Seattle, Washington - History, 1891 (part 10 of 14)

Mr. Yesler was born in Washington county, Maryland, in 1810. His early years were ones of toil. His school days were spent in a log cabin where he obtained a rudimentary English education, but the advantages he there enjoyed were supplemented later on by severe study during the time which he had to spare while acquiring the trade of carpenter and millwright. In 18;^() he removed to Massillon, Ohio, where for nineteen years he was engage<l in the sawmill business. In 1851 he came to Oregon and for a short time worked at his trade in Portland. Desiring some employment more in the nature of a business of his own he went to California, and for a brief period operated a mine at Marysville. Still feeling himself capable of greater things and having a penchant for the sea coast, he sought a place where he might utilize his experience in the sawmill business. With this end in view he sought for a site on tide water, with a world of timber to draw upon and with the world for his market. At this point in his career he became acquainted with a sea captain who had been trading on Puget Sound, and from him he acquired a definite knowledge of the wonderful harbors on the Sound and the wealth of timber that lay adjacent to its waters. Yesler saw, or thought he saw, a great future in the lumber trade of Puget Sound, so he took ship and started for the Sound, arriving upon the site of the present city of Seattle in the fall of 1852. At this time there were only a few cabins located in the woods close to the shore and the few settlers, although they had selected their claims, had not filed them in the land office, which at this time was at Oregon City. Upon Yesler informing them of his determination to start a sawmill, they readjusted their claims so as to allow him to take up a claim adjoining the shore, upon which at the present time is located the main business and residence portion of Seattle. In the beginning of 1853 his modest steam sawmill was put in operation. It was the first built on Puget Sounil and its locniion at Seattle at once ({avc that place an important position Btiiong the tiny settlements which had been made here and there upon the edge of the unexplored forests which stretched away in every direction from the waters of the Sound. Id the early days of this mill the ouly available laborers were Indians, whom Mr. Vesler employed in large ntim1>ers treating them so honestlr and kindly that in the difficulties of IHoU and 1^511. be was able to be of the greatest service to the territory. Near the end of tile war. at the retjuest of Governor Stei-ens, he iiiHde a hazardous trip to tlie hoslilea to propose terms for agreement. Aftw carrying the replies of the chiefs to the governor, he went a second time to the hostile Citmp accompanied by only two friendly Indians, atid brought back with him one hundred of the ludions lately upon the warpath, delivering tliem at the execnlive mansion. Upon another occasion he saved the settlement from massacre by timely warning sent to the naval anthorities.

When the territory was organized Mr. Vealer was made auditor and held th« office several terms. He has been commissioner of King county seveial times and twice mayor of Seattle During his Isat term as mayor in 1884! occurred the Chinese riot, and, altboujfh not a friend of foreign labor, he did all in his power to suppress mob violence. Mr. Yesler was originally a Democrat in political faith, but since the great civil war has been allied with the Republicans. He i> not, however, an int«nse partisan and never had any desire for political distinction. The positions he Eios been called upon to fill have been ia the line of duties such as a citizen deeply interested in the public welfare could not refuse to accept.

It would be difficult for those only acquainted with the great and flourishing of Seattle of today to realii^e the important part the i-awmill of Henry Vcsler played in the primitive days. For years it was almost the sole industry of the pli through it may be traced the primary cause which determined Ihi Seattle, It was the pioneer enterprise of what has grown to be a giant industry which now exists as a notable part of the world's commerce.

While of lati- years Mr. Yesler has been laq^cly interested iu building anil real estate o^ierations he continued to conduct his sawmill at Seattle until shortly 1)efo[e the great fire and has since been engaged in the business on Lake Wasutngtou. at a place named Yesler. With the great tide of immigration to the Sound which these latter years have witnessed, Mr. Yesler's towiisile property has incrcaseil to a value l)eyond his fondest dreams. Much of it he has sold, but he still retains a large part of his original claim, most of which is iu the very heart of the city. He was one of the licaviost losers by the great fire of June '1th, ISSil, but with that matchless energy wbidi cbaracterii^ed the citizens of Seattle after that catastrophy, as soon as the smouldering emlierri of his destroyed property would permit he began the erection of some of the finest buildings on the Pacific coast. He has recently completed the Pioneer building du Pioneer Place, which would be considered a magnificent slrucountry. Upon opposite corners of thosinie instruction two other buildings which iu architectural ivill e(|u:il the Pioneer building.

c life he hiis k-.l Mr. Yetler is still an a^'gre^sive force is but liltli.- bent bv Iiis figbty years of life in «liicb severe physical and mental toil, lie belongs to lliat y uieu of action, whose nerves are not far from tlicir brains, and with whom there is no appreciable period l)etween impression and performance. This class of men was largely developed by the condition of pwoneer dajrs; brought face to face with dangers and ditliculties by sea and land, having before them the solution of the Indian troubles and of the problem of existence when the means of subsistence were the most scanty, their faculties for prompt and courageous action seem to have been sharpened and to have been crystallized by a thousand hard experiences into a second nature. He, of all men, was the first to put into practical and remunerative effect, if, indeed, he did not first conceive, the plan of opening the great forests of the Sound to the markets of the world. Consumers of Puget Sound lumber are found in all civilized countries, and timber grown on our shores floats on every sea in the world.

The geniality and hospitality of this noted Pacific coast poineer expand with the widening of his field of life. "It is his chief delight," says one writer, "lo receive his friends and old acquaintances in his opulent home and recall with them the scenes of past times, and like enough to prognosticate the events of the new times that are coming."

Before he lefl his old home in Ohio Mr. Yesler was married to Sarah Burgert, a lady who shared in all the trials and troubles of her husband, and is most kindly remembered in Seattle. Two children were born of this union, both of whom died at an early age, and in August, 1SS7, the mother followed them to the tomb. At an age usually associated with bodily infirmities which preclude activity or usefulness Mr. Yesler is still bouyant in spirit, and physically and mentally displays an energy and interest in the affairs of this work-a-dav world usually found only in men at the prime of their usefulness. He will leave upon his times the impress of a strong personality, and will ever be noted as one of the founders of the Pacific Northwest.

IV/IERCER, Thomas, is one of the few men now living who have been identified wnth the very earliest history of Seattle. He was born in Harrison county, Ohio, March 11, 1813, and was the eldest son of Aaron and Jane (Dickerson) Mercer. His father was a native of Virginia and his mother a descendant of an old Pennsylvania fatnily. Thomas resided at home until he was twenty-one years of age, and after his school days entered his father's woolen mill and learned the trade thoroughly. In 1834 he moved with his parents to Bureau county, Illinois, and located on a farm near Princeton.

In April, 18.32, with his wife and four children he left his Illinois home and with horse teams crossed the plains to Oregon. His wife was taken sick at the Dalles and upon arriving at the Cascades died, an affliction at the time which, added to the surroundings, was most particularly a severe loss. His first winter in Oregon was spent at Salem, and in the spring of 1853 with one of his companions of the plains, Mr. Dexter Horton, now a well known banker of Seattle, he came to the present site of this city. He took up a claim of one hundred and sixty acres adjoining that of D. T. Denny, all of which is now within the present city limits of Seattle and covered f In IWiS Mr. Mercer was elected probate judge of King county and held the posiftioa for ten consecutive years. He was also one of the first county commissioners.

Mr. Mercer was married to Miss Hester Ward, his present wife, a native of Kentucky, in 18''>0, Two of his four children who came across the plains are now living nettr the old homestead in Seattle, while the third and eldest lives near Ulympia

UANFORD, ^dwakd. a number of represeutative men soon after the close of the revolution visited and appreciated the beauty and wonderful fertility of the Miami valley, one of whom was Colonel Brown, a soldier of the revolution from Connecticut, who, for his bravery at Vorktown, was presented with a gold medal by Washin^on in pentou. Thaddeus Hanford, also from Connecticut, at a very early date, settled in Columbia (where it was then supposed the future city would be built) and niHrried Miss Ahbie, second daughter of Colonel Brown ; here their second son, the subject of Ibis sketch, «\i^ liorn, J:uumry Ifllh, 1*17. Mr. Hanford, 5r., afterwanls iMUght a large fariu nine milts from Cincinnati, adjoining Mount Washington, when he continued tn reside until his death in 1K47. He whs a man of «eni piety and a class leader in the Metluilist church for more than thirty years, Sivcml times he was urged by bis frienrl; always declined to lie a Wheu quite a younj the Methodist church, ami ren he and his younger brother, C, unite their 'means. Tlu-y built a hired crew, look (o New Orb orge, in hope of enlarging their fortunes agreed to iiid loaded a lH>at which Kdward and a neigliltor, with liis, and neorge. taking an equal amount in money, in some of the coming cities of the Northwest. He arrived at riblu bli/./ard w:is sucei>iiig through the city, and believing that no city could ever be built in such a bleak, wind-swept place, hurried on and invested his money in Michigan City. In the spring of 1S38 the brothers went to Iowa and purchased eight hundred acres of choice land in Vanburen county ; two hundred acres they put under the highest state of cultivation. December 4th, 184o, Edward Hanford was married to Miss Abbie J. Holgate. In iHTyH, he sold his Iowa property, also forty acres of land near Cincinnati, and with his family accompanied by his wife's relatives made the journey across the plains to Oregon. Leaving the family for the winter at a place near Milwaukie, four miles above Portland, he came to Seattle, where he joined his brothers, George and Seymour, and his brother-in-law, John C. Holgate, who were already located here. Having faith in the future of the place he brought his family and established his permanent home here. He served as a volunteer in defense of his home in the Indian war of lsr).>(), and was a heavy loser of property by the depredations of the hostile Indians. The sufferings and privations he and his family underwent during that perio<l were very great. In March, 1861, he removed with his family to San Krancisco, Cal., and remained there until the fall of 18GH, when he returned with them to Seattle, where he died September 25, 1884, respected and honored by all its citizens. He was a man of strong convictions and would never swerve from the right for fear or favor though he might be ever so great a loser thereby. He was generous and hospitable ; his house was always the minister's home, he and his family seMom sat down to their table without other company. His wife and five sons still survive him ; Thaddeus, a graduate of the University of Rochester, class of '70 ; Cornelius II., U. S. district judge of Washington ; Frank, of the firm of Hanford & lieach ; Arthur K., president of the Booth & Hanford Abstract Company, and Clarence, manager of the printing department of the Lowman & Hanford Stationery and Printing Company, all residents of Seattle.

Lyman B. Andrews was bom on the lOtli day of February, 1829, in Ontario county, state of New York. He is, therefore, now in his sixty-second year. He is the only child of William and Hannah Andrews. In 1832 the family emigrated to Adrian, Michigan. Young Lyman was then, of course, three years old.

The family resided in Adrian until 1854. In the meantime youug Lyman had reached an age when it became important to choose an occupation for life. He selected the business of railroad engineer and machinist

He had, indeed, a fair common vSchool education, but his business naturally suggested great defects in this respect; to remedy which he now applied himself with great energy and diligence to a course of private study, particularly in the higher branches of mathematics. He also attended for a time the high school at Adrian. His object was to perfect himself in the line of his profession and business. Being naturally of briglit perveptions and of a quiet turn of mind. bU zeal tod industry were abundanllT icwarded. anil he not ouly improved his mind in necessary educational braucbes, but by a coiinte of reading, he laid a broad foundatiou of accurate genenil knowted^ and information, particularly bistorical and political, which atoo<i him in good stead ever afterwards and rendered him a valuable man in after public life and enabled him to speak on public occasions with that plain, sturdy and manly clocjueace which makes him to-day oo uuworthy antagonist on the stump and in all fields of useful discussion.

His business of railroad engineer carried liiiii back in due time to his native slate of New York, and it was there, in Oneida county, that he met and subsequently, in the year IftiU, courted and married Miss Jennie I,. Rowley. The dale of llieir niarriagtwas October 1st, 184*1. She still survives, and they liaveliwed together most happily for nearly forty years. She has, indeed, proved herself a most wortliy specimen of the American matrou aud bis contributed her due share towards the distinguislied prominence and eminent respectability ol the family.

Although reared oo a farm and well skilled in practical agriculture and stock rarming, Mr. Andrews gave his entire attention to the biisine<^s of railroading as engineer and machinist until the date of his settlement on I'uget Sound.

He moved with his young family from Adrian, Michigan, and settled iu Hennepin county, Minnesota, where he resumed his regular occupation on railroads. This removal took placi; in 1S54| wlien he was twenty-five years of age.

In 13.^9 he emigrated with his family and his parents to California, and they alt settled in Napa City, Napa county, California. But Mr. Andrews was essentially pioneer frontiersman by nature; and hearing of the vast possibilities of the Pugel Sound country he again took up his household goods aud settled in Itftill iu the Sammammish valley, near the lake of the same name, in King county, then Territory of Washington.

The discovery, shortly afterwards, of a rich vein of coal on his farm on the Sammamniish lakt', opened up new prospects and u forwaril lie gave his whole tiine and labor, when to the development of the rich coal deposits of the Puget Sound basin. books and added theoretical to ]>ractical knowledge, and he has iu various ways largely contril)ute<i towards successful coal mining in this state.

His success in the coal fields and his ownership of valuable mines, have, toj-ether with judicious investments from time to time in real property, contributed to liis material prosperity, and he is now in afHuenl circumstances. This is fortiiuate, fur although Mr. Audrews is frugal and prudent in his mode of life and is by no me.ins eNtravaganl, yet he is not what one would call a moiiey grubber. He is too generous and 0]>eu haudeil; the needs of his family aud especially Ule education and careful brinjjini; up of his cliildreu have always been regarded by him as of far more importance lli;tii the mire acciiiiiulalion of nuiuey.

I'Voni the f.irni in the Samui.irainisli valley the family removed to Seattle, ami there they li.ive ri^^i.led ever >ince. They were soon joined by Mr, Andiews" a.yid partiils, who lived in tliiscity until, full of yeitrs and gray headed, they went domi to the gr:ive honored by :dl iiu.l deeply mourned by their only child.

Eva Hopkins, Judge R. Andrews and Lyman Ralph Andrews. The oldest, William R. Andrews, Esq., is now nearly forty years of age. He is a lawyer by profession and resides at Seattle. He studied law with Judge Orange Jacobs, then chief justice of Washington Territory, and is now one of the most successful lawyers of this state. He is known far and wide for his prudence, skill and integrity.

Judge Andrews is a farmer. He is not a judge, but was so christened in honor of Judge Rowley, of his mother's family. Hut he is a number one farmer, living in the Sammammish valley, and is quite noted for push and energy and has already acquired a considerable fortune.

In politics Hon. Lyman B. Andrews is Republican. In public life he has filled many important and highly responsible positions, in which he has always been found to be prompt, honest and capable. No man has ever accused him of having contaminated his fingers with unlawful gain. This is high praise, but in this case it is well merited. He l>egan his public career as town clerk of Brooklyn township, Hennepin county, Minnesota. He has been member of the territorial legislature of Washington Territory for King county. He has been chief clerk of the legislative council of Washington Territory. He was clerk of the district court holding terms at Seattle for ten years - from IHih) to lS7o - and discharged the duties of that office with high credit at a time when the office was new, with no precedents to guide him, and he was thus thrown absolutely upon his own resources and good sense to guide him; his natural ability and quick })erceptiou, added to persistent patience, carried him safely along. He was a member of the constitutional convention held at Walla Walla in 1878. He was a delegate in the Rejniblican national convention at Philadelphia in 187:i. He was a member of the Re})ublican national committee from 1872 to 1870, and attended the national convention at Cincinnati in 187(> in that capacity. At present he is president of the Harrison Legion of Seattle. In November, 181K), he was elected a member of the house of representatives of the second legislature of the state of Washington, but, owing to protracted illness wiis not able to occupy his seat daring the session of 1891.

Mr. Andrews resided with his family for more than twenty years at the northwest corner of Fourth and Madison streets, in the city of Seattle. He still owns the property, but has built a residence in what is known as " Queen Anne Town," in the northern portion of the city, and now resides in that pleasant suburb.

Let us not enlarge the present sketch by calling in the aid of undue flattery. With a kindly smile and an oi>en hand and a generous heart the subject of this article has passed through more than sixty eventful years of life. He is still hale, strong and hearty, and let us hope that he will be spared to his friends for many years to come. But, however that may transpire, as we return his genial smile and feel his fervent and cordial hand-shake whenever we meet the good old man on the street, let us turn and, looking after him as he makes his way amid the jostling crowd, whisper a "God bless you!" as he passes out of sight on the down grade of life. I. M. Haix.

political and financial history of Washington. In positions of great respousilitics, in his profession against able ailvocates aiid counselors, in badness affairs aarveious advancement which has been attained in this portion of the Paci6c noHhmsl lie has bceu a moulding force in the progress of affairs, and a record of his life j! and is ofGermfln pnrcntage. After receiving a tliorough academic education in his f native town, si the age of sixteen he came to America. He remained for a few \ months in the enst, and then, in 1853, nitgralpd to California, where, for the follow- 1 ing aijc years he was engaged in mining, studying law and journalistic work in and I near Jiickson, Amador county. In IWjil he was admitted to the bar. Shortly therek after, iu PebmH"-y. IWO, he came to Vancouver, Washington Territory, and purchased L the I 'aucouvrr Chronicle which he conducted for a year. He then entered upon the I practice of his profession, in which he hiis since continued, with slight interrupt tons, t until the present time.

In the beginning of his professional career he look a somewhat active iaierest in politics. It WHS at a period of intense political excitement, and the young attorney became an ardent supporter of the Republican party, which bad just come into con- ' trol of national affairs. His fitness for public stations was recognized early in his [ Gareer. In lS(i:> he was elected district attorney for the Second judicial diistrict and satisfactory were his services in such capacity that he was cbo»en for font successive terms, not completing, however, his fourth term, as he resigned in IHfiS', During the same period he was elected probate judge of Clarke county, but after serving a few months he resigned. While acting as prosecuting attorney he was also elected In \W&, a member of tlie lower house of the legialati^'e assembly and dnrin)- its session served as chairman of the judiciary committee. In IS"l7be was elected a member of the legialatise council and served as president for the Grat biennial se^ion and also of the subsequent sessions of IHffil and 1S70, He was also chairman of the comniillec on uays and means, and in IISU!) introduced, and was largely inatTumental in securing the p:iKSiif;e of Ihe community law regulating the rights in property interests possessed by marrieil ]>ersoiis. This important law, which superseded the provisions of the old common law wliich then applied to Washington Territory, with alight modifications, is still in force. Throughout his legislative c^ircer Judpc Struve, although one of the yonngeil memlters. was very active, and his selection as the leader of that Itody is evidence of llic high esteem in which he was held by his associates.

Judge Struve residcil at Vancouver until near the close of \f<'i\ when he removed to Olympia and look charge of the Pii/;cl Sound Daily Courier, then the leading Republican daily o I the Territory. His work on this journal made it a powerful org.iu of his party aud did inucli to strengthen and build up a strong public sentiotl of its men and measures. His articles were charicli force ;iiid atiililv :i> to attract public attention, and lead to the conclusion that had he remained in journalism he would have achieved a high degree of success. He continued the editorial management of the Courier until November, 1871, when in slight recognition of his political services, he was appointed by President Grant, secretary of the territory. In 1^72 he was elected by the territorial Republican convention as a dele^^ate from the territory to the national Republican convention, which renominated General Grant for the presidency at Philadelphia. He continued to serve in the capacity of territorial secretary until the close of President Grant's administration, when his term expired. He then resumed the practice of law at Olympia. In 1877 he was appointed conmiissioner to co<lify the laws of Washington Territory; but after one year's labor in this office he felt compelled to relinquish this position on accoui.t of the pressing demands of his law practice. In the year 1879, Judge Struve removed to Seattle and formed a co-partnership in the practice of law with John Leary under the firm name of Struve & Lcary. One year later Colonel J. C. Haines was admitted as partner. In 1SS4 Maurice McMickentook Mr. Leary's place in the firm and in issi) Mr. Haines withdrew, since which the firm has been known as Struve & McMicken While acting as secretary of the territory he did not wholly abandon his law practice, but duriug this period and up to 1H88, he was the sole attorney of the Northern Pacific railroad company in this territory and superintended and conducted in person all the important litigation which the company had in this territory during this period of ten years.

Upon his removal to Seattle Judge Struve at once became a leading factor in political and business affairs. In iKSii he was elected mayor of the city, and was re-elected in 1888. It was during his administration that the city experienced its first vigorous start towards its present greatness. Many streets were graded, one-half million dollars were expended in public improvements, and the population increased from 3,(HH) in ISSO, to more than 10,(MM) in lss:>. It was the period of transition from a frontier town towards the beginning of a great commercial city, and the people began to look upon Seattle as already a nietroi)olis. The memorable Villard excursion upon the completion of the Northern Pacific railroad occurred at this lime and Mayor Struve received the party upon its arrival in vSeattle.

In 1879 Judge Struve was appointed a regent of the Territorial l^niver.sity and was re-appointed for four consecutive terms, during which he served as president of the board. In 1884 he was elected school director and held the office for three years, during a period when great advance was made in the city schools. In 18H() he was appointed by Governor Squire judge advocate general of the territory, and took a prominent part in the direction of military affairs during the period in which martial law was in force in Seattle after the Chinese riot in February, 18K<). In 18H7 he was appointed supreme court reporter, and under his supervision Vol. III. of Wa.shington Territory "Reports was prepared. He was also elected a member of the board of freeholders which recently prepared the charter under which the municipal affairs of Seattle are now conducted. In this regard his labors were especially valuable, his ripe experience as a lawyer giving weight and influence to his opinions and suggestions. He acted as chairman of the committee on judiciary and tide-lands.

As a lawyer Judge Struve has many qualifications which would have gained him prominence in any community. An industrious student, an incessant, metliodical worker, he has made for himself a foremost place among the ablest lawyers of the

Pacific coast for erodttioti in his proressiou, Tor painf^talcing, eiclianstive of every subject eng^in^ his attention or comnjitted to his care. He especially excels as a counselor upon all questions where cool, logical reasoning and the clearest knowledge and analysis of tlic law are required. In novel and difHculI cases in which oewprohlems are to be solved, new controversies to be adjusteil and new equities to be considered, he is perhaps more often souRht for advice than any other lawyer in this part of the country. During the last few year.s be has confined himself entirely to an ofiice business, acting solely as counselor for most of tile large mill, coal and railroad corporations on the Sound. The vast interest intrusted to his legal acumen and the grave responsibilities reposed in him in this connection best bespeak tlie high regard in which he is held as a lawyer.

Des[.ite a very active professional and business career he has found time for patient and systematic study, aud has acquired a wealth of information in history, M/es letters and every branch of useful knowledge. Historical rcsenrch has been an especially inviting field with him, and the leisure hours from a most exacting mistress - the law - have been largely spent in this congenial work. Many years ago he began a thorough investigation of historical records and the collection of material relating to the earlier history of Washington Territor}' with the purpose at some convenient time of preparing for publication a volume bearing upon this subject. His preliminary labors in this connection resulted in the collection of much valuable utatler, most of which was unfortunately destroyed in the great fire of June G, ISHt), He has, however, by no means abandoned hia original purpose in this regard, although he has been forced to make renewed iuvestigations aud to seek for facts in fields he had before thoroughly gleaned. His wide personal experience in the progress of alTairs in the territory for thirty years added to his geuuine love for historical research admirably (it him for the task. As a writer he also posaes.ses a high order of ability. His legal opinions and theses, his editorial contributions and many public addresses are models of perspicuity of expression and terse and vigorous Ruglish.

Judge Struve has an eminently practical mind. His knowledge of statutory law, intimate acquaintance with legal ethics and Juilicial lore and scholarly attainments are united to altrilnites which make him a well equipped businessman. He has borne an important part ill the material development of this section, especially in mining, building of railroads and the establishment of financial institutions. He was one of the principal projectors of the cable aysteni of street railroads in Seattle ; is a large stockholder in the Front street line and its branches and the Madison street liue, l)eing president of the latter company. He was one of the promotois of and since its organization has been a director in the Home Insurance Company which paid nearly JIIHl.lKK) in losses suslaiiied by the fire of June (1. l.S-S!!. He was one of the incorporators of the Boston National bank and has been its vice-president and a director since its organization. He is also sole agent in this state of the German Savings ami Loan Society of San Francisco which has a larger amount of deposits tlian any other banking institution on the Pacific coast aud which has invested more than four millions of dollars in the North Pacific coast. His connection with the enterprises mentioned and many others which have been valuable factors in the advancement of his home, has been close and intim.ite. Their success is largely due to his individual efforts, and attest his abilities as an able financier and sagacious bu.siness man. Indeed, it would 1)e difiicult to find one in whom are more happily blended the attributes which have made him distinguished in his profession and those other qualifications which make him what the French term a " man of af&irs/* than are found in Judge Struve.

It should also be stated that Judge Struve has lieen prominently identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and other secret benevolent socities. In 1874 he was elected a grand master of the Grand I,o<ige of Odd Fellows in Oregon, which then embraced the state of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, and at the expiration of his term in 1876, was elected a representative of said juristiiction in the Sovereign Grand Lodge of the order. During the whole of this perio<l he was also the personal representative of the head of the order as deputy grand sire and acted as such until the organization of the Grand Lodge of Washington, which was instituted by him.

Judge Struve was married in October, 18()8, to Miss Lascelle Knighton, of Vancouver. They have had four children, two sons and two daughters. Their younger son, Fred K. Struve. is teller in the Boston National bank, and the other, Harry K., is master of the well known steam tug Wanderer. Their elder daughter is the wife of A. E. MacCulsky of Seattle.

lUlcCONAHA, George N. - Seattle has never contained a citi/en whose connection with the place was so brief, who made such a lasting impression upon its history as George N. McConaha. Coming to the city at an early day, his talents quickly won recognition and, although young in years, he was readily accorded a leadership which made him the central figure in political alTairs. and led to his selection as the presiding officer of the first territorial legislature of Washington. Although he lived less than two years in the territory, to such an extent did he impress himself upon those who were here at the time, that, despite the lapse of many years since his death, he is still remembered, not only as a good and useful citizen, but as one of the most brilliantly endowed men mentally who ever lived in Washington.

He was born near Cleveland, Ohio, January 4, iSiiO, and was educated at Lexington college, Kentucky, after which he returned to Ohio and completed his preparations for the legal profession under that renowned lawyer and brilliant advocate, Thomas Cor^-in. After his admission to the bar in l84o, he renioved to Missouri and pursued the practice of his profession at Canton, Boonville, Louisiana and Bowling Green, gaining in these several places a reputation as an exceptionably able lawyer, which endures even to the present time. In June. 185<) he started across the plains for the Pacific coast, arriving in Sacramento in November following. In Sacramento he formed a co-partnership in the practice of law with K. C. Winchell, since a district judge and a prominent member of the bar of California. In the spring of ISol Mr. McConaha was elected city attorney of Sacramento, and in the fall of the same year was elected a member of the legislature of California. In July, lH5ii, he came to Seattle. The condition of the little hamlet that then existed on Elliott bay has been fully described in preceding pages. The young attorney, the first lawyer in Seattle, found little to encourage him in the surroundings as a field for work in the line of his profession and, although at the time he had no intention of remaining, circumstances arose which led him to defer hia returning to Cnlifarnia. I-'or Eome time previous to^ his an-ival the question of the divtsion of the territory of Oregon had been agiltitc4.'l Mr. McConahit at once took a lending p»rt in the discussiou, delivering ii more populous regions vigorous speeches on the siiliject, which uot only atlmcledl great atlentiun. but which made him extremely popular and widely kuowu. work in Ihia couuection resulted ill his being Eclected to represent battle ill the veiition of delegates which assembled at Monticello to formulate a memorial to Coii~l grcsB asking for a division of the territory. In this body he took a leading part a Blill further added to his popnlariey and influence. After the Territory of Washington I was crested, in recognition of his services, he was nominated and elected a nieuibcrl from the counties of King ami Pierce, of the council of the first Territorial Legisl*- ] ture, which assembled at Olympia on February 27, 1854. Of this celebrated body 1 Mr. McConaha was chosen president, a position which his previous legislative expe- j rience in California admirably (jualified him to dll. The impartial, dignified atid J satisfactor)- niauuer in which he discharged the duties of the position throngbont tlie I session won the good wilt of all. irrespective of party, and the appreciation in whidi I he was held by all was feelingly expresscci in a resolution adopted at the close of the I session. So strongly did he impress his associates as a ninn of unusual ability ai power, and so easy and naturally did he assume a position of leadership among hie 1 fellows, that long before the session expired, the purpose was freely expressed of I nominating him to represent the territory as delegate to Congress; and there is Httlfi f doubt that had he lived, this honor would have been conferred u|>on him. But the 1 career thus brilliantly begun and which foreshadowed so much of future usefalDets mas early closed. Upon the adjournment of the legislature he started from Olyuipia to Seattle in a canoe, accouipanied by Captain Barstow and four Indians. A squaQ^ overtook the frail craft uearVasfaou Island and it was overturned. McConaba, B low and two Indians being drowned. "' The news of the calamity." says one « " cast a deeper gloom over our little colony than a like disaster wouid lo-day; i tlie occasion of Seattle's fir.-it jjreat sorrow." The public press of both California ai Washiniiton paid k'o"'"R tributes lo his worth nncl united in declaring that 1 untimely death was a seviTc public I'ws, wliilc amonj; tliose who had been his coi panions and associate,-*, the leruiiualiou of his career, surrounded by so many s circumstances, was the source of grief j;cnuine and profound.

public affairs in Washington territory, had he lived, is conceded by all who knew him. The best testimony to the high order of his ability is the enduring impress he has left upon 'the earlier history of the territory, which has endured through all the great changes and events which have occurred since he played his brief part in shaping the policy and laying the foundations of the present commonwealth of Washington.

Mr. McConaha was married in 184() to Miss Ursula Hughs, who afterwards married L. V. Wyckoff, and still resides in Seattle. Their oldest child, George N. McConaha, for several years one of the ablest attorneys of the Seattle bar, and who inherited much of his father's talent, was born in Missouri in 1S48. Their second child, a daughter, was bom during the trip across the plains, near Fort Carson, and died in her infancy. Their last child. Miss Eugenia McConaha, was born a few months after their arrival in Seattle, and was the first white child born in tlie city.

\A/YCKOFF, Lewis VanDyne, for many years one of the chief officials of King county, was born November 14, lSi!1>, near Kingston, Ulster county, New- York, where he continued to reside until he was nineteen years of age. In the meantime he learned the blacksmith's trade, and in 1S48 went to Illinois, and later to Iowa. From the latter state, in IS.')!, he started across the plains with W. (i. Latimer and others, arriving in Seattle in the latter part of 1S.52. For a time he worked in Yesler's sawmill, and afterwards opened ii blacksmith shop on the corner of Commercial and Washington streets. He was industrious and prudent and soon gained the respect and confidence of the entire community. In l.S.")!) he married Mrs. Mc- Conaha, widow of George N. McConaha, and three years later wjis elected sheriff of King county, at which time he disposed of his business and, with the exception of one year, held the position of sheriff until his death. During this long period of nearly nineteen years he was, perhaps, the most popular official King county ever had. He was a plain, blunt man, always honest and straightforward in all his dealings, and in a quiet and unostentatious way a liberal contributor to all worthy objects. Naturally kind- hearted and generous, his sympathies were easily excited and never appealed to without response. He was a man of the most exemplary public and private life, and was exempt from even the ordinary vices or faults of men. No man was ever more conscientious in the discharge of duty. A sworn officer of the law, he would rather have lost his life than to have violated his oath in the slightest degree. He was preeminently a good citizen, a faithful officer, a noble man, an indulgent parent and a kind husband. For some two years before his death he had been suffering from organic disease of heart, which was no doubt greatly aggravated by the exciting events attending the lynching in Occidental square on January IS, 1RS2. Two days later he retired to rest quite early in the evening, complaining of an unusual pain in the chest, and upon rising the next morning he suddenly expired. His death, sudden and unexpected, caused widespread grief There had been no man in the county who was better known or who stood closer to the hearts of the people. A meeting of the bar of King county was held to do honor to his memory, at which several addresses were delivered eulogizing bis character and manly virtues. Judge Tlioiusa Burke, who was iiitiffiately acquainted with liitn, spcke thus feelingly of bis dead friend and fellow citizen:

" If I were called upon to charaPlcrij* Mr. Wyckoff in a single sentence, I aliouM aay that he was aljove all tilings else a manly man. He was a man of large and generous nature - of broad liumanily. He was a true American in his reverence for law and in his respect for the rights of every man. This trait of his character was strikingly illustrated a few months before he died, when the ill-fated Payne, who wa9 accused of the murder of David Sires, was about to have a preliminary eKammation. Mr. Sires had just been buried. The populace was greatly escited and threats of lyueliinR were everywhere heard. Fciiring thnt the prisoner would lie mobbed a hanged without trial if brought out for ejcamination to the ma gist rale's office. I. s J counsel for the prisoner, arranged with the public prosecutor to have the prelimina eicamiuation privately held in the sheriff's office, over the jail. The prisoner » heavily ironed in the jail below, iiud it was found it would take some time to remo his irons. At this point ^^tine one suggested that we save the time and examine the I prinoner in irons. Mr, Wyckoff 's look and words in answer to the suggestion ni a deep impresBion upon my mind. 'No,' said this patriotic, law-abiding oflicer, ' Not, i it isn't right or lawful to try a man in irons in this country, and no man in niy custody shall ever lie tried iu that way,' and the irons were removed from the prisoner. How great and irreparable is the loss this comcnuoity has sustained in the death of I this man, with his deep reverence for law, with his lofty sense of justice and his ten- ' der consideration for the rights of his (eltow-meu, the tragic events of the week prv^ 1 ceding his death, in btiody characters bave but too plainly told us. Next to the last litne I ever saw Mr. Wyckoff was on the inemomtilE night of the ITlh of January J last, several hours after the shocking ninrder of Mr. Reynolds. It was between eleven '| and twclv^ o'clock at night. The whole city had been struck with horror by the awful crime. And now it was thought the murderers had Ijcen caught. The tuo i supposed to l>e guilty of the horrible murder were in the sheriff's ofEce. Outside the jail and filling up the eutraiice to the jail, and in the hull iu front of the sheriffs oQice, was a vast, tnuiultnons gathcriuff of excited and angry people, demanding in menacing tones the sntrcndcr of the prisoners to them. Mr. Wycfcoff. with his coat off. stood just inside - the pHwineri being sealerl a lillle ilislance behind him. He was supported by his son Van, Mr. Mcdraw, then chief of police, ami Mr. Woolery, deputy sberilf. The crowd had already broken down the door of the sheriff's ofSce, and there was now no barrier between the wilil and furious throng of enraged men and Ibe two prisoners within save the sbcrilT and hi-; little jiaily But the brave sheriff stood firm. His grave face was marked with a determined purpose to perform, at nil lia/.ard, his jn-rilons duty and uphobl the law. With drawn pistol he announced in plain, strong words bisdetennmaliou to the crowd outside. It was a memorable scene. It was one brave man agiiinst three Imndred, and the men he faced were not cowards. There were brave men among them. But 'thrice armed is he who bath his ijuarrel jusl," and the sheriff stood there an invulnerable fortress ]initcctiug tile lives of the wrttcbcd criuiiiials committed to his custwly and vindicating the law. The sheriff triumphed. The crowil at length, angry and disappointed, dispersed and went to tlieir homes. The prisoners were put in jail. It was a mem- orable contest, waged in vindication of law and order against fearful odds, and it is doubtful whether there was another man in King county who could have stayed and turned back that surging, angry, tumultuous crowd of men as Mr. Wyckoff did.

*- But on the following day, made still more memorable by the awful deed done upon it, when the furious storm of passion had risen to an irresistible hurricane which swept everything before it, Mr. Wyckoff, like all the rest, had to give way, and when that wild and infuriated mob broke into the jail and tore from thence the trembling prisoners committed to the sheriff's care and protection, the shock to Mr. Wyckoff, in his failing health, was fatal. I have no more doubt than I stand here, that the tragic events of the 17th and ISth of January last precipitated the death of Mr. Wyckoff. He died, in a sense, in defense of law and order, and it is my conviction that his death should be regarded as a solemn protest against the appalling violation of law committed here on the iHth of January last.

"Thus died this exemplary husband and father and this faithful and excellent officer. As the world goes, his noble qualities of head and heart would have furnished forth a score of men. He held ofTice for eighteen years and his integrity was never questioned. He was both brave and generous.

"He has left behind him an honorable record, a goodly book, the contemplation of which must be a source of consolation to his afflicted family."

OALLER, Colonel Oranvillk ()., U. S. Army, retired. Among the men whose lives have been largely spent in military service there are few still living whose personal experience covers a longer period in the military history of our country than that of Granville Owen Haller. Beginning with his services in the Florida war in 1841, he was for many years in his country's service and diligently, bravely and faithfully discharged a soldier's duty. The annals of the Pacific Northwest will always }ye linked with his name and deeds. Before the country had been wrested from savage control, before American civilization had become thoroughly established, he was sent in command of United States troops to protect the weak and scattered settlements from Indian depredations, and it was in defense of the American settlers that he not only added to the laurels already won for gallant service, but honorably connected his career with the most interesting period in the history of Washington Territory. Later on, a&a civilian, he established a home in the field of his earlier military exploits and for many years has been a respected and honored citizen of the commonwealth of Washington. As one of the pioneers whose labors have contributed to the present era of development in the Pacific coast states, his history possesses extraordinary interest

He was born in York, Pennsylvania, January 81, 1819. His father, George Haller, died when he was but two years old, leaving his wife, a woman of strong character and of a devout, religious nature, in charge of four young children. With limited meaus. her task was not an eiisy one. But with he Toic industiy she leared ber children iu (^oInfo^t, all or tbetn recei\-cd a liberal educalion. and the eldest son graduated from Jeiferson medicHl college of Ihc University of Pennsylvania. It was her desire Ihnt Granville be fitteil for the ministry, hut conscientious doubts on his ' part prevented him from conforming to his mother's wishes. A military career was more in keeping with his desires, anil in IH.^11 a vacancy occurring in the cadelship belonging to his district at the West Point military academy, he, with others, became applicants for the place. The secretary of war, Hon. Joel B. Poinsett decided that the applicant receiving the endoniemcnt of the representative of the district should receive the appointment Young Ilaller was thereupon recommended, but on account of the following circumstances failed to receive ttie appointment. Walter S. Franklin, from Haller's native town, clerk of the house of represenlatis'es, a warm and loyal friend of Hon. James Buchanan, then United States senator from Pennsylvania, had recently died. Thereupon Senator Buchanan strongly urged that his son, William B. Franklin, he appoinleil. The pressure in the letter's behalf was. therefore, so strong that he was appointed to West Point, and Ualler was invited to appear before a board of military- officers, which met in Washington, for examination as to his fitness for a military profession. Bailer presenleil himself, was examined, and ou the 17lh of Nove-iilier, l!«!», waH commissioned a second lieutenant in the Fourth regiment, United Stale-i infantry, although at the lime he was not quite twenty-one yeai^ of age.

His first active service was in the Florida war during the winter of 1R4I-2. He was with Brevet Major Belknapp, Third Infantry, when Bred upon by the Indian* in the Big Cypress swamp, and with Ct-lonel Worth, Eighth Infantry, at the action »t Palaklikaha swamp, which resulted in Ihe capture of HaJleck Tnstenuggee'a hand, which ended the Florida war. In Brevet Captain John T. Sprague's history of "The Origin. Progress and Conclusion of the Florida War." issued in 1S4«, Lieutenant Haller is frequently mentioned, while the services of the commands with which he was connected are related in detail.

captured from the Mexican iirniy. lie siTvt.i iiuikT General Taylor in Mexico until after the laplure of lIoiitL-rty, wliL-n Hit I'oiirth Infantry w.is transferred to General Worth's liiviMon and ordin-d to Vera L'ni/. to join General Scott's command. Lieutenant Haller now rcliiu|uishc(i coniiiiis^ry dviiy and assumed command of his com- ])auy. P'rom the hiege of Vera Cm/, until llic capture of the City of Mexico he partici]>ated in nil of the battles on tlie ronte and in the valley of Mexico. In the attack iii>on the fortificiitiou of Sau Antonio, .August it, Ixil, he is noticed as in the command of his company, and with other officers of the regiment, among whom was Second Lieutenant U. S. Grant, regimental quartermaster, was mentioned as having rendere<l efficient service. He was one of the storming party at Kl Molino del Rey September 8, 1847, having charge with another officer of a detail of one hundred men« and for gallant and meritorious conduct on this occasion was breveted Captain. On this occasion Brevet Major G. Wright, who had command of the assaulting column, in his report states: "The conduct of all the officers and men on this occasion is worthy of the highest commendation.'* At the battle of Chapultcpec, September 13, 1847, Lieutenant Haller is especially mentioned in the report of Brevet Colonel John Garland as having shown "evidence of courage and good conduct," and for his services upon this occasion he was breveted major. In the same battle Second Lieutenant U. S. Grant's name is associated with that of Lieutenant Haller as deserving of especial commendation. In the report of Major Francis Lee, commanding the Fourth Infantry, detailing the operations of his command during the taking of the City of Mexico September l.S, 1847, and the skirmishing during the following day within the city, it is stated that " I'irst Lieutenants Gore, Sidney Smith (mortally wounded on the 14th) and Haller and Second Lieutenants Grant and Judah, behaved with distinguished gallantry." Shortly before the close of the Mexican war, January 1, 184S, Lieutenant Haller was promoted to a captaincy in the Fourth Infantry. For a time he was employed mustering out men who had enlisted "daring the war." After which he was assigned to recruiting duty.

In 1852 Brevet Majors Larned's and Ilaller's companies were ordered to the department of the Pacific. They sailed in the United States store ship Frcdonia, by way of Cape Horn, arriving at San Francisco in June, iS-'i.S, having spent seven months on the voyage. Major Larned's company proceeded to Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory, and Haller's company to Vox\. Dalles, Oregon.

Toward the fall of 18o4 information was received at Fort Dalles that a small party of emigrants, consisting of a Mr. Ward, his family and others, had been murdered by hostile Indians on Boise river. At this time the garrison, by the expiration of the time of enlistments of soldiers and the desertion of some recruits, was reduced to about fifty men. The commanding officer of the fort. Major Gabriel J. Rains, upon the receipt of the intelligence of the Ward massacre, dispatched Major Haller, with twenty-six men, to guard the immigrant road, give protection to the trains coming to the west and, if possible, to chastise the murderers. This command was afterwards joined by Captain Nathan Olney, brother of Judge Olney, of Oregon, with a small party of mounted volunteers, which occasioned a pleasant rivalry' between the regulars and volunteers. The regulars arrested four Indians at the Hudson's Bay Fort Boise who had been charged with the murder. They were tried before a military commission and each admitted his share in the massacre. One tried to escape and was shot dead by the guard. The other three were hanged on the massacre grounds, about thirty miles east of the Hudson Bay Company's old Fort Boise, within sight of the pyramid of bones of their victims. A family of the hostile band was also captured, and two bucks, while trying to escape, were killed. The main body of tlie murderers, now advised of their danger, scattered and escaped capture. The command returned to Fort Dalles.

together with K company anti a rletachnient of the Third Artilerv under Lieutenant Day, should return and agaio make a watch for tlie mutderets. ThU expetlilion was more successful, although the chase of the hostiles was pursued as far as Fort Lemhi, a Mormon scttlemeut ou the headwaters of the Missouri river. On the return trip some Indians were captured, the guilty hanged, and the remainder brought bacl: as prisoners.

Upon the return to Fort Dalles Major Haller bj- forced marches preceded bis commaud. and discovered that the old friends of the whites, near Umatilla were greatly excited, that tlie Yakiinas were under arms and that Indian sub-agent Bolen had been murderetl, .\ large number of recruits had arrived at Fort D.-illes while Major Haller's command was in the field. These, with the old soldiers who remained at the I'ort. he organized into two companies of lifty men each, presuming at Ihe time that he would be ordered against the Vakimas with all his forces, as soon as- Major Rains, now commanding the regiment, who had beeu transferred to Fort Vancouver, heard of the warlike attitude of the Vakiuias and tlic murder of Bolen. The reports sent by Major Haller to Major Ruins, however, were apparently little heeded and no orders came for several days. Finally actiug Governor Mason requested that a command be sent into the Yakima country to demand the murderers of Mattice, « miner, killed while passing through the country. In answer to this request Major Ruins ordered one company to be sent, but by the time this order was received Major Haller had the provisions packed and across the river, and followed with ihe two companies, and immediately began his inarch. On the sixth of October, lKi5, while descending the heights along Toppinish creek, near the present site of Fort Simcoe, the advance guard discovered the Indians in their front. Here the Gghtiug commenced and after a vigorons charge the Indians fled, the loss being one soldier killed and seven wounded. It was dark before the wounded could be collected, and after an advance of half a mile, the command, Ending ground cap.-ible of defense, halted niped for the niglit ig the camp was completely surrouiidcd Ijy the eneiiiv, ;n hundred Indians, wlio during the day were reinforced by :reasing the number to about fourteen hundred. The Indians , a chief of rare intelligence, full of strategy, and one of the of the Indian warriors. Major Haller's position was suscepof wood, grass and water. The troops, greatly ontuuml>ered, maintained Iheir position all that day, and, by repeated bayonet charges, kepi off the Indian skirmishers. I'p to Sunday night the loss had beeu two soldiers killed and thirteen wounded- The great odds against the little band induced a return to the Dalles by a night march to procure a sufficient force to fight successfully and intimidate the eueniv. In making the march in the dark the rear guard had 1)econie separated from the advance and a Iiall was therefore made near the summit of the mounlain, that the rear guard might join the advance. Major Haller's force now numbered only forty effective men, encumbered with the wounded. Early on the morning of the eighth the march to the Dalles was begun and a running fight, while marching in retreat, elisucil, which lasted until noon, when a suitable spot was found to clean the arms, rest the men and readjust the packs, etc., while keeping the Indians at bay. Ilcfore sundown the Indians were again charged and driven out of the timber, after which the troops were not molested. Major Haller, with his advance, met the rear g^ard that night and reached Fort Dalles on the morning of the tenth with his wounded and baggage, and the re mains of the commissary sergeant. The total loss on this expedition was four soldiers killed and seventeen wounded. The rear gfuard, which had taken another trail, proceeded without molestation.

Major Haller's expedition disclosed the well-laid plans of the Indians for making war upon the whites while snow and ice would prevent escape, and roused the people to a realization of their danger It wan doubtless the chief moving cause which impelletl Major Rains, commanding the military districts of the Columbia river and Puget Sound to make requisitions for aid u]X)ii the two governors, Curry, of Oregon, and Mason, of Washington. Volunteers were called out and the department commander took the field with all the regulars at his command. Major Rains, with six companies of regulars, and Colonel Ncsniith, with six companies of mounted volunteers, met the warrior Kamiaken and his assembled bands on the prairie south of the great ridge at the mouth of the Attanem creek and held them at bay until evening, when they were driven from the plain and butte by a charge of Major Haller's company, supported by that of Capt. Augur's. The great number of soldiers and their more vigorous efforts next day discouraged the Indians, and. snow falling, enabled the troops to track them to their hiding places, caused a stampede, when the Indians fled precipitately across the Columbia river. The campaign ended for want of subsistence for the animals, as the snow covered the ground too deeply for the horses and nmles to forage.

The following spring Colonel George Wright arrived from the east with his fine regiment, the Ninth Infantry, which had (for the first time in the service) Ix^en armed with the rifled musket and minnie ball, and, being senior officer in the department, assumed command. His plan of campaign contemplated a visit to the turbulent Cayuses and, if necessary, their chastisement; then, crossing the Columbia river, he expected to corral the Yakima and Klickitat tribes and fight it out on that line. He had two companies at Vancouver barracks, one of which was to hold that post and the other to garrison the block -houses at the upper and lower landings at the Cascades of the Columbia river, to keep open his communication in the rear.

Unfortunately General Wool, in command of the entire forces on the Pacific slope, made a hurried visit to Vancouver barracks and, without consulting Colonel Wright at Fort Dalles, took his two companies from Vancouver barracks to Fort Steilacoom, on Puget Sound, leaving him without a proper force to garrison the block-houses at the Cascades.

The very day Colonel Wright commenced his march for Walla Walla from the Dalles, the Indians commenced a murderous assault upon the unoffending inhabitants along the Cascades, killing men, women and children - none escaping except those who fled to the few soldiers holding the block-houses, and to Bradford's store and hotel, built partly for defense against Indian attacks. This caused a countermarch of the Colonel's command, who hastened to the Cascades and drove off" the enemy, who were unprepared to encounter his large command.

The Colonel then determined to enter the Klickitat country from Fort Dalles and make the Indians on the north side of the Columbia river feel the consequences of their conduct. He advanced without interruption as far north as the Qui-wichess

9 swarming like bees in nuniber, prepared to resist any further ndvi Colonel, desirous of strjkiog an effective blow, sent for Major Haller's coinpan>' then garrisoning Fort Dalles, to increase his available force. He then ofleted the - = hostiles peace on condition that they return to their formeT homes and not molest the - s whites, hut obey the agents appointed for the protection of the Indians. Kamiaken'^^^ Ijood sense approveil of Colonel Wright's oflcr. He told his people it was the bes^^ dreu being captured and reduced to nlavety. He strongly advised them to accept the...-^ terms, but " as for me," said he, " I am Kamiaken still and will go to the Blac^kfoo^^ country, where there are no whites.'' Owhi, next in rank, agreed to meet Colonel Wright ou the Natcbess river. The Indians then fell back, leaving the road free the troops as far as the bank of that river.

An interview between Owhi and his son Qualcheen, on behalf of the IndUa! took place in canip on the Nalchess with Colonel Writ^ht, and all was satis factor;*'^id long before that "the memory of man runneth not to the contrary," the Indian^^^ declined to bring in the stolen properly, and they linall}* dispersed, leaving Colone^^^

In the fall of 18,W Major Haller was relieved and ordered to establish a fort near-^=" Port Townsend where the inbaliitauts could find protection in case of a raid by-"'^ - northern Indians, who were becoming troublesome. Acting Govemor McMillen at^W this time had resolved upon the e.^ipulsiou of all foreign Indians and called upon Ihei^^ the United Stales nav.il commander ,it Seallle to order them out of the countr>- - The enforcement of thi-s policy w.is resisted by the Hydnh Indians, who defied llier==^ navy, aud resulttd xn a can.ion.ide .lud the killing of the chief of the band of Hydah^«= Indians. The Indians returncil next season aud in retaliation killed Colonel Isaac= N. Hby, a prominent .ind highly esteemed citi/eu of Whidby island, whom the> - ^- esteemed as a great chief

Major Ilaller loc.ited his barracks near Port Townsend some three miles up tbcis* bay. Here, with much <lifticnlly, lie erected the necessary buildings for the garrison - ' It was at the opening of the Caril)ou mining excitement and it was impossible tfr""^^^ prevent many of his soldiers, excile<l by the fabulous accounts of the wealth of th^^^ mines, from deserting. Ilaller, however, secured workmen from Victoria and wilta - ^ their aid uud that of his soldiers, a comfortable post for officers and men was con- -^^ slructcd, whicli has bet-i. kept np to this date. The garrison at this point while unile^ -s i-,.iiini:iiid of Major H^iller made freipient excursions ou the Sound in pursuit o' -^ N<irtbLrn Indian';, and rendered valuable assistance in protecting the settlers.

Columbia, in 1859, visited the posts on Puget Sound for inspection. Thereupon, he ordered Captain Pickett's company to remove from Fort Bellingham, near Whatcom, to San Juan Island, and Major Haller's company to vacate Fort Townsend and re|X>rt at Fort Steilacoom. This was done at the very moment the commissioners authorized by act of Congress on the part of tlie United States, was engaged wilh two commissioners of Great Britain in determining the water boundary l)etween the United States and the British possessions.

At this time the navy department had transferred to the quartermaster department, U. S. army, the steamship Massachuseits, carrying four guns, to cruise the Sound and remove foreign Indians. Major Haller's rompany was assigned to this duty, and his first trip was via San Juan Island. On the way he met Captain Pickett just before the latter held his prearrangerl meeting with British army officers, to discuss the occupation of the island.

The removal of Captain Pickett's company from near Whatcom, encouraged some young warriors of the Nooksack tribe to enter Whatcom arme<l, to demand the release of their chief from jail. Their insolence led to shooting, in which one white man was killed and four warriors were shot down. The people sent off a boat to intercept the Massachusetts and request Major Ilaller to come to their assistance, v^hich he did. Upon arrival he demanded the surviving warriors as hostages, which was granted, and thus suppressed a possible war with the Nooksack Indians.

While patroling the waters of Puget Sound. Major Haller was directed to land his company on San Juan Island, to which .ill the force under General Harney had been ordered, and participated in the occupation throughout. He was in command of the American force when General Scott arrived at the island, at which time Lieutenal-Colonel Casey was absent, being engaged on general court-martial duty at Vancover Barracks. The confidential relations of Major Ilaller with his district commander, Lieutenant-Colonel S. Casey and witli Captain Pickett, has made him intimately acquainted with every phase of the San Juan imbroglio. The offensive position assumed by Captain Pickett towards the claims of the British officers, rendered him obnoxious to them, and General Scott, at their retjuest, relieved Captain Pickett and stationed Captain Hunt's company thereon. General Scott yielded without hesitation, what Captain Pickett defiantly refused, viz: joint occupation by a limited number of soldiers until the boundary question was definitely adjusted.

In 1860 Major Haller was assigned to P*ort Mojave, Arizona. He took his family with him, and his wife, being the first officer's wife ever seen by the Mojave Indians, was regarded with great curiosity, and her presence was construed as a friendly sign toward them. The head chief of the Mojaves, known as Iratabi, a magnificent representative of his tribe - ^a man tall of stature, good looking and of pleasant address - made an early call upon Commandant Haller with his band of warriors and most peaceful and agreeable relations were established between them and the whites which continued throughout Major Haller's stay at I'ort Mojave. After the fort was broken up by the withdrawal of Major Haller's command to the East, such was the friendly feeling which existed between the Indians and the miners in that section - caused largely by Major Haller's just treatment of the Indians - that the miners felt no apprehensions for their safety and remained to pursue their mining operations.

relieve Major Armisteatl, who, together with hia first lieutcuant, had resigned his coinuiission. From theuce Mailer's comtnand was ordered to New York to join the army which was then being orgauiiert liy Geueral McClcUan. He found upon arririug at the East that he had been promoted to he major of the Seventh Infantry, September 2oth, 1801. This regiment had become prisoners of war in Texas aa<l was not St liberty to liglit the enemy until exchanged. Thereupou Haller reported to General McClellan, who attached him to the provost -marshal -general's staff (General Andrew Porter). Shortly after, he was appointed comin and ant -general of the general headquarters, on General McClcllan's staff. The Ninety-Third Regiment of New Vork volunteers was placed uuder his command as the geuernl heailquarters guard, aild, when requirerl, as guard to prisoners of war captured upon the field. Major Haller was thus employed throughout the Virginia and Maryland campaign under General McClcUan, aud the suleequeut campaign of General Bumside and for a short time under Cieneral Hooker, He was then designated provost- marBha! -general for the state of Maryland, but upon the invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee's army, he was attached to General Couch's staff, whose headquarters were at Harrisburg. Pennsylvania. lie was detached to Vork and (^ttysburg to muster in volunteers, to get all the information possible of the movements of the Confederate arm)', and to order the citlxens to remove their horses, wagons and farm stock across the Susquehanna, as General Couch apprehended a visit in that direction from the rebel army.

Ill the latter part of Jnly, latt3, General Couch received orders to relieve Haller. who, upon reporting to the adjutant general, United States army, receiveii the surprising information that he had been dismissed "for disloyal conduct and the utterance of disloyal aentinienta." Astonished beyond measure and feeling the injustice of the charge, he demanded a hearing that he might be confronted by his accusere. All appeals for an inquiry into his case were, however, peremptorily refused. It was at a time of intense excitement, the war for the preservation of the Union had reached a critical period, and the least suspicion against the loyalty of an officer, liowever unjustly ulitaiued, was readily accepted as truth with little or no investigation. Major Haller, keeuly feeling the disgrace placed upon him. vainly implored those in authority to right the wrong done him, Imt in the great excitement of the hour no attention was paid to his ap])eals. A grave wrong to a true soldier of his country was thus consummated and permitted to remain uninvestigated through the neglect and indifference of those in authority able to undo what spite and intense partisan hatred had accomplished. Year after year, loug after the war had closed, Major Haller coutiuued to ask that a hearing should be given him that he might disprove the charges brought against him. At la-st his earnest appeal was granted and by joint resolution of Congress, March .1, lS7;t. sixteen years after his dismissal, he was allowed a court of inquiry. He was tried at Washington City, where the official papers in his case were submitted to the court, and where, for the first time, he was permitted to read the original order of his dismiss.il. It was written on a small wrapper around Senator Covo<le's letter, inclosing one urgiltg Haller's disuiissal. The order was iu these words:

"Major G. O. Haller, Seventh infantry, will be dismissed the service for disloyalty, and the utterance of disloyal sentiments. By order of the Secretary of War:

General Townsend, adjutant general, in orders falsely stated that Haller was dismissed by the president, knowinjj that the secretary of war could not dismiss.

Fortunately for Major Haller, after this long lapse of time, there were those still living who were intimately associated with him in the Army of the Potomac - one being present at the time the alleged cause for dismissal was committed. Among them were General Couch and Major Charles J. Whiting, both of whom had retired to civil life. General Couch was pefectly familiar with Major Haller's conduct at York, and Major Whiting was in Haller's tent at the time the alleged disloyal sentiments were uttered. When the court convened both appeared. General Couch, when asked, " Did Major Haller discharge his duty to your satisfaction, and how did you regard him?** answered: " Major Haller's services while on duty with me were wholly and entirely satisfactory. I do not think there were au\' of the fighting generals of the Army of the Potomac, if they had been in York, in the position of Major Haller, that could have done any better than he did. I thought so then and I think so now." On cross examination he was asked: "Do you consider that your intercourse with Major Haller was of that familiar nature, during that time, that you could have discovered sentiments of disloyalty had they existed with him ?" He answered: " I do not know how I can answer that (juestion, except by saying that I cannot conceive that a man could do what Major Haller did for the country and at the same time be disloyal.** Major Whiting, one of the three i)resent when, it was claimed. Major Haller gave expression to disloyal sentiments, testified that he did not consider the remarks then made as indicating that Major Haller was disloyal, and that his dismissal, based on the conversation then held, every word of which he plainly heard, not only greatly surprised him at the time, but that he then and still thought it wholly unwarranted.

The investigation of the matter was continued for several days, many witnesses were examined and the most searching inquiry was made of all the facts in the case. The findings of the court, after this careful and thorough investigation, concluded as follows: " The court finds that Major Granville O. Haller, late Seventh United States Infantrj', was dismissed for disloyal conduct and disloyal sentiments on insufficient evidence, wrongfully, and therefore, hereby, by virtue of the authority constituting it, does annul said dismissal published in ' S. O. No. 331, dated War Dept., A. G. O., Washington, D. C, July 2.'>, \m\\: "

Major Haller's vindication was thus made full and complete. The stigma on his name, the reflection upon his honor and patriotism, which he had so long unjustly borne was removed and a great wrong was at last righted. The proceedings and findings of the court were approved by President Hayes, and the senate confinned Major Haller's nomination as colonel of infantry in the United States Army, to rank from February 19, 1873. Subsequently a vacancy occurred by the death of Colonel Jeff. C. Davis, Twenty-Third Infantry, when the senate confirmed the assignment of Colonel Haller to this regiment, and thus he received a second commission to date from December H, IPTft. Colonel Haller coatiaued in command of this regiment imtil February tJ, ISK2, when he was retired, being over sinty-lliree years of ^e.

From the lime of his di^imiadal until his re-instittemeut as colonel, Major Haller and family resided ill Washiugtou Territory. For a time they lived on hit farm on Whidby Island. He then engaged in the Tiiercanttle busiuess io conDectiou with a water-power sawmill. The latter, siluateil at the mouth of Chimicum creek, near I'ort Towusend, he had received for a debt. It proved a most uoprnfitablc enterprise. Later on, having established a bratich store ou Whidby Tsland, he (lis- I posed of his iuterests at Port Towusend aiid located his family at Coupevillc This I was at a time when comparatively little had been done to develop the rich agricultural resources of this fertile island. Most of the settlers who came had little beyond tbeir physical vigor to aiil in making a home. Major Haller, to encourage the development of the country, began to supply them with provLiions while clearing the public lauds, giving credit in many cases from yeir to year until they had means to pay. His customers were not conlined to Wliidby Island, hut came from the Swinomifth flats, the Skagit river, around tlie jam and above, and from the flats about 1 Ceiilervllle luow Slanwood). ou the Stoluckwaniish river. So liberal was he in supplying the settlers that wheu he closed up his business to return to the army, be found himself heavily in debt. In many instances he hail been forced to take unimproved laud in payment for supplies, which at the time were comparatively worthless, as public lauds coulii be had by simply locating upon them, and improved land* conld not be sold for half the cost of the iniprovemcnLi. During recent years, however, the lands be then obtained have become valuable, aud what he at one lime considered worthless has secured for him a handsome competency.

Upon being retired iu \HH2 Colonel Haller located with his family in Seattle, whet« his eldest son, G. Morris Haller, had already gained prominence as a lawyer, and as the organizer of extensive business enterprises. This son was admitted to the bar iu 1875, and for two years was city attorney of Port Townselid. He came to Seattle iu IHS|. where, besides gaining promiiieuce in his profession, be became one of the foremost men of affairs. He was one of the organv.ers of the Seattle, Lake Shore Sl Hastern railway company, was a birgc pro]ierty owner :ind took a leading part in all the important enterprises which have made Seattle the metropolis of Washington. With Ur. T T. Minor and K. hmtU Cox he was accidentally drowned in isxil. His loss to Seattle was indccil a public calamity aud was so viewed by every resident of the city. The other members of Colonel ifaller's family consist of his wife, llenritlta Maria Cox, whom be marricil in IMlt; Tbtodore Newell Haller, his sou, a lawyer by profc.-isiou; his younger daugbtrr, Charlotte Kleanor Haller, and two grandi'liildrc!! of bis eldest d.iufihter, Alice M:ti 11. Nichols, deceased, late wife of l.ieuleuanl William .\. Nichols, Twenty-thiril United Stales infantry, the son of .Adjutant Cencral William -A. Nichols, ['nited States .Army. The family residence, a large and commotiimis dwelling on Twelfth street, occupies one of the most eligible

D AGLEY, Daniel, was bom in Hayfield township, Crawford county, Pennsylvania, September 7, 1818, his parents, David and Betsy Bagley, having moved there from Central New York a few years before. Pennsylvania was then a heavily wooded region, and the subject of this sketch, during hisboyhoo<l and youth, aided his father in clearing a farm and cultivating the same. The ilistrict school, kept in a little log cabin, afforded him the sole means of education, and only in the winter months could he be spared to pursue his studies. He made such j^ood use of his opportunities that at eighteen he began to teach school in the same and adjoining districts. At about twenty he went to Caledonia Springs, near Rochester, New York, and engaged in farming and woo<l chopping for about a year. On his return home he gave all of his small earnings, except seventy-five cents, to his father. He then earned enough to take him to Kentucky, near Covington, and at Rig Bone Lick, he taught for about four months a private, open school, after the custom of that region. School would open as early in the morning as teacher and pupils could get to the school house, not later than 8 a. ni., and continue, except at recess and noontime until about 5 p. m. Every scholar studied "out loud" to enable the pedagogue to know if each individual youngster was studying and whether he was studying correctly. The benches and desks were of split logs, with the flat sides surfaced with a broadaxe, and pegs driven into auger holes for legs. He returned to the old home in Pennsylvania in the summer of ls40.

Jeremiah and Nancy Whipple moved from Massachusetts about ISlO and settled near the Bagley farm, aad their eldest daughter, Susannah R., and young Daniel attended the same schools and grew to inauhoo<l and womanhood together. Their acquaintance here ripened into love and on August 1'), lS4l), they were united in marriage.

A few days later they started for the prairies of Illinois, and there settled on a claim near Somanauk. The husband farmed and taught school for two years, while the wife performed the household duties of their small and primitive cabin. In 1842 Mr. Bagley was admitted into the ministry of the Methodist Protestant church, and for ten years was engaged in active ministerial work, nominally being stationed at one place each year, but in reality traveling summer and winter from the south, near Springfield, to the northern boundaries of the state. Buffalo and Indian trails then gridironed the broad and thinly settled prairies, and were not succeede<l by the iron rails of the early railroads of the state until IHTA) and the decade succeeding. At Princeton, Bureau county, the first home of the still young couple was established.

A large number of earnest, independent spirits had settled in this region, and the anti-slavery agitation that was then beginning to attract public attention drew these together, and Princeton became the center of the movement for the surrounding region. Owen Lovejoy, whose brother had been murdered at Alton, Illinois, a few years before by the pro-slaverj- element, occupied the pulpit of the Congregational church there regularly, and Mr. Bagley's church stood but a few rods away, and they united in icligibiu and pbilanlhropicat vrork. They made several lours into the surrouii'ling couiilry and time and again tlieir ault-slaverj- meetings were disturbed aoil bruken np by the pro-alavery rou^jhs of the day. At Peoria they were rotten-egged oat of the court house and out iif tlie public grounds. During the closing yean of the forties and early in the fifties Cnliforuia and Oregon attracted a gieat deal of Btteutioo, Hud the more entcrprifcinj^ of the younger generation began the westwanl movement that ba.s for forty years gone on in nuet'er-swelling tide. In liiii Rev. Daniel Bagley was chosen by the bonrii of inisBioiis of his church na aiisHioiiRry to Oregon, which then enteiided from llie (lumniit of the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean, and from Ctilifoniia to the Hue of the British posaeSMons. On the:9>th of April, 1k.=^ wagon train started from I'riijcelou, westward. In that train were the subjects ot this sketch, also Judge Thomas Mercer and family, Dexter Horton. Esq. and familT. «nd William H. Shoudy, Eiq.. now of Seattle, and Mr. Aaron Mercer and wife, now of Renton. Ihis county. This train crossed the Missouri river May 22, ISSS, at Eano. ville, Iowa, opjiosite the present site of Omaha. Thousands of Indians were camped it that point, and from there until the emigrants reachtd the Dalles, their way wat I through an Indian country. Those moving to the Pacific coast thai year were na Brmy in numbers, so that the danger from Indinns was not serious, but the hardship! ) ftulferings of the emigrants were increased. The difficulties of securing walci and feed for the slock were great and cholera became epidemic. However, the fifteen I twenty families of this particular train, after nearly five monlUs of almost consl«iil travel, arrived at the Dalles, on the Columbia river, without the loss of one of thdr inber and with, practically, all their wagons and stock. Here they separated, only ] or three families accompanying Mr. and Mrs. Hagley to Salem, Oregon, where tbeyended their journey September 21, IWU.

Mr. Ragley at once liegan active ministerial and missionary work, and labored uuremitlingiy in all parts of the Willanietlc valley the next eight years. He established about a score of churches and probably half that niiml>er of chtirch edifices were built mainly through his instrumtnialilv. This was long prior to the -iilvent of telegraphs ami railroarls, and the conveniences ami c<imrort.'( of modern travel. His lalmr.s e^tende<I from the l'ni]Kjua on the south to the Columbia river on the north, and it was rare indeed that he rcmaineil at home twenty days in succession and, in fact, a large part of these eight yenrs was I'mpluyed in itincrnut work, travelinj; through heat and dust, rain, sni.wi nuid ami ti..o.ls,'by day and night, nearly cntir.ly on horse back, so that at forty ycar> of agt his Ciiustitutiou was greatly impaired h\ exposure and overwork.

During all their married life Mrs. R.iglcy had been an invalid, and in Ocl,il>er, I.SIJII. the fEiniily removed from ne;ir S.ileni to Seattle, hoping the change of climate would prove beneficial to bolh of Lhcm. The trip was made entirely overland in a buggy - i-xcci)l frinn rortbiti.l t.i Mi.nticello - and the trip that can now be made in as many hmirs, r.-.|iiiMd I. M .i,i>>. U' juci.m].|i>h. Tlii-y brought the number of f:imi- tioned here. A small church house, unceiled and uii plastered, had been put up several years before by Rev. D. E. Blaine, but the Methodist Episcopal church had no minister here, so Mr. Bagley and a small band of worshipers gathered there. Early in 18<>o the historic * 'Brown church" was built at the corner of Second and Madison streets, and Mr. Bagley's manual labor and private purse contributed largely to that work.

From the time of his arrival in Seattle in IHIM), until 1871, besides regular ministerial work Mr. Bagley was among the foremost in all efforts for the advancement of the material interests of the place. His connection with the building of the Territorial University and the opening of the Newcastle coal mines is referred to at considerable length elsewhere in this work and will not be recited here, though it will be proper to emphasize the declaration that to him justly belongs, to an eminent degree, the credit of securing to the claiinauts their titles to the coal lands at Newcastle and at Sfjuak, and the pionetr work in developing the mines at the former place. A large share of his time and all of his small private fortune were devoted to the work, and after the Seattle Coal company had reached the end of its tether he pledged his personal credit and saved the company from bankruptcy.

During the civil war he took an earnest and active part in politics, not as a candidate, but as a director and leader, first in the Union party and then in the Republican party, and from is.'JO until about 1-S7'), he attended nearly all county and territorial conventions as a delegate, and also did a good deal of editorial work for some of the earlier papers in Seattle and the Pitget Sound Courier of Olympia.

Early in life he became a member of the F. and A. Masons, and soon after his arrival in Seattle joined in the institution of St. John's Lodge, was chosen master of that lodge and soon after received the honor of an election as grand master of the territorial grand lodge. He has always maintained his connection with the order, but for many years has not attended its sessions.

From the time of the organization of the Methodist Protestant church in Seattle until the year IHKT), a period of a little more than twenty years, he was continued as pastor. Since his resignation in 18S.5, he has done a great deal of ministerial work, and under his direction and as a result of his efforts small churches have been built at Duwamish, Renton, Ballard and Vesler, and during much of this time he has made weekly trips to and conducted religious services at some one of these places. Early in the fifties the annual conference of the M. P. church was organized in Oregon The churches in Seattle have remained a part of that organization, and for much of this long period he has been continued as president of that body, and several times has gone to the eastern states as delegate to the general conference of the state organizations. The church that he instituted on the Pacific coast, and which has had local churches organized in Oregon, Washington and California, has never gained much numerical strength, and its continued existence here has been mainly owing to his vigorous personality and efforts, until comparatively recent times, when he was reinforced by other ministerial support of ability and influence.

Early in January, 18()2. while visiting in Olympia, Mrs. Bagley slipped on an icy sidewalk, fell and injund herself so severely that she has had to use crutches ever since. During the last half century she has scarcely known a day free from illness and pain, but all tlieae years she has been cheerful and putient and home the cares and perfoimed the duties of a c1er)iy mail's wife lo the best of her alidityand witltoni coniplaiiit. and has iudeed b en a loving lielpmeel. Much of t]ie lime cotupellcd to reuinin at hnnie, often with a child of iufant years her sole companion, jud denied the society of her husliand - not having the physical strength to accompany him - she shared little in Uie romance and adveuture of pioneer life, but all the burdens of a pioneer's wife fell upon her with added weight.

To them was first born a daughter, who died an infant. November 3», Ih43, Clarence B., their only son, was born. He is now a resident of Seattle. In ISfiS he was married to Alice, the daushter of Hon. Thomas Mercer, one of the earliest pioneers of this place, and they, with their family of five children, and the grandfather and grandmother Bagiey all live near each other in the nortllcni part of the city. Here in their declining years, liaving reached more tban the allotted space, the subject of this sketch and his wife have a lovely home and enjoy the comforts of civilisation, of which Ihcy were in tile vanguard the first Ihree-scorc years of their lives, and at seventy-two years of age they are apparently as strong as during the past ten yeais and more, anil niny be expected to remain with their friciiils and loved ones for years to come.

\II;HITW0RTH, Gborge F., clergyman, wds born in Boston, Hugland, March 15, ' ' lum. He came with his parents to the United States when he was twelve years of age. Commencing a classical course of study at the age of seventeen at Haaover College, Indiana, he was graduated there in 1K88 at the age of twentytwa After leaving college he engnged for a while in teaching, and afterirard studying law, practiced at Charlestown. Indtniia. untd the year lSi2, when he turned his attention to Theologi-. and spent three years at the New Albany Theological Seminary, since removed to Chicago, and now known as the McCormick Theological Seminary. His lirst ministerial work was at Corydon, Indiana, where he spent a short time and then removed to Canneltoi.. Indiana, where he organi^.ed the Presbyterian church and erected a house of worship. He had the cliarf,'e of this cluirch and of the church at Harrisville, Kentucky, until the year LH.).'). In the spring of that year he left with a colony for Pugct Sound, then a p.irt of Oregon, crossing the plains with ox teams, TCipiiring as many months to rcncli the Pacific as it now requires days. Reaching Portland, Uregiin, too late i[l the season to take a fnmily across the country to Puget Sound, the winter of l>*-'i-'i-."i4 was passed there. Here the colony separated to make provision for themselves niid families during i;ie winter. Recomiug thus widely scattered, they never came together again. While at Portland, Mr. Whitworth assisted in organizing the P'irst rresi>ylcrian church of that city, and ministered to it until February IS.'i4, when leaving his family at Portland, he started for Olympia, and was the first Presbyterian minister lo cross the Columbia river and come northward The Territory of Washington had just been separated from Oregon. When he reached Olynipia the first Territorial Legislature was in session. Traveling from Portland at that lime was very difTerent to what it is now. Then and for some years afterward, a steamboat raci from I'ortland to Monticello. a short distance above the mouth of the

Cowlitz river. This usually took one day. The next day was devoted to the journey by canoe up the river about fifteen miles, to a noted stopping place kept by a Mr. Gardner, who had earned for himself the soubriquet of Mr. Ilardbread by which he was known far and near, by reason of the provender with which he very largely fed his guests. Hardbread, salmon and potatoes constituted the bill of fare. Occasionally, when ladies would stop, a slight addition was made to their diet in the shape of black strap, a very cheap article of molasses, which was not remarkably tempting either to the sight or taste.

Continuing up the river by canoe about fifteen miles further to the Cowlitz landing, a few miles above Olequa, re([uircd another day. There was not then any stage or public conveyances across the country, horses were not easily to be obtained, so that Olympia had to be reached by a two-day's walk.

In the month of May he removed his family to Olympia, or rather to a place about one and a half miles below, where he pitched a tent and built a split l)oard shanty, which answered for a summer residence until a better house could be erected. In November of that year he organized at Olympia the first Tresbyterian church which was established in the territory, and in the early j)art of 1S.V) the second one, which included the neighborhoofls of Grand Mound ami Chehalis. During the Indian war of 1855-56 he traveled to supply the latter church, having two stations, one at Grand Mound, and Chehalis, where Claquato now stands, a distance of from twenty-five to forty miles, twice a month, through a deserted region nearly all the way, the families having all fled from their homes to the forts, which had been erected at Grand Mound and Claquato.

Owing to the very limited means of the early settlers, the outbreak of the Indians already referred to, and the sleuder allowance made at the time by the board of home missions, he found it necessary, in order to support himself and family to engage temporarily in other pursuits. This was done without abandoning the work of the ministry', but it necessarily curtailed his missionary work. Besitles having taught school he has held the following official positions in the territory of Washington: County superintendent of common schools for several terms, first in the county of Thurston, and afterward in King; United States deputy surveyor; county surveyor of King; city surveyor of Seattle; deputy collector of customs for the Puget Sound district; twice president of the territorial university; twice chief clerk of the superintendency of Indian affairs; secretary of the commission which made the second treaty with the Nez Perces at Lapwai in 1S({2.