Duluth Township (part 4 of 15)

Chapter Xxv The Civil And Spanish Wars

Men of St. Louis County have participated in all the wars in which this nation has engaged, i.e., in those of their time. The War of the Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War were all before the time of the pioneers of St. Louis County ; and while many of the pioneer families of the county were of colonial descent, and in consequence probably contributed to the strength of Washington's forces, it hardly seems possible that any soldier of the Revolution lived within the borders of St. Louis County. Some soldiers of the War of 1812 may have, but they are not of record. It is possible that some of the early settlers were veterans of the Mexican campaign, but of them even there is no authentic record. St. Louis County, as a white settlement, was still in its infancy, and very sparsely populated in the early '60s ; nevertheless, to the limit of its strength, it gave of its best to the Federal cause, and shares with Minnesota a glorious Civil war record, men of St. Louis County rallying to the first regiment offered to Lincoln - the first in the whole country. That distinction, that unique honor, will be referred to later in this chapter.

When the call to arms came in 1861, only the fringe of St. Louis County had been settled, and the inhabitants of the few little hamlets of the North Shore were denied the partiotic urge that in later wars swept most of the full-blooded and right-minded young men into the military forces. There was no chance of organizing a Duluth battalion in 1861 ; nor even a company. The patriots of that outpost of civilization who felt the military "urge," who felt a patriotic desire to strike with the federal forces at the section which refused governance by the principles of liberty to all, had to warm their patriotism by stern and long-sustained resolution. They had to depart singly, at their own expense, and in some cases go long distances before they could reach the place where they could enlist. And then, to an extent, they were among strangers. The young men of later wars had a different experience ; they rallied in their home town to the colors ; they had their schoolmates as comrades ; and they left their home town cheered by the handgrips of friends, and the expressions of love and admiration from their own relatives. It was different in 1861. For instance, consider the case of Robert Emmit Jefferson. He had married in 1859, and, says Carey:

After the breaking out of the Civil war, Mr. Jefferson and his wife and baby girl left Duluth for his old home in St. Anthony Falls, going back by way of the grand portage of the Fond du Lac, up the St. Louis and Savannah rivers, down Prairie and Tamarac rivers into Sandy Lake, and down the Mississippi to St. Anthony. Before starting on their trip Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson stopped with the writer at Oneota, while preparing for the journey. It was considered by all that their journey would be extremely tedious and a dangerous one for Mrs. Jefferson and the baby; yet theredid not seem to be any other way for them to get out of the country. In that year, while there were not many people at the Head of the Lakes, those that remained had very little left after the year of the panic (1857). There was no money in the country, nor any employment that could afford a living. It was one of those "fish and potato" years, when the people had to resort, in part at least, to the Indian style of living. Mr. Jefferson was without money and therefore could not go around by lake, nor could he pay $35 fare for stage by way of the military road to St. Paul.

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He was not so well prepared for the trip as Duluth was 200 years before, yet he concluded to face the perils. * * * After a perilous * * * trip he reached his old home.

Jefferson enlisted, and within a year had given up his life, his wife dying- soon afterwards. However, the little girl, who by the way was the first white child born within the original village of Duluth, lived to reach maturity and a happy marital state. Yet, their parents entered upon their patriotic purpose in '61 with a firm resolution and devotion to country. Many others left Duluth and the Head of the Lakes in much the same unostentatious way during the dark years of the early 'GOs. No draft was demanded of Duluth until the war was far spent, and then it was disclosed that Duluth had practically fulfilled her moral liability by the call of the heart. Her sons had already gone into the thick of the struggle, fearlessly and by their own election ; they had volunteered, many of them in the first year.

Doras Martin's case is another instance of grim determination to fight for his country, no matter what obstacles came to prevent it. He was well over sixty years old, had no money, but he borrowed $25 to go to St. Paul to enlist. There he was rejected, his gray hair and whiskers belieing his statement of age. But he dyed his hair, and crossed into Wisconsin, where he was admitted into the 30th Wisconsin Regiment as a man of forty years. He served until June 15, 1865, then being discharged at Louisville, Kentucky, for physical disability.

He returned to Duluth, proud of his military record, and proud of his uniform, as every war veteran has a right to be. So proud indeed of it that he had resolved to die in the national uniform. And as he was then "nearing seventy years," and had many premonitions of death, he was wont, it is said, to dress often in his regimentals. One morning, in 1867, he was found motionless, seated in his chair near the open door of his cottage, in full uniform, even to his hat. He was dead. But the sturdy old patriot, quadroon though he was supposed to be, was reverently given the last rites of a soldier of tlie nation. Dressed in "Blue," the uniform of honor, he was given full military honors, and buried in Franklin Square, Minnesota Point. Later his body was removed to the Soldiers' Rest, in Forest Hill Cemetery, his grave being No. 7, of Tier No. 1.

In 1861, when the southern states rebelled, and the Civil war in all of its sad and sorrowful features had become an accomplished fact, the Head of the Lakes had not recovered from the (money) panic and depression of 1857. During the summer of 1861, many of those that yet remained departed, some with the patriotic spirit to enlist in the Union army, some went to St. Paul, others to their homes in other states, and others to their old homes in Canada (not being citizens). * * *

In 1860 the total population of St. Louis County was given as 406. * * * In 1862, the total enrollment of ablebodied men in St. Louis County subject to draft was only 46. * * * This shows a remarkal)le thinning out in two years. There was no call for .a draft of recruits for the army until 1864; in that year there were three calls - on February 1, March 14 and July 2. There were required from St. Louis County under the three calls a total of 23, and a total credit of 21, as furnished up to October 31, 1864. * * * Sixteen were volunteers, and live received bounties of pul)lic money voted by the county commissioners. During the six months in which those draft calls were made active steps were taken by interested citizens through the adjutantgeneral of the state and all other available sources, to obtain credit for all the volunteers from St. Louis County that had been enlisted since the beginning of the war, whether they enlisted in Minnesota, or in any other state; and in this way the credit of sixteen volunteers was obtained up to the last call of President Lincoln, in July, 1864, for 500,000 more men; then St. Louis County lacked seven more men to fill her quota.

On September 12, 1864, an appropriation of $1,500 was made by the board of county commissioners for bounties for volunteers, and at the same session a levy of 8 mills on the dollar was made on the property of the county, to make good that amount.

A few individuals that were anxious to avoid draft raised some "greenbacks," which they contributed to the county fund. This bounty had the effect of inducing five more men to enlist before October 31.

Judge Carey could not recall the names of many of the sixteen volunteers, but remembered that among them were : Col. J. B. Culver, Freeman Keene, John G. Rakowsky, Julius Gogarn, Robert P. Miller, William C. Bailey, and Alonzo Wilson, also of course Robert E. Jefferson. The names of the other pioneer residents of St. Louis County who served will probably be found included in the roster painstakingly prepared for this compilation by the late Asa Dailey, of Duluth.

Considering the Civil war record of St. Louis County as it now is, i.e., including in the record those of the residents of St. Louis County who served in the Civil war and afterwards took up abode within the county, as well as those who enlisted from St. Louis County, the roster is a large one, and connects the county with many distinguished regiments. As will be seen by referring to the list, men who then or later were of St. Louis County, were found upon the rosters of many regiments of many states. It would not be possible to here review the records of all the regiments in which men of the county served, but brief reference might be appropriately made to the distinguished records of Minnesota regiments. In every one of the famous Minnesota regiments from the First to the Eleventh were men who are registered as of St. Louis County. The lists before the writer of this review give the names of 581 soldiers of Civil war service claimed to be of St. Louis County; and among them are fifty-eight who served in Minnesota military units.

Regimental Records. - The State of Minnesota was not four years old when, on April 13, 1861, Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina, surrendered to the forces of secession. Washington officials and President Lincoln knew of it that night, but the country in general knew nothing of it, and not many of the people of Washington sensed its real significance. There was one man in the Federal capital, however, who immediately grasped the dire portent of the message from Sumter; he was a sturdy pioneer of the Territory of Minnesota. Alexander Ramsey, then governor of the state. He was in Washington on state business at that time, and with the characteristic quickness of action and thought had resolved that Alinnesota should be one of the first states to prove its loyalty to the principles for which Lincoln and the Republic stood. Impatiently he waited for night to pass. With daylight he took action. It is said that "early on the morning of the 14th, Alexander Ramsey, governor of Minnesota, * * * presented in person to President Lincoln his written offer of 1,000 men for the suppression of the rebellion. It was then stated by the president, and the fact has never been controverted, that this tender was the first response to the President's call for 75,000 men." Thirty years later, ex-Governor Ramsey, in a public address, stated:

In the month of April, 1860, upon ofificial business as governor of Minnesota, I was called to the City of Washington. * * * Qn Saturday night,

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April 13, * * * Washington was deeply moved by the intelligence that Fort Sumter * * * had been attacked * * * and * * * had surrendered. Early Sunday morning, accompanied by two citizens of Minnesota, I visited the War Department and found the secretary (Cameron) with his hat on and papers in his hand, about to leave his office. I said: "My business is simply, as governor of Minnesota, to tender a thousand rncn to defend the Government." "Sit down immediately," he replied, "and write the tender you have made, as I am now on my way to the President's mansion." This was quickly done, and thus Minnesota became the first to cheer the President by offers of assistance in the crisis which had arrived.

Surely a proud distinction for a region then in its first decade of statehood. The offer was accepted, and enlistments began next day, April 15th, at St. Paul and other places.

Probably Governor Ramsey had reckoned that one thousand men would more than meet the quota expected of the young state, which when created in 1857 had a population of only 150,000, many thousands of whom were of the red race. Yet, before the four years of war were over Minnesota had "furnished 25,052 Union soldiers," or "72 per cent of her presidential vote in 1860, and 14 per cent of her entire population in that year." Ten per cent, or twenty-five hundred men gave their lives to the nation, "and probably as many more died after their discharge as the direct result of wounds received or disease contracted" during military service.

Major Battles. - The mortality among men of Minnesota was deplorable, yet the fame of Minnesota regiments of the Civil war is immortal. "Official reports show that Minnesota regiments were engaged in all the sixteen leading battles of the war. * * * Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, Wilderness, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, Manassas, Shiloh, Stone River, Chickamauga, Petersburg, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Nashville, and Atlanta. * * * The FirstMinnesota at Gettysburg, the Second Minnesota at Chickamauga, the Third Minnesota at Fitzhugh's Wood, the Fourth Minnesota at Vicksburg, the Fifth Minnesota at Corinth and Nashville left much conclusive evidence of their prowess that no story of either battle is complete which does not make acknowledgment of their effective participation."

And through the greater part of the national strife, when Minnesota was stripped almost bare of its man-power to keep the Union flag in the van, the few that remained in the home sector had to be almost constantly on guard lest the restless and cruel Indian at their very frontier, in fact within their borders, might get beyond control and manifest their traditional hatred of white people by bloody massacres in outlying settlements. Once they did get beyond control, as has been elsewhere narrated. It was a trying time, yet those who lived through the Civil war period look back in reminiscence to that period as "glad grand days," as they really were, for in that period, as during the periods of other serious wars, the Revolution, the Spanish and World wars, men and women, young and old. were enthused by a spirit of unselfishness, of loyalty to and consideration for others, of patriotism to the nation ; they were filled with that exaltation of service in a righteous cause which makes sacrifice glorious, and hardship a privilege. The soldiers that went to war left the capital of Minnesota thrilled by the enthusiasm and courage displayed by everyone. The First Regiment left St. Paul (Fort Snelling) on June 22, 1861, at 5 o'clock in the morning; yet the "town was out," a vast crowd to "see them off" at the lower levee, and at 8 :;5() A. M., the line of boats cast off, "the band playing a lively air, the crowd on the shore and the soldiers cheering lustily," all proud to enter upon personal sacrifices for the nation, and thinking it "a glorious day" even though tears came to the eyes of some at the same time.

First Minnesota Infantry. - The First Regiment of Minnesota volunteers, which became an infantry unit, was organized in April, 1861, and originally commanded by Col. Willis A. Gorman, former territorial governor of Minnesota. Ordered to Washington, District of Columbia. June 14, 1861; embarked, June 21. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes : Bull Run and Edward's Ferry, 1861 ; Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale and Nelson's Farm, Malvern Hill, Vienna, Antietam, Charleston, first Fredericksburg, 1862 ; second Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and Bristow Station, 1863. Discharged at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, May 5, 1864, At Gettysburg, out of 252 men engaged, the First lost 205, "the greatest relative casualty list suffered by any command during the war."

The following named men of St. Louis County were upon the rosters of the First Regiment: E. A. Austin, W. H. Bassett, G. H. Durphin, J. J. Egan, E. H. Foster, W. H. Johnson, E. R. Jefferson, R. E. Jefferson, J. O. Milne, Thos. H. Pressnell, Franklin Paine, and John Young.

Second Minnesota Infantry. - The organization of the Second Regiment of Minnesota volunteers was entered upon even before the first had left St. Paul. Officially, the .Second Regiment was recorded as having been organized in July, 1861. It was originally commanded by H. P. Van Cleve, a. West point graduate, a veteran of the Black Hawk war. He became a brigadier-general in 1862. The Second Regiment was ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, in October, 1861, and became part of the Army of the Ohio. Engaged in the following campaigns, battles, and sieges: Mill Spring, siege of Corinth, Braggs Raid, Perryville, 1862 ; skirmishes of the Tullahoma campaign, Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge, 1863. The regiment was veteranized in January, 1864, and joined Sherman's forces for the Atlanta campaign, taking part in the following engagements : Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, 1864; Jonesboro ; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas ; Bentonville, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, July 11, 1865. The regiment "covered itself with laurels" in the battle of Chickamauga, and "few Minnesota regiments, if any, performed more long and laborious marches."

St. Louis County men of the Second Regiment were : J. N. Barncard, A. C. Bentley, Thomas Bowen, J. W. Burbank, M. C. Russell, and R. W. Sanburn.

Third Minnesota Infantry. - The Third Regiment was organized in October, 1861, and originally commanded by Col. Henry C. Lester, of Winona. Ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, in March, 1862 ; thence to St. Louis, Missouri, and to Minnesota. Engaged in Indian expedition of 1862. Participated in battle of Little Rock, Arkansas, November, 1863. Veteranized in January, 1864. Engaged at Fitzhugh's Woods, March 30, 1864; ordered to^Pine Bluff, Arkansas, April, 1864; mustered out Devall's Bluff, September 2, 1865; discharged Fort Snelling. Regiment was conspicuous at Fitzhugh's Woods.

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John B. Sanborn. Ordered to Benton Barracks, Missouri, April 19, 1862. Participated in: Siege of Corinth, April 1, 1862; luka, September, 1862; Battle of Corinth, October, 1862; Siege of Vicksburg, Raymond. Jackson, Champion Hills, assault on Vicksburg and capture of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863; Mission Ridge, November, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Allatoona, October, 1864; Sherman's march through Georgia and Carolinas ; Bentonville, March 20, 1865; Raleigh, 1865. Mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 19, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling.

St. Louis County men on rosters of Fourth Regiment : U. S. Ayers, Brady Johnson, W. B. Patton, Charles Stewart, Fred Stauff, E. A. Tyler, and W. H. Van Valkenberg.

Fifth Minnesota Infantry. - Organized May, 1862, Col. Rudolph Borges'rode of Shakopee. Col. Lucius F. Hubbard of Red Wing later in command. Ordered to Pittsburg Landing, May 9, 1862. Left three companies in Minnesota for garrison duty. Regiment in many battles in 1862', including Siege of Corinth, April-May; Battle of luka, September, 1862; Corinth, October, 1862. Minnesota detachment engaged with Indians at Redwood, Minnesota, August 18, 1862 ; Siege of Fort Ridgely, August 20-22, 1862; Fort Abercrombie, D. T., August, 1862. Regiment with Sixteenth Army Corps saw heavy " fighting in 1863, including: Jackson, Siege of Vicksburg, Assault of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond, 1863. The regiment was at Fort DeRussey, Louisiana, in March, 1864; then followed the Red River fighting, March-May ; Lake Chicot, June, and Tupelo. July, 1864. In that month the regiment was veteranized. In August it engaged in the Battle of Abbeyville. Ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, in November, 1864, it took part in battle of Nashville, December 15-16. In April, 1865, it was at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and finally, on September 6, 1865, was mustered out in Demopolis, Alabama.

Sixth Minnesota Infantry. - Organized August, 1862. Ordered to participate in Indian expedition forthwith. In battle with Indians at Birch Coulee, September 2, and Wood Lake, September 22. 1862, Garrison duty, frontier posts, next eight months, then actively in field against Indians. Three engagements. Similar garrison duty September, 1863 to June, 1864, then leaving for Helena, Arkansas, Ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, November, 1864. thence to New Orleans, January, 1865. With Sixteenth Army Corps engaged at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Col. A. D. Nelson, original commander, was ordered to frontier before the organization was completed but he soon resigned and Col. Wm. Crooks appointed.

Seventh Minnesota Infantry. - Organized in August. 1862*. Col. Stephen Miller, of St. Cloud, commanding. Participated Indian expedition, 1862; battle Wood Lake, Minnesota. September 22. Garrison duty frontier until May. 1863. Actively in field against Indians that summer; engagements July 24, 26 and 28. Ordered St. Louis. Missouri, October 27, 1863; thence to Paducah, Kentucky, April. 1864; thence to Memphis. Tennessee, Assigned to Sixteenth Army Corps, June, participating in: liattle of Tupelo. July; Tallahatchie. .August; pursuit of I'rice from Arkansas to Missouri; P>attle of Nashville. Tennessee, December, 1864. Last engagements Spanish Fort and Fort

Lt.-Col. Wm. R. Marshall, later governor of state, may be claimed as St. Louis County man, being one of pioneer townsite owners on the North Shore in the '50s ; but the men of the Seventh Regimer^t shown on St. Louis County rosters are Frank Burke, John Hagadon, McNeil, and Thos. Stokes.

Eighth Minnesota Infantry. - Organized August, 1863, Col. Minor T. Thomas, of Stillwater, commanding. At frontier posts until May, 1864, when regiment took field against Indians. Distinguished itself at Tah-cha-o-ku-tu, July 28, 1864, Little Missouri River, that engagement being only one against Indians commemorated in oils, the famous picture now hanging in the Minnesota State Capitol.

Other engagements of Eighth Infantry include battles against Confederate troops, the record including Battle of the Cedars, Wilkinson's Pike, Tenn., December, 1864, and near Murfreesboro same month. Regiment took part in battles of Kingston, March, 1865, and was mustered out at Charlotte, North Carolina, July 11, 1865.

Ninth Minnesota Infantry. - Organized August, 1862, Col. Alex. Wilkins, of St. Paul, commanding. At frontier posts until September, 1863, then ordered to St. Louis, Mo.; Garrison duty, Missouri, until May, 1864, then going to Memphis. Later engagements: Guntown expedition, June, 1864; Oxford expedition, August, 1864; Tallahatchie, August, 1864; pursuit of Price, Arkansas to Missouri; battles of Nashville, Tennessee, December, 1864; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 24, 1865.

Tenth Minnesota Infantry. - Organized August, 1862, Col. James H. Baker, of Mankato, commanding. Frontier duty until June. 1863. In field against Indians during summer; engaged July 24, 26 and 28th. At St. Louis, Missouri, October, 1863 ; Columbus, Kentucky. April, 1864; Memphis, Tennessee, June, 1864. With Sixteenth Army Corps at Battle of Tupelo. July; Oxford expedition in August; Price pursuit; battles in Nashville, December, and in April of next year, 1865, at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, Alabama. Discharged Fort Snelling, August 19, 1865.

There were at least four St. Louis County men in the Tenth Regiment; they were: James J. Barns, Hugh A. Cox, Amos Frankenfield and Henry W^ellgarde.

Eleventh Minnesota Infantry. - The Eleventh Regiment was not organized until August, 1864, under command of Col. James Gilfillan. It left for field of bitterest warfare, Tennessee, but was not destined to take part in actual fighting, being detailed to guard railroad between Nashville and St. Louis. It was mustered out in June, 1865. H. F. Johnson, of St. Louis County, was in that unit.

First Regiment Heavy Artillery, - It was not until April, 1865, that the first Minnesota regiment of heavy artillery was organized. The first battery of light artillery had been organized in October, 1861, and the second and third batteries in December, 1861, and February, 1863, respectively, but there seemed to be no call for heavy artillery until 1865, when Col. Wm. Colville, of Red Wing, organized the First Regiment. It was ordered to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and there remained until September, 1865, when it was mustered out.

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Second Company, Sharpshooters was mustered until the Federal service for three years, in March, 1862, under command of Capt. Wm. F. Russell. It was part of a corps of picked men, known as "Berdan's Sharpshooters," recruited for special service. Its record is practically the record of the First Minnesota Infantry, for it was assigned to duty with that regiment in June, 1862, and remained attached until mustered out.

First Mounted Rangers was organized in March, 1863, by Col. Samuel McPhail, of Houston. It took part in the Indian expedition of that year, and was mustered out before the end of that year.

Brackett's Battalion Cavalry. - Major Alfred B. Brackett, of St. Paul, organized the battalion of cavalry known by his name in October and November, 1861. The three companies soon left for Benton Barracks, Missouri, and in December, 1861, the battalion was assigned to " 'Curtis' Horse," and in February. 1862, left for Fort Henry, Tennessee. In the following April the regiment became the "Fifth Iowa Cavalry," and as such took part in siege of Corinth, April, 1862. Ordered to Fort Heiman, Tennessee, August, 1862; veteranized February, 1864; ordered to Department of Northwest in 1864, Indian warfare, engagements July and August. Mustered out by companies May and June, 1866.

Charles Cotter and Leonidas Merritt were of Brackett's Cavalry, and another St. Louis County man, H. H. Hawkins, who is listed as of Second Minnesota Cavalry, may have belonged to the second company of Brackett's battalion.

Hatch's Battalion, Cavalry. - Hiatch's Battalion, otherwise known as the Independent Battalion of Minnesota Cavalry, was organized in July, 1863, by Major E. A. C. Hatch. It was formed for service against the Indians, and although a Federal unit, it was permitted to operate independently of General Pope, then in command of the department, reporting direct to the War Department, W^ashington. The battalion was order to Pembina, D. T., October, 1863, and to Fort Abercrombie, D. T., May 1864, and there remained until mustered out by companies April to June, 1866.

The Late Asa Dailey. - The foregoing review covers the records of Minnesota regiments in which St. Louis County men served, but as will be seen by the following list, men of the North Shore were in very many other regiments, many of them of very distinguished record. But obviously this review must confine itself to Minnesota regiments. However, so that a complete roster might be preserved in an authentic county history, the compiler of this work approached Mr. Asa Dailey, of Duluth, in November, 1!)20, knowing him to be the man best fitted for the preparation of such a roster. Mr. Dailey, a worthy loyal comrade, readily entered upon the work, having during the latter part of his life devoted himself exclusively to Grand Army affairs. It is thought that he was loyally engaged in such work of compilation when stricken in the spring of this year. He never recovered, death coming on June 19, 1921. Among his papers were later found the pencilled lists containing the Civil war information that follows this chapter. Whether the list is complete, or not, the compiler of this county work is unable to state, but the information is given so that the worthy patriots who are of record in St. Louis County, e.g., who were of local residence either before or since the Civil war, and gave the nation personal service during that long and terrible struggle, might feel that the editors of this work desire to honor them, or their memory, in acknowledging their war service.

The lists prepared by the late Asa Dailey, and here given, include only men of St. Louis County, it is presumed. The branch of service is given where possible. The list begins : Anderson, Charles U. S. N. ; Austin, E. A., 1st Minn.; A. O. Ayers, 8Gth Ohio; S. C. Aldrich, 65th Ohio; Charles Arnold, 142nd N. Y. ; Samuel Anderson, 11th Pa.; Henry Alger, 1st Conn., Charles N. Ashford, 10th N. Y.; U. S. Ayres, 4th Minn, Martin Anderson, 33rd Wis.; John Abair, 153 N. Y. ; R. W. Abbott, 9th Maine; J. J. Ash, 2nd N. J. Charles Archer, 14th N. Y. ; Martin Anderson, 53rd Wis.; J. N. Albertson, 11th N. Y.

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The last word Mr. Dailey seems to have written was "Wright." No initial or regiment are shown opposite the name, but underneath is an address, indicating perhaps that he intended communicating with that address. Unfortunately he was not able to go further. Still, Asa Dailey's is by far the most complete list of Civil War soldiers of St. Louis County ever compiled.

Grand Arm,y Activities. - Since the mustering out of the surviving patriots in 1865, and their entry then into civil life, the histories of villages, cities, towns, states, and of the nation make it clear that the strongest force in American life has been that which shouldered the gun during the war. In various walks of civil life the men who proved their strength of character and purpose during the trying years of civil war took a prominent part. They and their sons and daughters have held the nation's helm in all that has since threatened ; and some have lived long enough to see that their grandchildren were destined to be the backbone which would not bend to the pressure of the mighty German military force in the most recent of the nation's wars. The work of the men of Civil War record has been especially evident through the activities of the Grand Army of the Republic once so strong but, alas, now faltering in old age, and unable now to carry on its purpose with the virility and vigor of the latter decades of the nineteenth century. St. Louis County, in common with other districts throughout the country, has had the good fortune to have had a strong and active grand-army force; and it must be said that the county, as a whole, have sought to show the Grand Army posts that it appreciated the service of its members, both in military and in civil activities. One of the finest meeting places for a Grand Army post is that set apart and dedicated to their use in the Court House at Duluth.

And one of the most recent and gratifying indications that the Grand Army posts of St. Louis County are still usefully functioning is seen in the recent installation of an inspiring statue, entitled "Patriotism," on Court House Square. Duluth, placed there as a gift to the city of Duluth from the J. B. Culver post of the Grand Army of the Republic to commemorate the service of soldiers and sailors to the nation in time of war.

The cornerstone of the statue was laid on Memorial Day of 1918, and on that day of 1919, it was dedicated by Dr. J. D'. Budd, commander of the J. B. Culver post. The invocation and benediction were given by Rev. H. A. Ingham.

The statue stands as a recognition of the past, and as the hope of the future, for "Patriotism" will ever be the proud possession of St. Louis County ; sons and grandsons of the Civil War patriots have shown a like strength, and if there be a future need, the great-grandsons will probably rally to the flag as fervently patriotic and selfsacrificing as were their forebears. Such is the heritage passed on by the stalwart men of 1861-65.

Spanish War. - After more than thirty years of peace, war clouds again gathered, this nation becoming involved in another struggle to free an oppressed people. And the nation was destined again to have it demonstrated that Minnesota was as ready as of yore to uphold the cause of liberty, by personal sacrifice - of life, if need be. It is said that Minnesota was the "first to respond to the call of President McKinley for volunteers at the beginning of the war with Spain." At 5 o'clock in the afternoon of April 25, 1898, Gov. D. M. Clough received the telegraphic requisition for three regiments of infantry. The governor immediately replied : "Troops ready at once," giving statement as to arms, equipment, etc. They were to serve for two years, or during the war. The First, Second and Third regiments of the state troops, the National Guard units, were soon mobilized, and filled to war strength by careful selection from the abundance of volunteers available. By April 2'9th the National Guard regiments had mobilized, only four days after receipt of the first intimation from federal authorities that there was a need; and when the regiments passed into federal control they followed the numerical order of the infantry regiments of the Civil War, the First, Second, and Third regiments of National Guard becoming the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth regiments of Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Subsequently the Fifteenth Regiment was organized. In all of these regiments men of St. Louis county served, therefore some review of the regimental records should be given.

Twelfth Minn. Infantry. - The Twelfth Regiment of Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was enrolled on April 29, 1898, and mustered into the service of the United States at Camp Ramsey, St. Paul, on May 6 and 7, 1898. Col. Joseph Bobleter, of New Ulm, was in command. The regiment left Camp Ramsey, May 15th, for Camp Thomas, Ga., and was there assigned to First Brig., Third Div., First Army Corps. Transferred August 24, 1898 to Camp Hamilton. Ky., and left there Sept. lo, 1898, for New Ulm, Minn. Six days later the regiment "was furloughed for thirty days," and was mustered out of the service on Novernber 5, 1898, the Spanish resistance having been broken, and there being no further need for all the troops mobilized.

Thirteenth Minn. Infantry was enrolled on April 29, 1898. and federalized at Camp Ramsey. St. Paul. May 7th. Col. C. IMcReeve commanding. On May 16th the regiment proceeded to San Francisco, California, to prepare for service in the Phillipine Islands. From Camp Merritt on June 26, 1898, the Thirteenth embarked on the steamer "City of Para," bound for Manila, P. I. The regiment debarked on August 7th at Paranaqua, P. I., marching to Camp Dewey the same day. On August 13, 1898, the regiment participated in the battle before Manila, as a part of the Third Brigade, Second Division. On August 22nd the regiment was assigned to provost guard duty at Manila. It was relieved March 19, 1899, and ordered into the field as a unit of Third Brigade, Second Division, under command of Gen. R. P. Hall. March 25th and 26th it was engaged with insurgents in the Mariquina Valley. From March 29th to August 4th the Thirteenth was on duty guarding the lines of communication and had numerous engagements, including the battle of Santa Maria, April 12th. Two battalions of the regiment were detached on April 23rd to form part of the Provisional Brigade, a unit of Lawton's expedition into the interior.

On August 4th the regiment was relieved from further duty in the Phillipines, and returned to Manila for embarkation; it reached San Francisco eventually on September 7th and debarked two days

The Armory, Duluth

Fourteenth Minn, Infantry. - The Fourteenth Regiment was enrolled on April 29th, 1898, and became United States troops on May 8, 1898, at Camp Ramsey, under command of Col. H. C. Vanduzee. Reached Camp Thomas, 'Ga., May 19, 1898. On August 28. 1898, left Camp Thomas for Camp Poland, Knoxville, Tenn., and on September 20, 1898, left for Camp Van Duzee, St. Paul, Minn., a week later, being furloughed. The regiment was finally mustered out of federal service on Nov. 18, 189S, the national war need being over. In the record of the Fourteenth Regiment, however, is service along the Great Northern Railway during Indian unrest. "Several companies participated in the operations as a part of General Bacon's forces, returning in the afternoon of October 23. 1898."

Fifteenth Minn. Infantry. - This regiment was mustered intn the United States Army at Camp Ramsey, St. Paul. Minn.. Julv :) to 18, 1898, under the second call of the President for volunteer troops.

From Camp Ramsey the regiment went to Camp Snelling, thence on September 15, 1898, to Camp Meade, Pennsylvania. On November 15, 1898, the regiment was transferred to Camp Mackenzie, Ga., and there remained until mustered out on March 27, 1899.

The men of the Minnesota regiments enlisted for service during the Spanish war were of fine physique, as may be imagined from the fact that only a limited number could be enlisted, whereas the young men of the state, almost as a whole, were eager to enlist. And had the war lasted, seriously, into the following year there is no doubt that the Minnesota regiments would have distinguished themselves as nobly as did the state troops of the Civil war. Fortunately, they were not called upon, with the exception of the Thirteenth, but their records nevertheless should be treasured among the military annals of the several divisions of Minnesota. St. Louis County's contribution, perhaps cannot be completely shown, but the best information now available is embodied in this chapter, so that the local veterans of the Spanish war may know that their national service (which in hardships and camp rigors, was as hazardous as that experienced by many of the units of the Civil war period, and of the last great World war), is not unappreciated. The most authentic record, perhaps, is in the rosters of the United Spanish War Veterans. The local veterans of that war are of record in the two camps of the county, the John G. McEwen Camp, of Duluth, and the Major Wilkinson Camp, of Chisholm. Culling the information from the official records of the United States Department of Minnesota, United Spanish War Veterans, it appears many of the contingent from St. Louis County enlisted in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Minnesota Volunteer regiments. Those veterans that were on the roster of the John G. McEwen Camp in 1919 were: Alfred Arnson, 15th Minn.; Christ Anderson, 14th Minn.; H. Ahl, 14th Minn.; Louis G. Andrews, 5th Mass.; J. A. Barron, 33rd Mich.; Nick Bergerson, 15th Minn.; Walter B. Burchard, 14th Minn.; Frank L. Bradley, 6th U. S. Cav. ; T. F. Brown, 34th U. S. Inf. ; P. J. Bestler, 2nd Wis. ; W. A. Bone, g-nd Wis. ; W. A. Berridge, 17th Ohio ; Julius Boetcher, 14th Minn. ; Martin T. Burns. 14th Minn.; Edward Blackwood, 34th Mich.; Harley Brigham, 34th U. S. Inf. ; J. B. Caverly, 5th U. S. Cav. ; Dr. T. L. Chapman, 33rd Mich.; Judd Canning, U. S. N.; Thomas Carrigan, 13th Minn.; A. R. DeVohn. 14th Minn.; A. P. Dbly, 14th Minn.; Pat Derrig, 1st Mont.; L. A. Erickson, U. S. N. ; Dr. C. E. French, 14th Minn.; E. J. Fitzgerald, U. S. N.; A. Friis, 14th Minn.; J. A Eraser, 14th Minn.; Geo. Frame. 14th Minn. ; Wm. J. Fitzenmeier, 14th Minn. ; Andrew Frielund, U. S. N.; J. B. Gileson, 14th Minn.; Thos. W. Gunn, 18th U. S. Inf. ; R. R. Houghtalling, 35th U. S. Inf. ; Rov V. Hamlin. 33rd U. S. Inf.; Hans Hagelin, 4th U. S. Inf.; Robert Haskins, U. S. N.; F. R. Holmberg, 14th Minn. ; H. M. Hutchengs, U. S. Marines ; A. W. Jacobson. 10th U. S. Inf.; Chas. Jacobs. 26th U. S. Inf.; Horace B. Keedy, 7th 111.; Francis J. Kendall, 14th Minn.; W. J. Kennedy, 14th Minn.; Wm. Kubiski, 15th Minn.; Geo. A. Kennedy, 1st Ky. ; W. W. Keilly, 14th Minn.; W. C. Kimball, 46th U. S.; J. H. Koors. 13th Minn.; Herman Krause. 3rd U. S. Inf.; D. D. Kreidler, 15th Minn.; J. E. Lawrence, 14th Minn.; Chas. F. Loerke, 34th Mich.; Geo. Lloyd, 14th Minn.; John Lueck, 3rd U. S. Inf.; Ed. Loftus, 13th Minn.; T. J. Leahy, 14th Minn.; Emil Lundberg, 14th Minn.; Edw. S. LaCroix, 14th Alinn. ; Louis Lohman, 14th Minn.; R. H. Long, 14th Minn.; Geo. Morin, 15th Minn.; Fred S. Moulster, 4th Wis.; M. C. Miller. 14th Minn.; Walter M. Mee, 14th Minn.; H. Moody, 1st U. S. Cav.; H. L.

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The veterans who are members of the Major Wilkinson Camp of Chisholm are: Thomas O'Connor, 3rd Inf.; W. B. Brown, U. S. N. ; Walter H. Ogden, 22nd Inf.; Wm. H. Clemens. 1st Art.; P. Mungovan. 3rd Neb.; Andrew Hagland, 87th Vol.; Dayton H. Hinds. 34th Mich.; Adolph M. Peterson,^5rd Inf.: Thomas Cody, 37th Vol.; Frank Green, 22nd Inf. ; Joe Verant, 45th Vol. ; Clarence B. Banks, 3rd Wis. ; George Meyers, 34th Mich.; John Sladkey, 45th Vol.; John P. Lanto, 34th Mich. ; Geo. A. Lindsey. 50th Iowa ; A. Antonelli, 3rd Inf. ; Joseph Havelick. 15th Art.; Herman Junsola, 34th Mich.; J. B. Frazer, 3rd U. S. Inf.; H. A. Thompson, 3rd U. S. Inf.

The commander of the John G. McEwen Camp, Duluth, is Thomas W. Gunn ; and the commander of the Major Wilkinson Camp of Chisholm is Herman Junsola.

By reason of their numbers (so small when compared with those developed by the greater needs of the Civil and World wars) the Spanish war veterans do not seem to have been accorded a just need of praise. In reality, however, they have been, for all who think of the matter at all know that the same spirit of true patriotism was manifested by them, and as fully as that shown in the days of the Civil war. They were prepared to go to the end, if need be, to uphold all that this nation stands for, and they may rest assured that, though their numbers be few, the place of the Spanish war veterans "among the patriotic organizations of the United States is a definite and' honorable one.

Chapter Xxvi The World War, 1917-18

The World War, the most tremendous and stupendous of all modern wars, probably of all wars since history was first chronicled, found Duluth and St. Louis County practically at "attention." Companies A, C, and E, Supply Company and Hospital Unit, all Duluth units of the Third Minnesota Infantry, Company F of Eleventh and Company M, of Hibbing, had only returned a few months before from active campaigning on the Mexican border during the time of Pershing's expedition into Mexico. But from the moment President Wilson declared that the nation actually was (in the first days of April, 1917) in an actual "state of war" with Germany, the national guard units of Minnesota were ready for an immediate call to arms. On April 10, 1917, companies of the Third Minnesota National Guard were called into active state service, including companies A and E of Duluth.

On April 28, 1917, the citizens of Duluth gave way to what was at that time an unique outburst of patriotic fervour, seventeen thousand three hundred citizens marching in well-marshalled procession, to "do homage to the Red, White and Blue."

It was a memorable and inspiring day. the Duluth "News-Tribune," next morning stating: "Citizens of Duluth yesterday reached a common level before the flag. The steady tramp of marching thousands thrilled Duluth with the biggest thing in its history. It was patriotism. It was the crystalization of an ideal - that tramp of marching thousands. Its citizens, rich and poor, mingled ; its streets devoted to business waved with a pulsing line of color - the Red, White and Blue."

Duluth, in common with all other communal parts of the United States, was destined to experience many even greater thrills during the next two years of united effort to adhere, even unto death, to the cause of right over might. Those who went into the armed forces of the nation, those who enlisted in the national industrial effort in the home sector, those who prayed and gave to their utmost to the governmental funds so that this country might be sustained unto victory, will ever vividly remember the stirring times; and at times may long for the renewal of such fervent patriotism, and wholesouled fellow-feeling. Common dangers uncover truer and nobler traits in man than do any other situations.

On August 26, 1917, the Duluth and Range companies of the Third Minnesota Infantry entrained at the Omaha station, Duluth, for Camp Cody, New Mexico, where the state regiment would be mustered into the federal service, and intensive training would begin. There were many pathetic scenes at the station, women fainting and men weeping as they saw their sons depart perhaps never to return. But, as a whole, the regiment left cheered and inspirited by the warm-hearted, sincere and cheerful farewell tendered them by the people of Duluth. Colonel Eva's "message to the home folk." as he left with his regiment, was: "Duluth will be proud of its boys when they get into active service on the French battlefields." They expected to be in France early in the new year.

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On August 29th, rosters were published of the Third Bn. of the Minnesota Home Guard, which had been organized to take the place of the National Guard units federalized. Companies A, B, C and D, 315 men and fourteen officers, all told, constituted the third battalion, recruited almost wholly in Duluth, the commander being Captain (acting major) Roger M. Weaver. (That unit was destined to give the state good service in military capacity, in December, 1917, during the street railway strike at St. Paul.)

During the first week of September, 1917, the St. Louis County draft boards were able to publish the names of men first to be called into national military or naval service under the Selective Service Act. And in that month the first detachment of men called into service from St. Louis County under that act and plan left for camp.

As the months passed and demonstration followed demonstration, the people of the county were destined to realize that their own affairs were absolutely bound in and yet secondary to the national interest which was ever before them in those days. The boys had departed, or were departing, or were to depart, to take part in the armed resistance the government and nation were building to aid in the final defeat of the enemy ; and drive followed drive for the money wherewith to equip and maintain the armed forces of the nation. People gave of their substance - gave "till it hurt," and were glad to have that opportunity of sharing in the national effort. Each drive was an event worthy of chronicling. For instance, ten thousand persons marched in procession in Duluth on April 13, 1918, on which day the Third Liberty Loan campaign was opened, of which loan Duluth was expected to take bonds to the extent of $5,000,000. Some of the slogans written on banners and other writing surfaces, by some of those who marched in that procession indicated the spirit and confidence of the nation. Some of the slogans read: "Slip a pill to Kaiser Bill" ; "The early bird catches the worm ; your bonds will help catch the kaiser"; "Save, save, save; then dig some more. Your bonds will bring the boys back home from Europe's western shore"; "Your dollar is the seed of- victory; plant it in Liberty bonds and watch it grow"; "Ho, Skinny! My dad bought some Liberty bonds. Did yours?"; "Dig and we'll dig with you; slack and you slack alone"; "Put up, or shut up"; "Five million or bust; Duluth has never failed"; "This is the spring drive over here, to help the spring drive over there" ; and other equally appealing slogans. Practically every organized society of public character was out in full force in that procession. The local paper next day stated: "The steady tramp of marching thousands gave a new thrill to the achievement of Duluth. It was more determined enthusiasm than that displayed in the first loyalty demonstration of a year ago. It was the crystalization of an ideal to do."

Duluth and the county in general, did well. The war record is an enviable one, and whether the demand was for man-power or for money the county met it to more than the full. More than nine thousand men were taken into the federal armed forces, and many joined the auxiliary service corps, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., and other welfare organizations. At least 232 men of St. Louis County gave their lives to the nation. It is not possible to give the space in this volume to name the whole of the valiant young men of St. Louis County who entered the armed forces of the nation in its supreme need, but space will not be stinted in an endeavor to honor the memory of those who failed to return. This chapter will end with as complete a biographical review as it has been possible to compile of the men who, in their supreme self-sacrifice, have constituted an honor list worthy of the county.

Fortunately, St. Louis County was destined to welcome home again all but a few hundred of the 9,000 men that went to war. And it was fitting that the "biggest and most successful celebration Duluth ever staged" was that organized to welcome home the boys who had donned the uniform of "Uncle Sam." The "Welcome Home" celebration was held on Saturday, August 18, 1919, and "from the blowing of the whistles and the firing of the 100 guns at 10:30 o'clock Saturday morning until the bands stopped playing, for the dancers on the street, at 12:00 o'clock (midnight), the day was crowded with features for the entertainment and enjoyment of the heroes of the Zenith City."

That celebration over, the young men who for more than a year had had to give first thought to military matters, donned civilian garb and passed quietly into civil life again, the majority of them better men for their military experience. And that association will be perpetuated by the organizations the ex-service men have formed. There are many very strong posts of the American Legion in St. Louis County all of them resolute in determination to hold to what in reality was one of the principal motives of those good patriots who organized the American Legion - the maintaining of American institutions by orderly and legal government. In the manifestations of social and industrial unrest that followed the war, the American Legion on many occasions proved to be the stable body upon which reliance could be placed. In addition, the posts serve to cement a comradeship begun in the throes of a great national struggle.

And each American Legion post has been dedicated especially to the sacred duty of adequately honoring each year the memory of those of their comrades and neighbors who lost their lives while in war work with the national forces.

The Honor List of St. Louis County. - Of those who made the Supreme Sacrifice, it has been possible to collect some biographical data. The record is not complete, but is given in the hope that it will add something to existing printed record, and as a tribute to those brave patriots who willingly placed their personal interests second to those of the nation, and gave of their strength, even unto death, to defeat the power that sought to establish Might as Right.

F. O. Abrahamson met death in France. He belonged to the Machine Gun Company of the One Hundred and Second Regiment of Infantry, Twenty-seventh Division of the American Expeditionary Forces.

C. Albertson was twenty-six years old when he was killed in action in France in 1918. He was earnest in the cause, and had made many unsuccessful attempts to enlist before June 28, 1918, when he was accepted as a substitute for a volunteer who had been called but had failed to report for duty. Albertson left Duluth that day. The time was one of the darkest of the war and the need of man-power at the Western front was desperate. Apparently, Albertson was given practically no military training in this country for a few months later he was in France.

E. P. Alexander was a young Duluthian of distinct promise. He was born in Duluth, November 4, 1891, son of Edward P. and Agnes G. Alexander, of Duluth. He was an engineer of good collegiate training, for as well as being a graduate of the University of Minne- sota he was a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He married Myra Salyards of Duluth and had entered civil engineering practice in Duluth, with bright prospects, when this nation became involved in the European war in 1917. He was one of the first to leave Duluth, going in June, 1917, to Fort Snelling, where he was given the responsibility of commissioned grade in the Engineering Corps. As a first lieutenant, he saw active service in France with the Five Hundred and Ninth Engineers. He succumbed to the ravages of influenza at St. Nazaire, France, and was there buried. His military record was good, and promotion to the grade of captain came to him on the day of his funeral.

Bryan Allen, who died in May, 1918, was a member of Battery C, One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, a unit originally belonging to the Minnesota National Guard. He was the son of Leo Allen, of 315 South Fifteenth Avenue, east, Duluth.

Francis Allie, who died in France, of wound received on July 16, 1918, right at the beginning of the great Allied counter-ofifensive, which did not end until the enemy went down in final defeat, in November, 1918. He was well-known in West Duluth and was assigned to, and saw active service with, the Machine Gun Company of the One Hundred and Fifty-first Field Artillery, Battery B.

Hillard Aronson belonged to a well-known Tower family. He was born in Tower, son of John and Beda Aronson, and was in lucrative business with his brother, as boat owners on Lake Vermilion. He registered early in 1917, but was not called into military service until June 24, 1918, on which day he reported at Ely for duty, as a private in the Infantry of the National Army. He was assigned to Company C, Three Hundred and Thirty-third Machine Gun Battalion, Eighty-sixth Division, at Camp Grant, Rockford, Illinois, and after an intensive course of machine-gun training was transferred to Camp Mills, New York. On September 14, 1918, he embarked on the British troopship "Olympic," and on September 20th, arriver at Southampton. Conditions of sea-travel in that time of shipping scarcity were rigorous, the troopships being much overcrowded. Yoimg Aronson contracted sickness on the voyage and eight days after being landed at Southampton died of Lobar Pneumonia at Shirley Warren Hospital, Southampton, England. His body was interred in the United States Military Cemetery, Magdalen Hill, Winchester, England, on September 29, 1918, but eventually the body was disinterred and l)rought back to the United States by the government. His remains now rest in Forest Hill Cemetery, Duluth, the funeral taking place, with military ceremonies, on June 3. 1920.

Lorenta Bakke. whose name is in the Duluth records, resided at 3614 West Fourth Street, Duluth, prior to enlistment. His father, Ulrik B., lives in Bergen, Norway.

Shore Railway Company, at Duluth, prior to entering upon military service. He was enlisted in June, 1917, at Marquette, Michigan, of which state he was a native, having been born October 20, 1899, at Peck, Michigan, son of Edward and Abbie Ball. After enlistment, in the grade of private, he was assigned to Company G, 128th Infantry, of Thirty-second Division, and sent to Camp Arthur, Texas, where for five or six months he remained. On February 8, 1918, he embarked, at Hoboken, New Jersey, and thus reached France before the great German offensive of 1918 had begun. His father now lives in St. Louis County, Rural Route No. 3, Duluth.

Alexius Rinhild Bang, who died of pneumonia, at Camp Cody, New Mexico, November 3, 1918, was formerly a resident in Culver Township. He was born on February 28, 1897, at Fielboberg, Vilhelminy Wisterbotten, Sweden, the son of E. F. Bang, now of Culver, St. Louis County. Young Bang was called to duty on October 21, 1918, and left then for Camp Cody, New Mexico. He was never destined to be assigned to a military unit, being stricken with influenza almost upon arrival at Camp Cody. Pneumonia developed and he died on November 3rd.

Howard L(ewis) Bennett was a popular young resident of Buhl, and before the war was in the employ of the Oliver Iron Mining Company, Buhl, as assistant engineer. He was born on October 4, 1894. at Ironwood, Michigan, son of William H. Bennett, who has lived in Buhl, St. Louis County, for many years. Howard was one of the first in the Range country to enlist. He enlisted on May 23, 1917, and was sent to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, where he was assigned to the Medical Detachment of the First Minnesota Infantry. Later, he was sent to Camp Cody, New Mexico, about that time being transferred to the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment, a unit of the Thirty-fourth Division. He succumbed to pneumonia at Camp Cody, on April 14, 1918, at that time having the rating of private, first-class. To honor his memory his service comrades of Buhl gave his name to the Buhl post of the American Legion.

Harold Berg, whose name appears on the Honor Roll of St. Louis County, was of Norwegian birth, and lived at Proctor for some time prior to enlisting. His enlistment papers name as his father Lavritz Berg, of Lena, Ototen, Norway.

William E. Berg, son of Charles Berg, of 401 Mygatt Avenue, Duluth, was in the employ of the Rust-Parker Company, Duluth, before he entered the United States Army. He was called to active duty in June, 1918, and assigned to Company C, of the Three Hundred and Fifty-eighth Infantry. His training was short, for on July 4th his regiment embarked for France. On September 16th, 1918, he was killed in action.

Duluth And St. Louis County 633

Carl Bowman, who was killed in aerial combat in France on July 25, 1918, was a native of Seattle, Washington, although he was in business in Duluth when war came. He enlisted at Duluth in June, 1917, being accepted for assignment to the Aviation Corps, He became an observer, and was early sent to France.

Solem Eric Broman, who was killed in action on the French front on September 29, 1918, was one of those true defenders of liberty who sought to enter the fight before the United States Government was prepared to accept service. He was a resident of Duluth, but early in March, 1917, went into Canada, and enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces. On March 16, 1917, he was assigned to the Two Hundred and Forty-ninth Overseas Battalion. He saw five months of hard service in the front trenches in France before meeting death in action in September, 1918. The military record of the Broman family is a worthy one, two other brothers having given military service, one in the Canadian forces. Henry Broman, the father, lives at 232 Mesaba Avenue, Duluth.

Leo Arthur Brooks is listed as of Crookson residence prior to entering the service, but he might have been included with the honor men of Duluth, for he enlisted from Duluth, and had had residence in Duluth, living with his sister, Mrs. Leslie Code, 5107 Colorado Street, and working as a fireman in Duluth. He was born on December 11, 1886, at Hungerford, Michigan, son of Mr. and Mrs.

A. Brooks. When he enlisted he was more than thirty years old, and proved to be a most zealous and reliable soldier. After enlistment, he was sent to Camp Wadsworth, S. C, and assigned to Company K of the Fifty-third United States Infantry, He embarked at New York in July and reached the front line trenches in the Vosges Mountains, on September 6th. He was killed during a trench raid night of September 15-16th, and his conduct during that raid was such as to bring him commendation from his commanding officer, Capt. R. A. Helmbold, who wrote that Brooks continued to fight after being wounded, the captain stating that he had lost, in Brooks, "one of his bravest and best soldiers." He testified that Brooks kept his automatic rifle going until he was relieved, notwithstanding that he was mortally wounded; and he was of the opinion that it was due chiefly to the bravery and reliability of Brooks that the German raid was repelled.

Wallace Orab Brown, who was gassed in the 1918 battle of the Marne, and died in hospital in France on October 17, 1918, was born on June 23, 1901, at Kennan, Price County, Wisconsin. His father, John Brown, lives at Woodland and Wallace for a while was a brickmaker at Princeton, Minnesota, at which place he enlisted on August 27, 1917, electing to give service in a field artillery unit. He was sent to Camp Cody, New Mexico, and assigned to Company

Charles C, Butler, of Virginia, gave his life voluntarily in a brave, self-sacrificing service to his division. He enlisted November 23, 1917, in the Tank Corps, which eventually became part of the American Expeditionary Forces; and his division came into action at one of the most difficult parts of the Ilindcnburg line of trenches.

at Bony, France. Butler, the record states, volunteered to lay out black and white tape for tanks, one report stating that he was the only man of his division to volunteer for such work of extreme danger. He was killed while so engaged, a shell closing his career, and bringing his name onto the immortal roll of worthy American soldiers, who exceeded their duties in an endeavor to better serve their country. Butler was well-known and esteemed in Virginia, where his mother, Mrs. C. C. Butler, lives. He was born at Iron Mountain, Michigan, on November 15, 1889.

Charles A. Campbell, who died of pneumonia in France, just one day before the Armistice ended hostilities in November, 1918, was a volunteer above the draft age. He enlisted in the lowest grade and by reliable service reached the responsibility of a sergeant. He was' the son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Campbell, of 1511 East Third Street, Duluth.

John William Campbell, of the Marine Corps, A. E. F., died of bronco-pneumonia at Coblez, Germany, on February 9, 1919. He was born May 20, 1890, at Calumet, Michigan, and was called to military service in April, 1918.

Leonard William Cato, of Duluth, was enlisted in September, 1917, and became a member of an Infantry regiment of the famous Rainbow Division. He, however, was not destined to see foreign service, death coming on December 6, 1917, at Camp Dodge, Iowa, from spinal menengitis. He was a native of Duluth, born in that city on January 24, 1896 (or 1897), son of Louis Cato, who now lives at 2131 Columbia Avenue.

Ole H. Christenson, whose papers show that he was a resident of Harding, St. Louis County, was the son of Mrs. Gunhild Christenson, of 508 W. Superior Street, Duluth. He died of pneumonia, at Camp Fremont, California, where he was stationed. He was a lieutenant of the One Hundred and Sixty-sixth Depot Brigade, and his body was sent under military escort to Duluth for burial in the Forest Hill Cemetery.

John Christopher, of Duluth, deserves good place among the Honor men of St. Louis County. He was a veteran of the Spanish- American War, and notwithstanding that he was forty-three years old, and could not get into the United States Army, which under the Selective Service plan was amply filled by much younger men, he was determined to find a place in the military forces arrayed against the German machine. He went to Canada, and at once was accepted for the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, and assigned to an infantry unit. He was killed in action in France on September 27, 1918. He was mourned by many in Duluth, having for years been an employee of the Scott-Graff Lumber Company. His mother, Mrs. Mary Christopher, lives at 321 East Fifth Street, Duluth.

Raulin H. Clark, a Duluth boy, was one of the first to enlist in May, 1917. He was assigned to the Medical Detachment of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, and went to France with that unit. After passing through all the dangers that came to his unit during the period of active fighting, he was destined to die of sickness, pneumonia necessitating his transfer to a hospital in Bordeaux, France, almost on the eve of the departure of his unit for home. He died in that hospital on January 21, 1919, but eventually his body was returned to the United States, and now rests in

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Opeota Cemetery. He was born on January 31, 1898, at Willow River, Minnesota, and the family later came to Duluth, his mother, Mrs. E. Clark, now living at 5809 Cody Street. The boy graduated from Denfield High School in 1916, and was well under the draft age when he enlisted.

Alexander Cosgrove, who was a member of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces and was killed in action in France, was a Duluthian. Walter Crellin, the first Virginia boy in United States uniform to give his life, was on board the British liner "Tuscania" when it was torpedoed of? the coast of Ireland on February 5, 1918. His body was recovered and buried at Kilnaughton, Islay, Scotland, but in due time was disinterred and brought back to America, so that it might have honored place in the Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington. Interment there took place on October 22, 1920. Young Crellin was well-known in both Eveleth and Virginia. He was born on August 15, 1895, at Ishpeming, Michigan, the son of Captain John S. Crellin, a mine manager, who later came to Virginia, and latterly has been of Leonidas Location, Eveleth. Walter attended the Virginia schools, eventually, in 1914, graduating from the Virginia High School. In October, 1917, he enlisted in the Aviation Section, Signal Corps.

Benjamin Dachyk, of Duluth, was killed by a falling tree not far from the front-line trenches in France, on July 22, 1918. He was the son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Dachyk, of Greysolon Farms, near Duluth, and he enlisted at Duluth, in June, 1917, being then assigned to Company A of the Third Minnesota Regiment. Later. he was transferred to the Eighth Company, Third Motor Mechanic Corps, Air Service.

Charles Daniels, whose father. Alphonse Daniels, lives in Buyck, St. Louis County, was a Belgian by birth, born at Berges, Belgium, May 23, 1896. The family came to St. Louis County in 1910, and took up the cultivation of an acreage of wild land in Buyck township. Charles was inducted on June 5, 1917, when he became a private of infantry. National Guard. Fle was assigned to Company I, One Hundred and Twenty-Seventh Infantry, and in due time crossed the sea to the French front. He was killed in action on the Argonne front on October 16, 1918.

Rocco Decenzo, who was in the employ of the Republic Iron and Steel Company, Gilbert, before entering military service, was born at Sagliono, Italy, the son of Victoriano Decenzo, of that place. He was inducted on May 24, 1918, at Eveleth, Minn., in the grade of private of infantry of XationaJ Army. He was assigned to the Thirty-Fourth Company, Ninth Battalion. One Hundred and Sixty- Sixth Depot Brigade, soon after arrival at Camp Lewis, Wash., and later became a member of Company H, One Hundred and Fifty- Seventh Infantry, Fortieth Division. With that unit he embarked from New York, on August 8, 1918. His regiment was soon in action. and he received wounds from which he died. His body was interred in the American Cemetery, Commune of Bricveaux, Meuse, France, on October 3, 1918.

James T. Doherty, who, like his father of same name, was well-known and popular in Buhl, Minn., where he was in the employ pf the Dower Lumber Company, was born at Grand Rapids, on September 17, 1893. Inducted December 16, 1917, at Chisholm, he was destined to see strenuous service in France, and to safely pass through many major offensives, including St. Mihiel, and Meuse- Argonne. He also saw severe fighting on the Champagne front, and in a Verdun sector. A month or so after the Armistice he was taken sick, tubercular trouble keeping him in Base Hospital No. 52, Remaucourt, France, from December 15, 1918 to March 26, 1919. He was only partially convalescent when he left France in May, 1919, on the troopship "DeKalb." He succumbed to lobar-pneumonia during the voyage. His military service included six months of training at the Presidio of San Francisco. On June 24, 1918, he was transferred to Company B. Army Artillery Park, First Army, and embarked July 1st at Hoboken, for Bordeaux.

Frank Donatello, who was in the employ of the Oliver Iron Mining Company, at Hibbing, was inducted on June 28, 1918, at Duluth, and assigned in the grade of private to the Engineers National Army. He was born on June 4, 1886. at Barron, Wisconsin, and died of disease in France on November 25, 1918. His father, San Donatello, lived at Cumberland, Wisconsin.

Joseph Dragich's death, on May 1, 1918, at a Texas camp, was attributed to the effects of pneumonia. He was one of the most eager volunteers of the early days of the war, enlisting in May, 1917. He was an Austrian by birth, born October 17, 1888, at Tarvi, Austria, son of Nicholas Dragich, now of Chisholm.

Dr. Harry Dunlop. who died of wounds on November 2, 1918, was at one time in active practice in Duluth, associated with Dr. David Graham, of West Duluth. In 1912 he went to Peru, but the outbreak of the war in 1914 drew him to Canada, where, in 1914, he enlisted in the Canadian Army. He was commissioned and assigned to the Medical Department, and sent overseas. Eventually he became captain, and passed through the long, dark, and dangerous years of vigil with the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, his death coming only nine days before the Armistice ended the strain. A brother of Dr. Dunlop lives in Duluth, and has reason to be satisfied with the part taken by his family in the struggle for the Great Cause. Four of the family were in war service, three brothers and one sister.

Napoleon Duprey, a Duluthian who was killed in action in France, was born at Rib Lake, Taylor County, Wisconsin, on April 6, 1901, but lived for years in Duluth prior to entering service on November 3, 1917, as a private of infantry of the regular army. He was sent to Jefferson Barracks, and later to Camp Green, S. C., and embarked at New York on March 3, 1918, as a member of Company E. Thirty-Eighth Infantry, A. E. F. He was killed in action on July 15, 1918, in the Commune of Courtemont, Varennes, France. His mother, Celia Duprey, lives at 1932 West Michigan Street, Duluth.

Duluth And St. Louis County 637

Edgar Eubanks, who was killed in action in France in October, 1918, and who prior to entering service lived in St. Louis County, was born in 1897 in Rice Lake, Wisconsin, where his parents still live. He was called to service in 1917, and assigned to the Machine Gun Company, Third Wisconsin Regiment, which eventually became a unit of the A. E. F.

John Fairgrieve, Jr., was well-known in Duluth. Until he was called into service on October 21, 1918, he was a salesman for the Knudson Fruit Company, of Duluth. He was born on November 26, 1893, in Galashiels. Scotland, the son of John and Margaret Fairgrieve. After enlistment, he was sent to Camp Cody, Deming, New Mexico, and there assigned to Company E, Three Hundred and Eighty-Eighth Infantry. He, however, was taken sick soon after arrival, and died in Deming, New Mexico, November 5, 1918. He was a married man, his widow, Edith (Hamilton) Fairgrieve still living in Duluth.

Guy Raymond Forbes, who died in France, was a volunteer much over draft age. He was born January 29, 1879, at Grand Rapids, Michigan. He enlisted on May 13, 1917, his technical experience causing him to elect to join an Engineer Service Battalion, with which he went to France. He died of cerebral hemorrage, near Toul, France, on May 5, 1918. His widow, Grace, now lives in Minneapolis.

Frank Leo Fox, a Duluthian killed in action in France, was the son of Michael Fox, of 213 North Fifty-Third Avenue, Duluth. Frank enlisted in Duluth April 26, 1918, and soon went overseas.

Mozart Fredland was known to very many business men of Duluth. He was a barber in the Wolvin Building, Duluth, for some time before returning to his former home, Madison, Wisconsin, in May, 1918, to take military service. He was sent to Camp Grant, Illinois, and there died of influenza on October 10, 1918.

Leland Chester Giddings, who was killed in an aeroplane accident at Scott Field, Belleville, Illinois, on July 11. 1918, was a native of Duluth, born in that city on January 27, 1896, son of Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Giddings, of 19 East Victoria Street, Duluth. He was one of the early volunteers, enlisting in the aviation branch of the U. S. Army on May 3, 1917.

Walter Glockner, of Grand Forks, went with a Duluth quota to Camp Dodge, and eventually reached France. He was killed in action on August 2, 1918.

Cornelius Bertram and Frederick Norbert Goodspeed, brothers, were the sons of Alvin and Rose M. Goodspeed, of Kinney. Both boys were born in Virginia, Minn., Cornelius on February 15, 1898, and Frederick on November 10, 1899; and both were educated in the local schools. Cornelius was a brakeman at Kinney before entering the army, and Frederick was a locomotive fireman for the Swallow and Hopkins Mining Company, at the same place. The elder brother was called to military service in April, 1918. and sent to Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa, to join a Regular Army infantry regiment. He became a member of Company C, Twentieth Infantry, Tenth Division, and was stationed at Fort Douglas. Utah, for a period, and later at Fort Riley. Kansas. He was appointed corporal on September 1, 1918, and probaljly considered himself unfortunate in having to pass the whole of his service at a home station. He contracted scarlet fever at Fort Riley early in 1919, and died there on February 2d. His younger brother, Frederick Norbert, enlisted on May 6, 1917, at Virginia, as a private, and left without delay for Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas, where he was assigned to the Headquarters Company of the Sixteenth Regiment, First Division. He was only at Fort Bliss for one month, leaving in June, 1917, for Port of Embarkation. He sailed from Hoboken on the "Havana," on June 14, 1917, and arrived safely at St. Nazaire, France, on June 25th, being thus with one of the first American units to set foot in France. The regiment remained in the Gondrescourt Area until October 20, 1917, and was in action on October 21, 1917, in the sector north of- Canal de Parroy. Later, the regiment was in action at Cantigny, Soissons, St. Mihiel, and Argonne. For gallantry in action, young Goodspeed was cited on one occasion by his brigade commander, Brigadier-General Parker. Finally, the brave boy was killed in action, in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, on October 4, 1918.

Henry Patrick Gowan was an enterprising business man of Duluth, member of the firm of Gowan-Lenning-Brown Company, wholesale grocers of Duluth. His sister, Mrs. Mary Dacey, lives at 1621 East Fourth Street, Duluth.

John Graden, nephew of Charles Sandgren, 2901 West Third Street, Duluth, was thirty-two years old when he enlisted. In prior civil life he was an employee of the Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway Co., Bridge and Building Department, at Duluth Docks. He went overseas, and died of pneumonia in France on October 9, 1918.

Elmer L. Griffen, who was inducted at Duluth, was formerly a resident of Solon Springs. He reported for military duty at Duluth on July 25, 1918, being enlisted as private of infantry, and sent to Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina. There he was assigned to Headquarters Company, Three Hundred and Twenty-third Infantry, and with that regiment eventually crossed the seas. He died of pneumonia, in France, on October 8, 1918. His sister, Mrs. Bessie Mosher, now lives at 313 Morgan Park Street, Duluth.

Herman Gulbranson, who was wounded in action on the Vesle River front, August 1, 1918, and died a week later in hospital, was a native of St. Louis County, born at Hermanstown, February 2, 1896, son of Peter and Hilma Gulbranson. Before entering the service he was in the employ of the Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway Company at Proctor. He enlisted on September 22, 1917, at Duluth, and left for Camp Dodge, Iowa, where he was assigned to Company B, Three Hundred and Fifty-Second Infantry. About a month later he was transferred to Camp Cody, New Mexico, and there remained until June 16, 1918, when his unit was ordered to Port of Embarkation. The regiment was at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, for a week, and sailed on June 28th, at a time when the call for man-power was most urgent, and the outlook darkest. Soon after reaching France, the regiment moved to a front area.

Alfred Israel Gustafson, who lived at Chisholm for some time before enlisting, was born in Eveleth, son of Fred Gustafson, now of Cook, St. Louis County. Date of birth. May 29, 1896. He entered the service on May 25, 1918, as private of infantry, and was assigned to Company I, of One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Infantry, Fifth

Duluth And St. Louis County 639

Charles R. Gustafson, of Duluth, elected to give service in one of the most dangerous branches of the army, the Air Service. He was early in France, and as a lieutenant of the Twenty-Fifth Aero Scjuad, Fourth Pursuit Corps, was on the French front during the e!arly days of the German drive of 1918. He was killed in action on April 9, 1918.

Edward Cornelius Hagar, son of Mr. and Mrs. A. Hagar, of 814 Third Avenue, east, Duluth, was killed at sea on September 29, 1918. He had enlisted in the United States Navy, and was one of the ship's company of the U. S. transport "Ohioan." Death came from fracturing of skull and other injuries sustained by mishap encountered in launching a lifeboat.

Earl F. Haire is on the Honor Roll, but no biographical or service records are available from wdiich his life and army service might be reviewed.

Theodore George Hall, son of George Hall, of 3124 Chestnut Street, Duluth, served in the army for twenty-two months and was in action in most of the major offensives and defensives from Chateau Thierry to the end. He was born on February 19, 1900, at Erie, North Dakota, son of George and Ida Ayers Hall. He was at heart a soldier and took keen interest in the functioning of the Minnesota National Guard. He was a member of Company C, Minnesota National Guard, and with that unit served on the Mexican border in 1916. Not many months after he had returned from the border, he enlisted for World War service. On July 15, 1917, he was assigned to Company C, Third Minnesota Infantry, which federalized became part of the Thirty-Fourth Division. From August, 1917, to June, 1918, the regiment was at Camp Cody, New Mexico. In June, 1918, young Hall was transferred, at Camp Cody, to the June Automatic Replacement Draft, and later to the Third Trench Mortar Battery, Third Artillery Brigade, Third Division, A. E. F. He sailed for France in the "Justicia," in the latter part of June, 1918, and upon arrival went almost immediately to the front. He saw fighting in most of the major offensives from Chateau Thierry to the end, being present at Chateau Thierry, Verdun, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne. After the Armistice, his division became part of the Army of Occupation, and marched to the Rhine. He was stationed at Mayen, Germany, until he died. Death came, after only one day of illness, on the last day of 1918, the sickness being diagnosed as lobar-pneumonia. Eventually, the body was disinterred, and brought back to this country, and to Duluth. Funeral services were held at Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, Duluth, on October 19, 1920, on which day his remains were laid finally in Oneota Cemetery with military honors, the ceremony being conducted under the auspicco of the local post of the American Legion.

Carl Hansen, who was killed in action at the Mouse River, France, on October 31, 1918, was a well-known West Duluth musician. He was born on February 8, 1889. in Skrup, Sweden, where his mother still lives, although he had other relatives in Minnesota, a sister, Mrs. O. O. Woods, living at Hopper, Minn. Carl was called into military service on April 26, 1918, and assigned to an infantry regiment, crossing the sea without much delay, being killed in action within six months of enlistment, almost.

Herbert Constantius Hansen, son of Thor and Atlanta Hansen, of Duluth, was born May 23, 1898, at Kennsett, North County, Iowa. He was a machinist by trade, and before entering the navy was employed at his trade at the Clyde Iron Works, Duluth. He was called to active duty on August 10, 1918, at Duluth, and was sent for training to the Great Lakes Naval Station. There he died of pneumonia on September 24, 1918.

Peter Hansen's endeavor to be of some use to his country in the time of need is obvious in his bare record. He was a cripple even before enlisting, a hunting accident injuring his spine. He was in a wheel chair when enlisted in September, 1917. He was a skillful radio operator, and asked to be assigned to such work at a home station, so as to relieve one physically fit man for everseas work. He served for more than a year, dying eventually of pneumonia, in October, 1918, at the Marine Hospital, Chicago. He was born on March 9, 1897, at Biwabik, the son of Peter and Jennie Hansen, now of Chisholm.

Jack Hanford, a lieutenant who died in a French hospital on August 8, 1918, of wounds received nine days earlier, was a native of Duluth, born in the city in 1897. His father, Harry C. Hanford, now lives at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, but for many years lived in Duluth, being at one time agent for a coal company of that place. He lived on Third Avenue, near Eleventh Avenue, east. Therefore Lieutenant Jack Hanford may rightly be placed on the Duluth Honor Roll.

Arthur James Hayes, a native Duluthian, who died of pneumonia in a home camp within a few months of enlistment, was a young writer of promise. He was born in Duluth on October 1, 1894, the son of James J. and Margaret A. Hayes, now of Chisholm, and was given a good education, becoming eventually a college graduate. He took to literary pursuits, and gave indications of marked adaptability to that profession. He reported for military duty at Duluth in February, 1918, and was assigned to the Thirty- Sixth Engineers at Camp Grant, Illinois. There, on April 16th following, he died.

Edward Hedenburg, of Duluth, was one of four sons of A. Hedenberg, of 4525 Peabody Street, Duluth, to give service. He enlisted in October, or November, 1917, in the Ordnance Department, U. S. Army, and saw service in France with the Supply Division of Ordnance. Returning to this country, he was detained in a New York hospital, where he died in June, or July of 1919, of pneumonia.

Earl B. Herbert, who lived at 217 Second Avenue, west, Duluth, before enlisting, seems to have had no other relatives in St. Louis County. His mother lives at Menominee, Michigan.

Duluth And St. Louis County 641

John E. Higgins, also of Duluth, died in October, 1918. He was a private in Casual Company No. 397. Beneficiaries of his estate are Helen and Delia Bridget Higgins.

Arvid I. Hill, who died while crossing the sea to the War Zone, was a, Virginia boy, born in that city on February 24, 1896. His father, Isaac Hill, lives in Embarrass, St. Louis County. Young Hill was called to duty on June 24, 1918, and assigned to Ambulance Company No. 341, Three Hundred and Eleventh Sanitary Train, Eighty-Sixth Division. He had the grade of wagoner, and died during the voyage to Europe. His body was buried at Liverpool, England, on October 4, 1918.

Axel M. Howalt, son of Louis Howalt, of Park Point, Duluth, was a sergeant of Battery B. One Hundred and Fifty-first Field Artillery, Rainbow Division. He was twice in hospital, being gassed on May 27, 1918, and severely wounded in the July fighting. He died in hospital in July-August, 1918.

Joseph Hurovitch, son of Mr. and Mrs. Hurovitch, of 320 East First Street, Duluth, was employed in the linen department of George A. Gray and Co.'s Duluth store before entering the army. He became a corporal, and acting sergeant of Headquarters Company, Three Hundred and Forty-Eighth Infantry, A. E. F. He died of bronco-pneumonia, in France, on October 25, 1918.

Frank Fred Indihar was of the prominent Gilbert family of that name. He was born at Biwabik, September 12, 1896, and passed most of his life in Biwabik and Gilbert. He was the son of Frank and Meri Indihar, and latterly was a clerk in his father's store at Gilbert. He enlisted in August, 1917, being assigned to an infantry regiment, which eventually was sent to France. He was killed by shrapnel on September 26, 1918, in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. His brother is village clerk of Gilbert.

John Alfred Jacobson, of Virginia, was born at Messabe, St. Louis County, son of August Jacobson, now of Virginia. He was in an infantry regiment, and was killed in action in France, being mortally wounded by bayonet.

Alfred Johnson, who was born on June 16, 1891, was the son of Christ Johnson, of Duluth. Alfred died of wounds in a base hospital in France.

Axel W. Johnson lived at 1331 West First Street, Duluth. prior to enlistment. His nearest relative is given as Miss Jennie Helbert, an aunt, of Kansas City, Missouri.

Conrad Gilbert Johnson was a native of Duluth, and a promising student at the University of Minnesota when war came. He was born in Duluth on November 25, 1896, the son of Otto and Christina Johnson, now of 2615 West Third Street, Duluth. He attended local schools, and eventually entered the University of Minnesota. On April 17, 1917, he enlisted at Minneapolis, as a candidate-officer, and was sent to the First Officers' Training School at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Successfully passing examinations at the close of the course of training, he was accepted into the Air Service of the United States Army, which meant that he was as nearly physically perfect as was possible, the physical test of the aviation branch of the U. S. forces being the most rigid. He was assigned to the Princeton School of Aeronautics in July, 1917, and remained there until September. On September 25, 1917, he embarked, as a cadet, on the liner "Saxonia," at New York, safely reaching England, where for long he was in training. Crossing to France eventually, he went into action, and saw dangerous exciting service at the front. He was killed in action on October 23, 1918, during the last six months of service holding the rank of first lieutenant.

Frank F. Johnson, of Duluth, was called into service on June 28, 1918, and assigned to an infantry unit at Camp Grant where he did not remain for more than a month. On November 5, 1918, he died of w^ounds received in action in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. His mother is Mrs. Bertha Johnson, of 21 South Sixty-Sixth Avenue, West, Duluth.

Johan A. Johnson, who lived in Chisholm before going into military service, appears to have no relatives in St. Louis County. His sister, Esther, lives in Pittsburg.

John Johnson, whose mother now lives in Eveleth, was born on July 11, 1896, at Wasa, Finland, son of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Johnson. He was enlisted into the infantry branch of the National Army in July, 1918, and was ordered to Camp Cody, Deming, New Mexico. There he was assigned to Casual Company No. 4, of the Three Hundred and Eighty-Eighth Infantry. He died of pneumonia in that camp on November 6, 1918.

David Kaplan had lived in Duluth for about ten years before entering upon military duties, but he was born in Russia. Fie was killed in action in France on October 4, 1918.

Dan D. Katoski, who before entering upon military duty was a teamster in the employ of J. H. Clough, contractor of Duluth, was born in August, 1890, at Ragrot, Poland. He was enlisted, as private in infantry of the Regular Army, on July 24, 1918, at Duluth, and sent to Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, South Carolina, where on July 28th he was assigned to Company K. Fifty-Fifth Pioneer Infantry. His regiment left Camp Wadsworth, for Port of Embarka- tion in August, and in September arrived at Brest, France. Katoski was transferred to Company D, One Hundred and Sixth Infantry, and saw five weeks of active fighting. As the result of his service, he was paralyzed, and rendered helpless in January, 1919. On March 3, 1919, he arrived in New York, and was sent to United States Army General Hospital No. 29, Fort Snelling, Minnesota, from which he was discharged on July 30, 1919. He died on October 29, 1920, at the home of his uncle, Charles Wisocki, 512 North Fifth Street, Duluth.

Ambrose Manley Kelley was in business in Duluth before being called to service, being grain clerk for the Kellogg Commission Company of Duluth. He enlisted at Duluth in the early months of the war, on May 25, 1917, joining the Machine Gun Battalion of the Third Minnesota Regiment. Was at Camp Cody, Deming, New Mexico, from August, 1917, until September, 1918, when he left for Port of Embarkation, reaching France in October. He was stationed at La Bozage, Sarthe, France, for some time, and later was at Le Mans, France, where, on February 28. 1919, he died of broncopneumonia. He was born at Taylor Falls, Minnesota, January 3, 1892, son of J. D. and Mary (Manley) Kelley. His widow. Olivette Kelley lives in Duluth.

Fred Michael Kenney, whose aunt is Mrs. Frank Lesler of Duluth, was born on December 8, 1889, at Detroit. Michigan. By trade he was a granite cutter, and before enlistment was working at his trade in Chicago. It was in Chicago that he was influenced in November, 1916, to enlist, going to Canada for the purpose. He became a member of the Fourth Canadian Reserve Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Forces, and after this nation joined the Allies, he was assigned to recruiting duties at the British Recruiting Mission's Chicago headquarters. Later, he returned to Toronto, and there embarked for England. He was in training at Witley, Surrey, for a short while in 1917, but was in the front-line trenches in France, and in action, in that year, meeting death there on August 9, 1917.

Marshall Louvain Knapp, a native Duluthian. popular in West Duluth and an accomplished violinist, died of influenza at Camp Humphries, on September 28, 1918, six months after enlistment. He was born in Duluth on March 9, 1897, son of Jerome M. and Susie H. Knapp, his mother now living at 17 North Sixty-Second Avenue, West Duluth. His education was obtained at local schools, he eventually graduating from the Denfield High School. Entering business life, he became a clerk in the offices of the Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway Company, at Duluth, and was an estimable young man of steady refined character. Entering upon military service in March, 1918, he was asigned to duty with Company B, Second Engineering Training Regiment, at Camp Humphries, X'irginia. There he died.

Teddy Kovecavich, who was killed in action in I-'rance in (October, 1918, lived in Chisholm. where his brother, Xick, also lives. Teddy was born at Tisovic, Kalji, Croatia, Jugo-Slavia, on I'\'bruary 16, 1893. He enlisted in the infantry in May, 1917.

Henry S. Knowlton, who has a place on the nululh Honor Roll, was in war service long before the L'nited States joined the Allies. He enlisted at Winnipeg, C"anada, in Company .\, Twenty-Seventh Battalion, Canadian Army, and saw much service at the Front before he was killed, on May 3, 1917, at Fresney, France. He was born at Superior, Wisconsin, February 1, 1891, the son of Edwin S. and Matilda Knowlton, now of Duluth.

Adam Kucharski, a native Duluthian, was not yet twenty years old when he enlisted at Duluth, in the early months of the war, in the Third Minnesota National Guard. He was assigned to Company C, at Camp Cod3^ New Mexico, and left with the regiment for France. He was killed in action on September 5, 1918. His father, Anton Kucharski lives at 316 East Ninth Street, Duluth.

William Henry Lahti was a native of St. Louis County. He was born April 2, 1895, at Soudan, the son of Alexander Lahti, now of Cook, St. Louis County. He reported for military duty in May, 1918, and was assigned to an infantry unit. He served in Fran-ce during the time of greatest stress, and succumbed to influenza on October 6, 1918.

Svante Lampi, who was killed in action in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, was well known in Gilbert, where before entering military service he was a city official. He was of Finnish origin, born in Karvia, Finland, August 22, 1886, son of Alexander Lampi. He entered the U. S. Army on May 24, 1918, at Eveleth. From there he was sent to Camp Lewis, Washington, and there assigned to the Thirty-Fourth Company, One Hundred and Sixty-Sixth Depot Brigade, Fortieth Division. Six weeks later he was transferred to Camp Kearney, California, but within a month was on the way to France, embarking at Boston on the troopship "Berrima" on August 8, 1918, with Company I, One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry, Fortieth Division. On September 25th he was transferred to Company D, One Hundred and Ninth Infantry, Fortieth Division, and was with that unit when he met his death, in action, on October 7, 1918.

Lloyd Ernest Le Due, also a well-known Duluthian, was the son of A. C. LeDuc, of 10 North Twelfth Avenue, east. Lloyd was in the United States Navy.

Fred LePage was known to a large circle in West Duluth, where he lived before enlistment. He left Duluth early in 1918, and was at the Front during about three months of hard fighting. He was killed in action in France on October 8, 1918. A sister, Mrs. J. LeSarge, lives at 2405 West Sixth Street, Duluth.