Seattle, Washington - History, 1891 (part 8 of 14)

Including work under contract January 1, 1891, to the amount fl about five million doHars. the total expenditure of 1889 wna $13,547^1 979. Outside the limita of the eity it reaehed $4,8:11,775. On street | railways were spent (S821,tJ66; on wharves, $253,000; on publitf: improvements, $747,000, The i'ud-Intdligmeer of January 1, 1890^1 prefaced a complete list of tlie buildings erected during the preceding* year with the following comprehensive statement;

The year liiSiJ in Seattle has been an era of extraordinary building activity. Moi« ] struclurea of all classes have been put up in the city in that lime than in any three I years of its praviojis history, and more, iin doubted ly. tlian in any other city of it! in tbe United States during this or auy other ytar.

There has been expended already on buildings in the burnt district, not completed and under construction, the sum of |1, 631, 100, of which no account has been taken. Neither is there record of those buildings which were erected before June 6 and swept away by the fire.

The figures are astounding, but they are absolutely correct, having been collected with the utmost care, and with regard only to completeness and accuracy. The cause of this remarkable record, it is well known, has been first, he unprecefiented prosperity of the city; and, second, the replacing of the district swept by the fire of June 6. The number of buildings included in the latter list, however, is small, compared to the great total.

The work of building has been carried on in every part of the city. It has been visible most in the burnt district and along the most usual routes of travel. The snburbs of the city - Fremont, Rdgewater. Ross, Ballard, Latona, Boulevard and West Seattle have experienced astonishing growth, and heavily swell the grand total. The great proportion, however, has been in the corporate limits of the city, every portion of which has added its quota of new structures.

The buildings are of every kind and description. They include all manner of business structures, from the gigantic brick with stone and iron foundation and fanciful trimtnings, to the plain residence built only for dwellini: purposes, and with no attempt at ornamentation.

Although the work comploted or ht'<^iin in I88i» was as great, the volume of money actually expended in iniinovements during 1890 was still greiiter, reaching the sum of $10,080,4()1.

This vast amount was for l)uihling and imj>r<)Vements on the largest senile, a credit to any city, and huilt lor all time. Without doubt, llie business structures on the main streets will stand for use and occupancy for a hundred years; and to tins extent the city is finished. The business blocks are laid out on a scale for a city with a population of a quarter of a jnillion.

A valuable comparison has bc»en made by the Post-IntcUigencer, betw-een the building and business of Seattle and of San Francisco - a city of about 300,000 inhabitants - which exhibits the rate of speed now attained by the northern metropolis. As an item of permanent value it may be inserted here:

San Francisco has six times our population. This (1890) has been an exceptionally prosperous year for that city. So true is this that the Evening Bulletin of December 26 made it the subject of a boastful statistical showing. Therein it is stated that although the year 1889 had been "an exceptionally good one for real estate, the transactions footing $33,800,0(X), exceeding those of the previous year by |9, 000, 000, and more than double the volume of business in 1H.'^(), the total sales of 1890 are still greater and will reach $3o,(K)0,(KM)." The total sales for the year in this city.

amount to |2}l,387.727.eo, or more than two-thirds as great as the total in a bigbly prosperous city of six times our population, ami 60 per cent, above San Francisco'i trausBctioits in 1 Wt. with more tbaa :3-^l,i)(NI papulation.

As to the building operations of the 3'ear in the chief city of the Golden State, the BuUelin says: '' During the year just nearing its close the large wxxa of $10,(iOO,- 000 has been expended in building operations. Such an amount of itself has been & great factor in giving activity to many departments of retail trade, as a, fair proportion of the money went in payment of wages, to be distrilmled again in other channels for personal necessities." This was for 1,037 buikltngs, against 1,341 put up in ISSa at b cost of %l.V>^.Vl^i. In Seattle during the year IHU) there was expended for ^lUO buildings, completed and in course of construction, the sum of |H, 035. (137, or ab^ut 85 per cent, of San I'rancisco's espendilnres for IffOII, and more than IS per cent, above that city's expenditures for IHHil.

It will be observed that more than two-thirds of tlie buildings put up in this Cllf within the year, and more than half the expenditures were outside of the business dis- ' trici, and related in larger part to suiutaatial lEsideiices. And especial attentto invoked to the large proportion which churches, school houses and reputable plac^ J of amusement bear to the total of buildings erected, which, together with the prapoP- 1 tion of residences, bears testimony to the substantial and desirable character of the 1 additions to population and improvement.

In r^pect to commerce, manufactures and bank clearances, a careful study of the figures will show that Seattle will compare favorably with cities of two or three hundred thousand population in the older sections of the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi Valley. And the same is true in respect to expenditures for improvement of streeta, water- works and the like, footing upf51ii,8lW; and for estension of street railways ($935,000) and for electric lights and gas 1(294,000), the whole, including build- ' ings of all kinds, making the enormous total of |10,tl80,461. All of these ezpendi- 1 tures that were not for works of public improvoinent or for private use are making handsome returns to the investors. It is considered safe to say lh.it there K^ not a city of equal si/e in the United .Stales in which there are so few vacant business houses, residences or offices. As a rule everything of the kind, built for rent, is engaged at remunerative prices Ijefore completion.

Official reports from the national bureau of agriculture place Washington at the head of the H.st in average of wheat production to the acre, with an average of 21.5 against 1-").'* for California, lO.ii for Dakota, 11. :1 for Minnesota, 15.7 for New York, IS.O for (Hiio. l;!.4 for IVnnsylvanla. Kl.OS for Orej;on, and 1-i..^ f t Illinois. Therefore, to equal the wheat production from I.IKM) acre.'! of Washington wheat lands would require 1.4S7 acres in California, 2.217 acres in Dakota, about 2.0S0 acres i: l.4!macres in New York, l.:wl.i acres in Ohio, l,7.%;l acres in Pennsylvania, l,4ti0 ai in Oregon, and \,i>\*S acres in Illinois.

The same authorities show that the average per acre of hop production is greater in this than any other state, and unlike any other of the states in which this valuable crop is extensively cultivated, the Washington hop raisers have never experienced a failure, and there have been but slight variations in the average.

But these results might be considered ephemeral, and there might be a suspicion that the climax has been reached. But such, evidently, is not the opinion of the great railroad transportation companies. They are concerned about the future, not the past. They have the most powerful motives for studying future prospects. Their record of 372.14 miles of new track within the year, of t>')1.41 under construction and twice as much more projected, bears eloquent testimony as to the results of their observations. And even more eloquent, if that were i)ossible, is the record of government land sales in the state within the year, of which but a few acres short of two millions - 1,973,693.13 - passed from the government to private hands, the whole of which will be at once added to taxable values, and the larger part to production.

The general growth of commerce in this section is well illustrated by the official statements of the treasury department, which show imports at Puget Sound ports amounting to $353,271 for 18JM), against |2.54. 102 for 1S89, again of .T) per cent.; and exports of |3,518,0()1 for 181X), against #2,474.S;")0 for 1SH9, a gain of 42.1 per cent. The wholesale and jobbing trade of Seattle has swollen from about |20,0(X),(KM) in 188<) to about $31,000,000 in 18JM), and on the basis of clearing-house reports and statements of bankers it is deemed safe to estimate that in transacting the business of the city money has changed hands within the year to the amount of two hundred million dollars, an increase of fully 15 per cent, over the previous year, and this may be accepted as a fair gauge of business conditions generally throughout the state.

On the whole notliiug is so astonishing as the increase in tlie wealth of the whole state during 1890 of over 7f) per cent. Tlie increase of Seattle, remarkable as it was, is but 02J i)er cent., sliowing tliat the fears of those who think tbe city has been growing too fast are groundless, since with all its enormous exertions it has hardly been able to keup up. Nothing could denionstrato more plainly tlint the growtli of tlie metropolis is but a legitimato effort to ki'op up with the deraauds of thii state of which it is the commercial tenter.

Of two grt'iit enterprises the following st>ceinl mention, l»otli from the Posi-InteUigmirer of January Ifit, 18!M, ia properly insert^'il. These are the grniu elevator at West Seattle and tlje inm worlcy at Kirkland on the east end of Lakt- Washington.

THE EI.aVATOk. FoUowing Ihe eqnaliiBtimi of rates by the Nortlierii Pacific, Seattle made immeiliale preparatioTis for the storage anJ shipment of a share of the immense wheat product of Eastern Wasliiugton. The first foreigii shipment of cereals from this port was made this year. Last March the Seattle Terminal Railway and Elevator company was organized for the purpose of erecting wheat warehouses and elevntors in We« Seattle, and construetiug to them a railtoai! from the railway terminals of Seattle. The company secured a frauehise for a right-of-way of thirty feel next the deep water ou Railroad avenue west from South Second and Weller streets southwest to the city limits, l-'rom this point the company purchased the right-of-way atid necessary real estate to construct the Hue over the slioal water around the head of the harbor to Alki point. On May l.ilh the contract for the construction of the road, to be completed August l.>th. was let to the San Francisco Bridge company. At the same lime the contract for the construction of the warehouse and elevator was let Over (;i25,00O was e«pended on these improvements. The railroad and its equipment cost 1145.000, the warehouse and elevator J160,000, while over $30,000 was paid for righl-of-way. The capacity of the elevator and warehouse is 2,-'500,OO(l bushels of wheat The warehouse Xs h'l\ feet long by li'i feet wide and two stories high. Tlie elevator extends up through the center 12.1 feet above the firiil iloor.

.Adjacent to Seattle are iron deposits of vast extent and established value, and, with the advancement of the country, tlieir development has been a matter of certainty. Tiie Great Western Iron and Steel Works, successor to the Moss Bay Hematite Iron and Steel company, is now building at the town of Kirkland, on the east side of Lake Washington, opposite Seiittle, an extensive plant for the reduction of this ore. The company last May annoimced its organization and intention, the following persons beiiig interested as stockholders: General Russell .^. Alger, of Detroit, Michigan; Josliua M. Sears, of lioston; Hon. J. S. Fassett. of Elmira, New York; H. A. Noble, of Des Moines. Iowa; I'etcr Kirk and W. W. WiUiams fonneriy of England and now<if Kirkland. and A. A. Denny, Columbus T, Tyler. Edward Blewett, Jacob Furth. L. S. J. Hunt and Hailcy Gai7j;rt, of Seattle, Former projects for the establishment of these works had \mei\ delayed, and the new company announced that the necessary money u.is at hand, and that it proposed to go to work immediately and carry its plans to execution, expending Jl.(KHI.OIH) the first year. It is evident at this time that the company is fullilliug its promises. .\ large foundry, machine shop, blacksmith shop and pattern shop are in course of erection, and a sawmill is in operation. The first vessel loadetl with fire-l)rick and other material will arrive from Huglaud about March 1st, and rapid construction of the first blast furnace will follow. Alfter the fur :ace is built the rolling mill will be built. Two hundred and seventy-five tons of machinery have been purchased in the East, and will be shipped to Kirk land as soon as needed.

The iron ore to be used at the works will be from the Denny mine, in the Snoqoalmie pass. A force of men is now engaged in opening up this mine, and a contract has just been let for the extension of the Seattle, I^akc Shore and Eastern from Salal prairie to the mine. The Northern Pacific is likewise building from Palmer on its main line to the mines. The I^ake Washington belt line is graded from Renton to Kirkland, and will be extended thence to connection with the Lake Shore road near Redmond, giving railroad communication from Kirkland to the mines, and also with the Northern Pacific railroad. The object of extension of the Lake Shore road to the mines is, of course, to render their product available.

The Denny iron mine is inexhaustible. It has been demonstrated by analysis and test that it will make BeSvSenier steel of first tjuality - indeed, it has been unqualifiedly pronounced by skilled Eastern nianufactureres the best Bessemer ore yet discovered. Following is an analysis of samples of ores.

The value of the Denny mines is greatly enhanced by the proximity of a great ledge of limestone, whose use as a flux in the reduction of iron ore is indispensable. This natural adjacency of iron and limestone is said to exist nowhere else in the world. The immediate presence of coking coal is a third very important factor in the cheap reduction of the ore. The convenience of coal, limestone and the raw iron reduce the cost of steel manufacture to a minimum. Freights for iron from the nearest Eastern reduction works are #22 per ton, a difference that, with cheap production, gives the Seattle works a practical monopoly of the entire Pacific Coast. The market of the Kirkland works will be the Pacific Coast and China and Japan, which will unquestionably use enormous supplies of steel rails during the next few years. It is estimated that the demand for rails on this coavSt alone for the next few years will be sufficient to test the full capacity of the works.

The immense importance of this industry to Seattle cannot easily be overestimated. Several thousand men will be directly employed in the operation of these works, and the number of correlative manufactories that will be started for the utilization of the iron and steel product is certain to be large. It is noteworthy that the Kirkland company has pursued its objects quietly aiufwith no undue display. Work has gone steadily forward, and the most satisfactory evidences given that the plant will be completed in reasonable time. The extensi(m of the Lake Shore road and Northern Pacific to the iron deposits, and the construction of the belt line, are directly due to the inauguration of the enterprise. As stated before, material for construction

II t;reat nniount of uiachinery has been bought nnd will arrive soon. Work will 1 go nhcad rapidly ami the blast furuact will be Gnished some lime this year. Con- ] MriKtJon of the rolling mill will tlien follow.

The record, while not so extended as that of 18«9, is not the less a remarkable testimonial of the activity of the city during the year. The conditions of 1889 were extraordinary, and the devastation caused by the fire rendered necessary the immediate construction of a great number of buildings and the outlay of enormous sums of money. Construction during the year, therefore, reached high water mark, the ama/ing number of 3,44m new buildings being the result. It would have been natural to expect a marked cessation of operations during the year; but it did not occur. During the entire season the principal sfreets of Seattle were lined with evidences of new construction. Brick, stone and lumber, and other building material everywhere interrupted traffic of the street, and continuous passage for considerable distances was nowhere possible. Thousands of men were given steady employment at good wages during the entire season, and the disbursement of such great sums of money was felt in every line of industry. The year has indeed been one of wonderful activity.

The building energy of the city has not been confined to one part of the city. It has been manifest throughout the entire residence portion and in the suburbs - Ballard, Fremont, Edgewater, Latona, Green Lake, South Seattle, Kirkland and West Seattle contributing to the total. An immense amount of lumber was used and about 3o,(KK),0(K) brick . The sum expended for other material - stone, iron, pressed brick, etc., etc. - was immense. The character of buildings, business and residence, is creditable in the highest degree. It is not too much to say that no other city of .')(),0()0 inhabitants in the United States can make such a remarkable showing of great rows of business blocks constructed in the most artistic, costh' and expensive manner. There is a large number of these buildings that would attract attention in New York. The six-story Pioneer building of Hon. H. L. Vesler is of remarkably fine and noble appearance; the six-story Harrisburg block of solid stone, by \V. E. Bailey, is conspicuously imposing; the office building of Judge Thomas Hu-ke is unexcelled in style, finish or aspect. Amongst new buildings of metropolitan appearance and admirable finish may be mentioned the Occi«lental block, Starr-Boyd block, four stories; Safe Deposit, seven stories; Washington block, six stories; Toklas-Singerman block, four stories; Colman block (unfinished,) five stories; the Gilmore block, seven stories; Haller block, five stories; Jesse W. George building, six stories; Butler block, five stories; Seattle National Bank (unfinished,) seven stories, while the number of three, four and five-story buildings is so numerous as to forbid mention. Almost without exception they have been built in modern style, with costly and handsome exterior and interior finish. Public buildings include the stately court house, prominently erected upon the Seventh street hill. The Denny hotel, nearing completion, upon Capitol hill, is of striking architectural finish, and altogether is one of the finest buildings on the Pacific Coast. As a whole, the character of Seattle buildings far excels those of ordinary cities of the size of Seattle. They impress all visitors with the metropolitan aspect of the city and are a substantial monument of the matchless public spirit and liberality of the people of Seattle, and of their faith in its continued prosperity.

Many elegant residences have been erected, and the usual style of dwelling is uniformly neat, tasteful and convenient. The great army of home-builders who have l)een operating in Seattle during three years past, are housed in quarters not inferio years, commerce has grown from what could be shipped away in one brig to its ten millions per annum. Trade that could be done in a few weeks from the deck of a vessel, for a year's supplies, now reaches an annual volume of more than tliirtv million dollars. The half dozen roving vessels have increased to more than three hundred steadily plying vessels embracing many that aiv large and costly, and aggregating a total tonnage of nearly one hundred thousand tons. Manufacturing has grown from nothing to a value of more than fourteen million dollars annually. The ])Opulation has increased from twenty-four persons to fifty thousand. That this growth is unprecedented will not be claimed, but that it places Seattle abreast of the. most progressive communities of America will be seen at once. To find comparisons we must go to such [Jaces as San Francisco, Kansas City, St. Paul and Minneapolis and Chicago.

As to the process of growth, it will ])e seen that it was backward and delayed until after 1888, and was not rapid until after 1885. The manifest cause was artificial obstructions thrown in its path, and upon the final giving away of the barriers [)Oi)ulation pressed to the spot like a Hood. .The population in 18(10 was but little over one hundred, and the gain between 1800 and ls70 was about a thousand. Between 1870 and 1880 the gain was 2,4o"J, the whole i)opulation of that year being SjOo^. Between 1880 and 1890 the gain was about forty thousand, the total population being 43,914. Growth in commerce and trade was in about the same proportion.

Comparing the population with that of the state we find it in 1860 about one to a hundred : in 1870 about one to twentv ; in 1880 about one to twenty ; and in 1890 one to seven. But, even so, it does not sustain a metropolitan relation. Portland, in Oregon, has about one in five out of the whole population. San Francisco has one out of every four in California. New York City has about one in four; Chicago one in three of the population of Illinois ; and St. Paul and Minneapolis about one in three of the population of Minnesota. The metropolis of Washington ought to have from seventy to eighty thousand inhabitants on this method of calculation. The intense and feverish activity of Seattle to meet something like this figure becomes clear. Washington has been in doubt about the metropolis until the railroad system took form, but upon that Iwcoiniiig decisive tliR enet^'' ffivfl of LIk' Htiitt! tiri! crvsluliziiig at S4.'aUlu us tht: chief city. It is m a "boom" or a forced growtli, but simply an earnest effort to meet tha.] demauds of a mt-troiwlis, timt causes the extraordinary dovelopmenli] at pre(*ent.

Applying Uip same method of estimate, a safe fortMamt of tbol future nmy bo made. Dnring th« past year the state ha,i iiicrcoju-d its. jwpulation morn than one hundred thoui^nd. At the »ame gait it' will have, in JEfOO, about one und n half millions of puoplc If third of thia number is concentrated nt the metrnpolin, tliis would give Si'ttttlo live imudivd tliousaiid pi-opie. But to allow for the man-i ifest fact that other points on tlie Sound are disputing the aupremaqr with Seattle, let ua »iup[)ose that this half million metropolitan pofnilation is divided between thrue cities on thiH water. These would probably be Seattle, Tacoma and some |)oiiit to tht' north. Siipjionng the same ratio Ut exist lietween them then lu* now, we should o^i^^u fifty per cent, to Seattle, forty per cent, to Tacoma and U:u per cent to tho third city, or two hundred anil fifty thousand to Sejittle, two hundred thousand to Tacoma and tifty thouBand to the third city. ButS is not at all probable that the proportion would be mnint4iined. The" gravitation toward the htrgest city is prodigious. Seattle would have 110 li'i-s than three hundred thousand. But, to listen to the voice of tlie coiiscrvativf mini wlio has no taste for rasli conjectures, lot us suppose the state gains only at half tlie pivscnt rate, or five hundred tliou.s!ind in ten years. This would make about nine liundred thousand, or three liundred thousand for the tfiree cJiief cities on the Sound, of wliicli Seattle would liave not less than one hundred and liity tliousiiTid, and prohiibly two hundred thousand. To build the city fast cinnif:;li to .'icconimodatc from one hundred thousand to one liundred and lifty thousand more [H'ople in ten years would necessitati' llic expiiiditurc of not less than fifty tuilliou dollars in dwellings, street work, .street railways, .-hii(is, stores and rooms. This would tnean an outlay of five million dollai's a year in simjile improvements. Besides this large sum there woidd come outlays of even greater amounts in the line of maiiul'aeluring, sbi]> building, extension of commerce and <ipenhig of more railroads. This means not only peo- pie here, but work for them after they come. On this very safe estimate, a method which no one will impeach, applied in the most conservative way, the outlook of Seattle almost justifies the most extravagant claims of the real estate dealers. It is a moral certainty that before the close of the century the residence and suburban portion of the city will extend over the plateau between the bay and the lakes, with villages and villas on the whole east shore of Lake Washington, and Lake Union and Green Lake will 1)0 wholly enfolded. West Seattle, Alki Point and West Point will be occui)ied with villas, and the whole shore line to Taconia will be more or less improved.

A second consideration, resulting from the lact of growth, is that the city is now past all artificial conditions. There was a time when the mandate of a railroad could cripplo Seattle. But the city now represents so much wealth and |)0wer that no action of any road can move it from its moorings. There is no longer profit in trying to create new cities upon sites not desired ])y the people. The centers of business are sought by the railroads, not made by them. This is recognized. Owing to this fact tlie speculative era is[)assed. Steady, hard and careful industry now remains. Prosperity is simply a matter of good calculation and persistent efibrt, good luck no longer figures as the goddess of the town. Hypothesis is mainly eliminated.

Another feature less pleasant cannot be overlooked, which is that the industries hitherto pursued and the matter of ownership of them, has not been conducive to the most rai)id or the best development of the Puget Sound country. Notwithstanding the millions that have been paid here for lumber, the milling points have scarcely made a showing of improvement in the forests ; they have not created towns and stimulated settlements to be the source of future wealth. The profits are taken abroad. Turning to the coal business one sees the situation. The coal mines most operated are owned by capitalists of distant cities who make it practically impossible for the country at their mines to be settled by denying the ownership of land for houses, finding it more profitable to own and rent cottages to their workmen. The profits saved by methods like these are sent to distant cities to be spent in improvements there, not here. By reference to the navigation companies it is seen that many of the principal vessels are owned at Portland or New York, and their earnings are sent abroad. Tlie parninga of thy railroad companies are, of course, sent to New York as soon as made. Even a large proportion of the rental of buildings must at once leave the city in payment of intereet used in buildings. Tliisis a condition manifestly unfavorable to the moat substantial building of the place. It renders quite impossible the amassing of capital here as might be done if the owners of the forests, mines and navigation and railroad lines and the money lenders were residents, It tends inevitably toward a condition iu which tlie city and tributary territory is reganlod as only so much property to be worked for the sole and immediate benefit of the foreign owner. It reduces the state to the position of a finauuial province of New York. Aa a permanent condition it retards growth and becomes intolerable, It may, however, be hopefully said that this situation in Seattle is but temftorary. Capital is gathered here over and above expenditures. Those commanding the resources of the state are making residence here. The situation is analagous to that of San Francisco in early days when money was made there but to be shipped away. It is a condition imposing difficulty, but is unavoidable in the growth of a great town when capital must be had and can be obtained only by paying high interest. But it is a condition that passes oti" as the town grows old. It is not wholly evil, since capitalist.'^ who have lent money here on .Seattle securities become thereby interested in the |ilace and cither themselves or friends are induced to make here their

Chapter Xvi

The State University - First Schools - Establishment of Public School System - ^The Central School - South School - Denny School - Minor School - Rainier School - Present Condition of Public Schools - List of Teachers - Private Schools - Business Colleges.

AT the head of the educational institutions of Seattle must be placed the State University, which, although it is a state institution, has always had a local signilicancc, and especially so during the early days of its existence when it was sustained almost entirely by local support. The history of its inception and establisliment has been fully given in preceding pages. It is the oldest educational institution north of the Columbia river, and had it received in its carlv career the support it deserved, which now is more willintrly accorded, its scope of usefulness would have been largely increased. The first class graduated from the institution was in 187G, and since then there have been graduates every year. There are four courses of study, the classical, the scientific, normal and commercial. The classical course leads to the degree of A. B., and the scientific to the degree of B. S. The normal course is designed to prepare teachers for the public schools of the state. The several departments of instruction are as thorough and comprehensive as those of any other institution of like grade in the country. Last year (1890) there were registered 287 students representing all parts of the state. The university receives an annual appropriation of $5,000 from the legislature, which, with a small revenue from the sale of lands and tuition fees, is its onlv source of support.

Miss Clftire Gatch, teacher of art and librarian ; Prof. Crandall, vocal] music ; MHg. Canienen, instructor in Frericli ; Prof, E. K. Hill, I principal of preparatory department. It is under the control of kJ board of regents appointed by the governor. The present board i sists of John Leary, Judge Tliomos Burke, General J. W. Sprague, Jj P. Judson, J. J. Browne, A. A. Phillips, Richard Oabom and P. B..] Johnson.

During recent years the subject of removing the university from>i1 ita present site to one better adapted for such an institution has been'] generally discussed and has resulted in the legislature taking action I on the raatttT which is likely to culminate in the attainment of the J object sought. The city has grown up around the beautiful campna 1 clamoring for the space and making the laud so valuable that arapla J means will be had, together with suitable state appropriation, to si accommodatiou and buildings adequate to the educational demanA of the rapidly growing state of Washington,

On the alley dividing the block I>etween Front and Second and.4 Cherry and Columbia streets stood, until a comparatively recent dat^>l the first building used for school purposes in King county. It was r. 1 small frame structure, built in 1853 by W. G. Latimer. It was occopied by Mr. Latimer and a friend for a short time as a bachelor's hall, but it was destined for a more noble and glorious ]>iirpo.se. The next year its lonelinc^is was broken by tin' voices of merry school children. In the spring of 1«54 an intelligent and cultured lady, the wife of Rev. D. E. Blaine, took por^scsHion and opened the first school in King county. This primitive school lasteil for three months and was supported by subscription, Mi-s. Blaine receiving about $10 per pupil for the term. The names of the pujiils who attended the first term of this school have been preserved and are as follows: Mary, Susan, Alice and Eliza Mercer, Ursula and George McConaha, Laura, Olive and Virginia Bell, licbecea Horton, Louisa and Xora Denny, Hulda Phillips and Ruby Willard. Mrs. Blaine taught a second term the following spring in her own house, corner of t'herry and Second streets. She was followed as teacher by Miss Dorcas Phillips, who in turn was succeeded by Mr. E. A. Clark, Edmund Carr, David Graham, Addie Andrews, Edwin Richardson and Rev. Daniel Bagley, all of

At the first session of the legislative assembly of Washington Territory, held in 1854, a school law was passed, containing provisions for the estiiblishment and maintenance of countv schools. Dr. H. A. Smith, of Seattle, was appointed superintendent of schools for King countv, but as the countv at this time contained onlv 170 inhabitants, it can easily be imagined that the duties of his office were not onerous, nor the emoluments large. The amount of revenue for school purposes derived from taxation was very small for many years, the teachers having to depend almost wholly upon the school patrons for their salaries.

For several years after the passage of the scliool act, the city of Seattle erected no school building of its own. The University building, completed in IHGl, was occupied for public school purposes immediatelv thereafter. The school cliildren of the citv were farmed out to that institution for a number of years. Mrs. O. J. Carr taught a term of three months in the Uiiiversitv in the summer of 18G2. Her school included all the chihlrcn in wSeattle and vicinitv between the ages of six and sixteen. The register of Mrs. Carr is still extant and shows the following list of i)upils enrolled for the term : Rebecca Horton, Eugenia McConaha, Loretta Denny, Eunice Russell, Jane Wetmore, Mary Boren, Gertrude Borcn, Christine DeLin, Mary DeLin, Eva Andrews, Inez Dennv, Marv J. Dennv, Marv White, Ettie Settle, Louisa Coombs, Wm. R. Andrews, Rol)ert (1. Hayes, (ieorge Manchester, John B. Libby, Anders F. DeLin, Wm. Boren, Frank Wetmore, Charlie Clark and Joe Crow.

After several years' experience the directors concluded it would be best to have the public school separated from the University. The district being without a school house, the old county building, which stood opposite the court house on Third street, was rented and here for several terms school was conducted. Among those who taught in this building may be mentioned the names of 1). B. Ward, Mrs. Wm. Hammond and Mrs. Alma Preston. Also among the teachers of this early period was Mrs. 8. J. Rnssell, who taught a three months' term in Yesler's Pavilion in 18(i9.

The quu»tiou of building a school house agitated the minda of the! citizens of Senttlo for several years before any definite action was I taken. Kiunlly, in April, 1869. nftcr several meetings had been heW I to discuss the snbjert, the directora were nuthorized to purcliaiK! four I lots on Third street, of C. C. Terry, for iWO, proin-rty whiuli fourteen I years later was aold for $30,000. U[h>ii the««e lota a two-Htory frame I building known as the Central school, designed to accomrnudiitti 112 [ pupils, WHS erected and first occupied in September, 1870. Miss Ij. j M. Ordway was tlie first princijial, naeisted by Mrs, C, M. Sanderson, i The latlwr reniained for thrL-e years, Miss Oi-dway was succeeded in J order by Miss Pheljw, Mrs. A. Mackintosh, Mrs. L, \V. J. Bell, Mr. J. | H. Hall and Mr. E. S. Ingraham, the latter tjiking charge in September, 187'). Soon after the opening of the Central school it was foand j necessary to pn)vido for a primary class ebewhore. Acwordingly the i directors rented the Fi-shor building, corner of Third and UnioU' ( street"), and placed the school in charge of Miss Caroline Pareoua | S(^tattlc was nut long in outgrowing these school accummodationSf I During 1872 two lots were purchased of A. A. Denny in the northern t part of the city, and in 1873 two more lots wore puR-hased of Thomwl Clancy in the southern part of the city. Two buildings were erected upon these sites in 187.3. The South school was oi>ened by Miss Marj' Tibbell and Mi.ss Mary Smitli in Hepteniber, 1873, and" the North school at the sunie time by Miss Lizzie Clayton and Mis.s Agnes Wiusor.

At a special school meeting held in April, 1876, the advisability of enlarging tlie school quarters was again presented. During this year two lota in Belllown and ttie block now occupied by the Central school were jiurcliase'l. A frame building wa,s immediately erected on the BcUtown lots, which was useil for school purposes until the property was sold in 1884, A temporary scliool bouse was built on the Sixth street block in 1877 and remaiiK-d in use until 1884 when it was sold and lunved upon an (idjoining bloL-k.

costing more than a few hundred dollars. These years had been years of slow growth. But now the building of the Northern Pacific railroad was attracting the attention of the country to the Puget Sound r^ion. Immigration began to pour in more rapidly, and almost before the people realized it Seattle began a rapid growth in population and commercial importance. The inadequacy of the public schools of the city to meet the needs of the rapidly increasing population was soon perceived and a more liberal policy of improvement was inaugurated. In May, 1881, the crowded condition of the several school buildings forced the subject upon the attention of the citizens. All the available room in the several .scliool buildings was filled with children, and many were unable to attiMul, owinti: to lack of accommodations. This state of afl'airs arousiMl the i^'ople to tlie necessity of securing additional school room. Sc'veral plans were proposed, but none of them seemed to meet })ublic ai)i)roval. Finally the board of directors called a ma.ss-meeting of the citizens which was held in Yesler's hall, January 14, 1882. This meeting was addressed by Judge J. R. Lewis, Judge Thomas Rurke, Judge Orange Jacobs and Hon. W. H. White, all of whom strongly urged a liberal policy in tlie construction of school buildings, and their remarks liad no little effect in creating a strong public sentiment in this direction. At this meeting the plan of erecting a large central school house met with favor, and a committee was subsequently appointed to visit Portland and ascertain what could be learned there relative to school buildings. Upon the return of this committee a special meeting of the legal voters of the district was held, April 1, 1882, when a tax of $24,000 was authorized to be levied to build a school house on tlie Sixth street block. Work upon the building was soon after begun and early in 1883 it was completed and opened for school purposes. It was a frame building, two stories in height, with six school rooms. It was an imposing structure, costing over $30,000, and at the time was one of the most notable buildings in Seattle. It was designated as the Central school.

The large additional school facilities secured by the Central school, however, were not equal to the rapidly growing population of Seattle. Soon after this building was completed another was begun on the block bounded by Wall, Sixth, Battery and Fifth streets. Work on street school which was opened in the latter part of 1888, 111 pupils were registered for the school year ending in July, 1889, while the total number for 1890 was :i2().

The year 1890 was one of surprising growth in the public schools. The rented quarter in different parts of the city proved inadequate to the demands made upon them. Suitable sites were purchased for no less than six school'liouses at an aggregate cost of nearly $35,000, and the Columbia, Mercer and Rainier school houses, costing $24,000 each; the T. T. Minor, costing S20,000; a building on Bush street of four rooms, costing $6,000, and one at Kandall street at a cost of $1,000, were erected. This made nine scliool houses, besides which nineteen rooms were rented. Witliin tl)e j)eriod of one year the school accommodations of tlie city were doubled. The Columbia school located in tl)e Pontius addition near Lake Union; the Mercer between lligli and Valley and Ash and Box streets ; the Rainier, formerly known as tlie Jackson street school, on King street between Market and Taylor, and tlie T. T. Minor school, formerly known as the Madison street school, are all large, fine buildings with from five to eight rooms each and finely ecjuipped with all the modern improven)ents.

The growth of the public school system of Seattle during recent years has been no less remarkable than the city's advance in population and commercial importance. Six years ago there were but seventeen teachers, but two school buildings and 1,478 registered scholars. Now there are eight large school buildings, some of them magnificent and costly specimens of architectural skill rei)resenting a value of $400,000, and 6,000 registered scholai-s. During the last year (1890) the growth has greatly surpassed any former year. The Columbia school which registered 269 pupils ; the Mercer 401 ; the T. T. Minor 326 ; and the Rainier with ol8, were all added to the system during the year, and still it was not possible to ])rovi(le room for all the children within the city who desired to enter the i)ublic schools. The coming year the construction of more school buildings is contemi)lated, and within a brief period no city on the Pacific coast will surpass Seattle in the efficiency of its public schools.

tell in approi)riate fnrm of the wonderful growth of the public schools" of HwUtk'. TliBy are compiled from reliable sources and their accuracy call bt) Tfliod upon :

The first move toward the gradiug of tlie public schools was made in January, 1877. One year later a course of study was adopted by. the hoard of directors, which has beeu amended from time to time to meet the growing wants of a jiropressive system. The schools are; classified aa primary, grammar and high school. The studies pur-, sued in the primary and gmmmar department<i are aimilar to tlioaa commonly taught in graded schools. The high school has a liberal:' course of study consisting of higher mathematics, natural science, Latin, German, mental pliilosophy, political economy, rhetoric, English litcralurc, general history, elocution and constitutional government. The high seliool was established in lS8;t. Tlnw years later the first class, consisting of twelve, was graduated. It is now an imix)rtant link in the educiktional rjy.stcni of the city and fully equal to similar grades in the most pnigre.ssivc cities of the country. The cour-ses of studies extend tlirough :i period of four years and under the direction of thorough ;nid competent instructors. Tlie corps of teachers erobracc u i)rinciiml, five .suh<)niinates and three special instructors in drawing, music iind penniiinsbip. A portion of the Central .school building is ilevoted to the bigli school department, but a separate buildiiig is needed and plans fursueb a structure as will meet every retjuiremcnt of llie presfnt and Hie future have been presented.

merit. The school di.strict is a sepumte corporation, altliough the territorial limits of the district arc identical with those of the city. All matters pertaining to the schools are primarily decided, not by the general voters, but by the taxpayers. The schools are under the management of a board of five directors, chosen by the taxpayers for a term of three years. The amount of money to support the schools is raised by such tax on the property of tlie school district as may be voted at the annual meeting of taxpayers in March.

Seattle has been most fortunate in the selection of its school ojficers. Since the organization of tlie fro(* scliool system the board of school directors has been c()nii)ose(l of intelligent, progressive and public spirited citizens who have generously devoted their time and attention to the cause of popular education. A complete list of those who have served the city in this cai)acity it has been im{)ossible to obtain, but the folknving who have served in this connt^ction will be recognized as those to whom the city and the cause of education have been indebted: 1). T. Denny, I). \\ Jenkins, I). W. llyde. Orange Jacobs, O. C. Shorey, Thomas Mercer, Thomas Burke, I). B. Ward, Henry G. Struve, L. B. Andrews, M. 8. Booth, Geo. W. Hall, Dr. T. T. Minor, Judge J. P. Hoyt, John M. Frink, (leorge H. Heilbron, Wm. H. Hughes, Wm. H. Taylor, Thomas W. Prosch, J. B. McDougall, D. A. Spencer and W. J. Colkett.

The first superintendent of the city schools was K. 8. Ingraham, who was appointed in 187o. He served in this cai)acity most ably for thirteen years, and from the time of the establisliment of the High school until he resigned all connection with the public schools, in July, 1888, was also principal of this department. In July, 1888, it was decided by the board that these positions should be separated, and Mias Julia E. Kennedy was then chosen city superintendent of schools and Mr. Ingraham principal of the High school. Mr. Ingraham, however, resigned at this time and Horace O. Ilollenbeck was appointed to the latter position. Miss Kennedy continued as superintendent until July, 1890, when she resigned, and Frank J. Barnard was appointed as her successor.

is the Academy of the Holy Names, which was eaUiblished in 18(?8 by, Father F. X. Prefontaiiie, who came to Seattle in 1867 as a Cathotio missionary. For some time thereafter it hn<! a fe«ble existence ; but after the city began to assume the (iTOfKirtionH of a good sized town, U rapidly grew into a prosperous institution. In 1880 it came under the control of the Sisters of the Holy Names, and one year later becama legally incorporated and empowered to confer academif degrees. In 1882 tlie old frame strueturn forrjicrly used, on the southeast corner of Ninth and Jackson, was replaced l)y a modern four-story school building which cost over 850,000. The fucnUy has been increased froia four in 1880 to fifteen at the present time. In 1888 there were 108 pupils; in 1889, 130; and during 1890, 263. It is an institution for young ladies, and although it is conducted under the auspices of the Catholic church no distinction is made in the reception of pupils on account of their religious opinions, and interference with the religious convictions of non-Catholics is carefully avoided. Most of the pupils are residents of Seattle, but there has of late years been quite a number in attendance from all parts of the state and British Columbia. The Academy is beautifully situated, .standing in the center of a highly cultivated garden and overlooking the broad exj)anse of the Sound and the Olympic mountains.

Several private schools have been recently projected. The Baptists are arranging for a denominational college toward which private donations of valuable land have been made. The Jesuits are also preparing to found a college liere, and several delegates irom the Scandinavian synod, hrld in Minneajiolis in 1890, have made a visit here with a view of selecting a site for a Synodical college, wliile the Catholics have already nearly comj)leted a parocliial school to be named after St. Francis, which will soon be ready for occui)ation.

Seattle has two business colleges which furnish ami)le means for instruction to those who desire to prepare for a commercial life. The older of these institutions, the Paget Sound Business college, has been in operation about two years and is in a flourishing condition. Two hundred and fifty pupils were enrolled in 1890.

Other private schools worthy of mention are the Comstock Educational Institute, conducted by Mrs. C. S. Hyatt; tMiss B. E. Fisken's school ; and Kindergartens by Miss Erika Von Babo, Miss Durant and Mrs. C. E. Dewhurst.

Early Cburclieii - Growth of the Various Deii 01 ni nations - The Metbodisl Episcopal, Methodist Protestant, Presbyterian. Catholic, Episcopal, Baptist, Conuregaliona!, Unitarian and Lutheraii Chmchea - I'reseiit CotiiHtiou of the Religious Bodies of Seattle.

THE first cliurdi cstaljiif-IiH] in Scaltlf wjik of tlio Mc-tliodist Epi«- eopal deiiomiiiatiuii. Tfic Rev. 1). E. Blaint' and wife, still honored residents of Uio city, wert' fwnt out to tlie Pacific Coast as mission-' arios from New York in the niitumn of 185.*^, making Seattle theii" objective [witit and base »f oi>erati«n8. Arrived on the field, they ai once begun to nmke provisinn for tlie religions needs of the young community, then hut ii little more than a year old, and comprising not more than one hundred white |x>rsons. Services were held on thfr first Sahhath in December, lS-'>3, in a private house, tendered by W,; G. Latimer, and for some nionllis thereafter were conducted in th» same place. Keligioue services had. however, been previously held in Seattle. The first was by Bisbo|T Diiniers, a. Catholic, in 1852. The next wns by Rev. Benianiin F. C'luse, a JIctlKidist, wli.. cmiic (o Olympia in the spring or early summer of lS.j;{.

In January, 18.",7, a cliurch <.rf,'aiiization was elU'cted by yU. Blaine, among tlie members being A. .\. Denny and wife, Mi-s. I). E. Blaine, Mrs. John Naglc, Jacob Maple, K. llanlbrd and wife and Edward Carr, while among the ivgiihir attendants anil warm .snii])oder^ were Thomas Mercer, David lMiitli]is, Dexter Horfiui and Henry A'an As.-ielt. This primitive eiiurcb .society was not lung without a church building. Ijots were donated by C. C. Boren, on tlie corner of Second and Columbia streets - now occupied by the Boston lilock - and through the unremitting efforts of Mr. Blaine, means and materials were secured and the erection of a building was entered njion in tlie fall of 1854. This building, long known as llie " Wliile Clitm'li," was finished and formally dedicated in tlic fall of the foilowing year. Though enlarged and improved by several additions, the original building continued to be used until 1887, when the site was sold and a lot at the corner of Third and Marion streets was purchased. On this was erected the present edifice, which was completed in 188!), at a cost of $50,000, being the finest church building in the city.

Until a few years ago the Fii'st Methodist Episcopal church embraced a membership not only scatten'd over the entire area of the city, but also a large number on Vashon Ishin<l. and beyond, up the White river country to Stuck junction, and in the Scjuak valley and the region east of Lake Washington. Tlie sections named now support a number of sej)arate diurclies. having pastors of tln^r own, all regarding this as the " mother cliurch."

From the beginning tliis cliurch has IukI a very prosperous career and ha^ contributed both of its members and means to tlie founding and maintenance of nearlv everv elmreli of tliis denomination in this vicinity. Its j)ulpit lias been filled by some of the ablest ministers in the Puget Sound conference. Among the later pastors were Rev. A. J. Hanson and Rev. D. I), rampht^ll. both of whom most acceptably served the church for a numluM* of years. The present jiastor is Rev. Ijevi Gilbert, I). D. In meml)ership and value of church property it stands first in the Puget Soun<l conference.

For nearly ten years the First ^^ethodist Episcopal church had the only church building in Seattle. The next one erected was that of the Methodist Protest^mt church, which was founded by Rev. Daniel Bagley. Mr. Bagley came to Seattle witli his family in 1860 and was the first minister of tliis denomination in the city. Religious services were held by Mr. Bagley for two or three years in the house of worship of the Methodist Ei>iscopal church, that body not having at the time any minister in Seattle. After it was supplied with a pastor by the conference, however, Mr. Bagl(\v's adherents still worshij)ed there until the building known as the '' Brown church," on the corner of Second and Madison streets, was ready for use. This church building was built almost solely at the expense of Mr. Bagley, and was first opened for si^rvices in 18()4. For fully twenty y(»ars Mr. Bagley served this church as pastor, during which time it had a most prosperous career. In 1882 the "Brown church" was torn down and on its site was erected a new house of worship, to the construction of which Dex- t«r Hort^ii and 'I'linnms Merwrinost libeniUy contributed. After Mn^ Bagioy ri'iiiuvfd to Olvinpia, liis pliice as pastor was suiiplicd l»y R«v. , L, A. Banks, wlio renmined for several months. He was suocct^vd by 1 Rev. Mr. Sexton, who served for only a few months, when he left fori the vast. From that time servicer were held by ^pveitil nrr»ngcmcnbJ by Hev. N. 0. Mower, Rev. Mr. Skidmore iind others nntil FebruHry J 1, 1884, when Rev, Chirk 1). Davis, the present pastor, assumed eltai'gsl of the pastorfti work. The menihersliip at this time had become I greatly reduced and the public services were poorly attended. Under! Mr. Davis' charge tiie chim-h has grown to be on* of tlie strongest I i-eligiiius soeieties in Seattle. During the great tire of 18811 the clmrch t building was destroyed, and fmm that time until (X-toVjor 5, 1890, th« I congregation lietd nieetingH in a tent. In the meantime theisiteofl the old church was sold and a new church costing over 833,000 wm huilt on the comer of Third and Fine &trt'elt!. This building waA | dedicated in October, 1 8i*0.

years slow, but of late and under the ministry of its present pastor, it has grown until from the original eight members it now numbers about four hundred and fifty. Two eolonies have gone out from this church within the last two vears, out of which have been formed the Second and the Calvary Presbvterian churches. It has also aided largely in the formation of Lake Union and Ballard Presbyterian churches.

To. Rev. F. X. Prefontaine Ix^longs the honor of having built the first Catholic church in Seattle. In November, 18(17, this zealous missionary, whose field of labor extended over the entire Puget Sound region, from Steilacoom to (-ape Fhittery on one side and to British Columbia on the other, and who had often visite<l the ditferent villages along this vast scope of country, (-(included to mnke Seattle the center of his long excui>;ions. Having rente(l a house for a residence, ho turned most of it into a temporary chapel, wluM-e a]>out half a dozen of his faith met on Sundays to worship. Tlirouo;h his affability of manner, Father Prefontaine not only enlisted tlie good wishes of those of his own creed, but also of all the libt^ral minded people of other faiths. With the encouragement and assistance of his friends a small church was erected on th(^ corner of South Fourth and Washington streets. From tliat (lat(* his eongregation ])egan to increase so rapidly that the modest edifice was no longer sufficient to accommodate all who desired to attend the services. In 1SS*2 a new structure was built on the site of the old at a cost of §l<i,00(). It was then considered the finest church edifice in Seattle, and even at the present time is a very creditable house of worship. Hut it is too small for the congregiition and the erection of a larger structure is under way. Tliis will be a fitting monument to the zeal and enterprise of the founder of the first Catholic church in Seatths who is still at the head of the church, and is regarded as one of th(» pioneers of the city. lie is beloved by his congregation and res{)ected and esteemed for his many admirable qualities of mind and heart by all citizens, irrespective of creed or religious belii^f.

In 1866 the Right Rev. Thos. F. Scott, tht^ Episcopal bishop of Oregon, made a visit to Seattle and held service in the Methodist church, at which time Mr. Hiram Burnett was the only candidate con- was called to the pastorate in August, 1874, and remained in cliarge of the church until April, lH8;i. Kov. D. J. Pierce succeeded Mr. Wirth as pastor.

Mr. Pierce remained for nearlv five vcars, after which Rev. Robert Whitaker served about a year, when he resigned and was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. G. J. Hurchett. This church has about 300 members.

Congregationalism first gained a foothold in Seattle nt the beginning of the year 1870. On the 14th of January of that year a meeting was held at the residence of John II. Sanderson at which were assembled Rev. John F. Damon and a few others. At this meeting the society of the Plymouth Congregational church was organized. On the following Sabbath the first service as an organized church was held in Yesler's hall, at which time a call was extended to Mr. Damon to act as stated suj>ply. The call was accepted and Mr. Damon at once zeidou sly entered upon th(^ work of ])uil(ling uj) a church. Failing health, however, caused him to resign in November, 1871, and from that time to August, 187.'>, the church was without a pastor. In the mejintime Mr. A. A. Denny donated a lot upon which a church building was erected. At the dedicatioii of the church in August, 1873, Rev. Noonan McLeod was called as t(Mnj)orary pastor, renuiining until September, 1874. From that time until July, 1875, the church was again without a i)astor. From the latter date Rev. James Hall served for a few months. In July, 1870, Rev. J. F. Ellis became pastor, continuing as such until November, 188;^, when he was succeeded by Rev. F. H. Taylor^ who was accidentally shot and killed while hunting in July following. In December, 1884, Rev. II. L. Bates assumed charge of the congregation. The last named remained for several years and was followed by the present pastor. Rev. George A. Tewksbury, a very able and eloquent divine, whose earnest and effective work has placed this church among the foremost churches in thecitv, both in the extent of its influence and number of its members. After the great fire this church sold their church building, and nection with church work. For nearly nine years he was pastor of the First Baptist church, during the most trying period of its history. He was a very modest man of retiring disposition, but of fine scholarly attainments and literary skill.

it is now used for businesfl jiurposee. Services liave since been held I iu H temporary building at tln^ corner of Third and University streete, 1 upon which site it is proposed to orect a stone church building. I

The foregoing repreaeuts all of the chui'cli organizations of the I various denominations begun or [perfected prior (o 1872. From thai j date for fully ten years little was done toward church extension. With I the rapid growtli in population which followed in 1882 and 1883, and I which has ever sinee beun steadily going on, ehurchfs and religious I societies have multiplied until at the present time thore are over fifty "1 church associations in tiie city, a large portion of which have comfti into existence during the last thi-ee years. I

In the remaining portion of this article is traced somewhat briefly J the rise and progress of these late religious bodies. As the Methodists I were the first to establish a church' in Seattle we will first treat of tlie I growth and development of this denomination. I

Methodist Epi8C0Pa1

Battery Street Methodist Episcopal church was the second church ' of this denomination organized in Seattle. It was set off as a separate-J organization by the Pugct Sound conference August 25, 1884,"baviug ' previously been su-^tained as a mission under the patronage of the parent cluircli. The ])rosciit cliurcii smd piir.«onage were built in 1884. Kev. L. A. IJanks wa.s its first pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. F. W. Loy who stiil remains in charge, under whom the church has greatly prosjiered. The ciuireli building has recently undergone extensive alteralion.-J which bave nearly doubled its former capacity.

Trinity Methodist E]>iscopiil church was organized in September, 1890, and the congregation lias since worshiped in a temporary tabernacle at the corner of Mercer and Kentucky streets. A site has,

The Madison Street Metho(Hst cliurch was organized (hu'ing the latter part of 1889 and lias since erected a $12,000 church huilding. It is under the pastoral charge of Rev. W. II. Mahaffie.

The First Swedish Methodist church was organized several yeai*s ago but it is only within the last year that it has had a settled {)astor. The house of worship of this congregation is located on Fifth street between Pike and Pine streets. Rev. X. (J. Nelson is pastor.

The Norwegian-Danish Methodist church was organized in 1889, and has since erected a small church and parsonage corner of Fifth and Olive streets. The first pastor of tlic church was Ucv. ('. J. Larson who was succeeded l>v the present pastor. Rev. L. Wallby.

Besides the organized church societies nanie(l in th(» foregoing, two missions have been established, one on Jackson street, in charge of Rev. John W. McDonald, and anotlier at (Jihnan Park, presided over by Rev. E, S. Stock well.

The Methodist Protestants have during the hist year and a half made .substantial progress. TIk^ Second Methodist Protestant church is the outgrowth of the. etlbrts of a number of tlie members of the parent church. It was organized in iSJIOandhas since built a commodious church building in North Seattle on the corner of Warren and Republican streets. The pastor is Rev. O. W W. Chandler. Small church buildings have also been erected at Ballard and at Yesler.

The Free Methodist church is also an organization of recent growth. Although it has had an existenci* of less than two years it has a membership of over one hundred, and a church and a parsonage of its own on the corner of Tenth and Pine streets. Rev. ('. E. Reynolds is j)astor.

The former erected during 1890, on ti lot donated bj' D. T. Denny, corner of Harrison and Oak streets, a $ti,000 cliurch edifice. The inenibersliip lias inereased rapidly uud now nunibei-s 150. Rev, Benjamin Parsons is pastor. The Calvary Presbyterian church also erected a church buildiug during 1890, which is iocatfid at the comw of Market and King streets, An organization wti-s perfected in 1889, nnd Rev. J, E. Canny for a time oflieiated as jiaator. He was succoeded by the present pastor, Rev. T. M. Boyd.

Presbyterian churches were also established during 1>*1HI at Ballard and Fremont, both of which have houses of worshi]> and settUxi pastors, Rev. J. M. 0. Warren officiating ut the former and Rev. Simeon E. Head at the latter.

The North Seattle Baptist church was organized in 1889 by forty members of the First Baptist church who withdrew in order to start g " church nearer to their homes. For a time it had no i-egulnr meeting place, butin August of 188!l Rev. D. J. Pierce became jiastor, and from that time to the present regular services have been held. A church building was erected in 1890 on the corner of Third and Cedar streets, and no clinrcb in Seattlelias enjoyed a greater degree of prosperity. Mi-. Pierce was succeeded as pastor by Rev. Thomas Bald-

The Market Street l^aptist clniri'h is t!ie outgrowth of a mission started in October 1H88, by members of the First Bai)tist church. When the pre,«en( pastor. Rev. I. W, Read, arrived in November of that year, the sociely imd only six members; one year later it had thirty-seven, ami in Decemher tlie luimljcr bad increased to IW. The society owns its churcli and tlie lut n]ion wliieb it stands, and is now considering plans to iTcct a larger chui'di to meet the wants of its steaflily growing <-i)ngrt'gation.

the Swedish churches, both of whicli are of recent growth, the former is located at the corner of Bhxnclianl and Fifth streets, and the latter at the corner of Dejwjt and Eiglith streets. Rev. Knute Nelson is pastor of the Norwegian-Danish, and Rc^v. FA). Nelson of the Swedish church.

From the very beginning of the history of the Catholic church in Seattle until the present Fath(»r F. X. iVefontaine has been the animating source of its growth, and around him clusters all there is of its history. The church of Our Lady of Good Helj), founded by him nearly a quarter of a century ago, has boconie the most powerful church of the Catholic faith in Washin<j:ton, and is the central power from which has gone forth the influence which has built Providence hospital, the Girls' and Boys' schools, St. Francis Parochial school and various missions.

The Sacred Heart Catholic church is the outgrowth of the mission labors directed bv Father Prefontaine. On December 2r>, 1889, the present house of worsliip corner of Fifth and Bell Streets, was completed at a cost of $20,000. Rev. Fatlicr E. Demanez is rector and Rev. P. Cunifle, assistant.

In June, 1890, Rev. F. T. Simonik, a priest of Moravia to the diocese of Nisqually, began to <(ather for worship the people of German, Polish and Bohemian birth. Later he established St. Boniface Gennan Catholic church and l>v his own ellbrts has succeeded in building a small frame church on Market street, where services are conducted in the German language. Father Simonik has also established a mission at Salmon Bav Park.

It is estimated that there are between 5,000 and (5,000 Catholics in the city, a majority of whom are communicants and attend Father Prefontaine's church.

For many years after the establishment of Trinity church it remained the only church of this denomination in the city. St. Mark's church which followed the estal>lishnient of Trinity Parish, did not begin its existence until June, 1889, when Rev. Charles L. Fitchett

During tlie last three 3'ears the following acUlitional churches have been organized in Seattle: Norwegian-Danisli Lutheran, i)astor, Rev. C. O. Rosing ; German i^vangelical, pastor, Rev. J. Erich ; Cliristian, pastor, Elder J. S. McColluni, and the Trinity-I^ntheran, pastor, Rev. E. F. Keever. Tlu) three tii'st named have church buildings of their own. The first, on tlie corner of Fifth and Pine streets; the second, comer of Harrison and Birch streets, and the third on Seneca between Third and Fourth streets. The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran and the German Lutheran churches have been recently organized. Rev. Erick Heeden is pastor of the former and Rev. Arnold Janssen of the latter.

Chapter Xvih

THE business activity and prosperity of a city may, as a rule, be safely judged by the character and extent of its banking business. A review of Seattle's financial institutions and tlie business done bv them is no less interesting and remarkable than the review of the growi:h of the city in population and material development.

Little more than two decades have elapsed since the first bank was established in Seattle. It was founded in the vear 1870 bv Dexter Horton and David Phillips, with a caj>ital of $50,000. At the time of its organization it was a private bank and was carried on under the firm name of Phillips, Horton ct Co. A short time after its organization Mr. Phillips died and the firm name has since been Dex-

For many years the business of the Irank jvas conducted in ft stone Imildiiig on tlie corner of Commercial and Washington streets, the walls uf wliicli slood through tlii^ lire of June fjth. Here business was resumed after Itir fin- witlmul the loss of a day on account of the great cal.ustro]ibe. For the lii^st i'fw rimnllis temporary (juarters have been uceupiud in tlie <Vi!iiian bluck. Ilnring the uoniing year (IHDl) a live-.stoi-y bank building will be ei'eete.l on the old site, which the bank will occupy wIlcu eunii.leted.

Hortoii eainc to Oregon in IHo'i, and alter remaining a few months in the Willamette valley, settled in Seattle in the spring of 18o3. With the exception of ahont two years, when he resided at Port Gamble, Seattle has since heen his home. Through his own industry he has created one of the large.st fortunes in the city and in many ways has added to the city's prosperity. lie has heen essentially a business man, and one whose sterling integrity of character is universally recognized.

For fully ten yeai's the hank of DextcM* Ilorton & Co. was the only banking institution in the city and fully met all the requirements of the community. x\s the city grew in population and connnercial importiince the need of more extended hanking facilities heaime manifest and in obedience to this demand the First National hank was incorporated in September, 1882, with a capital of ^l")(),()00. This bank first did busijiess in the basement of the old /W building, and at the time of the fire occupied a line room in the Yesler-Leary building, on the corner of Front street and Yeslcr avenue. After the fire temporary quarters wen* ()ccui)i(Ml on (/olumbia street between Second and Third, but for several months past business has been conducted in temporary quarters on Front street. Tlie bank will move in a few months into a building erected for it on the corner of Yesler avenue and Pionoer Place. The original oliicers were Creorge W. Harris, president, and W. I. Wa<lleigh, cashier. Mr. Harris was succeeded as president bv C. L. Dinglev, who died in 188JI. In Januarv, 1890, John H. McGraw was elected president. The other oliicers are Maurice Me- Micken, vice-president, and Lester Turner, cashier. These ofticers, with Otto Ranke, W. H. Pumphrey, C. T. Conover, L. S. J. Hunt and T. B. W^ilcox, con.stituie the board of directors.

The Puget Sound National bank was organized in 1883 by the men who still control its affairs. At the start the capital was ^oO,- 000. In 1889 it was ijicreased to ?ir)O,00(), and in 1891 was still further increa.sed to $300,000. For some time after the fire the l)ank occupied quarters in the building at the southeast corner of Cherry and Front .streets, but in February, 1891, new oflices were opened in the Pioneer building on tlu^ northeast corner of .Jam(\s and Front streets. The officers are, Bailey (Jatzert, presidejit : A. B. Stewart,

The Commercial National bank was tonnerlv known as tlie Bank of North Seattle, a state institution. During ISIK.) it was reorganized and its capital stock increased to l$l()O,00O. It was formerly located in North Seattle, but on January 1, 1S91, removed to the Burke block on the corner of Second and Marion streets. Its ofHcers are, H. W. Wheeler, president; J. Y. Ostrander, vice-president, and W. Barry, cashier, who, with D. T. Denny, V. P. Stone and A. S. Miller, comi)Ose the board of directors.

The National Bank of (.'ommerce is the outgrowth of the Bank of Commerce, a state institution established in IHSIK A reorganization was effected in July, ISJK), under its present title, at which its capital stock was increased to ^*i()0,0()0, of which §iM(),()()0 has been paid in. The officers are, Ilichard llolyoke, president; M. I). Ballard, vicepresident : It. R. Spencer, cashitM*. These officers, with T. W. Prosch, John II. Elder, W. II. Llewellyn, A. S. (lerritson, 1). II. (Jilman and B. F. Shaubut constitute the board of directors. This bank is located in the stone building on the southeast corner of Yesler avenue and Commercial street.

The Seattle National bank began business in Fel)ruary, 18J)0. It was organized largely through the efforts of Fred Ward and has a paid up capital of $2o0,()()(l. The oftictM-s ar(\ (J. \V. E. (Jriflith, {)resident ; W. K. Ballard, vice-president: Fred Ward, cashier. The stockholders in this institution are also intereste<l in the following associate banks: First National Bank of Anacortes, capital §-")0,()00; Firet National Bank of Aberdeen, capital, $0(),()()0 ; Fairhaven National Bunk, capiUd $50,000 ; Port Townsend National Bank, capital 8100,- 000 ; National Bank of Pendleton, Oregon, capital $100,000, and the United States National Bank, Portland, Oregon, capital $500,000. In addition to this the stockholders of this bank have formed a separate company with a capital of $500,000 to be known as the Seattle National Bank Building Com])any, of which the officers are: W. R. Ballard, president ; L. II. (iriffitli, vice-president; Fred Ward, secretary, and B. A. Ambler, treasurer. This latter company have under con.struction a six-storv brick and stone building at the corner of South Second street and Yesler avenu(\ which in proportions and finish will be one of the conspicuously notable structures of Seattle.

8ouud National, First National, Bank of Comiufrce, Merchants i National, Dexter Hortan & Co., Guarantee Loan and Trust Cotnfiany, Bank of North Seattle, Wushingt«n National and Washington Savings, to which havo since hoen added tlie Boston National, King County, Bank of British Columbia, Seattle National and the L. H. Griffitii Realty and Banking Company.

Tlio foregoing hginvs indicute thi- irninonsity of transactioiu* cjuTiod on in Switlle, (lie volume of business transacted by the clearing house bcR' being exceeded by only two cities on the Pacific ciia^t. San Francisco and Porthnid.

been made concerning the resources and development of the banking business, heavy ex[)enses have been incurred by all the banks doing business here at the time of the fire of June (>, 1889, with one exception. They were among the most si'veri' sufferers by the fire. Business for a long time was conducted under tlie most inconvenient circumstances. For months the Merchants National Bank was conducted in a vault. Until June, 18JM), Dexter Horton & Co. used their old building which was *j:utted, tliougli the walls were left stiinding, and the banking room was reacluMl l)y a plank bridge from tlie street, while the Guarantee Loan and Trust Company, the Washington National, the Bank of Commerce and Washington Savings Bank were long confiiunl to (|uarters that a small sliopkeeper would have thought circumscribed. At the present time, however, the quarters provided for tlie several banks of the city arc noteworthy features in the substantial and rich character of thercH'ently constructed business buildings of the city. Indeed, tlu^ (juarters occupied by the Seattle National, Paget Sound, National Bank of Commerce and Merchants National banks are surpassed in no city on the Pacific coast.

Courts And Judges

IN the city of Seattle the judicial tribunals exercising their functions have, prior to the admission of Washington to the I'nion, been of three degrees, named in the order of their erection as follows: The territorial, the probate, and the city courts.

"erritorial court have belonged eminent men, nimiy of whom liave won or are now residents of Seattle, and whose influence fi-om Uid iourt has been most marked in the development of civil order ond orgunized society in Washington.

Before tht- erection of Washington as a territory in ISM - 4, the Sound country as a part of Oregon, was under the juriadietion of the court*! of thai territory, but was set off at length as a separate district

The firHt judicial proceedings of which there is record on the part of a regularly constituted Americiin tribunal, was in connection with the murder of the American, Wallace, at Fort Nisqually, by the Siioqualmie Indians at the time of their attack u[x)n this Ihulson's Bay post in May, 184!), At this time Lewis county, then embracing all of Western Washington except Clarke c-ounty, waa set apart as the tliird judicial district of Oregon, and the judge regularly assigned was PeU>r H. Burnett, But owing to his decision not to (pmlify, Vteing on the eve of luB departure to California, the seat was vacant. At this juncture Judge J. Quinn Thoinlon was assigned as sub-Indian agent to the country north of the Columbia river, and immediately came to Fort Steilacoom to secure the arrest of the Indian murderers. Contrary lo the views of Governor Lane, aw afterward expressed, he ofl'ered a reward, which was eighty blankets, for their dehvery to tlie commanding otFicer, Captain Hill, at Fort Steilacoom. To obtain this prize, Pat Kanim (IcliviTril lip six [ndiiins, his brother Kassas among the nunilx-'r, for (rial. To mcel tin- llic legisilalive aspembly of Oregon passed an m-'. t('ni]>orii!ily iuuuxiiig the third judicidl district to the Hi-st, of which till- chief justice, Williani P. Bryant, was judge.

T() JioM the Icnii of court tlius imposed ujion him, .Judge MryanI eanu' to Fort Stciliieiuim and oiieiicd cnurt <ni the first Momhiy in October. Six Indiiins were indicted. Judge Alim/o iSkinner was apiK>inted as |>ro,«ecuting attumey. and as coun.sel for the defense, David Stone, to each of whom was allowed $2:>0 fec.-^. Twn of the accused, Kas.'^iis and QiialliiHiiwt. were found guilty and without delay were liaiiged. This extreme pcMiilly Wiis witnes.-^ed by tlie wliole Snoquahnio tribe and a vast eoneourse of Indians of other ti'ibes from all parts of tile SouikI. Tlie Jiid<;e deemed llie execution salutar;-, and lliat (he cost of the nrrest ;in.l trial - npwiirds of Sli,OnO - was a sum well expeiidefl. Governor Lane took tlie view that tlie payment of a reward to the savages put a premium on murder of tlie whites and tended to bring into contempt tlie authority of the government - a view which was not borne out by subse({uent events - for Pat Kanim was ever afterwards a firm friend of the government. Owing to the disapproval of his course by the governer, however, Judge Thornton was led to resign.

The judgeship of Western Wasljington, tlie Tliird judicial district of Oregon, was not left long vacant. On Septeiul)er 17th of the same year Judge William Strong was ap]>()iiitc(l successor to Burnett, and, sailing on the United States Naval ship Sujtjflj/, in company with Governor Gaines and Gcnernl Edward Hamilton, arrived in the Columbia river on August 14th following.

Judge Strong was already a man of note, ])eing a foremost lawyer of Cleveland, Ohio, lie was born in \'ermoiit, July loth, 1817. His youth was spent in the vicinity of Kushville, New York. Jit the age seventeen he entered Yale college, graduating in 18;58. Choosing the legal profession, although depc^ndcnt on his own exertions, he was ready for admission to the bar of New York in 1S40, and went immediately to Cleveland, (Jhio, where he secured an extensive practice and gained a high reputation. He had, liimself, no particular inttmtention of seeking a judgeship, but upon learning of his intention to come to Oregon, his friends procured the place for him, the appointment being given by President Zachary Taylor.

He made his first home in this territory at Vancouver, and was sole judge lor all the region north of the Columbia river and of Clatsop county, Oregon, until the separation of Washington from Oregon. During that period little thnt was extraordinary seems to have occurred in this court; though as associate justice, Judge Strong was drawn into a number of legal broils in Oregon. He made a residence on a claim at Cathlamet, in 1851, continuing there until 18(32. Upon the erection of the territorial government of Washington, he was named to act with the chief justice in formulating a code of laws, of which it has been said that all the changes made afterwards in it were for the worse.

After the eeitablishment of the t^rritoiy, Judge Strong served a counsel to Governor Stevens, and in 1858 received appointment as as- 90ciate judgf, filling the position until 1861.

The first chief justice of the tt-rritory, as established in 1853, waa j Edward Lander, early a i-esidcnt of Seattle. He was by birth and I education, a New England nuni, iiaving been born at Salem, Massachusetts, and having graduated from Harvard college in 1836. At Cambridge he studied law, and became a practitioner in Essex county, but removed in 1841 to Indinnn, where be was soon apjiointed district attorney. Unit«d to extensive legal and literary awiuirements, he 4 possessed dignified and polished manners.

As associates of Chipf Justice Lander were Victor Monroe, F. A, ' Chenoweth and O. B. McFaddcn. But two associates were on the bench at the same time. Monroe was appointed at the same time aa j Lander and held the first court at Cowlitz Lauding Jaimary 2d, 1 1864, and in May following lield court in the other counties. His I services are i-eported to have been satisfactory, but owing to a report I that be had left the territory his place was declared vacant and was filled by the appointment of F, A, Chenoweth. Monroe died at ' Olympia September 15, 1856, aged 40 years, and was buried near the ' town.

According to the arrangcTLU^nl of ciiunlies, the first district comprised Walla Walla, Hkainania, Clarke, Cowlitz, Waliktakuni and Pacific, to which McFaddi'Ji was assigned. The seeimd jndicial <listrict comprised Lewis, Chclialis, Thurston and Sawamish (Mason) with Judge

Monroe. The third - Pierce, King, Island, dallam, Jefferson and Whatcom, with Judge Lander. The term of Lander, Chenoweth and McFadden extended to 1858.

Mucli of the judicial service of Lander was during the time of the Indian war, and near the close of that affair his court was brought into direct conflict with the Governor, acting in his military capacity. It seems that in a portion of Pierce county, known as the hostile region, which an American could not enter I'xcept at risk of death, there were a number of families living without molestation, the heads of which were w-hite men, but the women Indians or half-breeds. During the war it was regarded as remarknl)le that these people were not disturbed, and it was naturallv inferred that their immunitv was due to their sympathy with the Indians. They were mostly French-Canadians, and many had been employes of th(» old Hudson's Bay Puget Sound Agricultural company. Suspicion, confirme(l ])y alleged Indian testimony, accused these people of furnishing the hostile Indians with supplies and ammunition. Dr. Tolniie, of Fort Niscpially, was first requested to watch them, and detain them at the fort. An order was soon issued for them to report at Xis<iually or Steilaeoom. The order was at least pailially obc^yed, l)ut soon afterwards, March, IHOO, they w-ere found to have returned to their homt^s. \\\ an oflicer scoutintx there they w^ere captured and ])rouglit to Olympia, and by order of Stevens were sent to Steilaeoom and lodged in the guard house. At the same time he sent an order to the ollicer in command not to deliver them on writ of habeas corpus, if presented. On receiving the reply that it w^as doubtful whether thev could be held in the face of such a writ, Stevens at once declared Pierce countv under nuirtial law. TIk^ attorneys of the prisoners, Wallace and C'lark, obtained writs returnable to Judge Lander - Chenoweth being ill - and on the day appointed for opening court in Pierce county. May 5th, Lander appeared, and was ready to proceed with his judicial duties. Being himself a captain of volunteers, he did not wish to produce unnecessary feeling and postponed court a day to induce Stevens to withdraw the proclamation of military law ; but this he refused to do. Judge Lander therefore opened court on the 7th, but was immediately placed under arrest and taken to Olympia. lie was set at liberty, however, within two days, uud as tlie day to open court in Thurston county, within his own jurisdiction, came on immediately - May 12th - he proceeded to open court according to law, at Olyrapia, and the firsit business presented was an application for a writ of hahms eorpm for the prisoners, returnahli) within ten days. Tlic writ was hardly served before Stevens met the check by declaring Thurston county also under martial law, and ordering thc3 prisoners removed into Pierce county. The court house at Olynipia was put under guard, with a camion drawn up in front. Judge Lander, however, was not to be put down without a manful i-esistance to what he deemed to be an invasiou of his jurisdiction, and still heid the court open and tBsued a writ of attachment for refusal to answer tln^ writ of hfibews coi-piLs. To this bohl move Stevens replied by placing Lander under arrest and taking liim lioiiily out of the county to Camp Montgomery, in Pierce county.

By th'iii time, however, JudgeChenowoth liad recovered. and as the time to open i-ourt in Pierce county wime on - May 2.'ld - he proceded to Steilacoom, swore in a body of bailifi'!*, and opened court according to the statute, and at once granted two writs, one for the production before the court of the body of Judge Lander, and the other for (he original prisoners. He took occasion also to comment freely ami severely ui>on tlie action of the (jovernor. Colonel Casey, who was ordered to pliice Judge Chenowcth under arrest if he attempted to liold court, turned tlie matterovcr to Liculenant Curtis, who did not enforce the order.

On the '2mh martial law was revoked and Colonel Shaw, who had executed the Govcnior's onlcrs, and Stevens himself were cited to appear before the court and answer for contempt. Shaw's trial was postponed until November, to allow Jiini to carry on a campaign east of the mountains in tlie meantime, and Lander .sustjiined the dignity of the court by lining Stevi^ns fifty dollai-s.

0. B. McFaddeii was associate Justice -luring the term of Lander, and he frequently held court at Seattle. He was transferred from thf bcncli of OrigMu to tliat of Wiishinglon ui>on tlie oi'ganizalion of the latter. He ever iiiaiiitniiiid :i reputation as an excellent and clearheaded lawyer, ;inil upuii lh<. bcrieli presided with dignity. Off the bench he was genial and eompanionable and indulged his keen sense

Christopher C. Hewitt, who was appointtnl in 1S()1 by Abraham Lincoln. His associates were both new men, being Fthel])ert P. Oliphant and James E. Wyche. All of these judges held court at Seattle.

In the the career of Judge Hewitt there is found something of romance. For many years before his appointment he was an unknown mechanic and followed his business at Port Madison. He liad prior to this been a lawyer, but lin<l ai)parently abandoned practice altogether and reclined no further a piofessional ambition. A case in admiralty was, however, undertaken by him and his brief on appeal from the Supreme Court of Washington was forwarded to the Supreme Court of the United States. The ability, clearness and comprehensiveness of the document was at one(» recognized, and, coming from a Washington Territory mechanic, created no little interest. Needing a new chief justice for the territory and finding Hewitt legally qualified and politically fit, the administration tendered him the position. He held the office four years. As a judge he was distinguished by a strong and intuitive sense of justice, but owing to his long absence from legal studies he was unable to overcome a certain distaste for the exacting duties of a judge, and ui)on the expiration of his term resigned and retired to a farm in Thurston county where he still lives. He is one of that rare class of men who possess uimsual ability, and under extraordinary pressure or a sense of duty, reach high Attainment, but in the ordinary times of jx-ace and quiet find no'l sufficifiil stimulus in iho ivwtinls of puliHc life and preft-r to gi>end I their years in the unolwerveil round of jtrivtik' »nd dorni'stic activity. I But, whether in pubHc or private, Judge Hewitt Ims ever been iield | as an honored aud respected mtin.

Judge Oliphant, his associate, was almost equally disinclined I toward the duties involved in his office. By nature lie was quiet and I unobtrusive, yet possessing agreeable and pultivat«d manners. Hftl was much annoyed by the hlusttir and contentions of the attorneyBJ and was but little fitted for the stormy scenes and exasperating alttr-W cations which opposing hurristiTs iirc so fond of introducing intol court. After the expiration of his term he went tii Washington City I and ouught and uhtained a position in the department of the int<^rioPr| and was for many years at tlie head of the bureau of prima Jade landJ

Tile (.illuT n^sdcialc of thJM lenu, James E. Wyche, was the populocl man and natural judge of the court ut tlmt time. He became known I throughout the entire territory, and was a master in the court room. I He was a Southerner by hirth and was very striking in personal'! appearance, being tall and slender, of a swarthy complexion and having piercing black eyes. This Vtrillianey of appearance was in part due lo ill hpaltli, for he was ni^re or less afflicted with weakness of Ihe lungs ; yet liver this iiifiniiily he kept a certain indomitable contrul and never h)st liiw i-ourage. A?; t<J <lross and personal appearance he was cureless in the extri'ine. lie w\\>' highly esteemed, and in truth, beloved by tin- people. He fre.iuently held court at Seattle. His deatii occurred a few years .-*incc a( A'ancouver.

Upon the retirem<'nt of Judge Olipliant in lSfl7, the vacancy thus created was filled by B. F. IVniiison, n<.w of Olympia. He held two ti'rms of court at Seattle. A.< a lawyer Ju<lgc Dennison was clear and between himself and the legislature, he relinquislied tlie position and was succeeded by Orange Jacobs. Associates during his term were Orange Jacobs and James K. Kennedy.

Succeeding Judge Dennison was Judge Jacobs, and liis associates were James K. Kennedy and liogcr S. Greene. After tlie removal of Judge Kennedy, J. R. Lewis became as.soeiate justici'. This group of judges j)Osseases uimsual interest for the people of Seattle, since all of them became, and still are, residents of tliis city. Nor will it be asserted that the court ever had a full bendi representing greater or more varied ability. Sketches of the lives of these able jurists will be found elsewhere. All three served as chief justice of tlie territory, Judge Lewis succeeding Judge Jacobs in that ])osition and being himself succeeded by Judge Greene.

The successor of Judge Greene was Richard A. Jones. Of him it has been said that he was a hirge headed, large hearted and large bodied man. He became popular in the administration of justice, his considerateness and great al)ilities being at once i)erceive(l : and his was a popularity that increase<l up to the time of his untimely death. He was a great lawyer. He possessed a mind quick and active and well drilled in legal warfare. In the a<lniinistration of justice he was prompt, and made satisfactory decisions. As an orator, he had won a national reputation. His death, ending a career that gave assurance of still greater attainments, was universally deplored. Associates with Jones were George Turner and L. R. Xash.

Charles E. Boyle, the next appointee, dying within a short {)eriod, was succeeded bv the eminent citizen of Seattle, Thomas Rurke. He had made his home in Seattle since 187'), and had been at the front in all matters affecting its prosperity. A rugged, resolute man, hardheaded and not averse to controversy. He was early the lighter of the place, engaging the monopolistic giants which at that time were about to crush the life out of Seattle. To him, as much as to anv one influence, mav be traced the measures to break the cordon that the Northern Pacific was drawing around S(»attle. Judge Rurke is an earnest student of literature and a great reader of the English classics. A sketch of his life appears elsewhere.

of the United States District Court for the district of Washington, I Seattle has great reason for pride since he is [K'culiarly one of lier J sons, being the neiihew of J. C. Holgato, the lirsl, white man to v EUiott bay with a view to settlement, ami the son of Idlvvanl mid I Abbie J. Hnnford.

U|)on the resignation of Thomas Burke as chief jiistipe, tliu place ' was assigned to Judge Ilanford nnd was ahly filloil by him until the territorial regime termiuated in statfhoo<l. Upon this consiimmatiiii, however, he was apiwinted by President Harrison judge of the Unit^iJ ' Status District Court. A certain justiire to the pioneers was thus done * in appointing a pioneer boy to tlie first place in the new state, but more properly the young state displayi-d ils titneis to be nduiitlcd to self government in being able to present a man of its own »<> manifestly capable of taking tlie highest seat, even in a sttite thronged as ' is this by men of tlie highest atUiinnients and iinibition.

Chapter Xx

The Seattle Tioneer Newspapers - The Seattle Gazclle^Puget Sound Semi- Weekly - Puget Sound Weekly Ca:eHc - Firsl Telegraphic DispHtch Received at Seattle - yyie Alaska Times - I*uget Sound Dispalck^Pacific Tribune - The POst-Inteltigencer^The Ckrouicle - DailyCall - Daily Times - Seattle Press-Times - Morning Journal - Seattle Telegraph - Trade Jonrnal - Sunday Star - Seattle liudget - Die Tribune - Receut I'liblicalioiis.

THE Washington Oazdie, prcteiidiiig to emanate from Seattle, and dated at Seatfle, Ring comity, W. T., August 15, 18(!3, was issued from tlie Tri/Mnu' utHee in (Hympiii liv J. R, Wat>^on. Eflbrts liad liecn niiide by Ibe enterprising business men of the ambitious little village to induce some one to estal)lish a newspaper here, anil the Gazelle was gotten out as ji spoeimen copy of a 'iiaper proposed to be started in Seattle, Although this wei'kly jiaper was a four-column quarto sheet coutiiiiiing only about as much matter as appears on one page of the dailies now issued here, the negotiations did not cuhninate until the December following. On December 10, 18G3, the first issue of the Seattle Oazfftc nuule its appearance. The printing press used was venerable with age, being a machine of wood, differing very little from the press used by Benjamin Franklin one hundred and fifty years ago, and known as a " Ramage." This press was brought to the Pacific coast, it is supposed, early in the present century. This interesting relic was i)resented by Mr. L. S. J. Hunt, its last individual owner, to the society of Young Naturalists of Seattle, in whose collection of curiosities and local anticpiities it is now held beyond price.*

The printing office was in the second story of a wooden building owned by II. L. Yesler, that then occupied the present site of Schwabaeher Brother & Co.'s store fronting on Commercial street. J. R. Watson was editor, j)ropriet()r and compositor. With the aid of some friend, or occasionally a young Indian for a roller boy, the paper was gotten out from week to week ; and certainly none of the more imposing editions of its successors have attracted more attention or been regarded with more affection or admiration.

Mr. Watson was a vigorous writer, a i>racti(!al printer - as were nearly all of the old time newspaix-r men - witty and full of humor, and soon became the central figure of a coterie of jovial spirits which congregated "on the sawdust," or gathered nightly in the editors sanctum or at the "Gem," or some other place with a bar, a large redhot stove, a score or more of chairs with rawhide bottoms and a sawdust-covered floor.