Duluth Township (part 5 of 15)

August Felix Leppi, son of Andrew Leppi, of Floodwood, was born at Ely, St. Louis County, on December 4, 1895. He entered the army in September, 1917, and for eight months was in training at Camp Pike, Arkansas. He became tubercular, and died of consumption at Floodwood on July 18, 1919.

Rudolph M. Lindquist, of Duluth, was 29 years old when he reported for military duty on July 25, 1918. He was sent to Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, S. C, and there assigned to the Fifty-Sixth Pioneer Infantry, then being equipped for overseas duty. The unit left for France soon afterwards, and was hard pressed in the campaigning of that time. Lindquist developed pneumonia, and died in France on September 30, 1918. His widow, Jennie R. Lindquist, lives at 613 East Tenth Street, Duluth.

Duluth And St. Louis County 645

employ of H. C. Royce, Cramer, Minn., before enlistment. Littlefield was a native of Lowell, Massachusetts, where he was born on April 17, 1895, but for some years had been in Minnesota. He left Duluth in December, 1917, for duty with the Forestry Division of the Canadian Army, and was assigned to the Eighth Battalion. He did not go overseas until early in September, 1918, on the 28th of which month he was killed, being at that time a member of the Fifty- Second Battalion. His mother is Mrs. Emma Royce, 613 East Tenth Street, Duluth.

Allen Lloyd, who was killed in action in France on October 16, 1918, is given place among the Gold Stars of Chisholm, where he lived for some time before entering upon military duties. He was born on December 12, 1890, at Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, where his mother, who now is Mrs. James W. Winkler, lives. Lloyd enlisted in September, 1917, and became a member of the Three Hundred and Seventh Engineers.

Victor Loisom was of Eveleth, but more regarding his civil and military record is not available. A brother, Mike, lives at Republic, Washington.

Frank Lozar, of Ely, was a good loyal American soldier, notwithstanding that he was born in Austria. He died gallantly fighting for his adopted country. He was born on October 22, 1895, at Ritnica, Austria. He lived with his mother in Ely for many years before taking military duty, and was in good business as a storekeeper. He reported for military duty at Ely on September 21, 1917. and was sent to Camp Dodge, Iowa, where he was assigned to Campany A, Three Hundred and Fifty-second Infantry, Second Division. Later, he was transferred to Camp Pike, Arkansas, but eventually cross*ed the sea, and saw much service at the Front. He was killed in action in France on September 13, 1918, and buried at the St. Mihiel American Cemetery 1233, grave 66, section 16, plot 2, Thiacourt, Meurtheet-Moselle.

Earl Bertram Lozway, of West Duluth, who died in service, was born November 26, 1897, at Sylvan Lake, Crow Wing County. Minnesota. His mother, Mary A. Lozway, lives at 124 South Twenty- Eighth Avenue, West Duluth, and he was well known in that part of the city. He enlisted in the United States Navy in the first month of war, and died at Philadelphia, where he was stationed, on Julv 4, 1918.

Fred Luhm, of Duluth, son of W. H. Luhm, of 4229 Gladstone Street, Duluth, was early in national service, enlisting at Duluth in the Ambulance Corps. He was assigned to the Forty-Eighth Ambulance Section, and was killed by a shell while at his duties on the Western front in 1918.

Louis McCahill, who was killed in action on November 7, 1918. is listed with the Duluth men. He was born in 1896, son of James McCahill, and the family lived in Duluth until the death of the father in 1909, when the family removed to Lake City, Minnesota, where Mrs. McCahill still lives.

Arthur W. McCaulcy was a brave Duluth boy. He was only seventeen years old when, in 1915, he left his home and went to Winnipeg, to enlist in the Canadian .^rmy. His family never saw him again. He was born on July 10, 18^8, the son of E. J. McCauley. who now lives at 13 East Superior Street, and as a boy attended

Jackson School, Duluth. He saw three years of terribly hard service in France, and passed through the severe fighting of 1916 and 1917 without as much as a scratch. Early in 1918, however, he \yas wounded, and when partially convalescent was sent on recruiting duty to Scotland. That assignment accomplished, however, he was again ordered to France, and was again wounded. That was on July 22, 1918, but the wound was not a serious one and he was soon back in the trenches, only, however, to meet instant death in action on August 8, 1918. He surely served the cause of Liberty to the full.

Edward J. McDermott, eighteen-year-old son of James McDermott, of 2325 West Ninth Street, Duluth, enlisted in the Marine Corps, on April 15, 1918, and died in France on August 10th of that year. Before leaving home he was in the employ of the Duluth Paper and Stationery Company.

Clarence McDonald is listed among those Virginia boys who did not return. His widow, Mrs. Jennie McDonald, now lives in Duluth. McDonald was killed in action in France.

Kenneth Mclnnis, who had lived in Duluth for some years and was in the employ of the Duluth Marine Supply Company, was of Scottish birth, and in October, 1917, enlisted in the Canadian Army. He crossed the sea in the spring of 1918, and in September, or October, following, was killed in action in France.

Frederick Thomas McLain, son of W. D. McLain, of Kenwood Park, Duluth, enlisted in the United States Navy and was assigned to the U. S. S. "Alabama." He died of spinal meningitis in 191^8.

Robert McLennan, who died in France in 1918. of wounds received in action, was formerly of Duluth residence, living with his aunt, Mrs. M. C. Littleworth. at 409 Mesaba Avenue. He was assigned to the Chemical Service, and was a member of the First Gas Regiment, American Expeditionary Forces.

Kenneth D. MacLeod, of Duluth, was born July 5, 1898, at Rice Lake, Wisconsin, where his mother, Mrs. George MacLeod still lives. Early in 1917 Kenneth enlisted in the Machine Gun Section of the Third Wisconsin National Guard. He was killed in action in France in October, 1918.

Lloyd O. Magee, city editor of the Eveleth "News" and a popular young man of that city was killed in action in the Argonne Forest, France, on October 1, 1918. He was born on February 11, 1894, in Wisconsin. He reported for military duty on February 28, 1918, and was assigned to an infantry regiment, which soon went overseas. His father, H. M. Magee, lives at Little Falls, Minn.

Anton Maleski left Duluth with the first draft for Camp Dodge. Iowa, in September, 1917. He was assigned to Company E, Fifty- Eighth Infantry, Fourth Division, and was later transferred to Camp Greene. He embarked in May, and safely arrived at London. England, on May 26, 1918, soon afterward crossing the English Channel to France. He was killed in action at Chateau Thierry on July 18. 1918. His brother, John J. Maleski, lives at 621 Central Avenue, Duluth.

Duluth And St. Louis County 647

Garrett Mandeville, who was a cadet in the aviation branch of the U. S. Navy at the time he met his death, in August, 1918, by a fall of his seaplane at Pensacola, Florida, enlisted in Minneapolis where he then lived, but he was formerly of Duluth. He was born in Superior, but attended Duluth schools.

Nick C. J. Marion went to Canada in 1917 and enlisted in the Canadian Army, being assigned to the Forty-Third Battalion. He was killed in action in France, on August 16, 1918. He was twentynine years old, the son of N. F. Marion, 1 Palmetto Street, Duluth.

Henry Edward Masucci, who was cited for gallantry in action, was a resident in Eveleth before entering the service. He was born on February 23, 1895, at Negaunee, Michigan, son of Mr. and Mrs. Otis Masucci, and his mother now lives in Eveleth. Henry was called into service on May 26, 1918, at Eveleth, and there enlisted in the infantry, and assigned to the Fortieth Division. He was transferred in September, 1918, to Company I, 305th Infantry, 77th Division, and with that regiment was in action at Argonne Forest, where he was killed by machine-gun fire on October 3d. He distinguished himself in the fighting and was recommended for a medal by his commander.

Jacob Andreas Kristofer Mattson is another of the Gold Stars of Virginia. Born April 18, 1884, at Trondhjem, Norway, he had lived in America for many years before enlisting on June 25, 1918, in the Medical Department of the United States Army. He died of disease while on the voyage to France, death occurring on October 11, 1918. His widow still lives in Virginia, Minnesota.

Samuel Nehemiah Maxwell, of Eveleth, was born on February 24, 1897, the family being well known in Eveleth. He was not called into service until August, 1918, and then assigned to the Motor Transport Corps. He died of influenza at Indianapolis, Indiana, on October 7, 1918.

Oscar A. Melander was a Duluthian by birtJi, and seemed to have a promising career before him as a dentist. He was born in Duluth on March 1, 1893, son of August H. and Cecelia Melander, now of East Fourth Street. He attended Duluth schools, and in 1912 graduated from the Central High School. He proceeded to the University of Minnesota, and was still an undergraduate when war came in 1917. He joined the Student Corps of the University of Minnesota when that was organized and became a sergeant of it. Very soon after graduating, as a dentist in 1918, he decided to enlist in the regular army, and did so on June 14, 1918, at St. Paul, Minnesota, as a private of the aviation branch. He was assigned to the Air Service Mechanical School, at St. Paul, and at that establishment was detailed to the medical section, because of his professional training. He was soon expecting examination for commission in the army wdien sickness intervened. Stricken with influenza, he was removed to the army hospital. Overland Building. St. I'aul, and there died on October 11, 1918. Thus ended long preparations for a useful professional life.

Arthur A. Mellin. a Duluth boy who was killed in action within sixteen days of landing in France, was horn in Duluth. ( )ctober 22, 1897, the son of Alexander and Ida Mellin, now of 1719 West Xew Street. He was interested in soldiering long before the nation became involved in the Eurojjean struggle, and as a nicml)er of the Third Minnesota Infantrv, of the National Guard, went to the Mexican

Border, in 1916 when the country was virtually at war with Mexico. In civil life, he was a typewriter mechanic, and was with the Remington TypewTiter Company, Duluth. In June, 1917, he enlisted for World War service. He belonged to Company C of the Third Minnesota Infantry, Thirty-fourth Division and w^as at Camp Cody, New Mexico, until June, 1918, then leaving for Camp Merritt, New Jersey, where he remained until July 12th, w^hen he embarked for Europe with the One Hundred and Tw^enty-iifth Field Artillery, to Company C of which he had been transferred while still at Camp Cody. He left Camp Cody as a machine gun casual. Almost immediately after debarking in France, he was transferred to Company K of the One Hundred and Sixty-third Infantry, and w'ent into the front-line trenches in the Argonne within four days of landing. He was killed in the Argonne Forest early in August, 1918.

Edward F. Mettner was born in Duluth on September 16, 1890, son of Edward Mettner, now of 5723 Avondale Street, Duluth. He died of influenza at Camp Edgewood, Maryland, October 10, 1918.

Sigurd Peter Moe, of McKinley, was one of the outstanding heroes of the early days of American participation in the fighting on the Western front. He was in the Marine Corps, and was killed in the memorable engagement at Belleau Wood on June 12, 1918, and because of his bravery in that engagement, the French Government honored his memory by awarding him the Croix de Guerre. The report shows that Sigurd Moe and another marine, Willis Shoemaker, left a shelter trench during heavy bombardment to rescue a wounded comrade. Moe was killed in the attempt.

Walter Monett, of Duluth, was nineteen years old when he met his death of wounds in France in October, 1918. He w^as born in Duluth and enlisted at Duluth on July 26, 1917. He was sent to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and assigned to Company H, First Minnesota Infantry, later going to Camp Cody, New Mexico and overseas in June, 1918, with the Twelfth Casual Company. He died of wounds on October 6, 1918. His father is Amos Monett, of 280 Third Avenue, East, Duluth.

Harvey H. Morey was of Eveleth ; a sister, Mrs. William Hein, lives at jonesboro, Arkansas. Morey was killed in action in France, August 1, 1918.

William H. Morrison, who w^as killed in action in France in September or October, 1918, was a Duluthian. His sister, Miss Agatha M., lives at 1815 West Superior Street.

Michael J. Murphy, whose home was in Sioux City, Iowa, will be remembered by Duluth people. He was a sergeant of Marines, and was in charge of recruiting for the United States Marine Corps in Duluth ; also, he w'as captain of the Duluth Marine Scouts. After leaving Duluth, he was stationed for a time at Quantico, Virginia, but soon assigned to service abroad. He was killed in action in France in August, 1918.

John J. Mustar, of Gilbert, succumbed to pneumonia, following influenza, at Camp Eustis, Virginia, on October 13, 1918. He had been in service for ten months, having enlisted at Gilbert on December 16. 1917, in Battery C, Forty-ninth Regiment. He was born in Biwabik, April 11. 1896, but lived for many years in Gilbert latterly, being in the employ of the Gilbert Hardware Company for some time before enlistment. His mother, Maria Mustar, still lives in Gilbert.

Duluth And St. Louis County 649

Arthur Nelson was of Prosit, Minnesota. Charles G. Nelson was the son of Gust Nelson of Soudan. Edward G. Nelson of Duluth died June, 1919. His sister is Mrs. Edward Peterson, 917 East Tenth Street, Duluth.

Max Neubauer, son of Florien Newbauer, of Ninety-second Avenue, West, and Grand, Duluth, departed from Duluth with the first detachment drafted in September, 1917. He went overseas and died of wounds in France in July, 1918, at first being reported: "Missing in action."

Carl Oscar Niemi belonged to a well-known and respected Eveleth family. He was born on July 28, 1894, at Tower, St. Louis County, son of Oscar Niemi. Carl attended the first Officers' Training Camp, at Fort Snelling, in June, 1917, and after a two months' course was commissioned second lieutenant, and assigned to the Air Service. He soon went overseas, and as an aviator did valuable and dangerous work along the Western front during the severe fighting in 1918. He also was for a time on the Italian front. When the Armistice came, he was on the French front, and soon afterwards was under orders to return home. The orders were rescinded and he continued to do reconnaissance work with his organization and met his death as the result of a mid-air collision of aeroplanes. He was buried in an American cemetery in France with the honors customarily tendered an aviator.

Gilbert Winsford Nordman, who was killed in action at Cote de Chatillon, France, October 16, 1918, had lived in Duluth for many years with his parents, Julius and Jennie Nordman of 221 East Fifth Street. Gilbert was born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, on November 17, 1894, and by trade was an auto mechanic. He was employed by the Central Auto Company, Duluth, before enlistment, which took place on September 5, 1917, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was sent to Camp Custer, Michigan, and there assigned to the Thirty-second Company, One Hundred and Sixtieth Depot Brigade, Eighth Battalion. He arrived at St. Nazaire, France, on March 6, 1918, and \<as in action at Badonvillers four days later. He saw considerable fighting during the following six months in Champagne, at St. Mihieil, Aisne, Meuse, Argonne.

James Novak, of Virginia, was a Bohemian by birth, but evidently seriously affected by the state of war in Europe. He went to Canada and enlisted in the Canadian army long before the United States became involved in the war. He, however, appears to have been transferred to the United States army in May, 1918, at his request. During that summer, he was at Fort Brady, Michigan, and during the epidemic of Spanish Influenza he contracted the disease and died on October 16, 1918, at that fort. His father is Frank Novak, of Greaney.

Erick Ofsted was of Duluth. He enlisted at Duluth, in April, 1918. and eventually became a member of Company F, of the Three Hundred and Eigllty-fifth Infantry, with which unit he sailed for France in July, 191/8. He was reported, "Missing in action."

Chester Norman Olson lived at Cresson before enlistment. His nearest relative in America seems to have been Mrs. H. C. Hess, of Phelps, Wisconsin

Duluth And St. Louis County 651

John R. Olson, a Norwegian by birth, followed the trade of painter in Duluth before entering the service in May, 1918. He lived at 2422 West Seventh Street, Dukith. before reporting for duty. His military record covers four months of service at Camp Dodge, Iowa, where on October 15, 1918, he died of pneumonia. His body was returned to Duluth and buried with military honors. He had no relatives in America, but his mother, in Norway, survives him.

David Livingston Page, of Duluth, enlisted early in 1917 in the Third Minnesota Infantry, Thirty-fourth Division. Later, he was transferred to the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, of the same division. He died while on the voyage overseas, and was buried in England. His mother is Mrs. Mary Page, of 1001 Twelfth Avenue, West, Duluth.

Albin F. Palmer, of Duluth, was the son of C. A. Palmer, of Chisago City, Minnesota. Albin was called to military duty on May 25, 1918, and went overseas with the Seventy-seventh Division. He was killed in action on the French front on October 4, 1918. When in Duluth he lived at 2316 West Second Street.

John Paul Parker, who was well-known in Gilbert, was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, February 20, 1888. He enlisted almost as soon as this country entered into the struggle in April, 1917, and was with one of the units early in France. He was killed in action at the Aisne River, France, July 20, 1918, and was buried in the American Area Cemetery, Row C, Grave 76, Commune Lecharmiel, Aisne territory.

Andrew Peterson, of Cotton, Minnesota, was the son of Peter Peterson, of same town. He was born in Norway, January 24. 1890. He enlisted on September 20, 1917, and was assigned to Company E, of the Fifty-eighth Infantry, which was sent to France in time to take part in the supreme effort made by the Allies after the July, 1918, drive of the Germans had spent itself. Andrew took part in the counter-offensive, but was killed on the second or third day of the great French counter-offensive which was destined to bring to the Allies a triumphant issue. Andrew Peterson is recorded as having been killed on July 18th.

August Peterson was the son of Nels G. Peterson, of Biwabik, and was born on May 23, 1892. at St. Ignace, Michigan. On July 27, 1917, he enlisted in the artillery and was assigned to Battery B. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Heavy Field Artillery. Thirty-fourth Division. He went overseas and died of influenza at Liverpool, England, on October 15, 1918.

Axel Rudolph Peterson was a native-born Duluthian. son of Oscar R. Peterson, of 912 North Fifty-seventh Avenue. West. He was educated chiefly in Duluth schools, and was a steady boy, of exemplary habits, never having smoked. He was also a teetotaler, and was earnest in his endeavor to succeed in life. He received license as assistant druggist at the age of twenty, and had it not been for the national situation early in 1917, would probably soon have secured the major license. He was twenty-one years old when he enlisted, in June, 1917, and was assigned to the medical detachment of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, going with the regiment to Camp Cody, New Mexico. There he died a year later, on June 2, 1918, of pneumonia.

Helmer A. Peterson was born in Duluth, and was well-known. He was born January 23, 1894, son of John and Hannah Peterson, and his academic schooling was obtained in Duluth schools. He became a pharmacist and in that capacity was employed at Beyers Drug Store, Duluth, for some time before reporting for military duty on September 21, 1917. He was sent from Duluth to Camp Dodge, Iowa, and assigned to the Medical Corps, 350th F. A., 313th Sanitary Train. At Camp Dodge he remained for the winter and would probably have gone overseas in 1918 had he not succumbed to disease at Camp Dodge, on April 10, 1918. His mother now lives at 119 East Third Street, Duluth.

Rudolph Peterson was the son of Oscar R. Peterson, of 912 North Fifty-seventh Avenue, West, Duluth. Rudolph worked in Duluth before entering the service.

Elia Peteruka was of Duluth residence prior to the war, but appears to have no relatives in Minnesota. His brother, Gust Peteruka, is at Fort Morgan, Colorado.

Louis Press lived at Chisholm before leaving for military service. His brother, Samuel, lives at Eveleth, at 705 Hayes Street. Louis was born August 17, 1891, at Trovi, Russia, but had lived in the United States for many years before the war. He was enlisted in February, 1918, and went overseas with an infantry regiment. He was killed in action in France on August 15, 1918.

Clyde E. Prudden, who became a major of the Medical Corps, United States army and was much respected by the men of the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, was a well-known and successful physician of Duluth before the state of war into which the nation became in 1917 so radically changed the course of the lives of so many of its worthiest citizens. Major Prudden was born in Duluth, and attended local schools. For the medical course he proceeded to Northwestern University, from which he graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, with the class of 1909. In 1912 he was an associate of Dr. C. A. Stewart, in practice in Duluth, and later with Drs. Bagby, Kohagan and Gillespie. He was for many years interested in military affairs, and in peace time was a member of the old Third Minnesota Infantry. He went with the regiment to Fort Snelling, and when it was converted from an infantry to a field artillery unit, he was advanced in rank and made senior officer of the Medical Detachment at the Base Hospital. Within a short time, he was again promoted and became major. Eventually, he became senior major of the Regimental Medical Detachment of the One Hundred Twenty-fifth Field Artillery. From August, 1917, to the autumn of the following year, he was with the regiment at Fort Deming, New Mexico. In September, the regiment went overseas and during the voyage Major Prudden developed pneumonia, from which he died before the regiment debarked. Doctor Prudden was married in Oklahoma City in January, 1918, and a child was born to his widow five or six months after his death. Both widow and child, however, met a tragic death, being drowned . in the tidal wave that swept Corpus Christie, on September 14, 1919. The body of Major Prudden was returned to the United States in October, 1920. It was received in Duluth on November 1, 1920, and reinterred on American soil in his native city, with full military honors and with many other indications of the respect in which his memory is held by people of Duluth. His father is A. E. Prudden, of 3501 Minnesota Avenue.

Howard C. Quigley, who was killed in action in the Argonne Forest, France, November 4, 1918, was a native of Duluth, born in the city July 18, 1894, the son of James R. Quigley. now of 123 Minneapolis Avenue, Duluth. Young Quigley passed through the Duluth schools, and was with the American Bridge Company, Duluth, when called into service on April 26, 1918, at Duluth. As a private of infantry, he was sent to Camp Dodge, Iowa, and became a member of Company D, Three Hundred and Sixtieth Infantry, Ninetieth Division, going to Camp Travis. Texas, within three weeks of reaching Camp Dodge. In June, 1918, his regiment embarked at Hoboken and was soon in action in France. Quigley was present at St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne major offensives, being killed in the Argonne within a week of the signing of the armistice.

William Henry Reddy, of Biwabik, was in the United States navy, and had the rating of baker, 2cl. His mother is Mrs. Mary Reddy, of Biwabik.

Frank Reed, of Arnold, was born in Duluth on July 27, 1897, son of Mike Reed, of Arnold, R. F. D. No. 4, Duluth. Ne was a smart, well-developed boy, and when enlisted, on March 30, 1918, was assigned to the cavalry branch of the United States army, and sent to the Mexican border. He died of pneuomnia at El Paso, New Mexico, December 8, 1918. pneumonia developing at a time when he was somewhat weakened, owing to inaction that followed a fall from a horse while on patrol.

Charles C. Ringler was of Duluth prior to entering upon military duties. He was in the Chemical Service of the United States army, as chemist, and died at the United States Marine Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, on November 22. 1918. His mother, who now is Mrs. Philip Allendorfer, lives in Chicago.

ertson, now of 2516 West Twelfth Street, Duluth. He also was a married man at the time of entering the army, and was employed at the Great Northern Power Plant. Enlisted at Duluth on June 28, 1918, he left that day for Camp Grant, and was there assigned to Company I, Four Hundred and Thirty-first Infantry. He was transferred in August to Company D of Three Hundred and Tenth Infantry and left for Port of Embarkation early in September. After a short stay at Camp Upton, New York, he embarked at New York, September 8th, and arrived in France on September 25th. He was in action on October 7th, at Bois de Loges, Argonne Forest, and from that time until he was wounded on October 18th. he was almost continuously in action. He died in hospital in France on November 5, 1918.

Yalmer Leonard Saari, of Virginia and Duluth, was born October 27, 1895, at Calumet, Houghton County, Michigan. His widow, Hulda Saari now lives at 540 West Fourth Street. Duluth. Saari reported for enlistment on April 28, 1918, and at Camp Dodge. Iowa, to which cantonment he was sent, he was assigned to Company D, Three Hundred and Fifty-eighth Infantry. Two months later he was on the way overseas; and on September 26th, 1918, he was killed by machine gun fire, in an attack on the Hindenburg Line in France. Piotre Sagotowski, whose papers show that he formerly had Duluth residence, was a Russian, his father, Piotre, at Wytxamers, St. Kawno, Russia.

Christ O. Sandwich, who was a sawyer in the mill of J. P. Pfeiffer, Iverson, Minnesota, and lived in Duluth, where his widow still lives, was a Norwegian by birth, born in Gubbiansdalen. Norway, December 15, 1894. He was called into service on June 28, 1918, at Carlton, Minnesota, and sent to Camp Grant, Illinois, where he was assigned to the Three Hundred and Forty-first Infantry, a regiment of the Eighty-sixth Division: Soon afterwards he was transferred to Company D, Three Hundred and Eighth Machine Gun Battalion, Seventy-eighth Division. In August he left for an eastern camp, preparatory to going overseas and left Camp Upton, New York, September 8th, embarking then. He received promotion to the grade of corporal during the voyage. He first went into action at Verdun on October 12, 1918, and was fighting on that front until the 19th, when he received a shrapnel wound and was also gassed. The shrapnel wounds were not serious, but the gas set up a lingering illness. Finally, he died of tubercular meningitis, at the American Base Hospital, Brest, France, May 29, 1919.

Thomas B. Shaughnessy lived at Morgan Park prior to enlisting. He was born at Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 27, 1891, son of James P. and Ellen Shaughnessy, who, now live at Morgan Park, Duluth. Thomas B. by trade was a structural ironworker and was with the Universal Portland Cement Company. He was a young man of grit, and earnest patriotic purpose, as he showed when called upon to report for military duty. He had received notice to report at Duluth on February 26, 1918, and on that morning sprained his ankle. But he refused to be left behind by the detachment then departing, so he was taken to the station in an auto, and upon arrival at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, was placed in hospital, where he remained for ten days. Following that, he was in a detention camp for seventeen days and was given ten days of intensive drilling, and then sent on to the port of embarkation. It was at the time of the breaking of the British front in France during the great spring drive of the Germans. Shaughnessy was on the British front in May, 1918, and in a Belgian sector. In June, he was in the Vosges Mountains. He was at St. Mihiel September 12th and from September 26 to October 2 was in the terrible fighting in the Argonne Forest, and later in the Meuse sector, five miles south of Verdun. He passed through the terrible fighting without hurt, but while waiting for home orders, he was taken sick and pneumonia developing he died at Base Hospital, No. 9, Bazoilles, France, on February 7, 1919.

James Shannon, of Virginia, had a distinguished military career. He was the son of the late C. E. Shannon, of Duluth, and brother of Mrs. Harry Sleepack. of 2419 East Fourth Street, and had passed through West Point, having been appointed to that military academy by Judge Page Morris, then congressman from this district. He was killed in France in 1918, having attained the grade of lieutenantcolonel and a place on the staff of General Pershing, in France.

George E. Sigel, who is listed as a volunteer from Virginia, was a native of Duluth, born there on June 28, 1900. The family, however, has lived in Virginia for many years, and the boy was in school there. In fact, he volunteered in his senior high-school year and was graduated by proxy, with seven others who received diplomas. He enlisted on May 25, 1918, and became a member of Company B, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Engineers, with which regiment he went overseas. He passed through the exciting latter half of 1918, but in February, 1919, suffered from bronchitis, at Brest, France, from which he never recovered. He returned to this country and was sent to Fort Bayard, New Mexico, his lungs having become affected. He died there on June 14, 1919, of tuberculosis. "A serious, rightliving, clean-minded young man," Father J. O'Brien, army chaplain at Fort Bayard testified of him.

Mike Simney, of Duluth, was the son of Albert Simney, of 2631 West Fifth Street, Duluth, and was a member of the first detachment of Duluth manhood called into service under the Selective Draft. They left Duluth in September, 1917, for Camp Grant. Simney eventually saw much service in France. He was in the Engineers and on October 6, 1918, succumbed to wounds received in action.

Otto Smuland, son of Christian Smuland. Bangsund, Namdalen, Norway, and brother of Helmar Smuland, of 504 East Fourteenth Street, Duluth. was in the fishery business at Isle Royale before he was selected to give military service. He was twenty-eight years old when enlisted on July 25, 1918, at Duluth. He left at once for Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, South Carolina, and there was assigned to an infantry regiment. He died at Camp Wadsworth in August, 1918. Funeral services were held on .August 28. 1918, at Bethesda Norwegian Lutheran Church, Duluth. following the return of the body to Duluth under military escort.

Peter Stark lived in Eveleth before going into the service. He was killed in action in France on November 7, 1918, only four days before hostilities ceased. His body lies in an American cemetery in France. His brother is Michael Stark, of McKinley.

Edward F. Snyder, who is on the Duluth list of gold stars, lived in that city for about two years before enlisting, although he was a native of Buffalo, New York. He enlisted in June, 1917, and was for more than a year on the Western battle line, France. He joined a Canadian regiment and was killed in action in 1918. He married Ruth Berglund, of West Duluth, in 1916.

Philip Steen, who enlisted at Duluth in August, 1917, and became a member of an artillery unit, died on the way over to France, on or about July 10, 1918. He was born in Duluth, and his father, John Steen, now lives at 510 Third Avenue, east.

Albert C. Steiner, also a Duluthian by birth, owned and worked a farm in St. Louis County before enlisting. He was born on November 25, 1891, and he reported for military duty on May 25, 1918, at Duluth. He was assigned to Company L, One Hundred and Fiftyninth Infantry, Fortieth Division, at Camp Lewis, Washington. On June 29th he was transferred to Camp Kearney, California, and in August at that camp was transferred to Company E, Three Hundred and Seventh Infantry, with which regiment he embarked, after a period of preparation at Camp Nills, Long Island, New York. The regiment arrived in France before the end of August and was rushed to the front. Steiner was killed in action on November 4, 1918, and was buried in the Commune of Pierremont, Ardennes, France. Albert Steiner's brother, Fred, lives at 9 West Second Street, Duluth.

Clarence B. Sundquist, of Duluth, son of Clarence B. Sundquist, of Palo (R. D. Box No. 72), Minnesota, was born November 12, 1895, in Superior. He was enlisted at Duluth, as a private of the Signal Corps, Air Service, and was assigned to Company C, Three Hundred and Twenty-third Field Service Battalion at Camp Funston. Later, he was at Camp Stanley, Texas, but eventually embarked for foreign service at New York, sailing on the United States transport Leviathan," which arrived at Brest, France, on September 28, 1918. Sundquist developed pneumonia while at Brest and died there on October 11, 1918. At that time he held the grade of corporal. The body was exhumed in 1920 and returned to this country, eventually reaching Duluth. Burial service was held on July 21st, former comrades firing the last salute over his grave at Park Hill Cemetery, Duluth. The funeral ceremonies were held under the auspices of the Duluth post of the American Legion.

Leslie Severt Swanman, who was a shipping clerk with the Knudson Fruit Company, Duluth, before enlisting, was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on December 12, 1892. Duluth has been the home of the family for a long time and his mother still lives there, at 915 North Seventh Avenue, East. Leslie was enlisted at Duluth on May 25, 1918, and sent to Camp Lewis, Washington, where he was assigned to Company L, One Hundred and Fifty-ninth Infantry, Fortieth Division. On July 25th he was transferred to Camp Kearney and there transferred to the Three Hundred and Twenty-fourth , Infantry,, Eighty-first Division. On August 20th he embarked at New York and made quick passage to Liverpool, eventually reaching France.

Duluth And St. Louis County 657

He was in front-line trenches in the Vosges Mountains; was present in the battle of St. Mihiel, and passed through terrible fighting in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. On November 10, 1918, just one day before the signing of the Armistice, he was wounded in action at Haudimont, and died of those wounds twelve days later, on November 22. 1918.

Olaf Ugstad, of Duluth, was born October 3, 1891, at Hurum, Buskruds County, Norway, but has been in America for many years. At one time he was employed by the Wilson Contracting Company, Duluth, and later was foreman at the St, Louis County Work Farm. He was enlisted into the United States army in January, 1918, and assigned to the Spruce Production Section of the Forestry Division. He was accidentally killed at Emuclaw, Washington, on August 2, 1918. The body was returned to Duluth for burial. A brother is Reginald Ugstad, of Hermanstown.

Fiori Valbiter, a resident in Virginia before the war, was born in Rome, Italy, and at the time of enlistment in 1918 was twentyseven years old. He died at Detroit, Michigan.

Peter Verdi made his home in Eveleth before entering the service, but was born at Agri, Italy, on May 2, 1897. He was a married man at time of enlistment, and his wife, Lydia, still lives in Eveleth. Peter left for military duty on May 17, 1918, and went to France with an infantry regiment. He was killed in action in France on November 1, 1918.

Leander Waillin, lived at Sandy, Minnesota, where his father, Tom Waillin, has a farm. The family is Finnish, and Leander was born in Finland on September 8, 1886. He was included in the second Duluth draft for the National Army, but was destined not to go overseas. During the epidemic of Spanish Influenza which swept through the home cantonments in the autumn of 1918, Waillin contracted the disease, and died on November 10, 1918, being then at Camp Kearney, California.

Aino Nicanor Wene was a stalwart agricultural pioneer of Buyck, St. Louis County. He was developing an acreage of wild land near Buyck when called into service in September, 1917. He was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and ultimately reached France, where he was killed in action on October 15, 1918. His sister, Mrs. Niemi Ahlgren, lives in Buyck, but the Wene family is of Finnish origin, Aino was born at Rauma, Finland, January 10, 1892.

Arthur Charles Williams was a native of Hibbing, although the family lived at Kinney at the time he enlisted. He was born on December 26, 1898, and lived on the Ranges practically all his life, his father having been connected with mining operations on the Range for almost a generation. He, William Williams, latterly has been blacksmith in the shops of the Oliver Iron Mining Company at Hibbing. The son was not yet twenty years old when, on August 5, 1918, he enlisted in the Medical Department of the United States army. He was almost immediately assigned to overseas duty and soon after landing in France was taken sick, pneumonia developing.

He died at Brest on September 26, 1918, and was there buried. In 1920, however, his body was returned to the United States and arrived at Virginia on June 12, 1920. Burial took place in the part of Virginia Cemetery set apart to mark the last resting place of its World War heroes who made the Supreme Sacrifice.

David Gilbert Wisted, in whose honor the Duluth post of the American Legion was named, was born in Duluth on September 13, 1893. In the early days of the war, he was a clerk with the United States Food Administration, but he enlisted in the Marine Corps on December 14, 1917, at Paris Isle. He was assigned to the Eightysecond Company and for a time was stationed at Paris Isle and Quantico, Virginia. On February 24, 1918, he was transferred to the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Company, Replacement Battalion, and later to the Sixth Marines, embarking at Philadelphia on March 12th, 1918. Debarking at Brest on April 1, 1918, the Marines were soon at the front and were destined to bring glory to their country, in the part they took in the fighting at Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood in May and June of that vital year. Wisted was killed in action at Belleau Wood on June 3. 1918, being instantly killed by a high-explosive shell. His father, Iver Wisted, lives at 1201 East Fourth Street, Duluth.

John Oscar Wuori is listed with the men from Duluth, but he lived in Gilbert for some time prior to enlistment. He was a Finn, born at Pomarkku, Finland, March 9, 1888. He reported for duty on August 8, 1918, and was sent to Camp Dodge, Iowa, where he was assigned to Company Thirty, One Hundred and Sixty-third Depot Brigade. He died of pneumonia in that camp on October 8, 1918.

As will be appreciated from a reading of the foregoing some of these men had wide accomplishments and definite capability, some were worthy tillers of the soil and some were industrious workers in commercial affairs of St. Louis County. But all were patriots; and the names of all who have been inscribed on the great national Roll of Honor, there to remain for as long as the great republic lasts. And for as long as there is a County of St. Louis, Minnesota, for so long will these of her sons be willingly and deservedly accorded the pface of honor in any comprehensive review of the County's part in the Great World War.

Chapter Xxvii

Unorganized. - A glance at the map of St. Louis County will show that it is now well organized, only a small part of its territory being now outside of the jurisdiction of some organized township. And while the unorganized townships are, in the main, only sparsely populated, it would be erroneous to suppose that because a township has no organized township administration it is necessarily undeyeloped, or uninhabited, territory. Several of the unorganized areas adjoin townships of old establishment, and in many cases the unorganized townships exceed in population those exercising organized township privileges.

While it is not possible to go much into detailed review of the unorganized spaces of St. Louis County, it might be appropriate in this township chapter to briefly record the census statistics of those unnamed parts of the county. Beginning in the south, unorganized township 50-18 is part of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation. The population in 1910 was 105, and in 1920, 203. Township 50-19 is a continuation of the Indian Reservation. Only six persons were recorded as living in it in 1900; 67 in 1910, and 146 in 1920. Township 51-19 continues on between Floodwood and Culver townships. Its population was thirteen in 1900; fifty-seven in 1910^ and 120 in 1920. Township 52-19 completes that chain of unorganized territory. It had six inhabitants in 1900; twenty-seven in 1910, and seventyfour in 1920. Township 52-21 is crossed, from southeast to northwest by the Great Northern Railway and on section 16 is a station, named "Island," one version stating that the station was so named because "this was about the only dry spot between Floodwood and Wawima, at the time of the building of the railway. Drainage, however, has now converted swamps into fertile fields. Township 52-21 had four inhabitants in 1900; in 1910 it had sixty-nine, and in 1920 there were 123 people living in it. Township 53-15 recorded twentyseven inhabitants in 1910, but made no report in 1920. Township 53-16 had sixteen inhabitants in 1910, and 240 in 1920. Township 54-13 had a population of 14, in 1910 and 61, in 1920. Township 54-15 had 169 residents in 1910 and only twenty-three in 1920. Township 55-14 had no recorded population in 1910, but the 1920 census gives it a population of 300 then. Township 55-15 had fourteen in 1910, and seventy-three in 1920. Township 55-18 had thirty-one inhabitants in 1910, and 130 in 1920. Township 55-21 had sixty-nine in 1910, and seventy in 1920. Township 56-14 had two residents in 1900, none in 1910, and 264 when last census was taken. Township 56-16 had a population of 196 in 1910, and 340 in 1920. The next township west. 56-17, had three inhabitants in 1900, sixtv-nine in 1910, and 157 in 1920. Township 57-14 had 27, in 1900.' none in 1910, and 125 in 1920. Township 57-16 had ninety-five residents in 1910, and 126 in 1920. Township 57-19 had seventy-nine residents in 1910, and 279 in 1920. Township 58-14 is prominent chiefly because it is the railway junction between the Mesabi and Vermilion range towns. It had thirty-seven inhabitants in 1900, sixty-two in 1910, and 100 in 1920. Township 59-12 had two inhabitants in 1900, none in 1910, and no report was made in 1920. Adjoining town- ships, however, have recently become active, with the impending exploitation of low-grade ores. Township 59-16 has shown no population in the last three census-takings. Only the northern half of township 59-18 is unorganized, the southern half being included in Nichols township. No population was recorded in the unorganized portion in 1920, although there were sixty-two residents in the township in 1910. Township 59-21 had fourteen inhabitants in 1910, and eighty-four in 1920. Township 60-18 recorded nine inhabitants in 1900, forty-three in 1910, but no report was made in 1920. Township 60-19 had 122 in 1910, and ninety-two in 1920. One tier of sections of this township was added to Great Scott Township and perhaps explains the decrease in population. Township 61-12 had fiftysix people in it in 1910, and thirty-eight in 1920. Township 61-13 had five inhabitants in 1910 and twenty-six in 1920. Township 61-17 recorded one inhabitant in 1900, none in 1910 and fifty-six in 1920.

years ago, in outlying parts of st. louis county; the homesteader of today, however, favors the tarpapered shack, for the first year or two of pioneer effort)

Township 62-16 had twenty-two residents in 1900, 198 in 1910, and 112 in 1920. Township 62-17 had thirty-seven inhabitants in 1900, twelve in 1910, and 116 in 1920. Township 62-21 had 197 in 1910 and 237 in 1920. Township 63-14 had fourteen residents in 1910, and only eight in 1920. Township 63-15 has been recorded as uninhabited during last three census-takings. Township 63-16 was credited with fifty-eight inhabitants in 1900, none in 1910, and twenty in 1920. Township 63-17 had forty in 1900, fourteen in 1910, and eighteen in 1920. In 63-19 there were eighty-nine people in 1910, and 116 in 1920. In township 63-21 there were 270 inhabitants in 1910, and 282 in 1920. Only three townships of sixty-four north have organized administration, the unorganized divisions being those of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 21 west; and out of a total population, in 1920, ot 307 persons, 185 lives in township 64-21, part of which is allotted to the Bois Fort Indian Reservation. Townships of sixty-five north not yet organized are those of idUge 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 21 west. As is in the case in sixty-four north, the bulk of the population of sixty- five north is found to be in range 21, that township having in 1920, 194 of 353 inhabitants. The Indian Reservation extends into and beyond sixty-five north, range 21 west, and includes the western half of each township. It seems, however, that the census tabulation given above is- of white settlers only, as the federal announcement of population, for 1920, gives no figures for the Bois Fort or Vermilion Lake Indian reservations, although the former was shown to have 210 residents in 1910, and the both reservations 881 inhabitants in 1900. Seven townships of sixty-six north are unorganized, Portage (formerly Buyck) township embracing the other three townships, range 17, 18 and 19, west. Four townships had no population in 1920, ranges 12, 13, 14 and 15. Logging operations probably are responsible for the presence of 283 persons in township 66-16 in 1920. Then there were fifty-four in 66-20 and twenty persons in 66-21. Fractional townships of sixty-seven north, ranges 13, 14, 15 and 16 are uninhabited; township 67-17, in 1920, had eleven inhabitants, 67-18 had 123, 67-19 had ninety-eight, 67-20 had 261, and 67-21 had twenty-three. Fractional townships sixty-eight north, ranges 14 and 15 and townships sixty-eight north, ranges 18 and 19, had no population in last census, township 68-17 had four persons, 68-20 had 235, and 68-21 had ninety. No figures were reported from townships sixty-nine north, and only from one of 70 and 71 north, fractional township 70-18, recording 145 residents in 1920.

The northern townships are mostly in virgin state and logging operations will continue in them probably for another fifteen or twenty years. Some of them have mineral possibilities.

The unorganized lands of St. Louis County figure in the tax sheet to an appreciable extent. In 1919, the assessed valuation of these areas was $2,364,023, and the taxes $163,117.59. The logging companies probably are the principal taxpayers in the northern territory, but some good farming acreages are opening. It is still possible to homestead in the county, and some of the state lands, without mineral rights, can also be bought almost as cheaply as from the federal authorities.

The total assessed valuation of St. Louis County in 1877 was $1,339,121.68. In the intervening forty-two years to 1919 the seemingly infinitesimal eft'orts of the individual toiler within its limits have brought an aggregate increase in the assessable wealth of the countv to $357,787,544. The total taxes levied in 1877 were $29,034.41 ; in 1919 the taxes were $20,705,448.24.

St. Louis County is not only the largest of the state of Minnesota ; it is also the wealthiest. The total value of taxable property in the State of Minnesota in 1919 was $1,777,153,420. St. Louis County's part of that total was $357,787,544, roughly one-fifth. From its mines come more than half the yearly United States output of iron ore, and from the operation of its mines chiefly comes the about three million dollars it has of late years contributed to the maintenance of the state administration ($2,894,650 out of a total requirement of $14,373,427 in 1919). The result from a region which Proctor Knott, in his historic ridiculing speech in 1870, as referred to "cold enough, for at least nine months of the year, to freeze the smokestack off a locomotive."

Elias Matson was the man most active in prosecuting the matter of organization. He took oath, when presenting petition to county officials that the legal voters in the township at the time petition was signed did not exceed thirty-five.

Commissioners at their February, 1910, session granted the petition, and to bring the new township into organization and operation, election was held at No. 3 schoolhouse, in the township on Saturday, February 26, 1910.

The population of the township in 1910 was 335 persons, according to federal statistics; and in 1920 the census showed 511 residents. The township is gradually becoming a well developed agricultural section.

Alborn. - On August 1, 1900, S. G. Johnson and twenty-six others signed a petition, praying the county commissioners to organize congressional township 52 north, range 18 west, under chapter 10, Statutes of Minnesota, 1894, as a township to be known as Burg, This was a shortening of the name first written into the petition, Gothenburg having been first proposed.

The commissioners, in session at Duluth on August 10, 1900, considered the petition, and granted same ordering election to be held at the schoolhouse situated in section 12 of township 52-18, on Fridav, August 30, 1900.

Election was accordingly held, and the first officers elected to serve the township were : F, A. Trolander, chairman ; Matt Perry and Alfred Nordling, supervisors; G. W. Mell, clerk; L. B. Ashjornson, treasurer; S. G. Johnson, assessor; John Mell and Gust Benson, justices; Otto Dahl, constable.

It was also resolved to seek to change the name of the township to "Alborn," such being the name of the postoffice within the township. Authority to change name was given by county commissioners on September 5, 1900.

Alborn township is served by School District No. 33, which embraces townships 52, 18 and 19. There are three frame schoolhouses in the district, the three valued at $10,000. The enrollment for the school year 1919-20 was 98, and staff of four female teachers, who received an average pay of $77.00 monthly. School Board : L. B.

Duluth And St. Louis County 663

Alden. - The Township of Alden is of very recent establishment. It was organized on September 8, 1920, and consists of two congressional townships formerly part of the Township of Duluth, townships 53 and 54 north, range 12 west.

The first officials were: Don D. Driscoll, chairman; A. J. Nappa and Henry Kontola, supervisors; E. A. Driscoll, clerk; F. X. Spanfelner, assessor; Mike Hakkila, treasurer; Louis Rossini, justice; Henry Lampala, constable.

With the exception of the Duluth and Iron Range Railway, which passes through the extreme northeastern corner of township 54-12, Alden has no railway facilities. Neither are the roads good. However, proximity to Duluth should bring it good development, eventually.

Allen. - The Township of Allen was erected in 1899. A petition which bears date of September 23, 1899, seeking the organization of congressional township 61 north, range 14 west, was signed by W. P. Jockam, J. P. Brown, L. Pennington, S. J. P. Lackie, H. Eno, L. Kniers, Julius Dahl, Alec Cameron, John Hickey, M. Lawlor, R. E. Heath, James Villars, John Mirandy, K. Nilsen, Peter Mustad, J. Antuli, August Buboltz, George Donohue, and Levi S. Wilson.

Election was held at the office of the Tower Logging Company, at Bear Head Lake, on Saturday, December 23, 1899, following the granting of petition by County Commissioners E. Morcom, J. Williams, Fred W. Kugler, Charles Kauppi and Ole A. Berg. At the election, or first town meeting, William Allen was elected "moderator" by the assembled electors, and Charles Underbill clerk of the meeting. Albert Graetz and Charles Lund were appointed judges of election, and they eventually declared the balloting to have resulted in the election of the following: William Allen, chairman; D. Willenberg and Martin Lawler, supervisors; Charles Underbill, clerk; J. Cuculi, treasurer; L. A. Johnson, assessor; August Buboltz, justice; Patrick Murphy and Elijah Pennington, constables; and William Gustafson, overseer. Each man elected received twenty-seven votes.

In 1900, the population of Allen Township was 179 persons; no report was made to the Federal Census Bureau in 1910, and in the 1920 census only one person was found to be resident in it.

The land is apparently held by people who do not live in the township as the 1919 tax levy « upon property in that township totalled to $2,856.46.

Angora. - The Township of Angora was organized in 1905, its boundaries being the congressional township 61 north, and range eighteen west, formerly unorganized and undeveloped territory.

Petition bears date September 9, 1905; first signature, Carl L. Nord; total signatures, twenty-five. Carl L. Nord took oath on September 9th that when petition was circulated there not less than forty or more than fifty voters in the township proposed.

Commissioners granted prayer of petitioners, and on September 12, 1905, ordered election to he held, at the residence of Carl L. Nord, in the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 9, township 61-18. on September 30. 1905.

annual town meeting held on the 15th of that month the question of granting a license for the sale of intoxicating liquors within the township was put to the public vote, and, of twenty-one votes cast, nineteen were against and two in favor of the granting of the said license.

The assessed valuation of real and personal property in the township in 1905 was $63,375. Taxes levied in that year, $1,438.61. In 1919 the total valuation was $54,819; and the taxes levied $4,511.60 in that year.

The township officers in 1920 were : L. M. Burghardt, chairman; John Metser and Henry Rombeck, supervisors; C. H. Sherman, clerk; James Sherman, assessor; Walter Olson, treasurer.

Argo. - The Township of Argo was organized on December 7, 1920, and consists mainly of congressional townships 60-12, 59-13 and 60-13, the northern boundary of the organized township extending a little into township 61-12 - to the southern border of Birch Lake.

The men primarily and chiefly active in the developments which led to the organization of the Township of Argo were D. C. Jackling, of San Francisco, a mining engineer and executive of international reputation, and his associates of the banking firm of Hayden, Stone & Co., of New York and Boston ; and Messrs. W. G. Swart and Dwight E. Woodbridge, mining engineers of Duluth. Mr. Jackling's force, far-sightedness, enthusiasm and high standing carried the new and questioned enterprise past the many obstacles that it naturally encountered, and the whole souled support of his eastern associates solved the financial problems upon which so many untried and costly experiments are wrecked.

The township organization is the natural outcome of the growth of the population of that region, which, prior to the forming of Argo was unorganized territory. The important mining enterprise begun at Babbitt in the spring of 1920 made it certain that organized municipal and town administration would soon follow.

Treating the Low-Grade Ore of Eastern Mesabi. - On the eastern part of the Mesabi range lies an immense deposit of magnetic iron ore, or taconite. Early explorers were well aware of it, but had to pass it by because of the low grade of the ore, which seemed to have no commercial value. Dwight E. Woodbridge, however, gave the matter of treating the ore considerable thought, study, and experimentation, carrying his research even to Europe. In 1909, he visited northern Europe where there were somewhat similar deposits, and where plants for the magnetic separation of ore had been established. He visited Sweden, Norway, and Lapland, and spent much time at the Actieselskabet Sydvaranger plant, at Sydvaranger, Lapland. And he pursued the matter until he had succeeded in interesting the men - perhaps the only men in America - likely to carry the experiment through to success, that is Mr. Jackling and Hayden, Stone & Co. When organized for an intensive trial of the project, W. G. Swart, an accomplished metallurgist and skillful executive was made general manager, and on the organization of the Mesabi Iron Co. and the beginning of construction of its works at Babbitt, in Argo Township, Mr. Swart became its vice president, Mr. Jackling being president.

Village of Babbitt. - The village of Babbitt is situated in the northeast part of section 18-60-12, with its mills in section 7. It is about sixteen miles from the village of Mesaba. There was a time when Mesaba grew from nothing to a centre of trading and outfitting. In 1890-91, after the discovery of marketable ore on the Mesabi range to the westward, Mesaba, the nearest point on the Duluth and Iron Range Railway, grew, it seemed, to a place of fifteen "hotels" and many stores "in a few days." Most of the expeditions to the westward outfitted at Mesaba, and for a year or so returned to that station for supplies. Now, with the new mining developments to the estward it would seem that Mesaba is again coming into a degree of temporary importance. It was necessary to build a wagon road from Mesaba to Babbitt, and in that work the mining company employed a number of men. For some part of the distance of sixteen miles the route lay over the trail cut by George R. Stuntz in the '60s, after the "gold rush" first brought the Vermilion Lake into public notice. And it was probably over this trail that George R. Stuntz led Professor Chester in 1875, for the latter avers that his unfavorable report on Mesabi ore was of "only the lean magnetic belt of the Mesabi range, in towns 59-14 and 60-13," which is the grade of ore now being treated by the Mesabi Iron Company. The village of Babbitt began to take shape in the spring of 1920, when the Mesabi Iron Company began to erect its ore-treating plant in the vicinity. The village rapidly grew in population to approximately 400 persons. and while Babbitt will probably never become one of the large villages of the Range, it is expected to at least maintain its present importance for many years - indefinitely, one might say. The reason why the village will not expand as have other villages of the Mesabi range is that it is dependent upon enterprises such as that of the Mesabi Iron Company, and although the plant now being brought into operation is but the first of the mills the Mesabi Iron Company plans to build near Babbitt, if conditions are favorable, the chances of benefit coming to that village from similar, but independent, mining enterprises is remote, as the Mesabi Iron Company owns outright, or has leased, or has the option of much of the mineral land within a radius of ten miles of Babbitt, which for long is likely to maintain the status of "a one-company town." Corporate powers for it may not be sought for some time, but its afifairs appear to be well administered, and the town-planning has been good. The townsite was platted off the ore body, so that the heavy ultimate removal expense incurred by other mining villages will be avoided at Babbitt. The buildings erected by the mining company for the housing of the population are models of utility, the large barrack-like buildings being of what is known as "the unit plan," an arrangement whereby, when necessary, the long buildings may be divided, section by section, and with very little additional expense converted into detached onefamily cottages. A hospital has been built, and is under the direction of Dr. P. J. McCarthy. There are also many individual dwellings. There has been no independent building in the village; indeed, there is no outside enterprise. Neither is there likely to be for some time, the policy of the company being to discourage speculation in real estate. And as almost every man in the village is in the employ of the company, the accommodation provided and the general mode of living bears to that of the communal order, most of the employees relying- mainly upon the company for eating and sleeping quarters. In course of time, as more married men come in with their families, the general plan of domiciliation will probably change.

Babbitt takes its name from Judge K. R. Babbitt, who for many years has been chief legal advisor for the firm of Hayden, Stone & Co., and who died at the time a name was under consideration. Judge Babbitt was formerly a resident of Denver, and his wife was a sister of Thos. Cullyford, who for many years operated the St. Louis Hotel, at Duluth.

It is not proper here to enter to any extent into a technical description of the Mesabi Iron Company's plant, but it may be stated that there is every probability that St. Louis County will benefit largely from the exploitation of its deposits of low-grade ore by the Mesabi Iron Company. That company entered upon its present venture very carefully. It spent $750,000 in experiments before deciding to embark upon the heavy outlay the Babbitt plant represents. It has cost the company more than $3,000,000 to establish the plant there and bring it into operation. Yet its capacity is only 3,000 tons a day, which fact gives one an indication of how enormous will be the enterprise if the plans of the directors are carried through to the full. It has been stated that eventually the company expects to treat 100,000 tons of ore daily at mills in the vicinity of Babbitt.

The construction of the present plant, the first mill unit, was begun early in August, 1920, and within a fortnight the steel superstructure was being erected upon the concrete foundations. The mill is 1,350 feet long, by 130 feet wide, and the plant is in five sections, planned so as to give continuous process. The process, in brief, is to mine, crush, pulverize the substance mined, and then separate ore from rock by magnetic attraction, the concentrate then being formed into a clinker of high-grade ore. The process, if commercially successful, will bring within marketable possibility billions of tons of low-grade Mesabi ore. The treatment of low-grade ore of the Eastern Mesabi is by no means a new endeavor. David T. Adams, who made several exploring trips along the Mesabi range between 1883 and 1890, when ore was discovered at Mountain Iron by the Merritts, writes :

In, or about, the f^'l of 1888 I gathered about 500 pounds of banded n-arrnet'c ore and slates from cronp'nrrs in townsh'p 5'^-14, in the interest of Judge Ensign. Colonel Gagy, Major Hoover, and a Mr. Peatry, and I took the ore to New Jersey (the name of the place I have forgotten) and had a concentrating test made, on a magnetic concentrator invented by one George Finney - possibly the first of its kind in existence. The separation was successful. The ore after treatment analysed well over 60 per cent in metal, but on account of the high cost of treating the ore at the time, and the low prices of ore, nothing further was done by us in try'ng to commercialize the magnetic ores of the eastern Mesaba. In the winter of 1888 and 1889, I did some work, in section 11-59-14, on the magnetic formation, with no success.

However, the experiments made by the Jackling interests have satisfied them that their process is financially possible, and in view of the reputation of the projector, the average person expects that success will attend the operations at Babbitt, thus giving St. Louis County, literally, a new industry. The immense deposits of the Eastern Mesabi are so placed that it is possible, in most places, to mine the ore without much difficulty, there being no deep overburden - in some places not any, and at the deepest point in the Babbitt neighborhood not more than nine feet. Quarrying, therefore, is possible without heavy initial outlay for striping. It is planned to load the ore by steam shovels, although of course the quarrying will be done with explosives. From the crushers, the ore will pass, by conveyor belt, to the roll plant, thence to the ball mill plant, thence to the magnetic separating plant. It reaches the sintering plant comminuted to 100 mesh, and there takes the form of a clinker of high-grade ore with so little phosphorus as to be negligible and without moisture, a radical conversion certainly, from the original lowgrade state of only 27 to 30 per cent iron. There is also a by-product of crushed rock, which the company hopes to market, believing it to be well suited for the making of concrete.

If successful, the Mesabi Iron Company certainly has an immense field in which to operate. Drilling has discovered magnetic ore to a depth of 500 feet, in places.

The three congressional townships that constitute the Township of Argo were recorded as having no inhabitants in 1900. The 1910 census discovered a population of 102, and the 1920 federal census, showed that ninety-eight persons were then living in the three townships, 59-13, 60-13, and 60-12. The present population of Argo is probably about 500.

Ault. - Residents in congressional townships 55 north, ranges 12 and 13 west, and townships 56 north and ranges 12 and 13 west, sought; in 1906, to obtain the consent of the county commissioners to the organization of that territory into one township, to be known by the name of Ault. The man most active in circulating the petition was George L. Ault. His name heads the petition, and when same was filed with the county auditor on August 31, 1906, George L. Ault swore to the accuracy of the statements made in said petition.

At the September, 1906, session, the County Board of Commissioners granted the petition, and ordered election to be held at the schoolhouse situated on section 4 of township 55-12. Election was held on September 22d. and the township organization then completed, in accordance with chapter 143, Laws of 1905.

The population of Ault Township when organized in 1906 was stated to Fiave been not in excess of fifty. In 1900, according to Federal Census Bureau statistics the population was 76; in 1910 it was 474; and in 1920, owing to the detaching of the two northern townships; the population was found to be only 111.

Ault has only one schoolhouse, a frame building, valued at $5,000, situated at Brimson, in township 55-12. It is classified as School District No. 51, the officers of which are: Minnie Bodey, Brimson, clerk; Charles Swanson, treasurer; Mrs. B. M. Highland, chairman of directors. Enrollment in 1919-20 was 22, one male teacher conducting the school at a salary of $100 monthly.

Before the erection of the Township of Fairbanks, there were three school districts in the Township of Ault. numl)ers 51, 60, and 61. School District No. 61 has been abandoned.

The township (officers in 1920 were: Casper Soderlund, chairman; Albin Hassel and George Berry, supervisors; F. C. Highland, clerk; T. C. Peterson, treasurer; W. B. Bodey, -assessor.

Balkan. - The Township of Balkan, as now constituted, includes all of township 59 north, range 20 west, and all of township 58 north, range 20 west, excepting one tier of sections on the south. W'ithin its borders is the important mining district centering in Chisholm.

Organization. - It was not until 1912 that Balkan was erected, the county commissioners on March 6, 1912, acting upon the prayer of William Cooper and other signers of a petition circulated on or about March 2, 1912, among the inhabitants of township 59-20, said petition praying for the organization of that congressional township into a township to be known as "Balkan." At that time there were not more than seventy-five legal freeholders resident within the territory concerned.

First Towrn Meeting. - The first election and town meeting was held in the schoolhouse situated in the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 33, on Saturday, March 30, 1912.

Annexation of Chisholm and Part of Stuntz. - In May of the next year, a petition was presented to the county officials, asking that the bounds of the Township of Balkan be altered and changed so as to include within said town all of sections 1 to 30, inclusive, of township 58-20, then part of the Township of Stuntz, thus bringing into the township jurisdiction all of the then Village of Chisholm, stated to be in sections 21, 22, and 28, the south one-half of northwest quarter of section 23, the southwest quarter of northwest quarter of section 27, and the eastern half of the southeast quarter of section 29, of that township. The petition asked that the township be henceforward known as "New Balkan."

The petition met with the approval of the county commissioners on August 6, 1913, and notice of their action was given to the townships of Balkan and Stuntz, and Village of Hibbing. Apparently, however, the name was not changed, and the township is still officially designated "Balkan."

Population. - The population of township 59-20 in 1910 was found to be 48; in 1920. Balkan Township, as now constituted, had a population of 670, exclusive of the population of the Village of Chisholm, which in 1920 was 9,039.

Valuation. - Balkan Township in 1912, when first organized, had an assessed valuation of $83,287. The tax levy in that year was $2,207.11. The assessed valuation of real and personal property within the enlarged township in 1919, including the Village of Chisholm, totalled to $35,092,197, and the taxes levied in that year $1,786,089.76, more than one-half of which revenue came from the Village of Chisholm.

Township Officials. - The township officials in 1920 were : W. E. Bates, chairman ; W. A. Wright and John Thomas Holmes, supervisors; Victor Beck, clerk; Jacob Hakala, assessor; and John Perry, treasurer.

School System. - Balkan Township is served by two school districts, by Independent School Districts 27 and 40. Review of the history of School District No. 27 will be found in the chapter devoted to Hibbing and school history of district No. 40 is given in. Chisholm chapter.

Organization. - The township was erected in May. 1913, following petition of Victor. Beck and twenty-four other residents of townships 57-12, 57-13, and 58-12, in which three townships it was then stated that not, more than thirty male freeholders lived. Said petition which bore date of April 14, 1913, sought the granting of township jurisdiction over these three congressional townships.

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sioners approved petition, and ordered election to be held at the residence of the Rev. A. J. Lehner, in section 28 of township 57-12, on May 24, 1913.

Annexation of St. Louis Township. - A movement was started in August, 1917, to attach to the Township of Bassett, as an integral part of it, the adjoining Township of St. Louis, 58-13. Petition signed by a sufficient number of the freeholders of that territory was presented to the county commissioners on August 31, 1917, J. M. Palinsky taking oath to its accuracy and legality. Only five signatures were appended to the petition, signers being G. E. Wolfe, Berndt Peterson, R. E. Jefferson, J. M. Palinsky and Adolph G. Peterson, but a footnote certified that these five men constituted "all the legal voters and freeholders in the Township of St. Louis." Petitioners stated, as a reason for consolidation with Bassett: "That the territory may be better developed by the construction of roads." On December 7, 1917, the county commissioners agreed to the consolidation, and on December 20th the clerks and treasurers of both townships were requested to deliver to the new township of Bassett the records and funds of the old organizations.

Valuation. - Real and personal property in the Township of Bassett, when organized in 1913, was assessed at $198,348, and taxes levied in the amount of $4,530.12. The addition of St. Louis Township to its boundaries has not materially increased its value, which in 1919 was assessed at $223,150, for the four congressional townships of Bassett. Tax levy in that year was $16,556.74.

Population. - The population of Bassett Township in 1910 was 314, but in 1920 only 235. St. Louis Township, according to federal census report, had a population of 218 in 1910.

Township Officers. - The township officers of Bassett in 1920 were : John A. Beckman, chairman ; Alex Nisula and Thomas Holmes, supervisors; Victor Beck, clerk; Jacob Hakala, assessor ;- and John Perry, treasurer.

School System. - The township is in two school districts, Nos. 36 and 70. School District No. 36 covers townships 57 and 58 north, range 13 w^est. There is only one schoolhouse, a frame one, valued at $3,600, and situated at Skibo. The enrollment in the 1919-20 school year was only five. The teacher was paid $100 a month, for a school year of nine months. The school tax, in 1919, was $2,008.50, for a school to which went only five pupils. The school board officials of that district, in 1920, were: Mrs. Albert Erickson, chairman of directors; Charles Monstroth, Skibo, Minn., clerk; Mrs. Frank Gravelle, treasurer.

School District No. 70 covers townships 57 and 58, of range 12. There is only one schoolhouse, a frame one, valued at $5,000. The enrollment in 1919-20 year was forty-eight. There were four female teachers, who received an average salary of $72.50 a month. The school levy, in 1919, was $4,448.80. School board officials: John Gustafson, chairman of directors; William Ahola. Toimi, Minn., clerk ; Mrs. Catherine Martin, treasurer.

Beatty. - The Township of Beatty takes the name of one of the pioneer mining men of the Mesabi Range. Noble A. Beatty was the first signer of a petition, dated at Tower. February 20, 1906. praying for the organization of a township under chapter 143, of the General Laws of the State of Minnesota. 1905, said township to have juris- diction over sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of congressional township 62-18, and the whole of townships 63-18 and 64-18, the erected township to take the name of "Vermilion."

The petition met the approval of the commissioners, at session of April, 1906, and election was ordered to be held at the schoolhouse situated in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section 34, township 63-18, on April 21st.

On May 8, 1906, at the request of the state auditor, the county commissioners changed the name of the new town to Beatty, with the sanction of the petitioners, there being another township of the name of "Vermilion" in the state.

The boundaries of Beatty Township have remained unchanged since organization. In 1906, the assessed valuation was $69,207, and the taxes levied $2,020.84. The valuation in 1919 was $68,567, and the tax levy $5,725.34 for all purposes.

The township at one time was in School District No. 41, but that district has apparently been abandoned, it perhaps being more economical to let the township be served by what is known as the unorganized school district, which comes directly under the supervision of the county superintendent. The tax levy, for school purposes in Beatty Township, for the school year 1919-20 was 47.1 mills.

Beatty had a population of twelve, in 1900; in 1910, it claimed 53 residents; and in 1920 the census-taking showed that 139 persons lived in the township.

Township officials, 1920: Thos. Wikely, chairman; Chas. Lappi and Albert Larson, supervisors; J. G. Larson, clerk; A. L. Whiteside, assessor; Robert Beatty, treasurer.

Biwabik. - The township of Biwabik, which is limited to the congressional township 58 north, range 16 west, and includes the villages of Biwabik, McKinley and Merritt, and is the center of a rich mining field, was organized in 1892. Petition to organize was circulated in April, 1892, and was signed by thirty-four men resident in the area for which township powers, under the provisions of chapter 10, General Statutes of 1878, were sought. The first signature put on the petition was that of John B. Weimer. The petition was presented to the countv officials, and sworn to bv A. P. Dodge, on April 28, 1892.

First Election. - At the May, 1892, meeting of the county commissioners, the petition was granted, and election ordered to be held in the store of A. P. Dodge, that being situated in the northeast quarter of section three, township 58-16. Election was accordingly held on May 25, 1892, the following men casting votes: Thomas Seadden, J. R. Beringer, Colin Mclver, C. W. Leninger, L. Lewis, John Goldsworthy, John Critzer, George Klobutcher, Thomas Murray, Martin Moiren, J. G. Cohoe. W. A. Housel, John Sullivan, Archie McComb, Dudley W. Freeman, W. P. Johnson, Pat Carney, T. Antin, J. G. Hansen, Mike Tanner, William Quist, John Pogorde, Nick Bodovintz, Martin Thomas, Steven Brosnitz, Edward G. Linquist, and Carrol Corson.

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Population. - The boundaries of the township have remained the same since the first organization. The census statistics do not credit congressional township 58-16 with any population in 1890. In 1900, Biwabik Township had a population of 574; in 1910 it had 778; and in the 1920 census-taking shows only 304 in the township, exclusive of the population of the villages of Biwabik and McKinley. Biwabik village had 1.299 residents in 1900, 1.690 in 1910, and 2.024 in the present year, 1920. The figures for McKinley are: 1900, 262; 1910, 411; 1920, 395.

Valuation. - The assessed valuation of Biwabik Township, exclusive of the villages of Biwabik and McKinley, for the year 1919, was $3,057,081, and the taxes collected in that year $191,937.43. There are two school districts, independent district No. 18 and district No. 24.

Present Officials. - The township officers for 1920 are K. S. Johnson, chairman; Edward Kinney and Grover Helsel, supervisors; Wm. J. Lundgren, clerk; Wm. Dopp, assessor; Oscar Strom, treasurer.

Breitung. - The Township of Breitung was the first of the central townships of St. Louis County to come into prominence. It has historic interest, in that it is the center of the mining on the Vermilion Range, the first iron range to be discovered in Northern Minnesota.

The "Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute," for 1895, in which year its meetings were held on the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges, gives the following summary of mining conditions on the Vermilion Range:

"On the Vermilion Range is quite a diflferent set of conditions than those on the Mesabi. Instead of nearly flat deposits of ore we find them nearly vertical. Instead of a layer of ore of limited thickness all over a 40-acre tract, with no hanging wall to work under, we find steeply inclined lenses of ore confined between walls of schist and extending in a series downward to an indefinite depth. In the place of ore so fine and powdery that it is objected to by the furnace operators, we have here ore so solid and massive that it must be artificially crushed by powerful machines before it can be sold (at the Chandler mine, the ore has been crushed by nature). In the place of covered deposits, which must be sought for by drill holes and test pits, there were originally bold bare knobs of hard jasper and hematite projecting in polished peaks and domes a hundred feet above the surrounding, more easily eroded, schist. It must be admitted, however, that there is more regularity in the occurrence of the Mesabi ore beds than those of the Vermilion ; and more can be told of the probable occurrence of ore in a given locality by a study of the surrounding geology and typography than can be predicted in any way on the Vermilion."

A historical review of mining on the Vermilion Range will have place in the chapter regarding Tower and Soudan, which places, chartered city and unincorporated village respectively, owe their existence to the mining operations begun on the Vermilion in the early '80s.

The Township of Breitung was organized in 1883, to have jurisdiction over unorganized townships 62 north, ranges 14 and 15 west. It takes its name from that of one of the pioneers of mining on the

Vermilion. Vermilion Lake covers more than half of township 62-15, and apart from the ceaseless mining operations at Soudan, there is very little activity in the township. Or at least there was until quite recently when negotiations were completed to w^ork valuable beds of peat in the township, which in places is very marshy.

The roads of the township are moderately good, and the district is well served by the Duluth and Iron Range Railway, which passes through to Ely. Breitung Township is famed for most beautiful lake and most majestic mountain scenery. In parts the township is absolutely in the wild state.

Soudan Shaft And Powerhouse

Breitung Township is in School District No. 9, which centres in Tower. A review of the school history will be part of the Tower chapter, and therefore school matters need not be further referred to here.

The present township officials are : Walter Wellander, chairman; Nels Bodine and Matt Karvala, supervisors; J. Nyberg, clerk; Ben P. Johnson, assessor; John Helstrom, treasurer.

The population of Breitung Township has shown a decline since the opening of this century, although the decline has not been proportionate with the decline in mining operations, which thirty years ago totalled to 500,000 tons a year, and now is not much more than one-fifth of that yearly output. The population of the township in 1900 was 2,034; in 1910 it was 1,214; and in 1920 it was 1,227. The population of the City of Tower is now only 706; in 1900 it was 1,366.

Canosia. - The township of Canosia was organized in 1888, and formerly was part of Rice Lake Township. Its organization was the outcome of a petition of Leonard Reamer and thirty-six other freeholders of that part of Rice Lake Township, the petitioners praying that congressional townships 51 and 52 north, ranges 15 and 16, four townships in all, be set apart from Rice Lake Township, and organized as a separate township, which it was originally proposed be named "Camasia," that name having been first written into the petition, but eventually ruled out, and the name "Canosia" written above it on the instrument.

The petition came before the county commissioners at their board meeting of December 6, 1887, and they then took exception to the granting of it. The matter was referred by them to a committee, which, on February 3, 1888, reported favorably, and "recommended that the prayer of the petitioners be granted."

Therefore, the board of commissioners set apart the township on that day, and ordered the first town meeting to be held at the schoolhouse in School District No. 10, in the Township of Canosia, on Thursday, February 23, 1888.

The four congressional townships which constituted the township of Canosia had an assessed value of $225,274 in 1888, and the taxes levied for all purposes in that year totalled to $4,353.65.

Three other townships have since been created (see townships of Dinham, Grand Lake and Fredenburg, this chapter) out of territory originally in Canosia, and the boundaries of the last named township now embrace only the congressional township 51 north, range 15 west. The assessed valuation of that reduced area of Canosia in 1919 was $144,437; and the tax levy, $7,726.92.

Canosia township is served by two school districts, Nos. 10 and 55. There are three schoolhouses in the township, one each in sections 12, 30 and 35. In School District No. 10 which covers part of township 51-15, there is one frame schoolhouse, to which went twentythree scholars for the school year 1919-20. Its one teacher (female) received a salary of $90.00 monthly. The school board officials were : Jacob C. Clark, clerk; Joe Kolodzeski, treasurer; John W. Johnson, chairman of directors. Its school levy, in 1919, was $1,883.18. School District No. 55 embraced part of townships 51-15 (Canosia) and 51-14 (Rice Lake). Its two frame schoolhouses were valued at $2,000 in 1919, when the enrollment was 37. One school was conducted by a male teacher, and the other by a female. The average salary was $77.50 a month. School levy, in 1919, was $1,809.89, Canosia paying a school tax of 25.3 mills. Officials of School District No. 55. in 1920, were: P. E. Michele, R. F. D. 4, Box 66. Duluth. Minn., clerk; Chas. Sundell, treasurer; P. A. Paulson, chairman of directors.

Cedar Valley. - A petition, signed by Mike Snyder and twentyfive others, dated October 22, 1908, was duly presented at the St. Louis County Court House. The instrument sought to secure the organization as a township, under section 451, chapter 7. Revised Laws of Minnesota, 1905, to be known by the name of "Rosemount," all of congressional township 53 north, range 21 west.

At the Fel)ruary, 1909. session of the Board of County Commissioners, the petition was approved, and the first town meeting ordered to be held at School House No. 2, on Saturday, February 26, 1910. After the election, the county commissioners were advised by the state auditor that there was another township in the state named "Rosemount." They therefore resolved that the name of the newly

In 1912. a petition was circulated among the freeholders of township 54-21. and signed by a majority of them, the petition seeking to include that unorganized township in the boundaries of Cedar Valley. Mike Snyder, chairman of the supervisors of Cedar Valley at that time discussed the matter with the county commissioners at session of the county board on February 6, 1913; and the matter was further discussed by the commissioners at meeting of June 6, and August 6, of 1913. At the August session, the commissioners resolved to add township 54-21 to Cedar Valley. So, the Township of Cedar Valley is at present constituted.

Assessed valuation of real and personal property in Cedar Valley Township in 1910 amounted to $66,555. Tax levy, for all purposes, was $1,590.66. In 1919 the assessed valuation was $141,136, and the tax levy for all purposes, $8,919.79.

The Cedar Valley school district is No. 23 of the county system. There are four frame schoolhouses, valued at $8,000 in the district, which covers the whole of townships 53 and 54, range 21. Total enumeration in 1919-20 school year was 99. The school term was eight months, and the four teachers received an average salary of $82.50 a month. The school levy, in 1919, amounted to $4,730.63. The school board officials were : Wm. Gustafson, clerk ; Jalmer Perkkijo, treasurer; Erick Hill, chairman of directors.

The township officials in 1920 were Matt Maki, chairman ; Peter Myllykangas, and Jonas Hietala, supervisors; Mike Siermala, Jr., clerk; J. Perkkijo, assessor; Andrew Tuola, treasurer.

Clinton. - The Township of Clinton, which borders onto the rich mining territory of the Mesabi Range, embraces the township 57 north, range 18 west.

Organization came in 1892, following the presenting of petition, dated October 13, 1892, to the county commissioners, said petition being signed by Frank M. Zeller and twenty-three other voters within the territory, praying for the organization of township 57-18, as the Township of Clinton, under the General Laws of the State of Minnesota, 1878.

The petition came before the county commissioners at their October, 1892, session. It was then resolved to grant the prayer, and public notices were posted calling upon the electors to assemble for the first town meeting, at the Section Car House, situated on the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 15 of township 57-18, on Friday, the 28th day of October. Election was duly held, and organization of Clinton Township duly perfected. Since that time, its boundaries have remained the same, and it is somewhat surprising to note that its valuation is now less than it was in 1892. In that year, the real and personal property of Clinton was assessed on the basis of a value of $107,184, the tax levy then being $2,599.21. In 1919, the assessed valuation, exclusive of Iron Junction, was only $105,979, although the tax levy had materially increased being in that year, $7,227.77. Also, the valuation of Iron Junction, which is only $11,575, adds very little to the wealth of the township.

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The township officials in 1920 were : J. S. Soine, chairman ; Edward Berg and J. P. Johnson, supervisors; Jens Jenson, clerk; Eli Hautala, assessor; P. W. Thompson, treasurer.

Iron Junction. - The incorporated village of Iron Junction has had such powders since 1893, when it seemed that a much more important municipal history would be its destiny. There were 142 legal voters in 1893, and the total population would feasibly have been more than that. In 1920, the population was only 92, and the place is little more than its name indicates - a railway junction.

Petition to incorporate was circulated in May, 1893, John Campbell, Frank Ansley, Stephen Ryan, and others, seeking corporate village powers over 480 acres, describing as: "the w^est half of southwest quarter, section 14; the southwest quarter of northern half, and the southeast quarter and south half of southeast quarter of section 15 ; and the north half of the northeast quarter of section 22, township 57-18." The petition stated that census taken of inhabitants on April 1, 1893, showed that 365 persons were then living in the area.

The petition was deemed regular by the county commissioners, w^ho ordered election to be held on July 25, 1893, "at the store building of P. J. Clure." One hundred and forty-two votes were then cast, and all were in favor; therefore the commissioners ordered election for officers to be held on August 10th. "in the vacant store building, rear of P. J. Clure's store."

The present village officials are: E. M. Moline, president; Thos. Wood, Albert Fischer, and Wm. Molander. trustees ; C. F. Zacher, clerk ; Chas. Peterson, treasurer.

Colvin. - The Township of Colvin came into being in 1910. Its boundaries are those of congressional township 56 north, range 15 west, and w^as organized by the county commissioners in answer to the request of inhabitants within the territory, as set forth in petition, dated April 14, 1910, of John J. Ljung and twenty-four others.

The projectors at first thought of naming the new township "Markham," but the name of "Colvin" was decided upon before the petition was presented to the county commissioners. The document was filed in the St. Louis County Court House on April 27, 1910.

It was considered by the commissioners on May 6th, and adopted by them on that day, they ordering election to be held on Monday, May 23, 1910, at the schoolhouse situated on section 27, of thf township concerned.

The population of Colvin in 1910 was 252; in 1920. it was 370. The growth is gradual, and will 1h- stabU- with increase of agricultural development.

Cotton. - The Township of Cotton was erected in 1903. The congressional township (54-17). it then constituted was formerly part of the township of Kelsey, and the separation came as the result of a petition circulated among the residents of that region. The petition was dated May 7, 1903, and signed by C. J. Keenan and others. Its object was to bring about the division of the then township of Kelsey into three, as follows: congressional townships 53-18 and 53-19 to form the Township of Meadowlands ; township 54-17 to form the Township of Cotton; and townships 54-18 and 54-19 to remain as, and to constitute the Township of Kelsey,

The petition came before the county commissioners for consideration at the board meeting of June 8, 1903. Hearing of remonstrances were set for the next monthly meeting of commissioners, and no opposition of consequence then arising the commissioners resolved to divide the five congressional townships as asked by petitioners, and ofdered notices of election to be posted.

Election was held on July 31, 1903, at the Miller Trunk Schoolhouse, Jacob Weingast being elected "moderator" of that first town meeting of Cotton. The balloting brought the following named residents into office, to constitute the original administrative officials of the new Town of Cotton : Jacob Weingast, chairman ; N. Salin and N. M. Nelson, supervisors; Ole Mark, treasurer; W. T. Jenkins, clerk ; P. A. Johnson, justice ; Hy Moberg, constable.

On November 5th of that year the boundaries of the township were enlarged, to include the adjoining township, 54-16, which up to that time had been unorganized territory. The action of the county commissioners followed petition of residents of township 54-16, said petition being filed in the County Court House on September 17, 1903.

Cotton Township assessed valuation in 1903 was $88,734, and the tax levy, for all purposes, $971.29. In 1919, the valuation for the two congressional townships of Cotton totalled to $124,436, and the tax levy $7,702.12.

In 1910, the population of Cotton Township was 325 and there has only been a slight increase in ten years, the 1920 census recording only 376.

The township officials in 1920 were : William Soderlund, chairman; O. A. Hoag and L. J. Larson, supervisors; W. T. Jenkins, clerk; W. Wickstrom, assessor; and E. A. Nelson, treasurer.