Youngstown City (part 9 of 33)

The feature of the result is probably in the vast output of the valley furnaces, of which there were then thirty-two. Their combined output for the year was 2,604,344 tons, which represents nearly 14 per cent of the entire product of the United States, which, according to the American Iron and Steel Association, was 17,821,307 tons. This includes all kinds of pig iron, as does that of the accompanying report.

The above is in spite of the fact that, owing to coke shortage, all the furnaces, except six stacks, were obliged to bank at one time or other during the period, losing time ranging from one week to two months.

Chapter. Xix Republic Jron & Steel Company

The Republic Iron & Steel Company, of New Jersey, was organized in May, 1899, its main offices being located in Jersey City, with executive offices in the First National Bank Building, Chicago, Illinois. The officers were: President, Alexis W. Thompson; vice president and treasurer, John F. Taylor; vice-president, Archibald W. Housten, in charge of purchases; vice-president and treasurer, John F. Taylor, of Southern Works; vice-president, George A. Baird, in charge of sales. Executive committee: Colonel George W. French, chairman; Harry Rubens, Alexis W. Thompson, Archibald W. Housten, George A. Baird.

In addition to the above named the company had the following directors : Charles A. Wacker, L. C. Hanna, Peter L. Kimberly, Edwin N. Ohl, August Belmont, Grant B. Schley, George R. Sheldon and John Crcrar.

The Republic Iron and Steel Company owns extensive mining properties in the south, operating three blast furnaces in Alabama and the mills which were formerly owned by the Alabama Rolling Mill Company, and the Birmingham Rolling Mill Company. These arc now operated under the names of the Alabama Works and the Birmingham Works.

The new blast furnaces are, without doubt, the best blast furnaces in the south and are now operated under the name of the Pioneer Mining and Manufacturing Company, the product being exclusively foundry and mill pig iron.

In addition to the southern mills, the Republic Iron and Steel Company have a number of rolling mills located throughout the central west, namely, Central Works, Brazil, Indiana; Corns Works, Massillon, Ohio; Eagle Works, Ironton, Ohio; Indiana Works, Muncic, Indiana; Inland Works, East Chicago, Indiana; Mitchell-Tranter Works, Covington, Kentucky; Muncie Works, Muncie, Indiana; Springfield Works, Springfield, Illinois; Sylvan Works, Moline, Illinois ; Tcrre Haute Works, Tcrre Haute, Indiana; Toledo Works, Toledo Ohio; Tudor Works, East St. Louis, Illinois; Wabash Works, Terre Haute, Indiana ; Wetherald Works, Frankton, Indiana.

These works, together with the local ones at Youngstown, New Castle and Sharon, have a total finishing capacity of 1,200,000 tons per annum, distributed among all kinds of ordinary merchant iron and steel, with a number of well-known shapes and specialties, consisting of trun-buckles, harrow teeth, spikes and splice bars, nuts and bolts, track l>olts and shafting.

of good Conncllsvillc coke, a portion of tlic property being developed and operated by tbe Connellsville Luke Company, with main offices in the Frick building, Pittsburg-, of which comjHiiv (k'orge C Pearson is general superintendent. Edwin N. Old has had a great deal to do with the development of this property. They also own, or control under favorable leases, vast quantities of ore in the I^ake regions.

The local properties of the Republic Iron and Steel Company consist of the works formerly ojierated by the Brown-Bonnell Iron Company, to which has been added the Bessemer Steel Works, the old Mahoning Valley Iron Company's property, now operated as the Mahoning Valley Works and the Hannah Furnace: the Andrews Brothers Company, now operated as the Haselton Furnace, and the Andrews Works. In Sharon they have the plant formerly known as the Sharon Iron Company, in which Mr. F. H. Buhl was interested, and the Hall Furnace, which was acquired with the Sharon Iron Works property. At New- Castle the Republic Iron and Steel Company own the stock of the Atlantic Iron and Steel Company, and these properties are operated under the name of the Atlantic Iron and Steel Company.

These local properties are operated from the district office of the Republic Iron and Steel Company, located in the old Brown-Bonnell Company's office in this city, with Mr. Charles Hart as general manager and Mr. J. W. Deetrick, district superintendent.

The Brown-Bonnell Works consist of twenty-six double and one single puddling furnaces, eight gas and six coal heating furnaces, one 7- inch, one 8-inch and one 10-inch continuous train; one 8-inch, one 10-inch and one 12-inch guide train ; one 8-inch hoop train ; one 18 inch and one 20-inch bar train ; one 20-inch universal train; two 20-inch puddle trains; five spike and two washer machines, 8.000 spikes and 400 tons washers. Product, engine, stay l>olt iron, angles, channels, universal plates, bar iron and steel from 't to 5 1-16 round, "4 square to 4K inches, llats up to 20 inches, etc. Annual capacity 250.000 gross tons. Fuel,

The Mahoning Valley Works consist of 24 double and two single puddling furnaces; one double and one single busheling furnace; seven coal and five gas heating furnaces; 55 cut nail machines with an annual capacity of 120.000 kegs; two 20-inch muck trains and seven trains of rolls, one 7-inch, one 9-inch, one 12- inch, one 1 6-inch, two 18-inch and one 24-inch. I Product, merchant bar, angle, tank and plate ! iron, etc. The annual capacity is 110,000 ! gross tons. There are about 1,040 men employed at these works.

The Shafting Works Company of the Republic makes the well-known brand of Acme shafting, and is located at the Mahoning Valley Works. They have an annual capacity of 10,000 gross tons.

During the summer of 1003 l',c Bessemer Steel Works were remodeled and the capacity doubled. The semi-annual statement of this company for the first half of that year credits these works with an annual capacity of 400,000 tons, and there is no doubt that this figure is within easy reach. The equipment consists of the necessary cupolas, five in numljcr, for smelting the pig iron which is furnished by the company's own blast furnaces and such iron as they may buy from outside parties. The converters are two in number, of ten ton capacity and of the eccentric type. The air for blowing the steel was furnished by the Allis-Chalmers Company, of the vertical steeple type and 3,000 horse power. The ingots are stripped from the molds by Aiken strippers, from which they are transferred to soaking ; pits of the usual type used at steel works for this purpose.

The fuel used is producer gas, made in producers of the l-aughlin Water Sealed Gas Producer variety. For reducing the ingots from molds to billets, a pair of William Todd reversing engines is used. These engines are 54x0*) inch cylinders and have a horse power of approximately 6.000. These engines drive a 40-inch blooming mill, which has the power 1 of reducing ingots weighing 21.. tons in about I a minute and a quarter. This mill is one of the best in operation in this country and was designed by Willis McKee, chief engineer, and is used to supply blooms to the 26-inch mill, which comes next in line, or tor rolling slabs which are sheared and shipped from the blooming mill proper.

The 26-inch mill is a 2-high, semi-continuous mill with three pairs of rolls, and will reduce a 7/j.\6J'S bloom to a 4-inch billet in five passes and to a 3-inch billet in seven passes. Four-inch and 3-inch billets are sheared and shipped to the other mills, or the entire piece is transferred to the 18-inch billet mill, of the Morgan type, which reduces it to a 2-inch, ij'4-inch or ij/^-inch billet, depending upon the size desired. The 26-inch mill is driven by a tandem compound engine, built by the William Todd Company of this city, with an accredited horse power 0! 5.000. and the 18- inch mill is attached to a 5,000 horse power Filer & Stowell engine. These mills are enclosed in one building. The engineering work in connection with the same was done by S. V. Hulier, the well-known engineer, having offices in Pittsburg. The mills proper were built by the Lloyd Booth Department of the United Engineering & Foundry Company, and most of the tables and other parts were made by the Youngstown Foundry and Machine Company. Great credit is due both these concerns for the excellence of their work. The power for operating these tables and the other auxiliary machinery is furnished by a separate power plant. The installment of this department consists of two generators, one of 50 K. W. capacity and the other of 300 K. W., which are driven by tandem compound Buckeye engines. The steam is generated throughout this plant by Stirling boilers.

The Hannah furnace is equipped with three new Weimer blowing engines with Stirling tod Wheeler boilers. The Haselton is equipped with two E. P. Allis engines and one new Weimer engine, with Heine and Cahill boilers. The balance of the equipment is of the usual type and having the necessary stoves, trestles and other equipment. Both of these furnaces are equipped with the Rader Bosh Jacket, designed by Charles I. Rader, former manager of the blast furnace department, and are giving excellent results. Hannah furnact employs a total number of 140 men, and Haselton furnace employs 150 men.

The Republic last year ( 1906) erected at Haselton two new Bessemer furnaces of 500 tons daily capacity each, making three in all on the site of the old Andrews Bros. & Co. works. Anotlwrr furnace just ready to be blown in, after being remodeled and enlarged, is located at Xew Castle, and is known as the Atlantic stack, while a fifth furnace, the Hall stack, is located in Sharon. From the three Haselton furnaces the molten metal is conveyed to the Bessemer steel mill in ladel cars, while the pig metal from the Atlantic and Hall furnaces is remelted in the cupolas at the Bessemer mill here.

All of this system is purely Bessemer and it has been officially announced that the next additions that the Republic Iron & Steel Company will make in Youngstown will be for the manufacture of open-hearth steel under the basic process. The Republic Iron & Steel Company several months ago purchased the Lansingville site to build from ten to twelve open-hearth furnaces, a billet mill, finishing mills, and cither a rail mill or wire mill. The open-hearth furnaces will be built in pairs until the additions have been completed. It is intended that the new plant will turn out 2,000 tons of finished steel every twenty-four hours*

The progressive spirit of John W. Gatesat the helm of the Republic Iron & Steel Company, and the fact that the great corporation, is passing through an unprecedented period of prosperity, with the operating department hardly able to keep up with the deluge of orders, gives those in a position to prophesy correctly the impression that the plant planned for Lansingville will be built within the next two or three years.

Ohio Works Of The Carnegie Steel Co

Throughout the industrial world there is not a more extensively known plant of its nature than the Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company. The works are splendidly situated on the south side of the Mahoning river in the extreme western part of the city. The Ohio Steel Company was organized by Youngstown capitalists and the first finished material was turned out February 4, 1895. The first officers of the company were Henry Wick, president; J. G. Butler, vice president, and W. H. Baldwin, secretary and treasurer.

The plant was absorbed by the National Steel Company, February, 1899, and afterwards became constituent to the United States Steel Corporation. Today the Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company is recognized as one of the most important and and best paying investments of that great corporation. One of the first movements of the original company was to secure the services of Thomas McDonald as general manager, a step that lias never been regretted by the successors of the old company. Under his capable management and direction the plant has developed with a rapidity that is wonderful. Mr. McDonald has no peer in his line of work. lie has surrounded himself with a corps of capable assistants, who have added to the success of the local works.

The immense plant is laid out with the idea of continuous progression in the manufacture of iron and steel. All raw material, such as ore, coke, and limestone, is received at one end of the plant and deposited in an enormous yard capable of holding 500 cars at one time. There are altogether forty miles oif track in the yards.

Four first-class stacks constitute the blast furnace department, which are built in almost a straight line, near what is known as the ore yards, facing the Mahoning river with sufficient frontage to allow for the tracks. Being in operation almost constantly, these four stacks furnish an output which keeps the plant running- to a certain degree. The diameter of the bosh is 23 feet and the height of No. 1 and No. 2 is 1 00 ' j feet. At the time of erection No. 3 was the same height as the other two, but since then it has been found that it did not give good satisfaction, therefore 1 6 - i feet were taken off.

These furnaces are equipped with closed tops, thereby allowing the ore to pass through a mixing-hopper to the throat ; then to the small bell, from where they pass through what is called the gas seal onto the large bell and from there into the furnace. There arc sixteen tuyeres through which each blast furnace is blown. There are seven cross-compound condensing horizontal blowing-engines used to supply the furnaces with blast. There are three engines 54x102x108x60, two engines 50x96x100x60, two engines 58x110x108x60.

The William Tod Company furnished all the engines with the exception of two, which were installed by the Allis-Chalmers Company. AtNos. 1 and 2 there are located three engines, at No. 3 there are four. A 48-inch Worthington condenser is used to condense exhaust steam at Xos. 1 and 2 furnaces, and at Nos. 3 and 4 there is installed one 54-inch Alberger condenser. The Worthington condenser also takes care of all exhaust steam from auxiliary machinery, electric light plant and the pumping station.

There is a battery of 15,000 II. P. Sterling boilers, which supplies the entire furnace plant with steam, and a large quantity to the steel works. Furnace gas is used under the boilers, as is also coal to keep up the fires. Lirge cinder ladles take care of all slag which runs directly therein while still in a molten state, and is taken away for hlling-in purposes about the plant. After the iron is turned into the ladles in the furnace, it runs direct to the mixers at the converting mill. When the iron cannot l>e cast in this way there is what is called a pig-casting machine installed by Heyl & Patterson. On Saturday and Sunday nights the iron is not taken to the mixer but sent to the casting machine. This machine consists of four strands of moulds. There is a trough through which the molten iron is poured into the molds, which operates on an endless chain: The strands pass through a large vat of water, thereby cooling the iron, and upon reaching the other end of the machine pass up an incline from which ]x>int the iron is dropped in the shape of pigs into a car and prepared for ship-

Much has been said of the excellent work these furnaces have done in regard to production, as they have produced since the first one was put into service to December 1, 1904, inclusive, 2,033,589 tons of Bessemer iron. In January, 1902, No. 2 stack produced in one month after being in operation one and onehalf years 19,645 tons, which established a world's record. It was in March, 1902, that No. 1 furnace took the record by producing 19,734 tons. This record held first place until October, 1004, when No. 2 furnace of the Duquesne furnace produced 20,659 tons' The immense magnitude of these furnaces can well be imagined when the four stacks forming the furnace department of the National Steel Company in Voungstown can produce almost as much iron in a year as the 21 furnaces in Virginia.

J. C. Barrett has established an enviable record as superintendent, and has worked earnestly to bring the department up to its present standing in the iron world. He has had years of experience as a chemist and superintendent and has been with the company since its organization.

The next step is to the two convcrtors, or vessels, where all impurities are blown from the metal. The converting mills are located in the center of the plant and consist of a mixer building, cupolas, converting-house, ingot stripper building, bottom-house and engine-house. The mixer building is two stories in height, containing two metal reservoirs of 250 tons capacity, each located in the second story. An elevated track leads to the building on which the ladles filled with molten metal from the furnaces enter and are hoisted by hydraulic jacks to the mixers and are poured in.

An electric engine shifts the ladles to their positions and place them for the return to the furnaces. Iron is poured from the mixers into the hdlcs at the other end and sent to the converting house to be concerted into steel.

four stories 78 feet high, containing five cupolas 24 feet high with a diameter of io}4 feet for each cupola, and blown through 12 tuyeres with a melting capacity of 1800 tons in 24 hours. A double hoist 62 feet high carries all raw material to the top for consumption. In front of the cupolas are bins 560 feet long containing pig iron, coke and limestone and other material necessary to the manufacture of iron through the cupolas. In tapping the cupolas 2 iron ladles with a capacity of 13 J/2 tons each arc run under the tapping hole and filled. The ladles are then conveyed to the converters by means of an electric motor pulling a cable attached to the ladle. These ladles also travel to the mixers for the iron.

To convert the iron into steel, the iron when brought either from the mixers or cupola is poured into the converters, one of which is located at cither end of the building. The converters are 9^ feet in diameter with a capacity of 10 tons each. The iron is poured through a trough leading to the nose of the vessel into the converter, which is placed at an almost horizontal position. The converter is then raised to the vertical position and the blast turned on. The blast is conveyed into the interior of the converter through the bottom, which contains 19 tuyeres imbedded in a highly refractory material. One horizontal cross compound Allis engine 40x78x60x60, and one steeple-type nose, compound engine, 42x84x68x60, are required to blow the vessels.

The iron usually requires blowing about eight minutes in order to remove therefrom the impurities; the vessels are then tipped over and the contents poured into a 10-ton ladle, operated by a 20-ton hydraulic crane placed in the center of the house, and which can be swung from either side. The ladle is then brought to the pouring platform and the steel poured into the molds. Each mold when removed loaves a solid piece of steel weighing 2j-^ tons and measuring i8j/ax22'/l>x~o inches. The steel is then conveyed to the heating furnaces to be heated with gas. In the process of conversion the brilliancy of the flames is dazzling, and the sparks fill the converting house.

lighting it up with a wonderful brilliancy and keeping its spectators entranced. As the blast burns out the impurities the variety of colors is amazing. L. N. McDonald is the efficient superintendent of this very important department of the works.

After passing through the converters the purified metal is next cast into molds or ingots and conveyed to the blooming mill. Here the steel is rolled down into great lengths and cut automatically.

There are 24 pits holding four ingots each, the entire building being commanded by two 5-ton capacity traveling cranes, whose duties arc divided between placing the ingots in the pits and withdrawing them when ready for rolling. When the steel has remained in the pit the required length of time, it is withdrawn and placed on an ingot dumping car, electrically operated, which removes the ingot to the blooming train table ready for the rolling. Here it is quickly reduced from iKVjX22^ in size to a long piece ) j.x8 inches. This is done in 13 passes through the blooming mills and the time averages a minute and a half. It is . then brought down to the shears and cut into | several lengths called blooms. In this mill, as in the other departments of the plant, the steel is handled without manual labor, the ingot is passed back and forth through the rolls on its 13 passes and is operated entirely by the machinery controlled by the roller from a station over the rolls.

The four by four billet-mill is next reached, and duplex billet shears cut the product in the desired lengths, and the billets are then loaded, by means of an endless chain, into small cars, cooled of?, and finally deposited in the railroad cars for shipment.

Under the same roof is the tin bar-mill, at present in full operation. Further on is the 1 sixteenth-inch continuous mill, made by The l Morgan Construction Company, the fastest mill of its kind in the country.' Fight passes are required to the rolls, and the 4x4 billet size conies out of the la->t pass a rod 1 Vj-inch finished material, at the rate of 650 feet a minute and without stopping, by the flying

Probably the rail mill is the most interesting depirtment of the entire works, and it is worth one's while to watch the formation of the steel from the bulky bloom into a finished rail ready for laying. In this mill are four rail-saws. The regular regulation' rails are sawed into 30-inch lengths while still red rot.

The cold saw is used principally for orders of special lengths and a ninety-pound cold rail can be cut in twain in the remarkable short space of thirty seconds. Previous to shipping, the ends of the rails are chipped and filed.

One of the most remarkable features of these mills and one that most strongly impresses the sightseer is the apparent absence of men in the vicinity of the rolls. The blooms billets, liars and rails seem to come and go of their own volition, passing and repassing through the various stages of the work in a manner most bewildering and interesting. From the time the raw material reaches the yards until it is on the cars again a finished product, no human agency seems to be eraployed while it is progressing through its various steps. This work is mostly accomplished by electricity, assisted to some extent by hydraulic power.

The electrical power is furnished by three dynamos 550 K-W and one 200 K-W. Seventyfive skilled men are employed in this department. All the ore is handled by electric machinery and in the plant there are thirteen cranes ranging in capacity from 7^ to 33 tons. The entire rail department is operated by electricity and four electric locomotives are used at the plant and a storage battery is also in. use since 1902.

An emergency hospital has I>ecn established at the Ohio Works, and skilled nurses with knowledge of medicine and surgery are constantly in attendance.

A splendid laboratory, with every needful appliance, is situated within the grounds, and a short distance from the works is a commodious brick structure, a portion of which is used for drafting purposes.

The Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company is without doubt Youngstown's leading industry, its products are known and appreciated throughout the entire civilized world and the chances arc that this plant will in a short time be further enlarged until it rivals the largest in the world.

The lines for the stone and iron work that will form the foundation of No. 6 furnace, in the group at the Ohio works, have lately been laid out and the work of constructing this giant smelter is now well under way.

Indications are that the group of 12 openhearth furnaces, the first of their kind ever planned for Voungstown, will be completed at the Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company before any of the other new work.

At the Homestead works a group of ten smelters for the manufacture of open-hearth steel was completed in exactly nine months. Just six months elapsed from the time the first drawing was made until four of the furnaces were completed and in operation. The local force desires to come up to this record, and it is possible that it may even be beaten. The work on the live Bessemer stacks that will supply basic iron for the group of open hearth smelters is also being hurried. The contract for the iron has been let to VVm. B. Pollock Co. of this city.

Union Mills, Carnegie Steel Co

No more wonderful mills exist throughout the country than the local ones of The American Steel Hoop Company. In the two plants in this city, grades and classes of iron and steel products are made such as can hardly be duplicated anywhere else in the world. On their mills the experience of years and the experiments of the most expert have been applied with wonderful success. There are ideas and appliances put into effect on those mills which are used nowhere else in the country. Everything has been done to increase the output and vary the class of steel made, adding constmtly new grades of work.

A few years ago some considerbale changes and improvements were made in diese works. The Lower Plant, so-called, begins a short distance above Spring common and runs to West Avenue ; the Upper Plant begins just across the street from the Lower Plant on West Avenue and extends far up into Brier Hill. The Lower Plant is what was known as the Cartwright- McCurdy mill, while the Upper Plant was the Youngstown Iron Company's mill. These were consolidated first under the name of the Union Iron & Steel Company, and later became a part of the National Steel Company, finally being merged into the American Steel Hoop Co., which in turn l>ccame really a part of the Camegic Steel Company.

In the 10-inch continuous or cotton tie mill the Upper Plant has one of the most famous mills in the country. It is run largely on cotton ties, and supplies an enormous amount of the tics which are used in the country. This mill, was built in 1894 and the vibrator on the hot bed is used by no other mill.

The Lower Plant of the Company has but one continuous mill, that is the continuous guide mill. The plant has five finishing mills which are all good and efficient and will produce 10,000 pounds a month. The productsof the 12-inch mill are giving the company a great reputation. One of the features of this mills is the cold straightening plant of 24 mochines. It straightens special Red Cross round edged tires, channels for rubber tires, etc.,. specially fine finished and perfectly straight. The specialty of buggy tires on this mill makes it one of the most valuable in the plant. All the puddle furnaces in the Upper Plant were torn out in 1898 to make way for the new improvements, which have made it one of the most modern and up-to-date plants for the same kind of work in the country.

The 7, 8, and io-inch hoop mills deliver hoop longer than any other mill outside of the cotton tie (io-inch continuous), which has rolled a piece of hoop longer than any other mill in the city, 1,700 feet.

The Youngstown Sheet And Tube Company

The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company was organized November 21. 1900. under the laws of Ohio, and under the name of the Youngstown Iron, Sheet & Tube Company, the authorized capital being $600,000.00. The incorporators were Mr. George IX Wick, Mr. Wm. Willkoff, Mr. E. L. Ford. Mr. George L. Fordyce and Mr. J. A. Campbell The purpose of the company was to build and operate 3 mill for the production of iron sheets <<nd tubes. Mr. George D. Wick was elected president, Mr. J. A. Campbell, vice-president, Mr. Robert Bent ley, secretary, and Mr. W. C. Rcilly, auditor.

In December, tooo, tl>e capital stock of this company was increased to $1,000,000.00. Pending the investigation of certain patents for the making of tulws, nothing was clone for the erection of a plant or the selection of a site until February, 1901. The ground was broken in May, 1901, at the present site of the plant between Strutliers and Ilazelton. In June, tool, it was decided to increase the size of the plant and the capital was authorized to be increased from $1 ,000,000.00 to 2,(xx),uoo.oo.

In December 1901. the company purchased from l'ickands, Mather & Company, the Alice Furnace, located at SharpsviMc. and also purchased a three-fifths interest in ore proj>- erty in the Mesaba Range now known as the Crete Mining Company.

In January, 1902. the company was again authorized to increase its capital stock from $2,000,000.00 to $4,000,000.00, the increase to be devoted to the purpose of building an o]>cn-hcarth steel plant. The officers of the company at this time were: Mr. George D. W ick, president. Mr. J. A.

Campbell, vice-president, Mr. W. H. Foster, secretary, and Mr. Richard Garlick, treasurer. Mr. C. W. Reilly. who had taken the position of general superintendent, was at that time placed in charge of the operations.

In February, 1902, the original portion of this plant consisted of the sheet mill and puddle mills, were started into operation, the company employing at that time all told about 800 men.

In May, 1902, the president of the company, Mr. George D. Wick, was compelled to retire owing to ill health, and his successor was not elected until July, 1904, when Mr. J. A. Campbell was elected president.

In July, 1902, the directors of the company decided to abandon the building of the ojxrn-hearth plant owing, first, to the lack of funds, and, second, to the fact that open-hearth steel had not been proved to be desirable for the making of pipe, and all contracts which had l>cen made toward the erection of this plant were therefore cancelled.

In July, 1904, Mr. J. A. Campbell was elected president of the company; Mr. H. G. Dalton of Cleveland, vice-president; Mr.. Richard Garlick, treasurer, and Mr. Geo. Day was elected secretary and general sales agent in place of Mr. W. H. Foster, who had resigned early in 1904 owing to ill health. W. B. Jones was elected auditor.

In September, 1904, the company commenced the erection of a large pipe furnace, which was completed and placed in operation in the spring of 1905, giving employment in the ncighlxjrhood of 200 additional men.

In October. 1905, the company commenced the payment of a dividend at the rate of rive per cent per annum. In October, 1906, this dividend was increased to six per cent. In July, 1905, the name of the company was changed to the present style.

In July, nx)5, the company found that it was necessary for them in order to meet successfully the severe competition on the product of their manufacture to build a Bessemer steel plant, and for this purpose the stockholders authorized the issue of two and one-half million of bonds. These bonds were taken almost entirely by the stockholders of the company, and the company then proceeded with the erection of a large Bessemer steel plant, plate mill and a 10-inch mill for making small skelp. The Bessemer steel plant and plate mill were placed in operation in the fall of 1906, and gave employment in the neighborhood of 1800 additional men, making a total of about 3,600 men then in the company's employ.

In January, 1907, the capital stock of the company was authorized to be increased from $4,000,000.00 to $6,000,000.00, the additional $2,000,000.00 of stock to be devoted to the purpose of building two blast furnaces. This building is now under way at the present time and will probably give employment to 500 additional men. This work is expected to be completed by July, 1908.

In January Mr. C. S. Robinson, who came here from the Colorado Fuel & Mining Co. of Pueblo, Colorado, was elected second vicepresident of the company.

The American Tube & Iron Co., manufacturers of wrought iron and steel pipe and tubing of every description, was incorporated in 1880 under the laws of Pennsylvania, with a capital of $100,000 and purchased the property of the old Middlctown Tube & Iron Co., at Middletown, Pennsylvania, which had been out of business for years. They at once remodelled and enlarged the plant, put the same into operation, and were successful from the strat. The capital stock was changed to $500,- 000, and afterward increased to $1,000,000. At the annual meeting in January, 1886, it was decided to build a branch western mill to better supply the rapidly increasing western trade, and the officials who at that time were Jas. Young, president, George Matheson, treasurer, John J. Spowers, managing director, A. W. Momeyer. secretary, and A. S. Matheson, general superintendent, at once began to look for a suitable location. They had about decided on New Castle, Pennsylvania, when Mr. Chauncy H. Andrews convinced them of the advantages of Youngstown, Ohio, as a manufacturing point, and to clinch the matter offered for the location of the works to donate free of any cost a tract of land of about eight acres of land on the south bank of the Mahoning river, at what was then called Gibsonville.

After due consideration the proposition of Mr. Andrews was accepted, and ground was broken in the latter part of April ; James Matheson was made superintendent, and Walter L. Kauffman, chief clerk and purchasing agent, and the work was pushed as rapidly as possible, so that the plant was ready for operation by the middle of the following October, the first finished pipe being turned out on October 1 6, 1886. The first order was a line of 8-inch pipe for the Mahoning Gas Fuel Co., which line is still bringing in the natural gas to supply Youngstown.

In 1890. on account of failing health, Mr. James H. Matheson went abroad and W. L. Kauffman was made local manager of the Youngstown Mills of the American Tube & Iron Co., the officers of the company at that time being as follows : president, George Matheson; vice-president, S. C. Young; secretary and treasurer, F. Musselman; general manager, A. S. Matheson ; superintendent, Jas. H. Matheson ; local manager, \V. L. Kauffman.

In July, 1899, the National Tube Co. was formed by the consolidation of a number of pipe and tube manufacturers throughout the United States, the American Tube & Iron Co. being one of the number absorbed. Mr. W. L. Kauffman was retained as manager of the National Tube Co. - Youngstown department, as it was then named, with Mr. W. Ed. Samp as chief clerk, and the plant was considerably enlarged and its output increased. In April, 1901, the United States Steel Corporation was formed, the National Tube Co. becoming one of its constituent companies. The plant has added to its real estate, so that it now occupies about thirteen acres. It is admirably l«ated for shipping, having the Pennsylvania Co. and the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. tracks running into the grounds, and is connected by transfer switching arrangements with the Erie, the Lake Shore and the Pittsburg & Lake Erie railroad systems. The works have a capacity of 250 or more tons per day, and employ 425 men, their product going to all points of the 'Country.

Brier Hill Iron & Coal Co

The Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company was originally known as the Akron Manufacturing Company, and was incorporated in the year 1838, for a i>criod of thirty years, by Messrs. James R. Ford, Daniel Townsend, John Williams, Jr., George B. Martin, David Tod, Simon Perkins. Jr.. and Arad Kent, for the purpose of manufacturing iron, steel, nails, stoves, pig iron, and castings of all kinds. The capital stock of the company was $250,000. In the year 1851) the office of the Akron Manufacturing Company 'was moved to Brier Hill, Ohio, and firm name changed to Brier Hill iron Company. In the year 1867 the Brier Hill Iron Company was merged into the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Coni|>any, for the manufacture of pig and merchant iron, and for the mining of -coal, David Tod. William Pollock. Nelson Crandall, John Stambaugh, Jr., and Henry Tod - all local people - being the incorporators. The capital stock was $432.rxx.>.oo. The original plant for the manufacture of pig iron consisted of one blast furnace, with a capacity of about seventy-five to eighty tons of pig iron per week, and employed from twenty-five to thirty men. Additions and improvements have been made at various times until the plant now has a capacity of alxnit twenty-five hundred tons of pig iron per week. Mr. David Tod was the first president of the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company and Nelson Crandall. secretary. In March. i8f*), Mr. John Stambaugh was elected president to fill the vacancy made by the death of Mr. Tod. In the year 1K82. the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company was merged into The Brier Hill Iron it Coal Company, the incorporators Ixring John Staml>angh. William Pollock, Henry Tod, George Tod, J.

; Joseph G. Butler, Jr., general manager. The capital stock of the company was $500,000.00. j In January. 1883, Mr. II. H. Stambaugh was j elected treasurer and William B. Schiller was j elected secretary. Mr. George Tod was elected I president of the company in j88g, in the place ! of John Stambaugh, deceased. In January, 1800, Mr. H. H. Stambaugh was elected secretary and treasurer. The present directors of the company are Mr. George Tod, J. G. Butler, Jr., II . II. Stambaugh. David Tod and John Tod. The officers are Mr. George Tod. president: J. G. Butler. Jr.. vice-president and general manager; K. C. Steese, secretary, and H.

This company was organized in 1882 by I'M ward L. Ford and the late John Stambaugh. for the purpose of making steel castings. A :' small plant was erected on South Market street but was never ojjerated as a steel casting foundry. Alxut the time the plant was completed, the company started experimenting in refining pig iron. In the years 1884 and 1885 a plant was built at Brier Hill alongside of the Tod Furnace, which was then owned and operated by the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Co. The plant erected by the Youngstown Steel Company was for refining pig iron, making a product which has since been sold and very largely used by steelmakers throughout the world, and known as "washed metal."

In the year 1890 the Youngstown Steel Company bought from the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company the Tod Furnace. Since that time the furnace and washing plant have been operated almost continuously. The annual production of the company is 100.000 tons of pig iron and .jo.ooo tons of washed metal.

The William Tod Company

The plant was operated from 1S7S to 1901 by W illiam Tod & Company, a partnership, and was incorporated in 1901 as " The William Tod Company," with the late William Tod as president.

The company is engaged in the manufacture of special engines in the largest sizes, supplying blowing engines and reversing engines for blast furnaces and steel plants, and general power engines for all purposes; municipal water-works pumping engines and gas engines ranging in size from 500 to 5.000 H. P. arc also lK'ing manufactured.

The plant occupies about eight and one-half acres, and furnishes employment to from 500 to 600 men. and has an annual output of alwut 7,0(X) tons of finished machinery.

The present officers of the corporation are: Jolm Stambaugh. Jr.. president; Irving H. Reynolds, vice-president and general manager ; H. J. Stambaugh, secretary and treasurer.

The United Engineering & Foundry Company, one of the oldest and most important industrial enterprises of Youngstown, had its origin as far back as 1849, in a stove foundry which was established here and carried on for some years under the firm name of Parmelee & Sawyer, and afterwards under that of Ward. Kay & Co. Still later, under the style of Ward, Margerum & Co., the firm Ixrgan the manufacture of rolling mill machinery, w hich business was continued under the successive stvles of Ward. Booth & Miller, and Booth. Miller & Co. On March 1st, j88K, the Lloyd Booth

Company was organized, with a capital of $100,000, which was subsequently increased to $225,000, and with officers as follows: Lloyd Booth, president ; H. M. Garlick, vicepresident; C. W. Bray, secretary, and C. H. Booth, treasurer. A more important change took place, July 1, 1901, when the United Engineering Company was organized with a capital stock of $5,500,000.

The company are now the largest manufacturers of rolling mill and steel-works machinery in America, and the largest producers of steel, chilled, and grey iron rolls in the world.

The concern consists of five separate departments : The Lloyd Booth Company department, which includes two separate plants, is located at Youngstown and is engaged in the manufacture of rolling-mill and steel-works machinery, grey iron and chilled rolls. The McGill department, located at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, manufacturers of rolling-mill and tube-works machinery. The Lincoln Foundry department, also of Pittsburg, manufactures only rolls, from the smallest to the largest, used in rolling mills and steel plants. The Frank Kneeland department, of Pittsburg, turns out rolling mill and steel works machinery; while in the chilled roll foundry department, located at Vandcrgrift. Pennsylvania, are manufactured iron and steel castings and the celebrated water-chilled rolls.

The company has received and satisfactorily executed some large and important contracts. They built the blooming mills and rail mill, besides furnishing other machinery, for the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Company: the blooming mill, rail mill and billet mills for the Bessemer department of the Republic Iron & Steel Company; and the bltxrniing mills, sheet, bar and billet mills for the new plant of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. They are now engaged in building the rail mills and structural mills for the Bethlehem Steel Company, of Bethlehem, Pa., and have under contract what will be the first installation of mill machinery for the great steel plant of the United States Steel Corporation, at Gary, Indiana. This consists of five

The present officers of the United Engineering & Foundry Company are I. W. Frank, president; C. H. Booth, vice president; G. (i. Small, second vice president; Edward Kneeland, treasurer, and C. E. Satler, secretary.

The Andrews 4 Hitchcock Iron Comtany

In 1859 C. H. Andrews and W. J. Hitchcock formed a partnership for the mining of block coal, in which business they continued for about ten years. With a view to the manufacture of iron, they began the erection of a furnace at Hubbard, Ohio, which was finished and started in 1869, and is known as No. 1 furnace. No. 2 furnace was finished and started in 1873. In 1892 the furnaces were turned over to a stock company, which was organized under the name of the Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company, with William J. Hitchcock, president; John A. Logan, Jr., vice president, and Frank Hitchcock, secretary and treasurer, for the manufacture of Hubbard, Scotch, Foundry and Bessemer pig iron. C. II. Andrews died December 25. 1893, and W. J. Hitchcock on November 18, 1899. The present officers of the company are Frank Hitchcock, president: William J. Hitchcock, vice president, and H. W. Heedy, secretarv and treasurer.

Finished Steel Co

The Finished Steel Company, whose up-todate plant is located at 1623-1631 Wilson Avenue, Youngstown, was incorporated in 18^5, with a capital stock of 3ioo,ooo. for the manufacture of cold-drawn steel in rounds, squares, hexagonal, Hat and special forms for machine construction. C. Seymour Dutton was president and general manager, and Thomas E. Davey secretary and treasurer. After an existence of some seven years the plant was purchased by Thomas G. Fit/Simons of Cleveland. O., and the company reorganized, with Thomas G. FitzSimons. Rol»ert F. FitzSimons.

James R. FitzSimons, Thomas L. Johnson and W. J. FitzSimons as directors, and with the following officers: Thomas G. FitzSimons, president ; Robert F. FitzSimons, vice president; J. R. FitzSimons, treasurer, and W. J. FitzSimons, general manager. The company is enterprising and prosperous, the present output of their plant being about 500 tons per month.

Youngstown Pressed Steel Co

The Youngstown Pressed Steel Company, was organized in November, 1905, for the manufacture of agricultural and other pressed steel specialties, the office and works being located at No. 193 1 Wilson Avenue. It is now doing a prosperous business in the manufacture of pressed steel for agricultural implements, pressed steel singletrees and doubletrees of an improved construction for wagons, felloe plates, wrought washers, riveting burrs, sad-iron stands, and other steel specialties. The officers of the comjwny are : L. F. Cochran, president; Charles B. Cushwa. vice president; John O. Pew, general manager; Mason Evans, treasurer; C. A. Cochran, secretary, and G. F. Danielson, superintendent.

General Fireproofing Co

The General Fi reproofing Company of Youngstown, was incorporated January, 1902, with a capital of $500,000, and the following officers: M. I. Arms, president; A. P. White, vice president: George D. Wick, vice president; W. II. Foster, secretary; W. A. Kingslev, treasurer and general manager, and II. E. White, chief engineer.

The company started by the purchase of the business and plant of the International Metal Lath Co., manufacturers of "Herringhone expanded steel lath," whose plant, located at Niles. Ohio, consisted of two lath machines and four lath presses. The General Fireproofing Company immediately purchased a site from the Paul Wick estate at Crab Creek, Youngstown, and in the summer of 1902 built ' the original buildings of the present plant, which included a two-story brick and steel building, with reinforced concrete floors, 135 feet by 250 feet, for the manufacture of allsteel furniture and filing equipment for offices, banks, public buildings, libraries, etc. ; a one-story brick and steel building, 65 feet by 216 feet, for the manufacture of "Herringbone expanded steel lath," and a power plant, 34 feet by 65 feet. The entire plant was equipped with the most up-to-date machinery, most of which was built to order from the company's own designs, the power being supplied by individual motors driven by a dynamo connected directly to the engine shaft.

In the fall of 1902 the new plant at Crab Creek was occupied, the offices of the company being in the Federal Building at Youngstown, Ohio, and the Xiles plant abandoned. During the summer of 1903 a two-story office building, 44 feet by 60 feet, was erected' at the plant and was occupied that fall. In 1903 a machine was installed for making Expanded Metal for reinforcing concrete and by the following summer this part of the business had so increased that a new building, 52 feet by 175 feet, was installed to accommodate the Expanded Metal part of the business. In the spring of 1906 it became necessary to add a building, 130 feet by 135 feet, for the joint use of the lath and expanded metal departments; there having been installed by that time two additional lath machines and a second expanded metal machine. In the fall of 1906 an addition was added to the furniture building, 60 feet by 180 feet, two stories, built of reinforced concrete, using the company's system of Pin Connected Girder Frames for beams and girders: Cold Twisted Lug Bars for columns; and Expanded Metal for floor reinforcement. A crate factory, 24 feet by 60 feet, was also added to the Metal Furniture Department. Also in the latter part of 1906 the manufacture of Pin Connected Girder Frames for reinforcing concrete beams and girders was started, and this necessitated the erection of a brick and steel building 85 feet by 200 feet. The introduction of the Cold Twisted I -tig Bar, which is a bar for reinforcing concrete, invented by the company's engineer and sold exclusively by the company, was also taken up in the fall of 1906, and to take care of this part of the business a bar storage house, 100 feet by 325 feet, served by a ten-ton Gantry crane, was erected early in 1907.

With the increased output and new lines which had been added, more power was called for, and during 1907 the power plant was more than doubled, and to house the executive and clerical force required an addition to the office, 36 feet by 75 feet, which is joined to the old building by a connecting building, 36 feet by 36 feet, all of which are two stories and of cement siding style of architecture, being lathed on the exterior with "Herringbone Expanded Steel I-ath" and plastered with cement mortar, a style of building which is becoming very popular and is at its best when "Herringbone Lath" is used.

The products of the General Fireproofing Company include Herringbone Expanded Steel Lath, Diamond Mesh Expanded Metal Lath, All-United Steel Studding, Expanded Metal for all purposes, Cold Twisted Lug Bars, Pin Connected Girder Frames, Trussit Metal, Steel Equipment for banks, court houses, offices, vaults, public buildings, libraries, etc., which include roll top and flat top desks, counters, filing devices of every kind and sectional filing cases, all built entirely of steel.

The capital stock of the company is now $900,000. The employes number 460, of whom 400 are employed in the works and 60 in the office. The yearly output is $700,000. The following are the officers: M. I. Arms, president; A. P. White, vice president; H. B. McMaster, secretary ; W. H. Foster, treasurer and general manager; G. H. Knowlson. man-

The Youngstown Car Manufacturing Company, whose plant is situated at the corner of Wilson avenue and Jackson street, in the southeastern part of the city, was started in 1881 as a private company, under the name of Milliken, Boyd & Co.. tor the building of railroad freight cars. In 1883 it was incorporated as the Youngstown Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $100,000. its officers being: L. A. Cochran, president: Andrew Milliken, genera! manager: B. F. Boyd, secretary and treasurer. In 1902 the plant was purchased by Mr. George T. Oliver, of Pittsburg, Pa., and associates, who are its present proprietors. The present officers are : George T. Oliver, president; Alexander C. Blair, vice president ; Charles A. Palmer, secretary ; John P. Young, general manager.

The Republic Rub)>er Company, whose offices and works are located on the lines of the Erie and Lake Shore railroads, at Crab Creek, was incorporated in 1901, with a capital of Si. 000.000. the first officers being: II. K. Wick, president; A. K. Adams, vice president: John Tod. secretary and treasurer, and J. S. McClurg. superintendent. Though one of Youngstown's later industries, the excellent grade of goods turned out by the company has already made it widely and favorably kn«wn. its product k-ing found in all parts of the United States, and its business increasing with each passing month. In the spacious ami substantial plant are manufactured nearly all kinds of rubber goods, including searchlight sheet packing, cms:, arm. tubular gasket, fire-tone piston packing, belting, hose, valves, gaskets, rubber-covered rolls, molded specialties. automobile and solid \ehiele tires, and mechanical rubber goods in general.

Warner Arms, president: C. H. Booth, first I vice president: L. J. Lomansey, second vice j president; John Tod. secretary; and 1.. T. Peterson, superintendent. The companv has branch offices in New York, Pittsburg. St. Louis and Chicago.

The Youngstown Iron & Stf.Kl Roofing Co

This companv. whose plant is located at No. 193 1 Wilson Avenue, in the southeastern part of the city, was organized as a st<xk company in July. 1894, with a capital of $1.2.000, which was increased in January, 1898. to $25,ocx>. The primary object was the manufacture of metallic roofing and John O. Pew's patent fastening for metallic roofing. The company has as a Ixiard of directors: G. M. McKelvey, Mason F.vans, L. E. Cochran, Horace I'. Heedy, and John (). Pew ; ami as officers : L. E. Cochran, president ; John O. Pew, secretary and Mason Evans, treasurer.

In 1901 the companv built a rolling mill for the manufacture of sheet iron and sheet steel, the capital stock being then further increased to $300,000. Their product now includes, galvanized and black sheet iron and sheet steel, curved corrugated iron, iron and steel roofing and siding, sheet and expanded metal lath, heavy expanded metal, bridge and lire proof flooring, roll cap, ridge roll, and various steel specialties, and amounts to about 2.500 tons per month.

The present officers of the company are: L. E. Cochran, president; John O. Pew. vice president ami general manager: C. A. Cochran, secretary; and Mason Evans, treasurer. The directors are: John O. Pew. Henry W. Heedy, Mason Evans. C. A. Cochran and L. E. Cochran; Charles B. Cusbwa. general j superintendent.

Falcon Bronze Co

The Falcon Bronze Company originated in 1803. when G. A. I Wright and J. B. I'.i -oth formed a partnership for the manufacture of brass and bronze castings for engines and for rolling mill and steel plant purposes. This partnership lasted until Octoter, 1895, when the firm was incorporated as a company with a capital stock of $10,000, which in 1898 was increased to S.25,000, J. B. Booth being president, John Tod, secretary and treasurer, and G. A. Docright, general manager. Owing to the death of Mr. Booth in the following year, a change in officers took place, Richard Garlick becoming president, John Tod, vice president. \V. W. Bonnell, secretary, and G. A. Doeright, treasurer and general manager.

On March 2, 1907, Mr. Doeright purchased the interests of Mr. Tod, Mr. Garlick and Mr. Bonnell, thereby obtaining a controlling interest in the company. The company was thereupon re-organized with G. A. Doeright, J. G. Haney, and R. H. Doeright as directors, and with officers as follows : G. A. Doeright, president and general manager; Thomas Parrock, vice president ; J. G. Haney, secretary; K. E. Miller, treasurer, and K. H. Doeright, superintendent. The company has its plant at Xo. 218 S. Phelps street, where they employ from fifteen to twenty men, turning out from nine to ten hundred tons of brass and bronze castings in a year.

Youngstown Bronze Co

The Youngstown Bronze Company, manufacturers of iron castings, located at 548 Poland avenue, was incorporated in 1902 with a capital of $5o,(xx>. Its officers are G. L. Jones, president; j. W. Wright, vice president; Fred C. Xoll, secretary and treasurer; J. Watson Long, manager.

Youngstown Foundry & Machine, Co

The Youngstown Foundry & Machine Company was organized at Girard. Ohio, in 1888 by William J. Wallis and F. A. Williams, and was first known as the Wallis Foundry Company. In 1890 they took over the Girard Stove Works and incorporated as the Girard Stove and Foundry C<,rnPan>"- Two years later they Ixnight the Youngstown Foundry and Machine Shops from John Miller and moved to Youngstown. In 1893 t!,c namc was changed to the Youngstown Foundry and Machine Company, with Thomas Parrock, president; William J. Wallis, vice president and general manager, and 1\ A. Williams, secretary and treasurer. In 1902 a consolidation with the Youngstown Steel Casting Company was effected, the firm name remaining The Youngstown Foundry and Machine Company, with Thomas Parrock, president and general manager; William J. Wallis. vice president, and B. G. Parker, secretary and treasurer. The company are manufacturers of . sand, chilled and steel rolls, rolling mill machinery, and iron and steel castings.

American Belting Co

The American Belting Company was incorporated in May, 1901, by Mr. J. Edwin Davis, of Boston, who took a controlling interest in the business. The original capital stock was $50,000, only a (>art of which was I paid in, and the business was started in rather I a small way. The comjiany manufactures stitched canvas belting exclusively, under the name of "Alpha" brand, the product lieing shipped to all parts of the United States and Canada. In 1903 the local stockholders in the company bought out the interest held by Mr. Davis, and the capital stock of the company, which is now $100,000. is all owned by local |>eople. In 1906 the size and capacity of the plant was doublet] by building on an addition 700 feet long, and the business which was started in a small way five years ago. now aggregates several hundred thousand dollars annually. The officers of the company are: John T<wl, president; H. K. Wick, vice president; and 11. R. Greenlee, secretary and treasurer; the directors being Mm Tod. II. K. Wick, C. H. Booth. 11. M. Garlick and A. M. j Clark. The plant of the company, which is now the largest canvas belting plant in the world, is located on Albert street, and extends from the street to the Erie Railroad tracks.

Enterprise Boiler Co

in 1897 with a capital stock of $50,000 by the same people, with O. C. Beatty, president ; F. H. Klipp, vice president and general manager, and George Rudge, Jr., secretary and treasurer.

In 1898 George Rudge, Jr., purchased the interest of F. II. Klipp, and was elected secretary and general manager, and J. F. Rudge, treasurer, Mr. Beatty remaining as president. The plant was partially destroyed by fire in 1903, was rebuilt, and totally destroyed by fire in 1906. At the time of its destruction the annual business amounted to about $500,000 per year, and the company employed from 125 to 150 men. While it is not the intention of the company to rebuild in Youngstown at present, they will maintain their offices here.

Standard Table Olcloth Co

The Standard Table Oil Cloth Co., of Youngstown, was established in 1898 as a stock company, with a capital of $200,000, by the Ohio Oil Cloth Co. The concern was purchased by the Standard Table Oilcloth Company in 1 901. the capital being increased to $4,000,000 preferred stock and $4,000,000 common stock. The company is engaged in the manufacture of light weight oil cloth of all colors, turning out 2.500 pieces 12 yards long, ij4 yards wide per day. They employ about 60 hands. The present officers of the company are H. M. Garlick, president and treasurer; George H. Hughes, vice president; Alvin Hunsicker, secretary and general manager, and \V. K. Thatcher, assistant treasurer. The general office of the concern is at 320 Broadway, New York.

Youngstown Carriage & Wagon Co

The Youngstown Carriage & Wagon Company was established in April. 1881, with a capital of $100,000, for the manufacture of high-grade carriages, wagons, buggies, phaetons, and other fine vehicles, and has since carried on a successful business in this line. Their office and works are located at the corner of Boardman and Ha/el streets. The present officers are W. J. Hitchcock, president; John Tod, vice president ; W. P. Williamson, general manager and treasurer, and D. E. Webster, secretary.

Crystal Ice & Storage Co

The Crystal Ice & Storage Company was incorporated in 1892 with a capital of $50,000, of which $40,000 was paid in. Its object was the manufacture of ice from distilled water. The first capacity of the plant was 25 tons per day. In 1902 this capacity was increased to 60 tons per day, its present output. In addition to the manufacture of ice the company manufactures distilled water for drinking and mechanical purposes, much of it being sold to the electric companies, and to chemists for use in the manufacture of various compounds.

' This product, which is double distilled and filtered, is known as Colonial Drinking Water. The company also has fourteen rooms devoted to the cold storage of perishable goods, some of the .rooms having a temperature of 10 degrees below zero. They arc also engaged in the manufacture of ice cream. In the plant are three ice machines of the latest and most approved manufacture. The water is pumped from wells 375 feet deep by compressed air. The plant is run day and night the year round. The present officers of the company are : John McGuire, president; John Gallagher, vice president; George Rudge, Jr., secretary; J. C.

Youngstown Engineering Co

The \ oungstown Engineering Company was organized in 1901 as an incorporated stock company, the officers being John Runette, president ; B. F. Boyd, vice president ; Harry A. Boyd, secretary and treasurer. Capital, Sioo,- 000. The company is engaged in general foundry and machine work.

merit long famed for the manufacture of superior winter wheat flour. The proprietor, Mr. Homer Baldwin, first began milling in 1846, in Girard, taking a part interest in a mill with his brother Jesse. In 1858 he disposed of his interest to his brother and, coming to Youngstown, built a mill and began the manufacture of flour at the location above mentioned, where he has since continued in business. In 1875 he took the highest premium at the Northern Ohio Fair, held in Cleveland, also in the same year at the Pittsburg Exposition, and at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, held under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce. In the following year he took the highest premium at the Centennial Exposition, held in Philadelphia, and in 1878 he took two first prizes, a third competition being limited to local exhibitors, in which, of course, he was unable to participate. For several years he has manufactured both spring and winter wheat flour, the average output of his mills being 200 barrels per day. In February, 1906, Mr. Baldwin was awarded a patent for an improved separating machine, which is said to be superior to any other existing contrivance of its kind, and is now in use in the City Mills.

Trigg Brothers (Wallace and Frank G. Trigg), No. 13 Oak Hill avenue, manufacturers of granite and marble monumental work of every description, began business in 1878 on Spring Common, where they remained for four or five years. Afterwards they were located for several years on the site of the present office of the Youngstown Vindicator. About twelve years ago, they removed to their present location. They use the latest and most improved machinery, including pneumatic tools and are widely known as master workers of their craft.

Kuhns Brothers (John W. and Henry J.) are well known in Youngstown and the vicinity as manufacturers of wagons and carriages, their manufactory being located at No. 21-23 N. Walnut street. They give work on an average to about twenty employees.

The planing mills controlled and operated by the executors of the G. N. Dinglcdy Estate, at the corner of Basin and Boardman streets, was established in 1865 by N. Dingledy, and now has thirty employees.' G. N. Dingledy is the manager.

Scheetz Brothers' planing mill, which is located on North West Avenue, was established in 1899 by John Henry and Philip Scheetz, with a capital of $40,000.00. The plant is well supplied with modern wood working machinery, and turns out $50,000 worth of product per annum, chiefly sash and doors. The present proprietors and officers of the concern are all members of the Scheetz family.

The B. C. Tibbits Lumber Company, Cherry street, was incorporated in 1903, with a capital of $40,000. It is engaged in the manufacture of doors, sash, and mill-working appliances, and in the retail lumber business, and has about twenty employees. The present officers are: B. C. Tibbits, president and treasurer; A. G. Sharf, vice-president and manager; and W. P. Schmid, secretary.

The Jacobs Lumber Company, on the Hubbard road, was established as a stock company, February 1, 1906, b'- B. M. Campbell and R. H. Jacobs, with a capital of $50,000. The company is engaged in a general lumber and planing-mill business which gives employment to about twenty-five hands. B. M. Campbell is president of the company, with H. W. Williamson, vice-president, and R. H. Jacobs, secretary and treasurer.

The Smith Brewing Company, Youngstown, was established about 1846 by John Smith, a native of England, who came to America with his family in 1842, and who was for some time 1>efore coming' to Youngstown manager of a rolling-mill at Pittsburg. After his death the business was carried on for many years by his sons under the firm name of John Smith's Sons Brewing Company. In 1900 the Smith Brewing Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $250,000.

The City Brewery. Voungstown. was established in 1885 by George J. Rentier, Jr., its present proprietor. It is engaged in the manufacture of high grade malt liquors, bottled beers, ale and porter. The plant is located on the South Side at 203-209 Pike Street.

Ohio

At the liejdnninn of this half of the century mi August -. 1S50. the Mahoninp Comity Hank was starte<l at Youni;st, >wn. Ohio, with Jud^e Win. Raven as its first president. It was Jud^c Kayen who founded the Raven School, which recently celebrated the complete 11 ot its enlarged building. He was a strong man ami a wise man. and lire fact that the hnk. afterwards made the I-'irst National I tank, has also just occupied a U-autiful new home. bears additional testimony to wise plans carried out liy ca|»ab1c successors.

The record of the Mahoning County Hank was excellent. When Judjje Rayett died in 1854. he was succeeded by Dr. Henry Manning, a man who had the courage of his convictions in finance, as well as in medicine. He was not one of thi.se who refuse credit because it is needed, or because others do He granted it liUrallv where he thought it was de-erved. and die results, owing to the Irving times of 1S57. and the vear» when iron iu> lu-t r ifwere struggling fur a f " -tin 1 ? - I _ showed (lie soundness ,,f |,is judgment am! the wisdom of this policy, "not miiiv in the &»«\ it did to otliers and to the town in general, but also in the increased bustiics-, il hi ought to ilie kink."

W hen the national banking law was passed the officers of the Mahoning County Hank were (puck to avail themselves of its provisions. That bank was closed, and the hirst National Hank was organized as its successor, June .'. i8r\$. having the third place in the list of National Hanks, which has since run up into the thousands. Dr. Manning was elected president and remained at the head of (he kank until January 9, \SA*\ when lie resigned on account of the infirmities of old age.

Mr. W illiam S. 1'armelee. a man of conservative judgment, already identified with the management of the Raven estate, succeeded him and held the office for eleven years. He declined a re-election, because of his removal to Cleveland, and on January u. 1K77, Mr. Robert McCnrdv, who has held the position ever since, was elected president.

The first cashier of the Mahoning County Hank was Hon. Robert W', Taylcr. afterwards for so ntany years Comptroller of the I'nited States Treasiirv. On his resignation, January j. 1 St*), Mr Caleb H. Wick was elected cashier, and remained until Octolvr <). lN*i_\ when he resigned to go into the tton business at Sharon, Pennsylvania. His successor was Mr Joan S. Kdwanb. who served until the Mali-mug County bank wa- wound up. when he iVvtmc the cashier of the bust National

Bank. When he left the bank, June 20, 1865, Mr. Robert McCurdy was chosen cashier, and filled the place until he became president in 1877. Mr. Wm. II. Baldwin was then elected cashier and held the office for ten years, until he resigned in 1887 to go into the iron business. Since then the duties of cashier have fallen upon the president.

All of these men were at all times entirely faithful to the bank and its interests. There has never been the slightest irregularity, nor has even a suspicion ever attached to any one connected with the institution.

The liberal policy l)egan so many years ago, has always been followed. The l>ank has never charged excessive rates, nor sought to make large profits. It has never speculated in any form. It has faithfully tried to serve the true purpose of a bank in the community, and to win a fair return on the money invested, by maintaining proper relations with proper customers.

The bank has never passed a semi-annual dividend, nor has it ever made a dividend of less than four per cent with all taxes paid. Large as these figures seem in the aggregate, they simply show the result of steady work year after year, for more than thirty years in the midst of a growing community. The annual profit on the capital used is small, compared with that of other kinds of business, to the success of which the bank's money has contributed.

In January, 1896, Mr. Myron K. Dennison was made cashier. In 1904 Mr. Rolnrt Mc- Curdy. who had been president since 1H77, died and soon after the Fir^t and Second National banks were consolidated, the capital being then increased to $1,000,000, Mr. Henry M. Garlick, who had been president of the Second National, becoming president of the consolidated bank. The vice-presidents were: Henry M. Robinson, Myron I. Arms, and Henry Tod. R. E. Cornelius was made assistant cashier. The condensed report of the bank made to the Comptroller of the Currency, November 12, 1906, is as follows:

The present officers are: Henry M. Garlick, president ; Myron I. Arms, vice-president ; Henry M. Robinson, vice-president; Myron E. Dennison. cashier; Ralph E. Cornelius, assistant cashier.

Mahoning National Bank

The Mahoning National Bank is the successor to the Youngstown Savings & Ix>an Company, which was organized in 1868, with a capital stock of $600,000 ($150,000 paid in), and with the late Governor Tod as president. The bank was continued under that name and with the original charter until 1877, when it was reorganized as the Mahoning National Bank, with the same officers, directors and stockholders, and with a capital stock of $229- 000. It was thus continued until July 1. 1906, when the capital stock was increased to $300,- 000. and the surplus to $200,000. The original twenty-years charter having expired in iKq7. it was then renewed for twenty years more.

An abstract of the report made to the comptroller of the currency, November 12, 1906, by the Mahoning National Bank shows the following resources and liabilities :

The present officers of the lank are: W. Scott Bonnell, president ; Walter A. Beecher, vice-president; J. H. McEwen, cashier; Thomas A. Jacobs, assistant cashier.

Commercial National Bank

The Commercial National Bank of Youngstown was organized in 1881, with a capital stock of $200,000. C. H. Andrews was the first president. The capital has been lately increased to $350,000, the bank having a surplus fund of $100,000, with undivided profits of $56,000. President Andrews died December 25, 1893, and was succeeded in the presidency of the institution by the late George M. McKelvey, whose death occurred December 24, 1905. Up to the time of Mr. Mc- Kelvey's election General T. W. Sanderson had served as vice-president. Early in January, 1906, Mason Evans, who had been cashier from the beginning, was elected president, which office he still retains. The other of- t ficers arc : L. E. Cochran, vice-president ; C. H. Kennedy, cashier; Harry Williams, assistant cashier.

The Dollar Savings And Trust Co

The Dollar Savings and Trust Company, one of Youngstown's leading financial institutions, was organized in 1887, with a capital stock of $100,000.00. Its first president was John I. Williams, who continued in that office until 1902. He was succeeded by Asael E. Adams, who is now president. The capital stock of the bank has been increased four times, and is now $1,500,000. The deposits have been increased to $6,500,000. The bank is now the largest bank in Ohio outside of Cleveland and Cincinnati, and combines within itself all the elements of a savings bank, a commercial bank, and a trust company. The following statement of the condition of the

Mason Wick, secretary: Nulla 1'. Hartshorn, treasurer; Charles J. Wick, cashier; l'aul II. McKelvcy. assistant treasurer; II. H. llosmcr, assistant cashier.

This company was organized in iX&j and its charter dated on January 15th. of that year. Anions its incorporators were such men as John R. Davis, then a leading tire insurance agent. 1\ D. Cotter, a successful merchant, and other well know n men, most of whom are now deceased. The only survivors of the original ino>r|x>rators are Mr. J. K. Woolley. who is now vice-president of the company and Mr. James M. McKay, who has heen its secretary from the start.

The coinpanv opened for business on February '<S, lSSo. Its first 1. nation was upstairs in the F.xeelsior lit- w.k over the store room now occupied by the Mullaly Keilly Company. Mr. McKay harl heen occupying this room as a law office for some years and for i|iiite a while the Company had the use of the room without expense. The business at first grew slowly; by January r. iX</>, the deposits amounted only to $v,,5- ('c>- 'Hie expense had been light, however, and a good dividend was left for the depositors. Steadily and surely, if not rapidly, the business increased and in alx>ut tour years time the depo-its that a location nearer the ground floor would lie more accessible and accordingly the l*ase ment room of the Mahoning National [lank was leased ior a peril >d of live years and the company took possession of it. This term was afterward extended and the company occupied the basement for a little over ten years. I iv.m '<>>, to alxmt '<>" or <>S times were Kid in Yotingstowu and the growth vva- .small; still the company managed t<i forge ahead a little each vear and add new depi '-it' >rs to those already seen red. On January I. \X>,X. its deposits reached a quarter "1 a million. From this lime oil times U-gan to get In-tler. but it w.astill a year or two l>eforc there was much activity iii real estate and the growth of the company continued to be slow. In the fall of 1001 however, the dejiosits had increased to nmr than half a million and the basement room was getting too small to accommodate the business. Inquiries were made which finally resulted in the purchase of the property at 1 West Fee eral Street, where the coinpanv is now located. This pro|K-rtv was purchased from Keel & Mover in November of that year, but being under lease at the time, the company was not able to occupy it until two and one-half years I later.

From the time that the property was purchased, the growth of the company was more rapid. liy January 1, H*r»4. ''ieir deposits exceeded a million. Two years later they were over a million and a half and their net increase (luring i<>oo. which was more than three quarters of a million, stands unparalleled in the history of savings institutions in towns the size of Youngstown.

Mr. McKay has l>ccn secretary of the company since its organization. For the first four or live years he did all the clerical work himselt. drew up the mortgages and personally examined the records for all loans on real estate. In time, however, it l>ecamc necessary to make additions to the clerical force until now it requires the constant services of ten people to look after the affairs of the institution, while still others are employed i»art of the time in appraising property and doing other outside work.

The fi rm of investment which has been favored by this company from the first is to lend its money on mortgage of real estate. CM all the monies that it has handled. oX ]>er cent have Wen invested and its loans have lieen selected vv at h such care that not a dollar has lieen lost. During the hard times which prevailed from <n to '<>X the company was compiled to foreclose a few mortgages and occasionally had io take a piece of property and hold it until a purchaser could bo found, but these were all y.M with, nit lo-s and on most of thetrt a profit was realized.

ing or improving homes were the most desirable. Manufacturing plants especially have been avoided ; some business blocks liavc occasionally been taken, but homes have always had the preference and the company has aimed to be faithful to its motto, 'The American Home the Safeguard of American Liberties." Its mortgage loans have been made on easy terms and the small borrower has always had as good a rate of interest as the large borrower. The company has l>een instrumental in purchasing, building or improving something like 5.000 bomes in Voungstown and vicinity.

In the division of its profits the Home Savings and Loan Company is unique. It is a mutual institution and all its profits are divided ratably among its depositors. It thus returns to the man who saves his money all the profits that his money earns. Strictly speaking, its depositors receive a dividend instead of interest, but this dividend has been established so long at 5 per cent that the public look upon it as a fixed rate. Its directors do not consider themselves in any 'sense as owners of the business, but merely as trustees thereof and their detailed annual reports published each year, and mailed to each depositor, show item by item how their trust has been executed. These reports are also circulated widely among other financial institutions of the United States and copies are regularly sent to certain institutions in foreign countries.

Like all growing cities Voungstown's population is somewhat restless and her people move from place to place as better situations can be secured. Manv depositors in-the Home Savings and Loan Company who have thus changed their location have still retained their savings accounts here and continue to make deposits from their new location. In this way the patrons of the company have Inxome scattered. Even- ini|x>rtant section of Ohio has' depositors in the Home Savings and Loan Company. Over one-half of the states in the union ami many foreign countries are represented on its books and seldom is a mail delivered at the office that does not contain

Equity Savings And Loan Co

The Equity Savings and Lwn Comjyany was incorporated in 1900 by Asahel \V. Jones, Harry A. Ernst, Ralph E. Cornelius. M. M. Phillips and E. H. Turner, with a capital stock of $500,000. Soon after its incorporation it came under its present management, and it is now one of the most successful and solid financial institutions in Youngstown. On September 20, 1905, its capital stock was increased to Si, 000,000. It guarantees 5 per cent interest on deposits of any amount from one dollar upward. During the five years or more that it has been in business it has handled over Si, 000,000 for its patrons and Iras never lost a dollar. Its steady and rapid financial growth is clearly shown in the following financial statement of its resources issued October I, 1906:

Besides accumulating, as alx>ve shown, over $400,000 in net resources, it has earned for its patrons in interest and dividends over $50,000. a record of which the officers and directors are justly proud. The creilit for this excellent showing is largely due to the company's secretary and manager, Mr. Harry II. Geitgey. who has worked for the interests of the institution with rare judgment and energy.

Youngstown Savings And Banking Co

The Youngstown Savings and Banking Company was opened for business March 18. 1905. The capital stock was $50,000, which was increased July 1, 1906, to $100,000. The bank's statement for December i, 1906, is as follows:

International Bank

The International Bank, located at No. 11 North Phelps street, was founded soon after his arrival in Youngstown, by Mr. Gustave V. Hamory, who came here in 1900 from Washington county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Hamory was born in Hungary in 1869 and came to America in 1885. locating first in Pittsburg, where he gained his knowledge of American hanking methods. The International Bank issues drafts and money orders on all parts of the world, makes collections on estates, handles various claims, and also sells steamship and railroad tickets. It has a large patronage among the foreign residents of Youngstown and the vicinity, the business keeping a number of clerks busy. Mr. Hamory also has a flourishing branch office in Sharon, Pennsylvania.

Chapter. Xxi The Bench And Bar

Perhaps in no one respect is the advanced degree of progress attained by Mahoning county more clearly manifest than in the high standard of its courts, and the reputation for learning, dignity, and ability that has been long sustained by the members of the legal profession in this community generally. This high standard was early set, and has never been lowered as a whole, and but seldom in part, by any conspicuous shortcomings on the part of said members ; and it is safe to say that, outside of the city of Cleveland, no community in the state can claim precedence over Mahoning county in all that goes to constitute a model bench and bar.

Primitive Court Scenes

The lawyers and judges in 'the earliest period of our civil history performed their duties under very different scenes and conditions from those which now prevail. A brief description of these has come down to us in a small History of the State of Ohio, published at Cincinnati, as far back as 1838. by Caleb Atwater, A. M., who was himself in his younger days, an eye-witness to that which he relates. He says: were all generally thrown together into one room in a log tavern and slept under the same roof, and some of them very near it. The food was generally cooked out of doors, and the court house was not unfrequently some log cabin in the woods without a floor in it. We have seen a constable with a grand jury sitting under a tree, and the constable keeping off the crowd, so as to prevent their hearing the testimony of witnesses before the jury. Another constable was guarding a petit jury under some other tree while they were deliberating on their verdict. And when a new county was organized the newly-elected judges, juries, etc., had to be instructed in their duties by the presiding judge and the state's attorney. These things are all in our recollection, fresh, and distinctly remembered." He further says:

"Judges and lawyers rode from court to court and carried their provisions or starved on the route. Though they generally got into some settlement before nightfall, yet not always, as we shall long remember. When the streams were swelled with rain they swam every stream in their way."

If such conditions now prevailed, a certificate of natatorial proficiency would probably be made a sine qua non of graduation in every law school course.

The first court in Trumbull county after its organization, convened in Warren at 4:00 p. in., on Monday, August 25, 1800. It was held in primitive fashion between the corncribs of Mr. (juinby, which stood where Main street passes in front of the Cleveland and Mahoning passenger station. Here the judge and justices of the county took the oath of - office, and proceeded to open the court of Sessions and Court of Common 1'lcas, agreeable to the order of the Governor. They also divided the county into eight townships and appointed constables in each. A venire was issued to summon eighteen persons as grand jurors. Information was lodged by the state's attorney against Joseph McMahon and Richard Storer. On the 26th the jury found indictments against each of them for the murder of two Indians at the Salt Springs, and processes were ordered to be issued against them, to be apprehended and held in close custody until the Governor should order a court -of Oyer and Terminer to be held to try them. The witnesse* were recognized to attend said court. The court sessions lasted until noon on the 20th. The civil officers for the county were as follows: John Young, Turhand Kirtland. Camden Cleveland, James Kingsbury and Kliphalet Austin, esquires, justices of the jjcace and quorum; John I.eavitt. F.sq., judge of probate anil justice of the peace; Solomon Griswold. Martin Smith. John Struthers. Caleb Baldwin. Calvin Austin, Edward Brockway. John Kinsman. Benjamin Davison. Kphraim (Juinby. Kbenezer Sheldon. David Hudson, Aaron Wheeler, Amos SpafTord. Moses Park, and John Minor, esquires, justices of the (Race. Calvin Pease, Ksq.. clerk; David Abbit, Ksq., sheriff; John Hart Adgate. coroner; Eliphalet Austin. Esq., treasurer; John Stark Edwards. Ksq., recorder.

The following persons were impaneled and sworn on the grand jury: Simon Perkins, foreman: Benjamin Slow. Samuel Menough. Ilawley Tanner, Charles Daly. Ebenezcf King. William Cecil. John Hart Adgate.

Henry Lane, Jonathan Church. Jeremiah Wilcox, John Partridge Bissell, Isaac Palmer, George Phelps, Samuel (Juinby, and Moses Park. George Tod, Esq., was appointed by the court to prosecute the pleas of the l'nited States, the present session, and took the oath of office. It was also ordered by the court that the private seal of the clerk should be considered the seal of the county, and be affixed and recognized as such till a public seal could be procured. A committee was appointed by the court to divide the county of Trumbull into townships; their subsequent report describing the limits of the townships of Warren, Youngstown, Hudson, Vernon, Middlefield, Richfield, Payneville. and Cleveland, was accepted. The court appointed Turhand K inland, John Kinsman and Calvin Austin, esquires, a committee to fix upon and provide some proper place for a temporary jail, until a public jail could l>e erected. This committee rej>orted that the room in the southwest comer of the house of Ephraim Ouimby. Esq., was a convenient and proper place for a temporary jail, and the re|xjrt was so accepted by the court, and it was ordered accordingly. Certain limits were also assigned, embracing land around the jail, and called "the lilx-rties of the prison," within which a prisoner on good behavior and his parole was allowed to walk. The court also appointed constables for the respective townships to serve "for the present year," James Hillman l>cing appointed for the township of Youngstown. On motion of Judge Kirtland, the court ordered that Jonathan Fowler he recommended to the Governor of this territory as a tit person to keep a public house of entertainment in the town of Youngstown. on his complying with the requisites of the law. A similar order, on motion of Mr. Edwards, was made out in favor of Ephraim (Juinby. of the town of Warren.

Benjamin Davison, Ksq., Ephraim (Juinby, Esq.. John llentlv, and John Lane were bound over in the jienal sum of $200 each to appear before the next court of Oyer and Terminer "to testify the truth l>etween the l'nited States and Joseph McMahon on an indictment for

The session ended with an order by the court "that the clerk be authorized to procure a public seal for the county of Trumbull, of such a size and with such dev ice as he shall deem proper, at the expense of the county.'1

Other Court Sessions

At the next session of court on the Reserve it was "ordered by the court that the county of Trumbull be divided into districts for the purpose of carrying into effect the territorial tax upon land, and that each town (as the towns were established by the court in August last shall constitute one district, and that each district shall l>ear the same name with the town which constitutes it," Calvin Tease, clerk. It was also "ordered by the court that the county of Trumbull I* divided into two election districts; that the towns of Middleheld, Richfield. Pavnesville. and Cleveland shall constitute the northern division, and that the house erected by Mr. Simon Perkins at the intersection of Youngs road and the I^akc road, Ik* the place for holding elections in the northern district. And that the towns of Youngstown. Warren, Hudson and Vernon shall constitute the southern district, and that the house of Kphraim Ouinby. Est]., in Warren, shall l>e the place of election." C. Pease, clerk.

"Ordered by the court that the sum of two dollars shall lie paid out of the treasury of the county as a reward for each and every wild wolf, of the age of six months and upward, that shall be killed within this county, to the person killing the same; and the sum of one dollar for each and every wolf under six months, that shall be killed in this county, to the person killing the same: under the restrictions and regulations of an act of this territory entitled. 'An Act to Encourage the Killing of Wolves.'" Calvin Pease, clerk.

A committee composed of David Abbott. Samuel Woodruff. I'riel Holmes. Jr.. and Simon Perkins, that had been appointed to draft the plan of a jail, having made rqiort, the said report was accepted, with a slight alteration by the court, and Mr. Simon Perkins was appointed "to su))erintend of the building of said jail, and to carry into effect such contract as the court of Quarter Sessions shall make with any person or persons for the building thereof."

Later sessions were held once or twice a year, though with no great regularity, and their transactions generally concerned the laying out of roads and the trying of a few assault and battery cases, which are of no interest to the public.

Mahoning county was organized in 1846, with Canfield as the county seat. In the act of incorporation it was stipulated that "the court of common pleas and supreme court of said county shall Ije holder) at some convenient house in the town of Canfield until suitable county buildings shall be erected." The trustees of the Methcxlist Episcopal church tendered their building for the purpose, their offer being accepted. James Brownlee of Poland, James Wallace of Springfield, and Lemuel Rrigham of Ellsworth, were designated by the legislature to act as associate justices until an election should be held. They convened for the first time March 16, 184O. in the office of Elisha Whittlesey, in Canfield. Hon. El>en Newton, at that time presiding judge of the circuit, administered the oath of office. Henry J. Canfield was chosen clerk pro tern. Some prolxite business was disposed of. and the i county was divided into four assessment dis- ; tricts. with Thomas McCilligcn. James Mc- Clelland, Samuel Hardman and Herman A. Doud as assessors.

The first regular term of the court of Common Pleas was held May II, 1846. with Hon. J Eben Newton of Canfield as president judge, . assisted by the associate justices l>efore men- | tioneil. William Ferguson, of Youngstown. was prosecuting attorney, and James Powers, of Milton, sheriff. By request of the sheriff, Ransford Percival and John C. Fitch were appointed his deputies. There were nineteen cases on the docket when the court opened and thirty-seven when it adjourned at the end of the term, which lasted three days. No case was tried to a jury. There were some decisions affecting the partition and sale of real estate; one judgment was rendered on confession; eight wills were proved; eight guardians of minors appointed, and administrators appointed on eleven estates. The court appointed Robert W.Tayler, James B. Blacksom and John M. Edwards master commissioners in chancery; Hiram A. Hall, John M. Edwards, and Reuben McMillen were appointed as school examiners, and John Kirk and Andrew as auctioneers. William W.

The first term of court was an event of some importance in Canfield, and was largely attended, not only by lawyers from this and neighlwring counties, but also by citizens from all parts of the county. The terms of court continued to be held in the Methodist church until the fall term of 1847, by which time the new court house, which had been erected by the citizens of Canfield, in accordance with the provisions of the Act of February 16, 1846, was ready for occupancy.

After the removal of the county seat to Youngstown in August, 1876, an account of which has lieen given in a previous chapter, the first term of the Court of Common Pleas was held in the new court house at that city. It commenced September 10. and adjourned I)eceml>er 19. 1876. Hon. Philip B. Conant of Ravena, was judge, Henry B. Shields, clerk; John R. Davis, sheriff; and Charles R. Trucsdalc. prosecuting attorney. There were 722 cases on the docket when court opened, of which 674 were civil and 48 criminal. At the close of the term, including those disposed of, the numlKT of civil cases was 953, criminal cases 135. total 1,038.

Biographical

Hon. George Tod. - The biographical history of the Mahoning County bar licgins naturally with George Tod, the pioneer lawyer of Youngstown. He was born in Suffield, Conn., December ii, 1773, son of David and Rachel (Kent) Todd. After graduating from Yale College in 1795. ne taught school for a while at New Haven, Conn. He then read law at the law school of Judge Reeves, in Litchfield, Conn., and was subsequently admitted to the bar. In October, 1797, he was married, at New Haven, Conn., to Miss Sally Isaacs, who was born in 1778, a daughter of Ralph and Mary Isaacs. Their two eldest children - Charlotte L. and Jonathan I. Tod - were there bom. In 1801, after first making a preliminary visit, he removed with his wife and children to Youngstown, being the first lawyer to settle here, and one of the earliest on the Reserve. His talents were soon recognized. At the first territorial court of Trumbull county, held in August, 1800, at the time of his first visit, he was appointed prosecuting attorney, and took the oath of office. In that capacity, in September following, he appeared in behalf of the United States against Joseph McMahon, indicted for the murder of Captain George, an Indian, at the Salt Springs, on the 20th of July preceding. In 1801 he was appointed by Governor St. Clair, territorial secretary. He was three times elected township clerk - in 180J, 1803 and 1804. In 1804-5 he was senator from Trumbull county in the state legislature, and again in 1810-11. In 1806 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the state. In the war of 1812 he was commissioned major and afterwards colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment of Ohio militia, 1 and served with distinction at Fort Meigs and Sacketfs Harbor. In 1815 he was elected president judge of the Court of Common Pleas of the old Third circuit, and held the office until 1829. He was sulwequently elected prosecuting attorney of Trumbull county and held the office for one term. His latter years were devoted to the care of his large farm, at Brier Hill, which afterwards became celebrated for its (lejx.sit of fine mineral coal, developed by his son David, who was Governor j of Ohio, 1861-03. Mr. Tod died at Brier I Hill. April 11. 1841. widely honored and re- spected. As a lawyer and judge he ranked among the first in tlie state. He was followed a few years later by his wife, who died at Brier Hill. September 29. 1847.