Seattle, Washington - History, 1891 (part 5 of 14)

With this immense raih'oad activity there was a general business and agricultural activity, a vast increase in mining and milling, anil rapidity in settltMm^nt of tlie country not known before. It was a time of remarkable liopefuhiess and good feeling also. Villard was pursuing the most broad policy, doing something for almost every place, giving no exclusive favors to any and slighting none. A general spirit of broad (enterprise [irevaih'd in consequence.

An enterprise inaugurated at this time was the Seattle, Walla Walla i^ Uaker City raih'oad. It was organized l>efore it was know-n that the Northern would build over the mountains, and its object was to kec]) the ])eo])le of S(\*ittb* awnke to the fact that it was their <luty to |)rovi(lo thrm^clvr>^ nicnns of coiiiinunication irropective of what ca))itali>ts iniiilil do.

people of note, from both far and near. (Jeneral Sprague and John Muir, of the Northern Paeifie, addressed Seattle as the (^iieen City of the Sound. Philij) Kitz, of Walla Walla, made a friendly eall, telling of the great aetivity in his city, and that as a railroad eenter it would maintain its su[)remaey and within a few years have a pojuilation of '>0,000 ; greatly to the advantage of the Sound as well. Mr. Kineaid, editor of the ^Sfafr Journal, of Kugene, Oregon, visited the plaee and wrote a lengthy review of the situation, expressing the belief that Portland must not count too much on maintaining the trade of the Inland Em[)ire: it would in large measure go to the Sound.

Men of distinction from the otlier side of th(* Rockies, were Senator (*aldwell of Kansas and Robert K. Strahan of the Tnion Pacific, who visited Seattle together in November. Tliev were met bv a number of the prominent men of Seattle, and in conversation they sjK)ke of the jdeasure they derive<l tVom their visit and the impression made upon them by tin* wat<'rs of the Sound and of Elliott bay. They expressed the connnon ex])ectation that liere would be a great development. They gave it as tlu'ir o])inion that the I'liion Pacific system would be exten<U*d to Seattle as its final terminus. Their prediction is even now meeting with fuliillment.

Villard made a second trip to the scene of his enterprises, visiting Portland and Tacoma, in April, lss:>. At Portland \\v laid <lown the not altogether pleasing <I(K-trine that that place must be a railroad centre, like Iiulianapolis. for instance, not a railroa<l terminus. He promised a hotel to cost a million dollars, a two million dollar de[)ot, and a lu'idge below the city. Portland was not altogether pleased and felt little pleasure in the Kalama branch, the Seattle branch, and the proposed Astoria branch. At Tacoma, Villard entered into a somewhat minute explanation of certain hinderances, arising chiefly from advei*se legislation in Congress threatening the cre<lit of the Northern Pacific and the delay of President Arthur in appointing commissioners to report upon and accept the work <lone. But the dangers and difficulties were now over, he said, and the roa<l would be finished in August, lie would come to thi^ Sound in his ])rivate car from the eastern terminus. He spoke of a new hotel, de])ot, and wharves or elevators, and said that the Cascade branch would be built through

Staini>Gti« pass. He alluded to the great friendship for Tacomfl tif Charles B. Wright, president of the Tocoma I^aud company, and closed with n gratifying seiitiment on his own part. In epoaking of Si«tUe ho pxpreaaed tlu' opinion that it would ultimately rival San Francisco.

In the lant nf Angnst, 1H83, General W. T. Sherman passed tliraugii Setittlf*. He was met and welcomed by Stevens Post of the (irand Army of the Uepuhlic, and in his address alluded to the city and spoke of its future in the most confident tt-rms. His words were remarkable and croniing fi-om such a man are worthy of preservation. After alluding to San Francisco as a place through which he had ridden thirty-Mtx years bcfort^ when he could not find there a mess of' oa.ta for his mule, he said : " I have visited Paget Sound on sevorol previous occasions and have always believed that on itasliores a great eommereial eity would spring up to rival San Franeisco. I haveseen in the past, and I see no a^ason now, why that city should not bo Seattle. I iiave looked the ground over thoraughly, hence am ea[>able of judging. True, you have as rivals Victoria and Port Towiisend on. the north and Tacoma nnd Olympia on the south, but Seattle haa ft' long Btart in the race, and iu her citizens I see men who will takAi eare thtit she keeps in the lend of all eom|>etitors."

The national, and oven international, significance that Villard sought to give to this event \h well remembered. The celebration of the ceremonies by the presence of distinguished men from Germany, England and the Eastern states was, on the whole, the most perfectly refined afl'air of the kind in the history of public achievements. It was in itself the embodiment of simplicity - all that Villard did waa to bring with him a few score of plain, modest gentlemen. But it was a design upon which might be wrought any amount of elegant and even cosily display. The event itself was most significant - no less than the fulfillment of the dream of four generations of American st«tesmen. Nothing wiis more iit to illustrate the steady march of American <lomiiiioii across America. To the West and the Pacific Coast, which fondly believed that lo be looked at was to be admired, nothing could be more gratifying than a visit from eminent men of two worlds and from nearly all tlio newspapers in the person of their representatives. It was certain that the regions to he visited would make every i)Ossil)le effort to receive their guests fittingly and to honor tlieni with a display of their sul)stance and products. The success of "these receptions went beyond expectation. Every place along the road fToin St. Paul to Seattle surprised i\w visitors an<l itself. At Portland l:.he affair was an admitted success, and it would have l)een hard to ^qual it in any place of less population. But in some features Seat- "tle's reception was far more magnificent. Weather the very finest, »^?H)ft, warm days without smoke and tempered by a few haze clouds as ^re common in our autumns, accompaniiMl tlio excursionists the entire xvav.

After the entertainment at Portland - a gnvit procession in the day "time and speeches in the evening by \'illanl, M. i\ (Jeorge, of Portland, Lord Russell, John A. Kasson, William M. Evarts and Carl Schurz - the l)arty was divided, a part coming to the Sound by rail, «nd a part making a voyage hitlier in the line new steamship Quern of the Pacific. On the latter was Villard, with his family, and many of the distinguished guests.

To display something worthy of their visitors and of tbc^mselves, the people of Seattle made willing preparations. These fell into three general most appropriate lines - a gnvting by the steamers of the harbor at the entrance of tlie bay, street decorations and a greeting at a pavilion on the university grounds, where there was to be a display of productions; the whole to b(^ followed by a grand illumination in the evening.

The street decorations were unique and significant. The steamer was expected to land at the foot of Main street. At the intersection of this street with Commercial there were erected four arches, one facing each quarter so as to form a s<|uare. They were woven ovei' with evergreens and interspersed with mountain ash with clusters of red berries. Chinese lanterns were hung appropriately to serve for the illumination. Along the route tlie buildings were also decorated. The Arlington hotel, on Commercial and Main streets, had as its distinctive design shields emblematical of the states. The Brunswick hotel was hung with penons and flags to such a degree* as to resemble a fairy pfilace. On Commercial street, iit Mill, now known (is Yc«lerl avenue, tliert' was the grand arch ucross tlio tintire strwl, thirty feviM in liri^ht and U'ftring u inamiiiotU etiglc. Tlie sirntiture whs covered will) Hvorgreuna, holly and the gleaming red t'lu8t*'ra of the tiiuuutain ash. Two platformtt were erected at tlic sides, and a eirile of ga.4 jet^ were put in place to nerve as Itiminarie^i at the projK'r time.

At llio univei-sily grounds there was erecttid a iwvilion, for which.1 four thousand yards of c-anvas wen> retinlred. On an illuniinntedl biickgi-ound representing a rising sun was tlie motto "Alki." Ttiel legend Welcome to Henry Villard and Ilia Guests" was in the plautfl of honor, and tlie univei-sity building was festooned with evcrgrct-naij After all these preparationa the people were raet with jiartial disap-J pointment, since Villard's time was limite<1 and it waa iraposaible for the visitors to remain in Seattle more than a few hours, Nevertbelcj^s the alfair was memorable.

Oh the day anticipated the Queen of the Pacijic was reported in the straits, to be due at Seattle at 4 p. m. The fleet of steamers accordingly made ready, and at three slowly moved down the bay awaiting their guest within the lee of West Point The little steamer Arrow, having been detailwl for the service of tlie newspaper reporters of the city, was privileged to ho the fii-st to meet the ship. When the Queen arrivedoff the i>oint the fleet bore out from the cove where they had Iain unseen, and falling into line behind the Queen, made two eoluras aft to left and right. The Olim- \V<jh-<.t/. M'-'^i^mija; L»c>j, Arrow and Loiie Finlicrnum were on one side, and the Fueoritc, Edna, LUUj, Tillie, wnd Quern t'Uij on the other, while the Aurinsia came last, directly behind the Qutcti nf Ihv IWiJir. Tlie Eniiun Hoyward also came iii from Tacomii with about one hundred of the visitoi-s.

to tlie i)avilion on the university grounds. As this was a hreak in the programme no more than a thousand people werc^ tliere, though at the huuling and along the streets tliere were many thousands.

A speech of welcome was most apj)ropriately delivercMl hy the niavor, Hon. H. G. Struve, follow(»<l hv an address hv Dr. T. T. Minor, embodying tlie spirits and hoju's of the people as raised hy the occasion, and, of course, having flattering reference to the one to whom uildressed. Villard respon<U'd in his usual style, saying how deeply he regretted that they were compelled hy j>ressure of time to treat Seattle so shamefullv. Tliere wen^ around them extensive and no doul)t exi)ensive preparations for a reception. ''This is the third time I have visited vour citv," he said, "and everv time I have heen verv much surprised at my (Mithusiastic reception. This last expression is ]>eyond anything I anticipated. As 1 ncarcd the city and saw the great crowds gathered on the wharf. I sai<l, 'Can it he possible that these are the citizens and inlialutants of Seatth*?' 1 told thcs(% my guests, that they would see one of the most enterprising towns found on the North Pacific coast. They have lia<l very little o])portunity for seeing vour citv, hut, from this demonstration and such as tliev have seen, thev realiy.e the truth of what I told them." After this he alluded jocosely to his promise that he would come l)y that time to Seattle in his own car, hut the promise could not he kept. He disclaimed the fault and laid it upon Chief Engineer Thielsen, and delivered him over to be punished as Seattle thought lit. This hit was greatly enjoyed by the audience, and Theilsen, who was present, was called for but did not respond.

On the part of the students of the university Miss Nellie Powell, daughter of L. J. Powell, president of the university, read a very creditable address to Villard, alluding to a generous gift which he had made to the institution, and replete with graceful compliments. Villard recpiested the manuscript, and in his re])ly spoke of the value to himself of his old country education. Carl Schurz, stan<ling near, n^marked that, of all the tributes, this of the young lady was most to l>e valued. When called upon himself Schurz said that l)efore this visit he had not known that there was such a place as St*attle. This was (piite absurd, but half the citizens of America were no better informed. II(» wished that they might see what he hufl. He then gave Homc g advice as to forest preservation which sliouUi have been hooded iK-tlerj tlmu it has boon.

During the year thus Jiibihintly closed tlie i-ity was estinialed tflil have gained fiflwn hundred peo|de mid to Imve neartnl the teilj thousand mark. It Iiad become measurably known hi all the busi<| nuss eentres, and bad tlie promise of eoniptete ritilroail eonnei

Seattle had, however, to learn onre more that her pn»«perity diij nut depend upon the fuvor of any one [latron, even though that uiaoj i-fipreseutfid a great railroad interest.

The Villard era proved to be but iin e]uw(ide in the eonti.'st, and in less than six months Seattle was waging war for existence just- a before. There was no i>eace until it became evident that the city was able to stand by itself, and needed no outside ehampions. As viewed by the result, it would have been a misfortune to have had the favor of Villard determine the {piestion of Seattle'n municipal position. Such an outcome would have been no test of bor inherent strength, and not only the rest of the world, but her own people, would have felt that their position depended upon the arbitrary decision of one who had the power to decide because he controlled outside capital. Left to fight it out by itself, Seattle i>rovcd that it was its own native force and advantage that made it the im]>erial place.

While Villard was still on the eoast a feeling began to prevail that the credit of bis system was considerably strained. A report of the Noribern Pa<-ifi<- stated that the eust of rouslructioH Juid be<>n largely in excess of the estimates, along the Clarke's Fork and in certain portions of the Rocky mountains reaching as high a,s fifty per cent a])ove them. This was explained as due to certain unknown factors, such as the facilities of obtaining labor, and the geological formation of the sections crossed. In reality the work wa.s performed in many cases in the most extravagant manner. To sustain his credit Villard was obliged to push the work to the point of wastefulness, sacrificing money to gain time and keep his sanguine promises. To make a good showing for the earning capacity of liis roads he charged heavy freight on the construction materials passed over the completcnl sections. Such expedients were resorted to for the sake of the effect upon the financial public, l^ut they introduced a spirit of reckless expenditure that oi»ened the flood-gates.

The work of construction on the C'edar river road was carried energetically forward, however, 1400 Chinamen and sixty carts being sent thither about the middle of October.

To meet obligations a new issue of bonds was ordered, and the confidence and good fortune that had hitherto attended the Villard stocks were not lacking now. In San Francisco, on October 22d, Northern Pacific securities went up from 01 to 78 J, closing at 75|. This was called a Villard boom and $20,000,000 of second mortgage bonds were ordered sold. But suddenlv a movement was made bv Edsall, Hart & Co. and by Anderson & Fowler, to enjoin the (*ompany from such issuance on the ground that it was illegal and contrary to the charter, and impaired the other securities of the com])any. The similar issuance in 1873 by Jay Cooke, was by special permit of Congress, which, having once been acted upon, could not be repeated. To meet this suit the company held that it strengthened rather than weakened their first mortgage securities to secure means to i)ay off their current liabilities. But with such a menace it was impossible to dispose of their paper, and on December 17tli Villard's resignation was announced. It was also reported that he was in failing health. W. H. Endicott of Boston was select(Ml as his successor. The \- iflard stocks, however, still depreciated until tlu^ close of the year and for nianv months thereafW. The failure was so serious as to threaten a general financial panic such as had l)een precipitated ten years

.Vt Seattle there was no nwh \ohs of proiK-rty, hiiuv thciv hud Ix'uu . little investment iii the gnntml socuritipH of the company, thi' uiilyl considprable draft upon tiiu phu'o hftviiiy bucti tht^ promise of $150,-^ 000 ii|K»n the tompletioii of the extension of tin- Uenton road <in'en livi-r. NeviTthek'S.? fho cntini iisfK-ut of thuiHi^ was ehnnged under tlie new management. Thomas I'". Oakea Itwame virtually prusidonl of the Northirn rat-ilif, thongli viw-pr«riidenl in name, and it was not long hciori' Sciil.llc hud eonvinoinj; evidence tlial tliflf j inHuouccof C, B. Wriglil, in the iriterost of tlie Tacouia Land pany, would prevail in the new adniinistmlion. I'nder the munA^J ment of Cliiof Engineer Thielaen the worii of wmstrudion on thej Puyalhip branch was pushed as rapidly as possible, init his Htra)tened| means were indicated by hie announcement that there was not « iron on hand to lay the track of both this and the Green river extt sion, with an appeal to the atilMcriherp to tlie wnbsidy nf tho I«M<^^ t6T\ allow the use of iron and grant an exlcuHion of tinu-. This sign of weakness near the close of the yeiir (1883) was soon followed by a disturbance on the road among the men on account of tardy pay. The track was, however, jiracticiilly laid before work was suspended, but there was no sign that the i-oad would be operated. It lay dormant with moss beginning to grow ujion its bridges and rust to cover its track. Everything wa,s (juiescent and uncertain during the winter, but after their recent strong reliance ujwn the railroad the people of Seattle were loalli to believe that it had utterly failed them and waited for some certain jsign of either one course or another.

0|>portunity for discovering was not long ilelayeil. The session of Congress could not |)ass without a bill being introduce<l to declare forfeited the unearned land grunt of tlie Northern Pacific road. This meant the entire grant westward from Walluhi Junclion to the Pacific tidewaters with the excejition of the Jand.s along the line completed from Kalama to Tacoma, uides,s by spwiat act tlie section from Port- land to Kalama be included, and the coal road to Wilkeson be regarded as a section of the main line not to be included in the Kalama division. But, in any case, the grant from Walhila to PorUand, and from Wallula across tlie Casc4ide mountains, an<l all north of Tacoma, would upon the passiige of th(^ forfeiture bill ])ass out of the hands of the Northern Pacific and be restore<l t<» settliMnont.

Restorations of this kind were bc^'oming popular. The extravagance of past railroad legislation was beginning to be felt. A bill to forfeit the unearned lands of the Texas Pacific readily passed the house of representiitives. Legislation to scpiare accounts with the Union Pacific met with almost universal ]H)])ular ap])roval. The measure to dally no longer with tbe Nortbern Pacific was as strongly urged by the body of the [>eople, but tlu* vast lobby influence of the company and its financial connections, made tbe result doubtful. It was believed that the demand of Wasliington Territory would turn the scale. A demand almost unanimous for the continuance of the grant from the territory immediately concerned would be capital enough for the natural favoritism of Congress to base a renewal of privileges to the com[)any. It could i)lausibly be said that it was only just to continue the prospect of railroad development to a ])eople having depended upon it hitherto, and still desiring substantial governmental aid. On the other hand a decisive demand that tbe land be forfeited, by the people of the territory concerned, would, it a]H)eare<l, so confirm the popular feeling of the nation that tbe forfeiture bill must pass.

The Northern Pacific was not slow to see the bearings of this and took prompt action to secure an expression of the cities of Washington to protest against forfeiture. As a matter of fiict, the territory was divided in opinion. From Taconui southward, the prevailing sentiment was for the road. Walla Walla was favorable. Both of these sections would be in the same position after forfeiture as before, the road being already built through or near tlicm, and a road across the mountains would still benefit them at no further cost on their part. The entire Kittitas and Yakima countrv, however, were bitterlv hostile to the grant. Thev believed that it was not necessarv to insure the building of the road, and that it w^as used simply to serve speculative pur- poaes, and was keeping back from settlement the hills and viilleys of "I their region. Seattle and the lower Souud were left to turn the schI©, /

With the purpose of securing the support of Seattle in this emcr- [ gency - ^work on the Green river extension having been suspended Ottl March 11th - an emissary was sent from the oflSce of the NorUieml Pacific to the Chamber of Commerce of Seattle, explaining the embiiiv I rassment into which the company would be thrown by the passage ofll the forfeiture bill, and declaring that, in case it were not passed, Scat- f tie's roads would be finished and put in operation. Upon tliis repre-l sentation a resolution was hastily passed, protesting in vigorous termal against the forfeiture. This was the la^t lingering spark of uoufidenoi in the Northern Pacific, whicli had glowed more or less ever since thsl days of Stevens and McClellan and now blazed up momentarily OQl]r( to expire. With this resolution, and others similar, the railroad c pany proceeded to work the territory with varying success, their a being burned in efBgy at Yakima. Nevertheless they had a j showing with which to go before Congress.

Tiie action of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce was, howev4 immediately questioned by the people of the place, and a searchii examination was made to see what was the policy imi'iniuit. The | Poet-hdeUigencer wa^ in tlie van of the conftiut and did uut Ikil tu give its readers full data. Upon examination it was found that the Northern Pacific could have no interest in making Sejittle its terminu.s and must have every interest in making it subsidiary to Taconia. Mineral and timber lands worth from twenty to lliirty niillion dollars would be withdrawn fi-om acttlement in King county, for the company sold no lands without reserving to itself the right to nil minerals and a right of way four Jiundred feet wide a<rroK.s any lands where it miglit wish to buildj'thu.'i making its deeds all but worthless. In addition, if the coal roads were allowed a land subsidy, the clainis would overlap, taking in all that was left from tlio main line. This would mean the ownership of the county by the railroad, and its use and enjoyment in the interest of the Taconia Land company. To put themselves in the hands of this monopoly upon nothing more than the secret and general representations of an agent, was seen to be most dangerous. Something more than a mere revocation of the action of the Chanil>er of commerce was denianded, and a public meeting to consider the situation was called by the mayor, H. G. Struve. In popular convention or c*onvocation, as in tlie old Grecian cities, Seatth^ has done all its greatest deeds.

This was near the end of March, 1X84. The meeting Wiis held in Yesler's Hall, which was full to overflowing. After the object had been stated, a committee was appointed to (h'aft resohitions to embody the sense of the meeting. On tliis were apj)ointed the following gentlemen, umjuestionable lea^U'rs of th(^ ])ublic scMithnent of the city: R. Osborn, D. T. Denny, II. L. Yesler, (J. G. Lyon and (Jeorge Kinnear. While they were busy on their work the (Mitluisiastic audience was addressed by Judge Orange .Iarol)s, who, as a incumber of the Chamber of Gommerce, stated that tlic nction of tliat bodv was now regarde<l as hasty, and tliat it liad \h'vu obtained u)>on repn\*^ent4itions of the railroad company now reganhMl as unreliable.

The resolutions of the committee were presented in a document of some length and of great i)0wer. It was a declaration of the shortcomings and oppressions of tli(^ road. It declared that for twenty years the company had dallied, not yet having eoin])leted the road to Paget Sound as i)rovide(l in the charter of IWA ; that by the aid of the department of the interior they had put the lands of the territory largely out of the enjoyment of settlers, retarding tin* <levelopment of the territory; that lands worth $7,O()(),O0() wen^ claimed on account of a coal road, not a j)art of the main line, but within the grant of the Kalama division ; that the company sold only with r(\servations as to rights of way and reservations of minerals which made their deeds of no commercial value ; that the Northern Pacific had entered into agreements with other transcontinental lines to keei) uj) railroad rates above the normal, and had itself adoi)ted a system of taritl's ])artial and discriminating, and that the resolutions of the Ghamber of Commerce did not rei)resent the mature judgment of the peoj)le of Seattle. Thev therefore demanded the forfeiture of the unearned land grant of the Northern Pacific company and its restoraticm to jaiblic entrv.

and Judge J. R. Lewis. Mr. James McNaiight, as tlie attorney of tba ' railroad company, made such a showing for it as he deemed tilting at the time, but did not aim to change materially the Hentiiticiit of ths meeting. A committee consisting of J. R. Lewis, H. L. Yesler and George Kinnear was apfiointed to forward the resolutions to Wasliington City. Two more mass-meetings were hold and it was decided'! that the city sliould send a delegate of its own to Washington to bearfl the documents and to use every exertion to bring the true stale ofB affaire before Congress. For this mission W. H. Wliite wa.s Apjtoint^d, 1 and a sufficient amount to defray his expenses was readily Hul}scnbed. '

It will be noted that by this time the whole controversy had been 4 carried into politics. To go into tlie details of public measures of such i recent occurrence will liardly be in place here. It may be stati'd in g 1 general way, however, tliat the bill prepare*] by Delegate Brents to J forfeit the land grant of the Watlula diviKiuii, but to continue that o&M the Cascade brancli, under certain conditions n^ to construction andil the sale of lands, did not meet the apjirovnl of the peojilo of Seattle. I Seeing that the fight must be fought to a fini.sh, and that it was in the I political field, Seattle carried the question to the next Rejiublican ter-1 ritorial convention. The convention, however, refused to adopt such a declaration of principles as the situation seemed to denianil and failed to indorse the forfeiture niovciiieiit. It iioniiiiated for delegate to Congress J. M. Armstrong, of Spokane Falls, and it was evident from the beginning of the campaign that the railroad company was earnestly enlisted in his behalf and was using influence and money to secure his election. Under the circumstances the people of King county felt justified in ignoring party lines and opposing Armstrong's election. Under the lead of the Post-IiUelligethcer, the most prominent Republican paper in the territory, they gave their sui>port to the Etemocratic nominee and secured for him a majority in the county of 2146 out of a total vote of less than six thousand. Tlie other candidates on the Republican ticket, with one exce]>tion, carried the county by large majorities. The m^ority against liim in King county defeated Armstrong and elected as delegate a man pledged to urge the forfeiture of the land grant.

railroad company were avowedly hostile. The company, apparently through pure malice, refused to operaUi the road between Seattle and Tacoma, and for more than a year the rails were ix?rmitted to rust and the ties to rot, while on the entire road not a wheel was turned. This spiteful refusal to operate a road whose operation would unquestionably have been profitable, is probably without a parallel in the history of railroading.

This treatment did not seem to strengthen the regard in which the railroad company was held by the peoi)le of Seattle. On the contrary, the breach widened day by day. The farmers along tlie line of the " orphan road," as the line between Seattle and Tacoma was now popularly termed, held public meetings and throateiuMl to tear uj) the rails and reclaim the land given for riglit of way. I'nder this threat, and that of legislative action to remedy tlio evil, the company made a pretense of operating the road. A locomotive witli one car was run from Tacoma to Seattle and returned each day, tlie locomotive backing the entire distance on the return trii). No through freiglit was handled and nothing was done for the comfort or convt^nience of i)assengers.

It was not until the Canadian Pacific was com[)leted that any appreciable change was made in the treatment accorded Seattle. A steamer was put on the route l)etween Seattle and Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific, and the latter company made a strong effort to secure Seattle's trade. The j)eople of Seattle welcomed this competition with delight. It became i)opular to patronizes the Canadian Pacific, and many of the heaviest shi[)pers agreed to have their goods shipped from the East by that line. This soon i)roduced an effect. The Northern Pacific became less cavalier in its treatment of Seattle. The " orphan road " was operated more and more as a railroad should be operated, and finally Seattle was accorded the treatment to which its importance, its position and its energy entitled it. The Northern Pacific, however, made no conces.^ion willingly. The advantages that Seattle gained step by step were gained througli the ettbrts of its own people. Before Seattle was accorded full recognition by the Northern Pacific, however, the Seattlov Lake Shore and Eastern railroad was built, as will hereafter appear. The Great Northern and the Union Pacific are now being built to Seattle, so that after so many

After the \'illard failure and wliilo the struggle was in progress, Seattle saw dark days. The so-called floating population left the city and only the regular residents remained. Money was so scarce that nobody hoped to collect debts when tliey bectirui' dno. Real estate was worthless as security. Failures in Imsinesa were frequent and only the strongest firms survived. It was a time, too, of remarkable popular agitation. The people were restless. They had time to think and to exchange ideas, and tliey were apparently willing to try any novel experiment in government. One agitation afteranothcrconvulsed the community. Eauh was forgotten as the next appeared. The culmination of all wa.s the anti-C'hineae agitation and riot, to which another chapter is devoted.

This depression and unrest, however, left no [jertnanent inipreesion. Seattle weathered the storm grandly. Values were not impaired, and business was not divci't^id from its natural diannels. The city emerged almost at once from this dark period int<) an era of unexampled growth and progress. Prosiwrity was upon the (leople and thev knew it not.

The Lynching Of Howard, Sullivan And Payne

Conditions which made Lynching Possible - The City Infested with Criminals - The Killing of Reynolds - Formation of a Vigilance Committee - Capture of the Assassins - Assault on the Jail - Examination of Sullivan and Howard - Their Execution by Citizens in Occidental Square - Lynching of Payne - Scenes and Incidents Connected with the Unlawful Proceedings.

THE conditions existing in Seattle which led to the unfortunate occurrence of January 17, 1882, when three men accused of murder were torn from the officers of the law and hung in a public square with the concurrence, if not with the direct assistance, of mosl of the leading citizens, were peculiar. Tlie crime of whicli two of these men were unquestionably guilty, had been i)reccded by a series of crimes which had gone unpunislied. Repeatedly had inoffensive citizens been stopped on the public thoroughfares and threatened with death if they did not submit to robbery. Robbery had, indeed, become so common that i)ublic patience was utterly exhausted, and the whole town was in a ferment of insecurity and rage. The police and other legal guardians of the lives and property of the i)e()ple seemed totally inadequate to cope with tlie desj)erate criminals who infested the community. However unjustly, also, tlie conviction had also become general that the courts ha<l hitherto been too lenient with evil doers, and that crime had become bold in tlie face of lax justice and could be put down by no common method. At the same time there existed a national feeling of irritation against assassins, and particularly against Guiteau, the murderer of President Garfield, whose trial was then progressing in Washington City. The incidents of that trial, as is well remembered, excited the indignation of the people throughout the union. They furnished the j)retexts for severe comment. In the public press constantly appeared wild and uncalled for denunciations of courts in general, their officers and jurors, their j)rocedure and methods. The history and example of the vigilance committee of San Francisco were also very familiar to the peo[)le of Seattle. Their deeds, excusiible perhaps under the peculiar circumstances of their commission, hod, as the mist of time gathered around them, assumed iii the minds of many Iieroic proportions, and were indiscriminatiugly regarrled as furnishing a pattern and excuse for every [lopular oxpression of fierce resentment.

All of these circumstjiuces und conditions lind their influence in creating an unhealthy puhlic sentiment. They engendered a spirit ejUculated to incline the more excitable in the community to resort, under adequate provocation, to violent measures for the correction of imaginai-y defects of the law. The crime which was the direct cause of the lynching occurred January 17th, 18H2. About six o'clock in the evening of tliat day, as George B. Reynolds, a well known and popular citizen, was returning from his home to his place of hi he was met near the corner of Third and Mtirion streets by two men, one of whom, with a pistol in his hand, ordered him to throw up his hands. This Reynolds refused to do. Realizing his danger, he att«uipte<l to draw his revolver. His assailant, perceiving hi^ intention, at once fireti, tiie hall taking effect in Reynolds' breast. As the wounded man fell he fired at the assassins, but his aim was not accurate and both of them escaped iu the darkness. As Reynolds sank to the ground he called for help, and several jieraons who had heard hie cry as well as the reports of the pistols, were soon on the scene. The sufferer was carried to his home, where, two liours later, after enduring the most intense agony, he died.

The news of the shooting spread rapidly, and as particulars of the terriVde deed became known the popular indignation took instant shape for sumindry Jiction. The ringing of tiie fire bell early in the evening caused two hundred enraged and resolute citizens to congregate at the engine house. A vigilance committee was fonned and squads of men were selected to patrol the streets, watch every means of egress and ingress to the city, and, if possible, to detect the authors of the crime. About ten o'clock, four hours after tlie shooting, members of the vigilance committee found two men secreted under some hay wliich was stored on Harrington & Smith's wliarf One of tliose, a one-armed man, had a revolver on his person with four loaded and one empty cartridge, the hitter plainly sliowing that it liad been but recently fired. The other had in his pocket about a hundred cartridges which fitted his comrade's pistol. The committee delivered the prisoners to a police officer, by wliom they were taken to the county jail. Later in the evening, as the excitement became more intense and the-opinion became general that the guilty parties had btK»n caught, some two hundred members of the vigihmce committw visited the jail where the prisoners were confined in the sheriff's office, guarded by Sheriff L. V. Wyckoff, Van Wyckoff, his son, J. IL Mc(}raw, then chief of police, and James H. Woolcry, a member of the jwlice force. The hall leading to the sheriff *s oflice was soon filh'd with angry and excited men bent on vengeance. To forcibly l)reak down the door which separated the prisoners from them was but the work of a moment, and then the surging crowd, almost witliin roadi of the quivering and frightened wretches, demanded that tliey bo surrendered. There was now no barrier between tlie wild and furious throng of enraged men, save the sheriff and his little party. With drawn pistol the sheriff entreated the men to desist from violence, but announced his determination to protect, at all hazards, the men entrusted to his charge. It was a memorable scene. Before the determined stand of one man the crowd hesitiited and finally, ui)on a solemn promise being given by the sheriff that the [msoners wouM be produced in couit at nine o'clock the next morning, the attacking party retired, taking with them the prisoners' shoes in order to compare them with tracks in the vicinitv in which the murdcu' was committed.

Early the next morning the streets of the city were thronged with anxious ])eople waiting for the hour to arrive when the prisonei's were to be brought before the magistrate for examination. The citizens' committee had been industriously collecting evidence against the accused, and it was believcMl that {)roof existed to demonstrate beyond anv reasonable douVjt that they wereguiltvof the nun-der of Reynolds. At al)out half past nine Justice S. F. Coombs oj>ened court in Yesler's hall, and a few minutes later the officei*s ap[>eared with the prisoners. By this time the hall wa.s crowded and when the proceedings commencecl eveiy foot of stiinding room was occupied. The stage was occupied by the justice, the prisoners and several prominent attorneys. It was a strangely quiet meeting, and there was nothing in the appearance or manner of the dense crowd there assembled to indicate the

The pxaniiiiution commeiic«d in a ijuiet and onicrly niuimur. Thtt prisonnrH, who gave tlieir nnmcs an James Sullivan and William Howim], liad no counsul and one was appointed hy the court to protect tlieir interest, while W. 11. Wliite and Oraupe Jncolis appeared for till' territory, A nuuibov of witiiesHes were proUuwd to prove the cauHe of Uoynolds' death. Othm-s identified the priaonere as having hwii ni'Lii on the strcfls a short time previous to the shooting aud t«stifiwl that their slioes fitted esBetly in the tracks made in an Mvy thi-ouf(h wiiieh they mil after coinniittiiig the deetl. Testimony was also adduced showing that tlie pisl^il found in poseeAsion of one of the prisoners had been recuiitly fired, and that the ball found in the body of Heyiiolds whs of the same calibre and made at the samt faetory aa the four remaining charges in tho pistol. In fact, the chain of cireuiUMtaiitial evidenee was so strong and complclt- against the prisononi that no doubt of their guilt was left in the niiiids of tliose axsembleil at the hearhig. After tho examination was dosed on the part of tlie j territory, tlie prisoners' utUirney, after consulting with his cUent», said I that no counter testimony would be offered, ThereuiKin Justice | Ooombe arose and snid : "I am convinced that the evideno© is suffleient to liold these men without biii! for tlieir apfn-arance to await the action of tlie j;:ran<l jury, and tlu'v are now turned over to tiieofiicei-s and remanded back to jail."

As soon as the ju,stico had ceased speaking, indeed, almost before the sound of his voice had dic<l away, a wild and deafeuing shout arose. Tlie crowd rushed forward and as many as were able to get within reach grasped the prisoners. At the same instant the officers were seized and overpowered. It was a scene of wild and intense excitement. Resistance was useless. The vast throng was moved by a relentless purpose, mad and furious ]iassion seemed to take (wssesaion of all. The prisoiici's were hurried through the alley back of the hall to Occidental .M[uare where two scantlings had been placed ' between the forks of two trees near Mr. Yesler's re.sidence.* One of the

* T!ie trees were oti the iiortli side of James street in froiit of where tlie Pioneer building now staniU. The scantlings, grim rcniiiiders of the tragedy, remained in their positions, a constant menace to evH-doers, until the spring of 1S8H, when they were surreptitiously removed by unknown persoas.

prisontTs made some resisUince while in the alley but he was quickly thrown to tlie ground and overpowered. In another insUmt ])ot]i men were Ix^neath the bar. A ropi? previously prepared, was fastened about the neck of each and the other end was thrown over the timber and grasped by numy hands, and within one minute from tlie time that Justice Coombs remanded tlie {)risonei's to tlie custody of the officers they were dangling in the air in the presence of two thousand citizens. It was an awful spectacle and one never to be forgotten by those who witnessed it. It was the work of an inilawful combination of citizens enraged at a horrible crime, usuri)ing the powers of the court and meting out merciless, imphicabic justice*. Yet the act was done with the open approval, if not the co-operation, of almost the entire community. Chief Justice (Jreene alone was cons{)icuous through his etfoiis - vain though they wert* - to defeat the purpose of his fellow citizens. With his own hands he attempted to cut the wretched men down while thev were vet alive, and he desisted oidv when forciblv seized an<l carried awav from the scene. Judi^e Thomas Burke also did all within his power to restrain the infuriated people, but it was a useless task. The officers of the law, it should in justice be stated, were overpowered by physical force and held until too late to prevent, even had it been possible, the unlawful proceedings of the people. The work was quickly done. Neither of the men whose miserable existence was en<led upon that day was heard to utter a word after they were seized in the court room. If anything was said it was drowned in the terrible roar of indignation that urged on their punishment.

Fifteen or twentv minutes after Howard and Sullivan had been hanged, some one in the crowd suggested that Benjamin Payne, who at that time was confined in jail charged with the murder of Police Officer David Sires, should suffer the same j)enaltv. The crowd was quick to respond to the suggestion. The fire bell again rang out, calling the commitUje together. The ominous tripping of the bell, three times three, carried to the ears of Payne his doom. It was the rallying signal for five hundred men to j)roceed to the jail. The tall fencing on the south side of the building was torn down and admission to the jail yard was gained. The heavy outside wooden dooi*s were choppflfi down and tlic two iron doors which led to the «tll where the I doonuNl iimii was secreted were battered to [licws with siedges. The | trembling wretch was then seized and, with an esoort of citizens on | ciUicr side and several hundred in front and behind, he was marched [ down to the gallows where Sullivan and Howard wore still hanging. For a moment his eyes rested on the ghastly s[)ectaole of two corpeee I with blaokenod faces and [irotruding tongui-s. susiiendtHl from tlie t Hcantling. As lie looked on the dreadful sight lie realized that in another moment he, too, would die. But he did not quail. Not a tro- 1 mor of his pallid face l)etrayed the thoughts which surged through | hix mind. While the n>[>e was being ndjust«d about his neok ht; v asked to make a confeiision of the killing of Hires, but he protested his j innocence, crying out : " You hang me, and you will hang an iiinocout I man." If he siiid anything further it could not be Iieard, for aererot'l hundred voices drowned all else, and before the Uproar sul>fiided Ihe'l body of Payne took its place between those of t)ie murderers of Rey-^ nolds. The latter were hung at one o'clock and Payne one-half hour I later. At two o'clock the bodies were lowered to the ground. They | were taken to the county undertaker's and buried the same evening. '

Thus ended what is now generally cousidered a deplorable clmpter in Seattle's history. At llie timCj it was defended us an act warranted by particularly aggravating circumstances, and the public press, with but few exceptions, and the citizens of the coast generally apjiroved the act. But when the reaction came and the deed could be calmly and dispassionately reviewed, many of those who took part in the lynching were willing to admit that a grave error had been committed. Those who were leading participants in this instance of usurpation of the law, would now be among the first to oppose, at any sacrifice, a similar attempt. Seattle is now beyond the period when the administration of frontier justice could be defended on any score of necessity. Indeed, in no portion of the Union will be found a more law-abiding community than exi.sts in Seattle today.

Causes which Produced the Agitation - State of Public Feeling Toward the Chinese - Murder of Chinese Laborers at Rock Springs - The Squak Massacre - Meeting of the Anti-Chinese Congress at Seattle - Expulsion of the Chinese from Tacoma and other Sound Points - Mass-Meeting at Frye's Opera House - President Cleveland's Proclamation - Arrival of United States Troops - The Conspiracy Trial - Efforts to Forcibly Drive the Chinese from Seattle - How the Plans of the Agitators were Opposed - Action of the Home Guards and Local Military' Companies - Governor Squire's Proclamation - The Chinese Driven from their Homes to the Ocean Dock and Placed on the Steamer Queen of the Pacific - Arrest of Several Agitators - Chinamen taken from the Steamer by Order of Chief Justice Greene - Their Examination in Court - Departure of the Steamer with many Chinamen - Attempt to Escort those who Remained back to their Homes - The Home Guards Attacked bv the Mob - Scenes and Incidents which Followed - Killing of Stewart - Martial Law Declared - The City Under Military Rule - Services Rendered by the Home Guards and Local Military Companies - President Cleveland's Proclamation - Second Coming of United States Troops - ^The Home Guards Defended - How Law and Order was Maintained by the Citizen Soldiery - Trial of Conspirators - Martial Law Revoked - The City Turned over to the Civil Authorities - Review of the Anti-Chinese Agitation in Seattle.

THE anti-Chiiiesc agitation wliich swept over Western Wa.sliington in tlic latter pail of ISHo and the early niontlis of 1880, owed its existence to no one cause. It was prompted by race antagonism, by irritation at the poor enforcement of the exclusion act and by the distress attendant upon a prolonged business depression. During the period in which the disturbances resulting from this agitation took place, the eastern states were conyulse<l with labcn* troul)les. In the citv of New York a strike of the employes of a number of street railroad companies was made the occasion for the gathering of a great mob, which for a time threatened a repetition of the scenes which marked th(j draft riots. In Chicago there were j)rolonged and bitter contests between laborers and their em])loyers, and a systematic agitation resulted in the anarchist uprising in Ilaymarket squan\ In other parts of the country there were disorders less serious only because they involyed smaller numbers of men. Throughout the country there was unrest and dissatisfaction.

Tlie agittttinn on Piiget SouinI wast liut a part of the labor agita- 1 tioii which was felt from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It was not strnngeJ thdt on the North Pacific C-ooHt this distiirbanex' should lake the tbrra I nf nil agitation agaiiiHt Chinese lalMtr. DissatiKfaction \h imually 1 exprtwsed by a [irottwt aguiriHt im ojieii and visible evil, real or sv^I^ ' poseil, ('hinese labor seemed to tiie unthinking to he the prime cause of the business depression which had exiHte^I in the Northwest since the Villanl ettllRpse of ISH:}, and when the Eaatorn labor troubles spread tci this jmrtiun of the country tlipy very naturally look the form . of a pojiulnr attack iijion tbe Ciiine-se and Chinese Ifilior.

In the mindBof many waa firmly fixed the idea that the Chinamen,,' wiiu had introditcod themselves at every i>oint wbero Uibor was noofled. J or wugcH were to bo earned, wore largely the catise of the evila rpeult-l ing from Ibe buHinuss dopvcfisioii, Iluco prtyudiee bwamc intensifloAB and in certain localities, whore ChineBo labor nime prominently; in competition with white labor, it was developed into hitter bat*' oFl the Mongolian, hi." ways,. hi« methods, liis means of snbaist^noo, hiffl mode of life. Indeed, upon the whole Pacific Coast the sontiraont liadff grown to be very general that Chinese laborers should be oxcUidod'* from the country. After Congres.^ bad iwssed a restrii'lion ael. little was done to make its provisions effective. The meagre appropriation.? to secure the enforcement of the law made it a dead letter and a mere farce, so far at least as Washington Territory was concerned. Along tbe northern bonlers of the territory the entrance of Chinamen was practically unlundered. A systematic business was conducted in smuggling them in, which the in.sufRcient force of custom bouse officials was unable to suppress. During the con.struction of tbe Canadian Pacific railroad large numbers of Chinamen bad been at work in British Columbia. On tbe completion of that work tliey were discbargeil and crossed into Washington territory, congregating principally at Heattle, Tncoma tind Olympia. Their jii-esence swelled the numl>er of Chinese laborers at these points and furnished to anti- Chinese omt<>i"s additional arguments to excite the laboring element of the ]>opulation.

Thev had fouiul enii^lovniont as servants and as laborci^i in mines, in construction of railroads and upon public works. The clannishness of the race, their refusal to abandon the peculiarities of nationality, their utter inability to assimilate with the American or to contribute* anything to the su{)port of the institutions of this country, were all at variance with American ideas. These obnoxious filatures of Chinese immigration largely contributed to arouse the feeling which insisted that the countrv shouhl be settled bv free American laborers, and which j)rotested against the laboring class being brought into competition with Chinese cheap labor.

This feeling, int(;{isifie(l by th<' prolonged business deinvssion, was on the point of expression in some outward manifestation when the entire countrv was startlcMl bv tin* brutal massacre of Chinese laborers whieh oceurre<l at Uoek Springs, Wyoming, in the summer of 18So. This event, althoogh the plnce of its oecurrence was far distant, was the real beginning of the lawl(\ss ]>]iase of the anti-Chinese agitation on Puget Sound. It created a profound impression and stirred to the utmost the })assions of those* who wen* prepared to oppose the employment of Chinese, even though that opposition led to defiance of law and violation of the principles of humanity.

The Rock Springs massacn^ was not long without imitation. In the 8(]uak valley, twenty miles from Seattle, occurred an attack ui)on Chinese laborei^s (?ven more brutal nnd cowardiv than that at Rock Springs. At the latter place the Chinamen wer(\ at least, attacked when they were awake, but at S(piak the mob claime<l its victims as they slept. A l)artv (;f (-hinamen had been taken into the valley for the purpose of picking hops. They were attacked in their tents at midnight, Sept^miber oth, IHSo^ l)y a party of white men and Indians. Three of the Chinamen were killed as they slept. The others escaped by plunging into a stream near which their camp was pitched and hiding in the brush until they could make their way to {)laces of safety. A number of those who were alleged to have participated in this brutal murder were arrested and brought to trial, but it was found impossible to convict them.

During the months of Septeniher and Octol)er, 188a, the agitation continued with increa«ing violence. Torchlight processions, with ban* nei-s inseriljed with anti-Oliinese sentiments ministered to the excite ment. Denunciation of troolie lalKtr was the staple theme. Ou tb4 25th of September au "lUiti-Chineae eungrtss " with delegattw from many places in the territory, waa held at iSeattlc. This Imdy issuoi an diet tlittt the Chinese must leave Western Washington bcfo« Noveml)er Ist. On the ;ird of October a mass-meeting at TiieonU indorsed the action of the Seattle anti-Chinese cnngre>«, and a committ«>c of fifteen was appointed to effect the expulsion of the Cliiliesd from that city. Notice was served upon the Chinese warning them to k'dve Taconm witliin thirty days. As this time dri'w to n dose, the slicriff of Pierce county swore in fiome two hundred and fifty deputies and advised the Governor that peace eould be preserved by the eiril authorities of the county. But tlie large majority of the citizens of Tacomn wore indifferent to, if not in active sympathy with, the movement against the Chinese. Some of the leading officials of the city were indeed foremost in propagating sentiment against the presence of the Chinese. On the morning of November 3rd, several hundred citizens assembled, moved to the Chinese quarters and began the forcible removal of the Chinese. The Chinamen made no resistance, nor did the sheriff or any of the city officials make any att^'mpt to protect them. The goods and provisions of the Chinamen were packed in wagons, and, together with the Chinamen, they were taken to Lake View, a railroad station of the Northern Piicific, eight miles distant, wlicre tliey remained over night and wJiere one Cliinaman, who was sick at tlie time, died of exjtosure. The next morning they were put on the freight anil passenger trains for Porthunl. Their expulsion from Taeoma was conii)lete, anil from tliat timi^ to the present no Chinaman has lived in that city. On the following day the Chinese quarters in Old Taeoma were Inirned, and two (hivs later the Cliinese stores and residences built on ground leased from llie Northern Taeifie raih'oad company, were also destroyed hy lire.

No immediate steps were taken to punisli those who lia<l assistinl in the forcible expulsion of tlie Cliinese fr(»m Taeoma. This had the effect of intensifying the efforts of the liiwles-< jiud turbulent elements in other parts of Washington Teirit<»ry. The agitators, seeing that crimes against the Chinese not only were loll<>\\e«l by no punishment, but seemingly were sustained by pul>lie ap|»r<»val, <-aine to the conclusion that the best way to end thr Chinese question was to drive out the hated race regardless of trenty ol»ligati(>ns jind the law of the land. During the last week of October mikI the lirst wrrk of Xovend)er the Chinamen were foreiblv expelled from almost everv one of the smaller towns in Pierce, King, Kitsap, Snohomish, Skagit and Whatcom counties.

On November 4th, (Jovernor S<|nire is^^ued a proclamation warning all to refrain from )Kirticipati]ig in acts of violence, and calling upon the citizens to assist in maintaining hiw and order. The night following the appearance of this p]'oclamati(»n a mass-meeting was held in Seattle which was largelv attende<l, both 1)V those who had been prominent in agitating the forcil)le riMnoval of the Chinamen and those who, while they w(M*e o|)])osed to Chinese labor, believed that the Chinamen should be dealt with only in a )»eaceable and lawful manner. In fact the opinion was unanimous among the citizens of Seattle that the Chinese were not desirable residents and that their prescmce was a curse to the country. Hut, with many, reverence for the law proved more strong than tlu^ pr(»mptings of self interest and repugnance to a detested people. At this meeting sjmmh'Iics were made by representatives of the Knights ol Labor and by (apt. J. C. Haines, Judge Thomas Burke, Judge J. ]{. Lewis an<l others.

Though this meeting ha<l Immmi called in the interest of harmony and reconciliation, it di<l not have the de>ircd eilect. The discussion between able si>eakers rei)resenting ideas diametrically oj)posed excited and irritated tho audience, already wronglit up to the higli^t pitch i feeliug. The followiDg day th« situation was more thrcateniug than n ever before. On Saturday, November 7th, the fueling wjvs still more J intenfie. An anti-Chineso meeting hud been (.-alletl for the evening I and there were grave apprehensions of trouble. All that d«y ibe revenue cutter Olit<er Wokott lay off Yesler'e wharf with her port-hola open and her guns pointing toward the eeuter of the eity. Sheriff 1 John H. McGraw assembled at the court house several hundred citi- T sens who had previously been sworn in as deputy sheriH's. The two I companies of territorial militin stationed nt Seattle, conimaJidetl by Captain Joseph Green and Captain John C, Haines, were held at their , amiorj' in readiness for any emergency. Tlie national authorities J had been watching events closely, and on the afternoon of this day J the situation was looked ui)on as so grave that President Cleveland T issued a proclamation in which he said : "An emergency has arieou, 1 and a case is now presented which justifies and rt^tjuires, under thft' J constitution and laws of the United State-S, the employment of milirj tary force to suppress domestic violence and enforce the faithful execu-/ tion of the laws of the United States," Ten companies of Unitad, j States troops, under Lieutenant-Colouel I. D. DeRussy, U. S. Anny, were dispatched from ^'ancouver barrack.H to Seattle. They arrived early in the morning of Sundaj-, Novemlier 8th, and took up quarters at the Pacific House, a vacant building on Main street, and at the Standard Theatre on South Second street. General John Gibbon, commander of the department of the Columbia, arrived in the evening. The presence of the troops had a most salutary effect ui>on the anti-Chinese agitators. For a time the disturbance subsided, and on November 10th the Post- fnldHgencer said : " Seattle has been as quiet during the past few day.s as it is possible for a city to be, occupied by a military force. The best of nature has been displayed by everj'body, and the novelty of the new oi-der of things has been generally enjoyed."

During November fifteen persons were indicted at Seattle for conspiracy to deprive the Ohiue.'ii' of the cf|ual protection of the laws, under tlie so-calletl Kuklux act. Tin.' Irinl la.sted until January 16, 1886, when they were all acquitted. All testified in their own defense and avowed that no act of violence, breach of the j)eace or unlawful act would be committed or countenanced. This accjuittal, based on these protestations, went far to allay excitement. Tlie regular troops were withdrawn and the conviction ])ecame general that the troublesome question would be settled by peaceable means. The community was singularly unanimous in its desire to see the Chinamen go, and, so long as the agitation was carried on by lawful means and with lawful ends in view, there were few citizens who were not heartily in sympathy with it. Previous to this time the pressure which had been brought to bear upon the Chinamen had forced them out of almost ever}'' occupation in which they came into competition with white labor. Public sentiment against them had l)ec()mc so strong that they were no longer emj)loyed in any mills, mines or factories in King county, and their use as general lal)(>rers had been ahnost entirely disj)ensed with. Without violation of law all but a small fraction of the Chinamen had been forced out of employment in Seattle, and the question was being settled by rational means. So far, the movement had the support of sober minded and patriotic men. But the more reckless leaders of tlie anti-Chinese movement were not content with these measures of peaceful coercion which would have ultimately relieved the city of its Mongolian population without r(\soi't to means contrary to treaty obligations or of law. The revolutionary methods finally adopted by them changed the whole aspirt of the question and made the movement one in open violation of law, leaving no alternative for the law-abiding citizen but to array himself on the side of law and order.

It was thought by many, when the United States troops were withdrawn from the city, that the agitation was dead, and as the weeks went by without the commission of any overt act, this opinion was strengthened. As events show, however, the feeling was not dormant. The agitators were ({uietly laying plans and awaited only a convenient opportunity to carry them into execution. Their purpose to drive the Chinamen out of the citv illei2:allv and bv the use of violence, if necessary, was soon made manifest. On the evening of Saturday, February 6th, an anti-Chinese mass-meeting was held at the Bijou Theatre. Ostensibly the meeting was one for i)eaceable discussion, but really the time was principally consumed in passing resolutions indorsing the nctioa of Tiicuum citizens in dealing with the Chinese question, and holding up as a pret-edeut for such action tlin lynching of Janu»ry IStii, IHHX A committee of fifteen was apjtointed for the ostensible purpose of visiting Chinatown and ascertaining whether thecity sanitary regulations were properly uliservwl by tlie ChirinnR-n. This obji-ct. however, was I merely a jjretext fur organizing and nniking a Hystematie and unexpected ruid upon the Chinese population and driving them from tha ] city. The committee <:onimenced its work at seven o'clock Sunday morning. Headed by llio acting chief of police, and accompanied hy | an eaonuou.-* crowd, whicli had aiiparentiy oome together hy previous I linderstjuiding, it pnK-ecdud to Chinatown. The niodu of procedure ] was simple. The committee would appmaeli a China-house and knock I at the door. When the occupauta appeared they were asked questions ' concerning the cubic air and other city ordinances. While the eonv sation was in progress tlie cntwd would enter tlie house and begin packing the contents upon wagoiw. It was uselisa for the Chinamen to resist and they generally acquiesced with as good grace as posRiblei * When their movable goods wore loaded tii the wagons, the Chinamen wen- placed on board and driven to the oi'enn dock, where the st4'nnier Qu,een of the Pacific was lying ready to sail for San Franciscu). This proceeding continued for some time before the law-abiding citizens and officers were apprised. Not the slightest warning of this movement had been given, and tlie authorities were totally unprepared for it. The police force generally sided witli the crowd and made no effort to stop the work of removal. Sheriff J. H. McGraw was among the first to arrive on the scene and to make an effort to stop the unlawful proceedings. He commanded the raob to disperse, but no attention was paid to him. Finally lie collected a few citizens, and, when they interfered, the crowd would cease o]icrations at that point, but would carry it on without cessation in other quarters. Tliis continued for several liours, Sheriff i\Ic<!raw, Judge Greene, Mayor Yesler, United States Attorney W. H. White and other citizens making what efforts they could in behalf of law, but without avail. In the meantime the fire bells had been rung as a riignai for Ihc rallying of the citizens

' Hon. Watson C. Squire : .S'lr - The Chinese residents of the city of Seattie are being unlawfully removed from the city by a mob unlawfully gathered together. The authority of the city is not sufficient to keep the peace or ])reserve order. I appeal to you for aid and assistance. Hknrv L. Yesler, Mayor.'

**Now, therefore, I, Watson C. Squire, governor of Washington Territory, do hereby publish this, my proclamation, warning all ])crsons to desist from breach of the peace, and that peacefully disi)OSC(l persons shall retire to their homes, except such persons as are disposed to assist the sheriff and the duly constituted civil authorities in maintaining law and order. And I re(|iiest all persons who are disjwsed to assist in maintaining order to enroll theniselver un<ler the sheriff immediately for that purjwse.

*' Furthermore, I order the military companies of this city to immediately place themselves under arms, and that the commanding officers of such companies report forthwith to the sheriff of King county for the purpose of rendering him military assistance, if need be, in maintaining the law.

This [)r()olamati<)n was read to tlic crowd. It was riKHMvcd with howls of defiance. It had al)S(dut(ly no |)acifyino^ c»Hrct. Soon after this the Home (Uiards iviidczvousctl nt the ('ohiiiil)ia stivet engine house, under eonnnand of Captain (Jeorgc Kinncar. The Seattle Rifles, under Ca[)tain (Jrren, wore awaiting onhM's. Company D was under arms at itsarmorv in tlio Kenvon block. About twelve o'clock five hundred printed copies of the governor's proclamation were distributed on the streets and shortly aft<M'the Home (luards, some thirty in number, marched through the [)rincipal streets and were received with jeers and taunts. They tlaMi returned to their place of rendezvous. The ringing of the? tire ])ells was now repeated and volunteers were urged to enroll themselves and assist in ]>reserving the [)eace.

In the face of all this, howevt^-, the removal of the Chinese went rapidly on, and by 1 [>. m. three hundred and fifty Chinamen were herded on the Ocean dock. Here they were huddled together in the

WArehouse where an immeiifio crowii preventeii them from returning I to their homes. None of tliem, however, showed much inclination to I rotiini, as they were tliorougly friglitened and seemed eager to getJ away.

The men who hud driven tho Chinamen to the ocean doi'k with ] the inteution of placing them on board the Qiteeii, of the Pacijic were I prevente<l from doing so until their farca were ]»aid. In this dilemmal a coUection was raised and enough money subscribed to pay the pas- i sage of about one hundred Chinamen. These were received on board, I each one expressing a desire to go. Consideralile time was occupied J in petting them on board and the Queen was, in consequence, detainedif several hours over her sailing hour. In the meantime a writ of habfoa i cwpitti was is-sued by Judge Orcone charging that Chinamen were I illegally restrained of liberty ou board of the Queen. This writ was / served on Captain Alexander, who was in command of tlie C^«wi ^1 (/m^ /"oOT^c, the steamer was enjoined from sailing and Captain Alex-f ajidvr was ordered to produce in court tlio Chinamen on board of hi* I vessel at eight o'clock the next morning. They could then be exu ined as to whether or not they wanted to leave.

Taking advantage of the Qiiecn's detention, every ellort. was made ' to raise enough money to pay the fare of the Chinamen remaining o the dock. The city at this time was full of strangers, among whom were many who had figured prominently in the removal of the Chinese from Tacoma. Early in the evening patrols were stationed in every part of the eitj'. The Home Guards were stationed at the county court house, except a small detachment which was at the city hall. The Rifles were bivouacked at the court house and Captain Haines' company remained at their armory in the Kenyon block. Early in the evening tiie Chinamen on the dock were removed to the warehouse where, for a time, they were guarded by an anti-Chinese committee. Late in the afternoon a dismal rain had begun falling. This continued for several hours, and by nine o'clock the mob had largely dispersed. The authorities were active and vigilant, and all night were hnsily engaged in making preparations to assert the dignity of the law as soon as day approached. Governor Squire sent a telegram to the secretary of war, to the secretary of tlie interior and to Gen. GiblK)n, commanding the department of the Columbia, stating that a serious conflict with the rioters attempting to drive the Chinei^e from Seattle was imminent and asking that United States troops be sent inmiediately to the assistance of the civil authorities. A movement was in progress al)Out nii<hiight to [)ut the Chinamen remaining in the warehouse on the train which was to leave for Tacoma at 4 a. m. Whatever move of this kind mav have been contemphited, however, was prevented l)y sending the Rifles and Company I) to guard the train jind sending it out nearly two hours ahead of time. At three o'clock in the morning a eompjiny of Home Guards was sent to the warehouse where tli(» Chinamen were ijuarded bv the anti-Chinese committee. The connnittee was driven from the sc^ne and guards were stationed protecting all n|)proaches to the dock. The remainder of the night was passed without trouble.

Warrant^s had ])eeu prepare<l for the aiTest of eight of the leading agitatoi*s, and early the next morning the warrants were served by details of the militia, and the men were removed to the jail. All of them, howTver, furnished bonds and soon aft(*r again made their appearance on the streets.

Guard and the two militia companies, arriving at tlu» court house about eight o'clock. This move seemed to take the anti-Chinese element by surprise. The streets were crowded as tlu* |)rocession passed, and, though hoots and yells were heard, no one attempted to interfere with its progress. At the court house, guards were thrown out in every direction, and every ap})roach to the building was carefully protected. An immense crowd soon congregated, but was easily held in check by the sentries. The Chinamen were taken to the court room. The hearing and final disposition of the hahcai^ cory>'^s- case then commenced. Judge Greene, through an interj)reter, addressed the Chinamen, stating that he had been informed that they had been kept on board the steamer against their will, and that the present proceedings were undertaken to ascertain if this were true. He assured them that they would be protected if they desired to remain. He told them that the sentiment of the community was strongly in favor of their leaving, but that tliey W(*rf to decide what they preferred doing and Ihat thiy why i)rerfrtT'd to stay could roly upon all tlie protoetiou Iho legal I authorities were iible to give. E:ich ClHtmniaii was then called by 1 name and naked whether he wished to go or stay. Only sixteen out-1 of some eighty-nine signified their desire to remain. Afler the exam - 1 ination was concluded the Chinamen were escorted to the ocean dock ( under military guard. The Chiunmen who had been confined in the ] warehouHo were tlien told tliut tht- fare of any who desired to go to 1 San Francisco would he paid, Init tltey were informed, as the othen I had been, that they would be protected here if possible, if they decided' j to remain. The work of loading tho Chinamen on the Quexti then I commenced antl went on vigorously. At half [mst eleven, whai j one hundred and ninet)'-.seven Cljinamen had been placed on tha J steamer, Captain Alexander announced that he would receive no more, 1 as he hud ali-endy tiie full nunibiT he was allowed by law to cany. \ This left fully one hundred Cliinamen on the dock who wished to gO|.J and for whoso pa-^sage funds had been coUectod, After consultjition itj was decided that they should be sent away on the steamer George W,\ Elder, which was expected to an-ive the next day. The Qticen swungJ out from the dock about noon, leaving on the wharf tlie remaining Chinamen. So far there had been no violence, but the streets were constantly becoming more and more crowded.

After the Queen left the dock it was decided to remove the remaining Chinamen to Chinatown under the escort of the Home Guards, commanded by Captain Kinnear. The Chinamen were formed in line and marched up tlie south side of tho wharf to Main street. At the corner of Main and Commeixial streets an immense crowd had congregated. As the procession ap])roached yells and boots were heard on all sides. At the junction of the streets named an attempt was made to force the Cliinamen and their escort down Commercial street toward tlio depot. The Guards directed the Chinamen to proceed the way the were going aTid orderetl tlie crowd to desist. Finally a few in (lie crowd made a rush for the Chinamen, attempting to break through the Hue of the Guards. An impression seemed to prevail that the Guards would not fire, and the crowd had little fear of them. At first the Cinards attempted to beat back their assailants with the butts of their guns, but the latter att(.'mj)tc'(l to wivyt the weapons from them. A general melee followed. The crowd was repeatedly warned to fall back, l)ut the warnings were unheeded. Under the lead of a man named Charles (J. Stewart, large, [)owerful and mad with rage, they thronged around the (Juards, grasping the barrels of their rifles and struggling to disarm them. A hand to hand conflict had begun. Stewart was the center of disturbance. He fought desperately, and above the tumult his yok-o could clearly be heard as he urged his followers forward and screamed cursc*s at the Chinamen and their defenders. Every moment the situation became more serious. It w-as plain that the Guards would be overwhelmed by lunnbers unless some decisive move were mad(\ Suddenlv, and without an order to fire having l)een given, a numlxM- of rifle shots rang out. The crowd retreated precipitately, leaving four of its number writhing upon the muddy street. Among these was Stewart, the leader of the aasault, whose blood gushed from a ghastly wound and reddened the ground upon which he lay.

The excitement was now intense. The crowd, which had fallen back several paces, stor)d irresolute, now swaying forward as if to renew the attack and now falling back panic stricken at the sight of the leveled guns. The Home (Juards had promptly thrown a line across Commercial street, and in the vacant space b(»tween this line and the crowd lay the wounded men. Stewart again and again endeavored to rise, but was unable to do so. He utten^l curse after curse, and his distorted face expressed hatred and (h^fiance rather than pain. At this critical moment the Seattle Rifles, under Captain (ireen, came up from the wharf at double time, formed into line to support the Home Guards, and, in full view of the mob, loaded with ball cartridges. Shortly after. Company D, Captain Haines, came hurrying down from the court house, where thev had been since the examination of the Chinamen several hours before. Thev, too, formed into line. The full strength of the supporters of the law was now masse<l at the critical point, and it seemed impossible that a further conflict could be averted. The troops and Home Guanls formed a hollow s(]uare facing up and down both Commercial juid Main streets. Within this square were grouped the Chinamen, who had thrown themselves in

Finally the woundpd inon wei'e [i1iic(m1 In esprp.sa waj^oiis and j Uiki'ii to the hospital, wliun? Stowart died on the following day. Thai Bituation. liowever, was not iniin-oved hy their removal. Spoafccrs J begun to harangue the crowd, and tho oxeitomcnt appeared to iucnwae rather than diiuininh. For fully thretMpmrters of an hour the aquare atood facing the mad and ('xcited crowd, not a .soldier Bineliing. At 1 last the crowd dispersed su(Iicieutly to allow the Chinamen tn pmcwd I on their way to Chinatown.

From this time on excitement and bitterness inercasi.'fl. Dennii'- J ciationa of the Home (Jnardfi were heard on all Hides, and pntmineut 1 citiitens belonging to that organization were threatened wiih haiigiiifrv by the mob. At last a wflrraiit was swoni out in the jwliw court J charging five of tlie Home (Juards with shooting with intent to kilLf A constable attompt«^^d to serve tlie warrants, but Judge Oreone,! declared that the guards were offieei's of his court and that he would not have thera molested. Just befoiv the warranto were served, how-i ever, Governor Squire, upon the advice of Judge Greene and others had determined that the situation required that martial law should be declared, and at hall' pjist three o'cluek.lie ianiicd the following proclamation :

" Whereas, Heretofore, on the 7th day of February, in consequence of an inflamed condition of the public mind iu the city of Seattle and grave disturbances of the public peace tlierein, I, Walson C. Squire, governor of the territory of Washington, issued uiy proclamation warniug all persons to desist from breaches of the peace and peaceably to return to their homes, except such as were disposed to assist the sheriff and the other duly constituted authorities in maintaining law and order, and requesting all persons who were disposed to assist in maintaining order to enroll themselves under the sheriff immediately for that purpose ; and

"Whereas, An insuriectiou exists in said city of Seattle by which the lives, liberty and property of citi?.eiis of the territory arc endangered ; and

" Whereas, Tlie necessity for martial law within said city exists, and it isdetmed proper that all needful measures should be taken for the protection of such citizens

"Now, therefore, be it known that I, Watson C. Squire, as governor of said territory and commander-in-chief of the military command of said city of Seattle, do hereby order that no person exercise any office or authority in said city which may be inconsistent with the laws of the United States or the laws of said territory, and I do hereby suspend the writ of habeas corpus and declare martial law within said city.

Governor Squire's course in proclaiming martial law was a well considered move, and had the desired effect in inspiring fear and respect for the constituted authorities among those who had previously threatened to commit acts of violence. The rapidity with which the militarv authorities assumed control of the citv was remarkable. Three hours after martial law was declared everything was moving along with well ordered military precision. For a time rumors of all kinds were rife, and the gravest api>rehensions were entertained. The Chinese (question seemed to be entirely lost sight of The only feelings which existed were those of revenge on one side and a deterfiQfi HiMTORT OF Seattle.

minntinn to ujiIioIJ tliL' law on tlie other. The night, however, vraBM paasod without troiilik', owiiifi to the efficient service rendered by theJ Home Guards nml tho local military com panics. On the eonier ofl every block in the business portion of the city during the night u-a»l stationed a sentinel from one of the niiiitiirj- oomjmnies and a iMjlice-I man, and no one was allowed on the street unless he {josaessed a Bjieclal J permit. At daylight the sentinels were released, and during tlie daj* the streets were patroled by the militiamen. The court house, which I was the headquarters of tho militiiry aiiliioritics, was closely guarded, and a sufficient force was kept on duty to repel any ordinary attack, ' wliile the mill companies untl oilier corporations having projwrty ini the city, employed extra forces of watchmen to guard their iiroi)crty. [

The day following tlie riot vigorous meiuiures were adopted by tlia I military authorities to preserve jwace and gootl onler. Passes peniiit^] ting the holder to appear on the streets after night were grunted only J to those whose business absolutely required them to do so, and thenj only to those who could give satisfactory evidence that they had'I endeavored to uphold tlie law during the preceding ten diiya. Some I who were refused such passes became cjuite violent in their expre*- 1 sions against the military authorities and iittenipted to stir up bad feelings, but their prompt arrest and confinement in the guard house had the effect of inspiring proper respect for the constituted authorities. During the day the governor's call for volunteers was responded to by a large number of citizens. The Home Guards and the militia had been on duty continuously since Sunday morning and they were worn out for want of sleep and rest. Tho delay in ordering troops to Seattle caused considemble anxiety. Although the president had been advised of the .serious aspect of affairs and the necessity of speedy action in the matter, both by GoveniorSquireandby many prominent citizens of the town, his ]injelamation and order to General Gibbon to proceed witli United States troops to Seattle were not is,sucd until late on February f'th, at which time the following pmclamation reached Seattle :

Proclamation

Whkrkas, It is represented to nie by the governor of the territory of Washington that domestic violence exists within said territory and that by reason of unlawful obstructions and combinations, and the assemblage of evil disposed persons, it has l>een impracticable to enforce by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, the laws of the United States at Seattle and at other points and places within said territory, whereby life and property are there threatened and endangere<l; and.

Whereas, In the judgment of the president an emergency has arisen and a case is now presented which justifies and requires, under the constitution and laws of the United States, the employment of military force to suppress domestic violence and enforce the faithful execution of the laws of the I'nited States, if the command and warning of this proclamation be disobeyed and disregarded;

Now, therefore, I, Grover Cleveland, president of the United States of America, do hereby command and warn all insurgents and all persons who have assembled at any point within the said territory of Washington for the unlawful purpose aforesaid, to desist therefrom and disperse and retire j^eaceably to their respective abodes on or before 0 o clock in the forenooti of the lOth da> of February instant, and I do admonish all good citizens of tlie United States, and all persons within the limits of the jurisdiction thereof against aiding, abetting, countenancing or taking any part in such unlawful acts and assemblages.

In witne.ss whereof I have set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. Done in the city of Washington this, the iHh day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and tenth. By the President, Grover Cleveland.

At an early hour of thu iiiorniii^ of the lOtli, it l)Ocaiiie known that United States troops were on the way to Seattle and the news was received with niiieh ivjoiein^. The troops arrived on the steamer Emma Hayward al)out thre(» o'eloek in the afternoon and were received at the docks bv a detachment of the Home Guards and the Seattle Riflas. The command consisted of ei^ht companies of the Fourteenth Infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel I. D. DeRussy and numbered three hundred men. Thev were oflicered as follows: Lieutenant-Colonel I. D. rx>Ruasy, commanding; 1). W. Burke, major; A. H. Bainbridge, C. B. AVeston, T. J. Toby, C. Jl. WarnMis and (1. S. Carpenter, captains; J. A. Buchanan, J. If. (Uistin, Wm. B. lieynolds, II. Cabell, Chas. Johnson, P. Ilassen, S. J. Mulhall, F. Taylor, 11. A. llasbrouck and Robert Lovell, lieutenants. About four o'clock the troops, w^th the Rifles and Home Cluards as an escort, marched to tin* (quarters assigned them at the Pacific House and the Standard theatre. The troops hull been kept for tliree uights on a steamer at Vancouver with ] scarwly any sleep, awaiting orders to proceed to Seattle, and con- , scipicrilly ri'ttelicd tlic oily Ihomughly wearied. They were, however, iillowcii but a brief rest before tliey wore assigned to duty.

Irritnediiitvly on thu ftrrival of the troops the follo«-ing notice WAS posted in public places about iJio city, wliicb, with n previous .order 1 issued by Governor Squire for the arrest of vagniuta and those who J persisted in treasonable language and conduct, had a very wholesome J effect ;

" The President of Ibe United States lias issued a proclamation commanding all disturbers of the peace in the city of Seattle to dispenie by 6 o'clock on the 10th inatant AU evil disposed per.ionti are therefore warned to obey the legal comtoaad of the Presiiient at peril of their lives.

"All true and loya] Aniericnns will array Ihemselres on the side of lap and order, all others are warned that tUey will incur the peualty of law breakers.

General Gibbon arrived at ten o'clock in the evening. He wna accompanied by the following members of his staff: \Lyor A. Kimball, Major A. H. Jackson, Lieutenant J. P. Wisser and Captain C. A. WoodruH'. At nine o'clock the control of the city was passed over to the regular troops and the lociil military companies were relieved of guard duty. Squads of fetleral troops patrolled the town, and aside from a few arrests made, quiet and oiiler prevailed.

When the Home Guards and local militia returned to their headquarters at the court house after the arrival of federal troops, and it became known that they would soon be relieved from duty, general rejoicing was expressed over the apparent ending of the difficulties they had so bravely and efficiently met. Oajitain George Kinnear, of the Guards, who ever since Sunday morning had been on duty, and who had proved a faithful soldier and commander, addressed his comraaud. He thanked his men for their courage, bravery and fidelity to the cause of law and order. Rev. L. A. Banks, a Slethodist minister who had been among the first to join the Guards, also made an address to his comrades in arin,<, wliich was received with the greatest enthusia.sm. Judge Tbomay Burke made a neat, touching address. He said they had aiif-wcred tlte call when the law was outraged. They had faitlifully done llieir duty as they saw it. His remarks were fol- lowed by brief addresses by Judge R. S. Greene, Sheriff J. H. McGraw, Captain J. A. Hatfield, of the Home Guards, Captain J. C. Haines, of Company D, Captain Joseph (ireen. Lieutenant L. K. Dawson and Sergeant J. H. Lewis of the Seattle Rifles, Captain C. A. Kinnearof the University Cadets,* Mayor Yesler, Alfred Ilohnan and Governor Squire.

The Seattle fire department rendered valualde service throughout these trying days. Immediately after K^arning of the attempt to force the Chinamen out of the city, on Sunday morning, Chief of the Department Gardner Kellogg organiztMl his men into a fire patrol, and every hour from thai time initil the* citv was turned over to the control of the federal trooj)s, the firemen patrolled Chinatown, guarded their engine houses and ecpiipuK^nts and performed otlier police service.

With the arrival of the Fe<leral troops the task of maintaining the order alreadv secun^l hv the citizen soldiers wns an eit^v one. For four days the people of Seattle had been solely de[)endent upon themselves, and their courage and ])atriotism forced violence to retreat and secured the supremaey of the law. Unitedly and determinedly the patriotic element of the community organized into a force which put down disturbers and restored order. For a tim(* the rioters and their sympathizers evinced the most intense hatred toward the Home Guards for firing upon the inol) on Monday morning. But it should be remembere<l that this was an organization of citizens ettected in November and legally invested with |)ower to maintain the peace. Each member had been sworn in as a deputy sheriff. There was no formal order to fire. AVhen tluM'olumn starttnl up the street Captain Kinnear, who was in command, told his men to [n'otect themselves and their charge, and if it became necessary in doing this to shoot, to do so without s[)ecial order. The men endured insults without response and it was only when it came to blows, and the attempt was made to disarm them, that Ukt fired. Speaking of this event it was tersely and truthfully said by the Portland Omjonian at the time : " It was infinitely better that this thing should be doni* as it was done, by

*The University Cadets, numbering tweiity-fivo members, offered their services to the local authorities on the diy foUowing the riot, and were sworn into the service of the territory under command of officers of the Seattle Rifles.

citizens of the U'rritory under territorial authority, than by Federal 1 troops. It is not well to luuti lieljilessly ou the national power. The I American capacity to govern it-self so ndniirably tlenionstrated at I Seattle, would not long iixist witliout tlu> habit and sense of rwijousi-f bility. An occurrenee like this at an cftrly tiuio in the historj' of al gtute, is likijly to have great etfect on iU character for all future time. 1 Never so long as this atHiir is remembenMl will it be imagined Uiat the J Washington militia ' won't fire.' The citixen soldiery has made itself I respected, not only rit Uie [irescnl time but for the future. And in I making iUelf resjMJcted it takes upon itwlf a severer sense of dutyl and an inspiring tradition. If tlio riot had Ix-cn quelled by nationail troops there would have heen danger of its renewal as soon as ther troops were withdntwn, Thu lesson is wholesomer and more lasting! from having been given precisely as it was." This view of the case now after the lapse of time when eool and dispassionate judgment catil be rendered, is generally conceded to have been fair and just.

It should also be stated that not a man of the little band who, witi guns in their hands and at risk of their lives, stood for nearly an houi protecting the cowering wretches whom they surrounded on Sunday morning, was a friend to the Chinese in the sense of desiring that they^ should take tlie places of wliite men, or even remain here pennuneutly. Not a man of the many who for four days prevented riot and disorder desired the presence of the Chinese. But it was realized that they were here by authority of the government and entitled to the protection of the law. These men stood, not as the friend of the Chinese, but to maintain the integrity and faith of the nation. In their action was evinced the highest order of patriotism, the spirit which in the face of danger protected in its legal rights a class utterly despised, a spirit which was never overwhelmed by a mob in any American city. This feature of this memorable period in Seattle's history was so clearly stated in an issue of the PoKl-InkU'tgcnccr at the time that no excuse is necessary for insc^rting it at this point ;

"The citizens did not leave their homes and ri.sk their lives to protect the Chinamen because they loved tliem, or because they were not nnxiouN for tlicni to leave the city and eouiitry. On the contrary, among those who enrolled themselves in defense of the laws were many who liad long b(^en known by their outspoken friendship for American hibor and their uncpialitied opposition to th(» inii)ortation of either tlie coolie labor of Asia or the [)anper labor of Kurope. It was not a (piestion of frirndship for or hostility to Chinese labor, but a (piestion of su[)porting the laws or of secini^ them disreganled. The voice that ealle<l these men to arms was th<' voicr of patriotism an<l of honor. It was a voice that has ever been heanl when the eountrv was in danger, or when it.s laws wen* violate<l, nnd it is a voice that has never gone unanswered, a voice that never will uo inianswered so long as tliere live men capable of ajjjjrecintin;:: the grnndeur of American institutions. The tight was nuidr for Amcrien - not for China. It was a struggle to uphold the law - not n stin^ule nmdc in the interest of the Chinese.

"The city has reason to be [>roud of it- citi/.cn soldiers. In all the dangers and difficulties of the pnst four «hiys tiny did not tlinch. The most arduous and disagreeable duties were [nrfonneil without a murmur, and with a spirit of obedience nnd lovaltv that cannot be too highly commended. I*atient through long watches, cheerful and ready when all but dropping from want of re>t .'ind exhaustion, firm and unyielding in the lace of danger, they cannot be too highly praised. No veteran ever deserve<l bis lH>n(»i-s better than <lo our gallant young soldiers. The citi/ens will not forget them or the splendid spirit they disi)layed."

In the forenr)on of Thursdav. Febniarv llth, the Home (niards, the Seattle Kifles, Company I), the Cniversity Cadets, and tin* members of Governor Scpi ire's statf, pursuant to order, met at the court house to receive their final onlers. The governor rea<l to them a general order in which was recited the valuable servic<'s thev had nuidered during the preceding five days, and that " not only the p(M)ple of this territory, but the people of thi^ entire Cnitecl States have cause to thank vou for the fearless an<l d(»t(M-mine(l manner in which vou <lefended vour hom(\s and the laws and treaties of vour eountrv. The confidence of the peo[)le of the territory is secure in this, that her citizen soldiers are ever ready to uphold and maintain her dignity. The governor takers this occasion, in behalf of the people of thi* territory, to thank vou alias soldiers and citizens for the noble and conscientious