mortar on a slip with a horse, for this building, in lhat way paying for his tuition. The masons for whom he worked were John Wishard and Joseph Stacy.

Early Tax Rate

In 1803. Poland paid a tax of $48.24, which was assessed upon the fifty-five property holders of the township. Turhand Kirtland also paid $17.55, and Jared Kirtland, $5.08, leaving an average of about forty-eight cents apiece for the rest of the inhabitants. And this was a larger tax than was paid by any other township in what is new Mahoning county.

Militia

A militia company was enrolled in 1802, with John Struthers as captain, and Robert McCombs as first lieutenant. There were eighty-seven names on the roll. In 1805 the eastern part of the township formed one company and the western another. The two companies met at the village for drill, and a shooting contest was arranged between the two best marksmen of each company, the competitors being Tom Clee? of the eastern company and one Garner of the western company. No decision was rendered, as each marksman hit the exact center of the target.

Poland Village

The village of Poland, picturesquely situated on Yellow Creek, about the middle of the west line of the township, was first known as "Fowler's" taking its name from the tavern of Jonathan Fowler, built in 1804. The vil-

"When the present Presbyterian church was built the old school -house was removed to where it still stands, next the dwelling of Mr. Stewart, and in the room now used by our Italian friend as a shoe shop, Miss Eliza Blakely, now Mrs. Henry K. Morse, taught the first school for girls, having about twenty 1 pupils, who awarded their teacher the same 1 loving regard offered her by scores of others in after years. B. F. I.ee, who did so much for higher education in our village, organized this school, its influence, and that of its successors, being still felt far and wide."

lage was once a trading place of some importance, being in this respect ahead of Youngstown, the stages to Pittsburg, both from the north and west passing through it. The building of the canal which passed two and onehalf miles from it caused it to suffer a loss of trade, which was proportionately increased later when it was similarly isolated from the railroad. It i*, however,. a quiet pleasant village, free from the noise ami dirt of the great business centers, with a widely famed educa tional institution, and a fair proportion of stores, shops, and other industries.

Poland Union Seminary

In 1835, Mr. John Lynch, a pupil of Mr. Bradley, erected a building and opened an academy, which was conducted for about ten years, when it was discontinued. For a few years thereafter Poland was without an educational institution devoted to the higher branches of learning. But in 1848 a new academy (referred to in Mrs. Maxwells article already quoted), was founded on the west side of the town by Mr. B. F". Lee, a student just from Allegheny College, and was opened in the fall of 1849. About the same time, or shortly after, the Presbyterians opened an academy on the east side of Yellow Creek, which was conducted successfully for about six years until the buildings took fire and were destroyed and the school was afterwards discontinued.

Mr. Lee's school, which was known as Poland Institute, was the genu from which sprang the present Poland Union Seminary. After being continued at the same location for about six years, the school was removed to a more commodius building, a three story brick edifice, 60x80 feet, on a near-by site, the management having in view at the time a prospective endowment from the Pittsburg and Erie annual Methodist Episcopal conference. As only a portion of the sum expected was secured by the conference, it never became available and the school became dependent upon the tuition fees from students and contributions from the citizens. The first building, erected by Mr. Lee, was purchased by Judge Hayden and M. A. King Esq., and used by them for a law school. This school, however, was subse- , quently removed to Cleveland.

The "Institute" or college, as it is now called, struggled along until i86j, being kept up only by the earnest elTorts of the citizens, and the indefatigable exertions of Mr. Lee, until in the year just mentioned the religious deiK>minations of the town united and raised funds for the l>enefit of the institution, which was at that time chartered as Poland Union Seminary.

In 1871 an effort was made to secure an endowment of $15,000, from the Presbytery of Mahoning county. Mr. Lee was appointed the financial agent of the presbytery, into whose control the school was to pass when $io,oxx> had been secured. Mr. I^ee's canvass was successful and the school passed into the hands of the presbytery, close affiliation, however, being maintained with other religious organizations. Five thousand dollars was subsequently added to the endowment by a bequest of Mr. George P. Miller, now deceased. Among the students have been many young men and women who have filled important and responsible positions, including the late President William McKinley. Miss Ida M. Tarbell, the well known authoress and magazine w riter, was formerly an instructor at the Seminary.

About ten years ago one of the brick par- [ titions in the old building gave way, rendering the building unsafe. It was therefore razed, and a new two story brick building of smaller dimensions erected on the site of the old buildup.

Two teachers are employed, with an occasional third assistant. The school aims to fit its pupils for college, or to Income teachers in the public schools. There are from thirty to fifty students in attendance. The present principal, T. S. Orr, has had charge of the school for several years. Other recent principals have been H. I. Clark. Rev. William Dickson. I). I).. \V.' U. McCarthy, Walter Houston, and Harvey Gault.

The early schools of Poland were very much the same as those in other parts of the county. A small log scIkk.i1 house was started as early as 1801. Another school was started in Struthers at an early date. At Poland Center there was a small school house, that in early days had an average of aliout forty scholars. On special occasions, such as singing school or other meetings, it was made to accommodate one hundred. Among the early teachers were Perly Brush, Rev. Mr. Cook and James Anderson.

The present superintendent, M. A. Kimmcl, took charge of the public scIukjIs of Poland village in April, 1880. At that time there were two teachers employed. A third teacher was added to the force at the beginning of the winter term in 1880. In i88j and 1883 a four room brick building was constructed at a cost of $10,000, including furniture. In 1884 the schools were graded and a fourth teacher was employed. In 1888 a three years' high school course was added, and a fifth teacher was secured. The attendance is from 1 J 5 to 160. The high school numbers from fifteen to twenty students. Fifty-two graduates in all have gone out from the institute. Miss Lizzie McNabb, afterward Mrs. J. R. Stewart, for fourteen years a most successful and beloved teacher, died about ten years ago.

Loweli.Viu

Lowellville is a thriving village situated on both sides of the Mahoning river, in Poland township, and with picturesque hills on cither hand. It has excellent transportation facilities, l>>th steam and electric, being on the lines of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Pittsburg & Lake Erie, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Mahoning Valley Electric Railway Co. Its growth Ix-gan at about the time of the completion of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, and was much accelerated by the mining of coal, and by the erection of the Lowellville furnace by Wilkinson, Wilkes & Co. in 1846. The village had been laid out about ten years previously by Mr. Wick and others. In 1840 the postotTice was established, with S. II. McBride as the first postmaster.

John McGill built the first gristmill in the place, and Robert McGill was proprietor of the first sawmill. A larger gristmill was erected in 1838 by William Watson and John S. Hunter, and was operated by them until 1866, when is passed into other hands. The Hope flourmill was established by James Brown about 1857 and after his death came into possession ot and was conducted by his heirs. A tannery was started by Wilson and Crawford about 1844, and was rebuilt two years later by William Moore, who carried on the business until 1874, after which it went out of operation.

The Mt. Xcbo coal mine was opened about 1828 by Elijah Stevenson, and subsequently passed through various hands, at one time being extensively worked by the Lowellville Furnace Company to obtain coal for use in their iron works. It was finally abandoned because the water became too deep for successful operations. Other mines have been successfully I worked at different times in the history of the village.

The Lowell Coal Mining Company, employing about thirty-five men, are now engaged in the mining of block coal, their output being about seventy tons per day. Jacob Stambaugh is president and C. N. Clingen secretary and treasurer.

The Meehan Boiler and Construction Company was organized in 1897 by Robert Cray, Patrick, Paul, and James Meehan, and John Meehan, a nephew of the other three Medians. The business, which is incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000 was at first a partnership, and was known as the Meehan Boiler Co. The five partners purchased the present site of their factory, upon which stood an old sawmill, which they also purchased together with the creamery which stood on the \ adjacent lot. They at first employed about 25 or 30 men, which number has since been increased to 200. Their principal output is the

Meehan boiler, but in addition they do a great deal of iron and steel construction work, including the building of blast furnaces, the business amounting to about $200,000 per year. The present officers of the company are. Patrick Meehan. president; Robert Gray, vicepresident and general manager; James Meehan, Jr., secretary and treasurer.

The Ohio Iron & Steel Company, of Lowellville was established about 1842, by Wilkinson, Wilkes & Co., and was the first furnace in the United States to smelt iron ore with raw coal. In 1879 Henry Wick made an examination of the furnace plant located at Lowellville, then owned by William McCreary, the estate of Thomas Bell, and J. S. Dillworth, at which time an option was taken on the property, and later the plant was purchased. The organization was effected with directors and officers as follows: Directors - Paul Wick. John G Wick, Myron C. Wick, Thomas H. Wells, Henry Wick and Robert Bentley. March 11, 1880, the following officers were elected: Thomas H. Wells, president; Henry Wick, vice-president ; Robert Bentley, secretary and ' treasurer. The executive committee was Thomas H. Wells, Henry Wick and Myron C. Wick. The present officers are, Robert Bentley, president and general manager; David Davis, secretary; Fred H. Wick, treasurer. The directors are, Robert Bentlev. Myron C. Wick. Samuel Mather, John C. Wick, W. S. McCombs. David Davis, F. II. Wick, T. F. Woodman, and Richard Garlick. The company is extensively engaged in the manufacture of Bessemer pig iron. About 180 men being employed.

The Lowellville Savings and Banking Company was incorporated March 8, 1906, with a capital of $30,000, the company taking over the business of the lowellville Bank, which had been founded in 1905 by a few New Castle ( Pennsylvania) capitalists.

The Bessemer Limestone Company, whose j plant is situated just outside the limits, are engaged in the quarrying of limestone for furnace use and ballast, having a capacity of 5.000 tons per day. They employ about 500 men.

Lowellville is a special school district, with two schools. W. C. Dickson is the present clerk of the Board of Education. The North Side school is the larger, having eight rooms. The principal is D. \V. Mumaw, with Auley McAuley as assistant. There are besides four other teachers, Misses Ibbie Dickson, Lizzie Houston, Maude Lotz and Clara Elliott. The South Side School, which has two rooms, is taught by Margaret McCabe and Edith Ferguson.

Lowellville has now four churches, the Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, , and Christian. The two last named having no regular pastor, the Methodish church being supplied from Voungstown, and the Christian church from Warren.