Duluth Township (part 8 of 15)

Chapter Xxviii

Trevanion W. Hugo. The studious interest he takes in the history of the Head of the Lakes country and the reputation he has gained as an authority on many phases of Duluth and the Range atfairs is a byproduct and incident of Mr. Hugo's long and active participation in the very practical affairs of this section. In a business and professional way he has been identified as an engineer with activities both afloat and ashore.

Mr. Hugo was born July 29, 1848, at Bodinnoc, Cornwall, England, where the family had lived for many generations of the old Cornish stock. The motto on the coat of arms of the family is "Ubi libertas ibi patria," suggesting the independence, enterprise and daring that have inspired the different generations to exploits by sea and by land. His father, Nicholas K. Hugo, served an apprenticeship as a ship builder with John Marks and married his employer's oldest daughter, Mary Rundle Marks.

Trevanion W. Hugo as a young boy was brought to America and was reared at Kingston, Ontario, attending public schools. For his record in his studies he received a scholarship called the Chairman's prize by the Chairman of Queens College and the Chairman of the Grammar School. After completing his college career he took up his profession as a mechanical engineer, serving five years of practical apprenticeship in Kingston in the foundry and engineering works of that city. While employed as a marine engineer on lake steamers he first became identified with Duluth in 1878, and subsequently was a stationary engineer with shore duties and is still practicing his profession as a consulting mechanical engineer in Duluth and throughout the state of Minnesota. He was one of the first members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, being elected in 1882, the second member from Canada then and the oldest now from there in point of mcmbershi]). and he has recently been elected a life member.

As a very young man in Canada Mr. Hugo was a member of the Fourteenth Battalion Princess of Wales Own Rifles, and had a period of real military discipline and duty during the Fenian raid while stationed at Cornwall, Ontario. His public record at Duluth has been one of well deserved honor. He was for four years an alderman of the city, four years a director of the Board of Education, and then in 1900 served as mayor four years, and sixteen years after his first term was again called to the same office, which office he held until the spring election 1921. He was the first chairman of the Public Affairs Committee of the Commercial Club ; is a stanch Republican in political affiliation, and for half a century has been a member of the Masons and Odd Fellows. In Odd Fellowship he lias held every Grand and Subordinate office and the same has been true of his Masonic affiliation except in the Blue Lodge. He is a Past Grand Sovereign, Grand Cross of Conslantine ; Senior Substitute Magus, High Council Societas Rosicrucinae. L^ S. A., and Honorary Magus, IX" of the Rosicrucians in I'.nsrland. and holds several other foreign honorary affiliations. He is the Active .Sovereign Grand Inspector General, thirty-third degree in Minnesota and is the Grand Minister of State of the Sui)reme Council. A. and A. S. Kite. So. Jur. He is editor and writer of the Duluth Masonic Calond.ir ; diri'ctor of the Scottish Rite infant welfare work in Duluth : im-mber of the Charter Commission of Duluth from 1908 to the present time ; originator of the Duluth Masonic Free Sunday Concerts; for ten years pre^^ident of the 1. O. O. F.

Home Board of Minnesota and at present is vice president of the Masonic Home Board of the state, wrote the 1920 Duluth Pageant and is the author of a monograph on the French gentleman after whom Duluth is named. His writings on Masonic subjects are many, including a "Digest- Index" of Albert Pike's "Morals and Dogma."

Mr. Hugo married Miss Jane Lanigan in Kingston, who died a number of years ago. The eldest son, Victor, died in St. Louis, Missouri, and his widow makes her home at the family residence in Duluth with her two daughters. Rene T. Hugo, the younger son, is married and lives in Duluth. He is president of the Hugo Manufacturing Company.

Henry F. Salyards, who has been a resident of Duluth for nearly three decades, is connected with some of the most important enterprises of the city. At present he is president of the Duluth Board of Trade and is one of the heavy grain operators of this region. He was born at Liberty, Missouri, July 10, 1869, a son of Richard G. Salyards. The latter was a resident of Missouri during the reconstruction period following the close of the war between the North and the South, but later was a newspaper man of southern Illinois. He was married to Miss Helen Baker, and they became the parents of four children. For several generations the Salyards have been connected with the newspaper business in Ohio and Kentucky, and from the latter state Richard G. Salyards went into Missouri and Illinois.

Henry F. Salyards completed his educational training at a high school. Going to Chicago, he obtained a clerical position with a pig lead firm, and later went into northern Dakota and Montana and engaged in cattle and sheep ranching, but terminated those connections in 1893 and, coming to Duluth, embarked in a grain commission business with Governor Fli C. D. Shortridge. the first Republican governor of North Dakota. This association continued until the death of Governor Shortridge. after which Mr. Salyards continued alone. In 1920 he was honored by his associates on the Board of Trade by election to the office of its chief executive, and he is still serving as such. He is also a director of the First National Bank, and is otherwise prominent in public matters. The Baptist Church has in him an earnest and generous member. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. Prominent as a Mason, he has been raised to the Commandery, and also belongs to the Mystic Shrine.

On October 10. 1890. Mr. Salyards was married to Miss Mary Ely. of Center, Missouri, and they have three children, Ely, Myra and Patricia. Ely Salyards was a first lieutenant of Battery A, Three Hundred and Seventh Division, Field Artillery, and served for twenty months in the late war in France. He was honorably di.scharged after the signing of the Armistice, returned to Duluth. and is now in the grain commission business with his father. Many of the present improvements of Duluth have been advocated by Mr. Salyards, and stands as the result of the wise and indefatigable zeal of him and his associates for bettering their community. The years he has spent at Duluth have been of incalculable importance in the city, and he has kept abreast of the advancement, and at the same time has widened his own knowledge and developed his capabilities.

Henry Turrish, for nearly a score of vears a resident of Duluth and now engaged in lumbering, operating at the present time in Idaho. Washington and Oregon, was born on a farm in Portage county. Wisconsin. October 16, 1864, a son of James and Catherine (Campbell) Turrish. both of whom were natives of Ireland.

Duluth And St. Louis County 741

James Turrish was reared in his native country, but when still a young man, in December, 1850, took passage on a sailing vessel bound from Glasgow, Scotland, to the United States. His vessel sprung a leak, and it was not until March, 1851, that he arrived in New York city. He lived at Wilmington, Delaware, for a time, and was married at New York city. In 1862 he came to the west, locating in Buena Vista, Portage county, Wisconsin, which locality was his home for practically the remainder of his days, although in his later years he moved to Stevens Point, Wisconsin, where he died in 1907.

One of a family of ten children, of whom seven grew to maturity, Henry Turrish worked on the home farm in Portage county, Wisconsin, while a boy, and attended the district schools, supplementing this with an academic and business course at Madison. He began his business career in the logging camps of the pine woods of northern Wisconsin, following which he worked at nearly every branch of lumbering, including cruising, cutting, rafting and office work. About 1890 he began lumbering in Wisconsin for himself, buying stumpage rights, logging and selling, and later, about 1898, moved to Superior, Wisconsin, and there began manufacturing, at the same time purchasing timber in Wisconsin and Minnesota with associates, which was aside from his regularly-established business. About 1901 Mr. Turrish moved to Duluth, having disposed of his Superior holdings. At Duluth he had previously maintained an office for several years with W. H. Cook. On coming to this city he at once became secretary and general manager of the Minnesota Log and Timber Company, and for several years was engaged in manufacturing lumber. Upon the completion of the work thus mapped out he became associated with others in the acquisition of large timber holdings in Florida. Idaho, Oregon and Washington, giving to the western holdings his personal attention.

Mr. Turrish is a director of the City National Bank of Duluth ; a director of the Elk River (Idaho) Bank; vice president and director of the Pollatch Lumber Company of Idaho ; director of the Boise Payette Lumber Company, Boise, Idaho; president of the W^estern Land Company, Ltd.. of Idaho ; vice president of the Western Timber Company, president of the Mehalen Timber and Logging Company, president of the Portland Southwestern Railway Company. j)resident of the Beaver Lumber Company, jjresident of the Appledale Land Company, director of the Fir Tree Lumber Company and of the Drew Timber Company, all of Portland, Oregon, where the general offices are located ; president of the O'Connell Lumber Company ; director of the Curran Timber Comi:)any of Washington ; and director of several land and exploration companies of Minnesota. Mr. Turrish is a member of practically all the clubs of Duluth. He is a Republican in politics. ])ut has not aspired to ]-)olitical official honors.

On June 17, 1891, he married Margaret V. Keating, of Antigo. Wisconsin, who died December 26. 1912, leaving four daughters: Marie, the wife of C. F. ?Tazen ; Nannie, who died .September 7, 1920, as Mrs. Philip L. Ray; Vivian, the wife of Miron Bunnell; and Frances. Mr. Turrish's second marriage occurred February 21, 1914. when he was united with Miss Minnie B. Lander. Mr. and IVIrs. Turrish are communicants of the Roman Catholic Church.

M.^RTIN L. Jkxks. For the past twenlv years ^Ir. Tenks has been one of the prominent grain men of Duluth, .-uid liis individual cnter{)rise and the capital he represents have eiven a <lecide(l impetus to the commercial power now wielded by the Zenith City.

Mr. Jenks was born at Forrester, Michigan, July 15, 1861, son of Benjamin L. and Amanda (MesserJ Jenks. His father for many years was identified with farming in St. Clair county, Michigan, but m later years was active in the lumber and timber industries of Michigan. At Woods Mill in Sanilac county he was manager for the J. L. Woods interests, and was also interested in the wholesale firm of Pack, Woods & Company of Cleveland, wholesale lumber dealers. Besides acting as manager of the saw mill and general store his services were valuable in locating timber, and a considerable part of his time was spent as a cruiser. Throughout his Hfe he was known as a man of strict commercial integrity, ability and honesty, and was frequently called upon to act as arbitrator on account of his faculty of seeing both sides of the question. In politics he was a RepubHcan.

Martin L. Jenks, the youngest in a family of five children, was educated in the public schools of Michigan and spent one winter in a college at Kalamazoo and another winter at Mount Morris, Illinois. When twelve years of age he earned his first money and beginning at the age of sixteen was regularly working in general stores and on farms. At the age of twenty-four he entered the service of a wholesale dry goods store at Kansas City, but about three years later returned east and became identified with a rolling mill at Findlay, Ohio, and during the five years there became superintendent of the Findlay Rolling Mill Company.

Since then his chief, interests have been in the grain business. When he came to Minnesota he first located at Washburn, spending two months with Nye Jenks & Company, when he was transferred to the Nye Jenks & Company office at Minneapolis as cashier, where he remained two and a half years. He was then sent to the Milwaukee office of the Rialto Elevator Company, a subsidiary of Nye Jenks & Company, and remained in Milwaukee until the spring of 1900. The firm did a profitable business in that city, and while Mr. Jenks was there and since has operated the Angus-Smith Elevator. In the spring of 1900 he came to Duluth to organize the business of the Itasca Elevator Company, buyers and shippers of grain, buying it on exchange and shipping east. The first year they handled not quite three million bushels, and their business has increased until the total aggregate of one season has reached as high as twenty million bushels. Mr. Jenks now gives his special attention to the Itasca Elevator Company as secretary and manager.

He has been prominent on the Duluth Board of Trade, serving as director eight years, vice president two years and president two years, and now represents the Duluth Board as counsellor of the United States Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Jenks is a member of the Commercial Club, Kitchi Gammi Club, Curling Club and Boat Club, and is a Republican in politics.

December 7, 1892. while living at Findlay. Ohio, he married Miss Linnie Edgar, of Sidney, Ohio. Her father at the outbreak of the Civil war, being unable to enlist in his home county on account of his age, went to another county and became the youngest member of his regiment and served throughout the period of hostilities. Mr. and Mrs. Jenks have two daughters, Hester Anna, born in 1894, and Edna Messer. born in 1898. Both are graduates of the Duluth Central High School and spent two years finishing their educations at the National Park Seminary at Washington, D. C.

W^iLLiAM Albert McGonagle. The work of William .A.lbert Mc- Gonagle as a railroad builder and engineer and operating official has constituted a real and vital service to the upbuilding of one of the chief re- sources of Duluth, its transportation system. It is doubtful if any man now living has a broader or more authoritative technical knowledge of the problems of railroad transportation in the Duluth district.

Mr. McGonagle, who for the past ten years has been president of the Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway Company, was born at Conshohocken, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, March 28, 1861, a son of Joseph and Agnes (McKeeman) McGonagle. His father was born at Pottsville, and his mother at Norristown, Pennsylvania. His father was for many years a merchant at Conshohocken, where he died. William A. McGonagle was one of a family of two sons and four daughters. Three of the daughters are now deceased. He was educated in the public schools of Conshohocken, graduating from high school in 1876. The following year he entered the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 1881 with the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. For a few months he was a draftsman in private engineering work at Atlantic City, New Jersey, but in July, 1881, he arrived in Minnesota, the state destined to be his permanent field and the scene of his best achievements not only as an engineer but as a citizen. His first employment in this state was as draftsman at Brainerd with the Northern Pacific Railway Company, and shortly afterward as a transit man with the party engaged in locating the Little Falls and Dakota branch of that railway. In the fall of 1882 Mr. McGonagle entered the service of the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad Company as assistant engineer. He was successively promoted to resident engineer, superintendent of bridges and buildings, and assistant chief engineer, an office he held until 1902. In the latter year he became assistant to the president of the Duluth. Missabe & Northern Railway Company, was made vice president in 1903. and since March, 1909, has been president. While with the Duluth & Iron Range road he had charge of the maintenance of way and especially of ore dock construction and the construction of the terminals at Two Harbors. Minnesota, and the relocation of the line between Two Harbors and Cloquet River.

While his best years have been devoted to the problems of railroading and transportation. Mr. McGonagle was also a factor in the organization of the Duluth Crushed Stone Company, one of the important local industries of Duluth. He has given his influence, studv and time to many public movements. He is a former president of the Duluth Commercial Club, a former chairman of its Public Affairs Committee, and was chairman of the Relief Committee in the forest fires at Beaudette and Spooner. Minnesota, in October, 1910. while by appointment of the Governor he again became chairman of the Minnesota Forest Fires Relief Commission and took active charge of the relief work during the forest fires of October. 1918. In the late war he was first chairman of the Duluth Chapter of the American Red Cross, and held that office until the close of the war, when he resigned on account of ill health. He is a Republican, but has never sought nor held political offices. Mr. McGonagle is also a former president of the Kitchi Ganimi Club, is a life member of the Duluth Boat Club, a member of the Northland Countrv Club, the Minnesota Club of St. Paul, the New York Railroad Club of New York, and the Gitcbi Nadii Club of Superior. Wisconsin. His favorite recreation is jrnlf. and he is also a great traveler, having lived in ]iractically every section of the United .States.

Mr. McGonagle is one of the most proinincnt Ma>^ons of northern Minnesota, having attained the supreme thirtv-third detrree in the .Scotti'^h Rite. fTe is a past master of Palestine Lodre No. 79. A. F. and A. M.. past high priest of Key.stone Chapter No. 20. K. .X. M.. past com- mander of Duluth Conimandery No. 18, K. T., is a past grand master of the Grand Lodge, A. F. and A. M. of Minnesota, a past sovereign of St. George's Conclave, Knights of the Red Cross of Constantine, and a member of all the Scottish Rite bodies in Duluth and the Aad Temple of the Mystic Shrine.

October 5, 1887, Mr. McGonagle married ]\liss Sarah L. Sargent, daughter of Samuel G. and Sarah E. Sargent, of Methuen, Massachusetts. Mr.\nd Mrs. McGonagle have had three sons and one daughter : Joseph Sargent, Robert Emerson, Mary and William Albert, Jr. Their oldest son attended the Duluth High School, Dartmouth College, took the short course in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin, and is now managing a large farm at Hamilton, Montana, and is president of the Chamber of Commerce of that town. The son, Robert, also attended the Duluth High School and the University of Pennsylvania, and during the World War volunteered with the forces of Canada and served two years in France and Belgium, where he was wounded and gassed. He is now in business in Duluth. president of the Duluth Double ^^'all Construction Company. The daughter, Mary, is a graduate of the Duluth High School and graduated with the class of 1919 from Mount Holyoke College at South Hadley. Massachusetts. The youngest son graduated from High School, class of 1920, attended Dartmouth College and died September 13, 1920.

Walter M. Evered is president of the National Iron Company of Duluth, one of the largest industries in the city and one that furnishes a large volume of the iron and steel finished products that are shipped out of Duluth every year.

The Evereds as a family have been distinguished for mechanical skill through several generations. The grandfather of Walter Evered was Joseph Evered, who came from England and settled at Rochester, New York, where for a number of years he owned and operated a flour mill and feed shop. His son was the late Joshua D. Evered, a pioneer in the iron industry of Duluth and long one of that city's most substantial citizens. He was born at Rochester, New York. July 16, 1845, and at the age of ten years was left an orphan and had to make his own way in the world. He inherited a taste for mechanics, and all his life was a student of machinery, an inventor of many devices and improvements, including some changes that perfected the threshing machine. He was also a good business manager. For a number of years he had his home at Dayton. Ohio, and in 1882 brought his family to Duluth. He became one of the organizers of the Northwestern Iron Company, which is 1884 was merged into the National Iron Works. In 1896 this business was taken over by the firm of J. Evered & Son. and in May, 1897, the National Iron Company was incorporated by Toshua D. Evered, \\'alter M. Evered and Harry R. Armstrong. Joshua Evered remained as president of the company until his death, on May 29, 1903, and was then succeeded by his son, Walter, as president. Harry R. Armstrong continues as secretary of the company. Joshua Evered was completely devoted to his business and family. He was a member of the Episcopal Church, belonged to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and was a Republican. In 1866. at Detroit, Michigan, he married Anna Rose, a native of Ontario, Canada, and daughter of John and Mary Ann (Allen) Rose, her father having been a shipowner.

Walter M. Evered, only son of his father, was born at Dayton, Ohio, attended the grammar and high schools of his native city and of Duluth. and was fifteen years of age when he came to the Zenith City. Even as a boy he worked in his father's manufacturing plant, and mastered all the technical details of iron and steel working. For over thirty years therefore he has been closely identified with the growth and development of the National Iron Company.

This industry involves a large plant in West Duluth, and its facilities have been especially adapted for the manufacture of machinery and structural iron. It was originally started in a small way, chiefly for repairing of marine and saw mill machinery. As the timber began to disappear and the smaller boats were replaced by larger ones a readaptation had to be made in the growing business. The owners at that time determined to make the plant especially equipped for the manufacture of special machinery. The shop located during the first few years at the head of Garfield avenue became too small to take care of the growing burdens placed upon it, and in 1902 the company sought larger quarters and took over the works formerly built by the Iron Bay Company. The present plant occupies nearly six acres of ground and is fully equipped with modern machinery and appliances for all the work. A large and prominent feature of the business today is the building of hoisting machinery for builders and contractors and for mines, also machinery for underground mining, tvmneling and prospecting. The company manufactures machinery to be driven with steam, electric, motor, or internal combustion engines. The company are also jobbers as well as manufacturers, using large quantities of structural steel, merchant bars and billets, and a large part of the factory force is busy the year around, fabricating steel for bridges, buildings and steel construction work. As foundrymen the National Iron Company has facilities for making all kinds of grey iron castings, some of them weighing as high as thirty tons apiece. It is an industry obviously contributing a great deal of prosperity to Duluth since between 175 and 200 men are employed the year around, and many of them are experts in their line. The output of the plant is shipped all over the northwest and portions of Canada. Walter M. Evered has the distinction of having been the first member of the school board who was a former pupil of the Duluth schools. He is active in the Duluth Commercial Club, is affiliated with Palestine Lodge No. 79, A. F. and A. M., Keystone Chapter No. 20, R. A. M., Duluth Commandery No. 18, K. T.. is a Scottish Rite IMason and Mystic Shriner. He also belongs to the Elks and is a member of the Episcopal Church. In 1892 he married Miss Eleanor Keene. They have one daughter. Helen.

A. L. Henricksen, the oldest firm of manufacturing jewelers in Northern Minnesota is A. L. and N. J- Henricksen. who have been actively associated for many years, while the name Henricksen has been established in Duluth for over thirty years.

N. J. Henricksen came to Duluth in 1887. A. L. Henricksen was born in Norway, July 30, 1866. and came to this country in 1904, joining his brother and establishing the partnership of A. L. and N. J. Henricksen in the manufacture of fine jewelry and as dealers in diamonds and other precious stones. For many years the location of the Henricksen jewelry house was 332 West Sui)erior street, but the firm is now located on West First street. This was the first establishment tn install machinery for the cutting and polishing of the precious and semi-precious stones found in the northern country, particularly on the banks of Lake Superior, including the beautiful agates, amethysts and other stones that arc given the full value of their attractiveness in handsome settings made bv the Henricksen brothers. Tlu" cutting and polishing and set- ting of these stones is a large business in itself, and has brought a large trade to Henricksen Brothers from the tourist population that throngs Duluth in the summer. A large section of their store is also devoted to dealing in the curios found in Northern Minnesota.

A. L. Henricksen has always taken a great pride in his home city. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the American Sons of Norway, and he and his brother promoted a company for the manufacture of puncture proof tires for automobiles. This company now operates a large factory at Newcastle, Indiana.

A. L. Henricksen has always taken a great pride in his home city, has five children, all living, namely: Sigurd, John, ErHng, Signy and Herald.

Thomas Kileen. The great lumber industry so long centered at Duluth has recruited to this city and to the work some of the choicest spirits of the great northern woods. One of them is Thomas Kileen, who practically grew up in the atmosphere of logging camps in Wisconsin, and who is now head of the firm, Thomas Kileen & Company, loggers and contractors, operating a large organization of men and facilities in the lumber woods of the northwest, while Mr. Kileen personally is owner of and associated with the ownership of great tracts of cut-over timberland in the northern district.

He was born in Wisconsin October 14, 1861. His parents are now deceased. His father who died in 1907, at the age of seventy-four, was a substantial Wisconsin farmer, a good citizen, enjoying the confidence of the entire community, and had a family of ten children, five of whom are still living.

Third among these children, Thomas Kileen acquired his early education in the country schools of the Badger state. At the age of eighteen he left home and went to work in the pine woods and logging camps and soon developed special skill and proficiency in all phases of work, including the dangerous art of driving logs down the rivers. At the age of twenty-three he had advanced so far as to begin taking contracts for getting out logs and operating drives, and soon afterward he established his headquarters at Duluth. Recognized as an expert logger and timber man, he has commanded the confidence of woodmen, and has kept together one of the most efficient organizations for work in this line. His employes have at times aggregated as many as five hundred, and in different years he has got out and sent to the mills between twenty-five and thirty-five million feet of logs. Incidental to his business as a logger he has handled the sale of cut-over timber lands. He has owned and still owns large sections of former timber land both in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and some of his principal holdings were in Douglas county, Wisconsin, land that has been sold and developed largely through his organizations, and much of it now constitutes valuable farms. Mr. Kileen is also extensively interested in mining operations on the Mesaba Range.

He is an independent voter and a member of the Knights of Columbus. In 1896 he married Miss Katie Finnigan. They have two children, Edward, born October 10, 1899, and Morine, born May 1. 1901. The son Edward finished his education in the University of Wisconsin, and since leaving university has been associated with his father in the logging and farm business.

Duluth And St. Louis County 747

had a prominent work and service to perform as engineers and as lumber operators, and W. H. Cook in recent years has been a lumberman with interests extending from the Pacific northwest to the Atlantic southeast.

W. H. Cook was born in Kent county, Michigan, September 8, 1867, son of Merritt S. and Ella M. (Reynolds)- Cook, the former a native of New York state. The father died in 1911 and the mother in 1914. Merritt Cook spent the greater part of his life as a civil engineer and surveyor. Coming to Duluth in 1892, he followed his profession until his death. He possessed a decided mathematical turn of mind, and while employed in a very practical profession he found his chief deUght in the theoretical side of mathematics. For a number of years he was professor of mathematics in Albion College in Michigan. In his family were six children, four still living, \V. H. Cook being the second in age.

As a boy he attended the common schools of Michigan, and acquired an expert knowledge of the timber and lumber industry, still an important line of business in his native state during his youth. He became a skillful timber cruiser, and was employed in that capacity in several states of the Union. He first came to Duluth in 1891, and was interested as a timber dealer and lumber operator in a number of sections in north Minnesota. He also extended his operations to the Pacific Coast. Mr. Cook and associates built a line of railway from Virginia, Minnesota, to Fort Francis in Ontario. He began manufacturing lumber in Virginia, Minnesota, in 1903. also was one of the organizers of the Virginia and Rainy Lake Company, with mills at Duluth and Virginia, and in 1911 organized the Trout Lake Lumber Company, manufacturing lumber at Tower, Minnesota. This industry he continued until 1918. About 1912 he extended his interests as a lumberman and timber owner to South Carolina, where his business was carried on with headquarters at Greenville. He is still interested in the lumber operations of that state. Mr. Cook is a Republican in politics.

December 31. 1888, in Michigan, he married Miss Martha L. Walsh. Mrs. Cook for a number of years has taken a very prominent part in charitable and social affairs in Duluth. and was one of the leaders in local Red Cross work during the war. They have one son, Ellis R., who attended the Duluth High School and Dartmouth College and is now engaged in the lumber business.

Ernest A. Schulze has a business experience that has been continuously identified with Duluth for thirty years or more. His original trade was that of a tanner, and he has been in the leather business continuously and is now president and manager of the Schulze Leather & Findings Company, one of the leading wholesale houses of the kind in the northwest.

Mr. Schulze was born at Hancock, Michigan. April 6, 1866. a son of Gustav A. and \\'ilhelmina (Hohle) Schulze. His father was a native of Prussia and his mother of southern Germany. On coming to America Gustav A. Schulze, who was a carpenter and shipwright by trade, located at Chicago, later moved to Hancock. Michigan, and from there went to old .Superior, where he engaged in the furniture business. As a millwright in the employ of Wieland Brothers he left Superior and went to Reaver Bay, Minnesota, to look after the saw mill of the firm at that point. Later he was elected to the office of auditor of Lake county, and when the county seat was moved to Two Harbors he and his family went along. While there he was county auditor and later county treasurer, subsequently was appointed postmaster of Two Harbors, and at the conclusion of his term in the postoffice moved witli his family to Duluth,

Ernest A. Schulze, next to the oldest of the living children, acquired his early education in the public schools of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota and left school to become an apprentice to the tanner's trade at the age of sixteen. He was an apprentice three years, and gained a thorough knowledge of all that constitutes the tanning industry. Following that for one year he was employed as a clerk in the Wieland shoe store, and then after a course in business college at St. Paul returned to Duluth in 1888 and with his brother Charles, engaged in the leather business under the firm name of Schulze Brothers. Later they incorporated as the Schulze Brothers Company, and the business was continued under this title until 1915. Since then Mr. Schulze has been the active head of the Schulze Leather & Findings Company, a wholesale establishment at 10 West First street.

Mr. Schulze has been devoted to business, has never sought the honors of politics nor its cares and responsibilities, is a Republican voter and an active member of the Pilgrim Congregational Church. In June, 1896. he married Miss Emma Kohagen, daughter of Frederick Kohagen, of Duluth and of German ancestry. Mrs. Schulze was educated in the public schools of Pennsylvania and of Duluth. They have three children : Dorothy, born in 1903 ; Clarence, born in 1907 ; and Eleanor, born in 1911.

Marshall-Wells Company. The history of the Marshall- Wells Company has a place of importance in this publication because it frequently throws significant light upon the history of Duluth itself and involves in a peculiarly interesting manner the fortunes and careers of a number of prominent local business men, chief among them being the veteran founder of the business, Albert Morley Marshall.

In 1882, when Duluth had less than 5,000 population and was only a small and unimproved town around a lake port, with the lumbering industry behind, a retail hardware business under the name G. C. Greenwood & Company was established in the depot corner of Superior street. About two years later the first iron ore was shipped from the Vermillion Range, and with the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad Duluth grew so rapidly that it became a city of 18,000 population. Needing larger capital for his business, Mr. Greenwood interested his uncle, A. B. Chapin, a Saginaw^ lumberman, and in 1886 the firm was changed to A. B. Chapin & Comi)any, wnth Mr. Chapin in personal charge. A three-story frame building w^as erected on South Lake avenue that year. Another important firm of Duluth at that time was Wells-Stone & Company, wholesale grocers and hardware men, who soon afterward merged the hardware department with that of A. B. Chapin & Company, resulting in the Chapin-Wells Hardware Company. In 1891 this firm moved into a new six-story and basement brick building on lower Fifth avenue. West, which was the hdme of the company for nine years. In 1892, when it became apparent that large additions of capital were necessary, there occurred the great crisis in the business. This was due partly to the industrial depression which culminated the following year, and also to the fact that some of those interested in the Chapin-Wells organization were desirous of withdrawing. At that time negotiations Avere entered with Albert M. Marshall of Saginaw, Michigan.

Albert Morley Marshall was born December 25, 1851. His father, Seth Marshall, was born near Hartford in Colebrook, Connecticut, but spent his active life at Painesville, Ohio, where he was a hardware merchant, president of the First National Bank and otherwise extensively interested in northern Ohio business. His fifth child was Albert M. Marshall, who grew up and was educated in the schools of Painesville. At the age of nineteen he went to Saginaw and entered the shipping room of Morley Brothers, hardware merchants. For twenty-two years he remained with that firm, and when he left was vice president and general manager and had demonstrated the faculty of gathering about him and infusing his personal influence through a splendid organization. He was also president of the U. S. Graphite Compan}- and the Lufkin Rule Company, which he had started at Cleveland and later moved to Saginaw.

In the face of conditions that prevailed in 1893 it is possible to credit Mr. ^Marshall with nothing less than extraordinary vision and courage in surrendering his attractive and promising interests in Michigan and elsewhere and taking hold of a proposition at Duluth that promised a constant battle as a precedent for growth and success. In the spring of 1893 he acquired the controlling interest in the Chapin-\Vells Hardware Company, the name being changed to the Marshall-Wells Hardware Company. The chief owner of the Wells interests, C. W. Wells, was drowned the same fall while duck hunting, and his partner. F. C. Stone, died three months later. Their estates were represented in the Marshall-Wells directorate for some years. Mr. ^Marshall in the meantime was left to fight out the battle almost alone. With the beginning of the panic of 1893 there was a general shut down of mines, lumber operations, railway extension, but he persisted in maintaining his business organization and even added to his force of salesmen, soliciting business all over the northwestern country. The wisdom of this step was proved several years later, when with the gradual lifting of panic conditions it was found that the Marshall-Wells Company had become securely entrenched in all the northern and northwestern states and even in Canada and Alaska. In the midst of trying conditions in 1894 Mr. Marshall began the preparation of a complete catalogue that would represent every article carried in stock, and at that time the "Zenith" trade mark was adoi)ted. which for a quarter of a century has been the guarantee of (|uality on all gcjods distriliuted by this firm.

One of the chief sources of success to the Marshall-Wells organization has been Mr. Marshall's faculty of picking and retaining the right sort of men in his organization. He entrusted a young Canadian w ith first o])ening up an international business for the firm in Canada, and with the Klondike gold discoveries of 1898 the emissaries (^f the Marshall-Wells Company were soon within the .Arctic Circle. Out of this venture develojjed the great business handled by the firm in the Canadian northwest through W'inniiieg. where the first warehouse of the comj)any was established in 1901. In 1901 the company also rented a barn in Portland. Oregon, as the first warehouse of the Portland branch, and within less than ten years several successive buildings were erected by the firm in that city, until the Portland branch now handles business from the Pacific northwest to Los -Angeles and the Imperial Walley of California. Through the Portland house was also done a large exj^ort business to the Hawaiian Islands, and more recentl\' to Russia and China. The S])okane branch of the firm was ojjened in January, 1900, to serve the great trade of the inland empire. In July, 1912. was incorporated the Marshall- W ('lis .Alberta Company, which took over jirevious connections of the firm and an old established business at lulmonton. .Alberta, and this

In the meantime, in spite of developments and extensions to these far-flung fields, addition after addition has been made to the Duluth headquarters. Besides the enormous material facilities the personnel of the Duluth organization has increased from forty-four employes of 1893 to a small army of upwards of 1,000 in the wholesale hardware business.

One of the individuals in this great organization, writing from personal knowledge and facts known to the personnel of the Marshall- Wells Company, has given this interesting tribute : "It is not in anything but the leadership of its founder, its captain-general, Mr. A.M. Marshall, who better realized and appreciated the resources of this great northwest, and had the courage, the confidence, and the ability to invade the far west and develop that business at a time when' other jobbers were deserting the territory - that accounts for the real secret of ]\Iarshall-\Vells success.

"His counsel and guidance have pervaded every department - the lines of goods, the contracts made, the catalogue, the advertising, the extension of territory and of credit ; the selection of his stafif, their training, the principles inculcated in them, and the constant personal watchfulness over the activities of every factor in the business - his broad knowledge of finance, manufacturing and merchandising in general ; his deep insight into human nature and his happy methods of treating each, have been the fundamentals - his technique.

"As to his business tactics and broader strategy, they might easily be compared with the successful campaigning of a military organization, for surely merchandising is warfare ; peaceful battles are trade gains, trade victories, won by the training, the co-ordination, the resources, reserves, the initiative, the attack, the consolidation, and the follow-up."

A great business from ordinary commercial standards, it is also great as an exemplification of the human element in business. The company provides many forms of profit-sharing, insurance, pension funds, and other advanced programs of welfare.

It was after he had seen his business reach the full tide of success and influence that Mr. jNIarshall in 1918 took the chairmanship of the Board of Directors and named his older son, Seth ^Marshall, as president and general manager. At that time one of his old associates said: "In my opinion no other merchant in the great northwest has been the equal of Mr. Marshall in the vision and the optimism which so benefited this great area of expansion, or has the ability, energy, courage and devotion to a great work which he has had, and no other has accomplished so much as he."

P. G. Phillips, who is commissioner of the city government, being in charge of public utilities, is one of the best qualified men that might be found for that responsible post. Mr. Phillips has lived for many years in Duluth, was an alderman before the commission form of government was adopted, is a thorough business man, and has a vast and intricate knowledge of city affairs.

He was born in Swansea, Wales, September 24, 1870, and was only an infant when brought to America by his parents in 1871. His father, W'illiam Phillips, lived for a time at Connelsville, Pennsylvania, where he fx)llowed his trade as a brass moulder. He continued

Duluth And St. Louis County 751

P. G. Phillips was the third in a family of six children. He acquired his early education in the public schools of Marshalltown, Iowa, and as a youth served an apprenticeship at the blacksmith's trade. That trade was his regular occupation from 1890 to 1910. In the latter year he became manager of a general co-operative store at West Duluth, and handled the affairs of that business very successfully until February, 1917.

Mr. Phillips was first elected an alderman, representing the Eighth Ward in the city of Duluth in 1912. He was in that office a year and a half before the commission form of government was adopted. In 1917 he was chosen commissioner of the Board of Public Utilities, and since then has spent practically all his time with the affairs of his office. Mr. Phillips is an able speaker, has a great amount of information on everything connected with the government of Duluth, and- is well qualified in a literary way and has frequently discussed subjects of current interest in the local press, especially through the columns of the Duluth Herald.

N. A. Young is a wholesome type of the modern educator, and was keenly alive to the great responsibilities he carried as county superintendent of schools of St. Louis county.

Teaching and school administration has constituted his life work. He was born on a farm at Bismarck, Illinois, on August 2, 1874, son of James L. and Nancy A. (Silvey) Young, being of Scotch ancestry in the paternal line and English and Irish through his mother. He is the oldest of four living children. His father was also a native of Illinois, and spent his active life as a general farmer and died at Danville, that state. He strenuously objected to holding any office, though he endeavored to exercise an intelligent interest in public affairs. He was a member of the Christian Church.

N. A. Young attended the rural schools of his home community to the eighth grade, and then had his first experience as a teacher in a country school. He continued his higher education in the Illinois State Normal University, spending four years in that institution and graduating in 1901. For one year he was principal of a ward school in Hoopeston, Illinois, for two and a half years was principal of the high school at Bement, leaving there in the middle of the year to become superintendent of a small system of schools at Deland, Illinois, early in 1902.

Mr. Young came to Minnesota in the fall of 1902 and for five years was principal of the schools at Soudan and for two and a half years superintendent at Aurora. He has been connected with the general school work of St. Louis county since February. 1910, when he was made assistant superintendent. In the fall of that year he was elected county su})erintendent. and held that office until .\ugust 1. 1920. when he resigned in order to give all his time to the Duluth School of Business, of which institution he is president and part owner.

Many important changes and improvements were made under his administration. The outstanding feature was the gradual centralization in control of schools in the County l^oard of Education, 'iliis is now the vital center and lieart of the county system of education, though in 1911, when Mr. ^'()ung became superintendent, the office was comparatively a nominal one and his entire force consisted of himself, one assistant and a stenographer. At the time of his resignation about twenty people were at work in the county superintendent's office all the' time. Through the county office the schools of St. Louis county are now in a measure grouped as a single big district, with a central organization in control. It is possible to review only briefly the larger results and the influences which emanated from the office of County Superintendent Young. One feature was the constant endeavor to improve the health of the school children and the patrons of the schools in rural territories. Mr. Young has been a staunch advocate of homes for teachers in connection with the schools, and this idea has' been developed in a number of cases with gratifying results. The plan for Boys' and Girls' Clubs was fostered, until there are now between 125 and 130 such organizations in the county. The chief object of the club organization, as Air. Young views it, is to develop a spirit of self government in the children early in life.

The increase in the activities of the superintendent's office is partly accounted for through Air. Young's advocacy and practice of a closer supervision of rural school work. He contended that good schools are possible in the country as in the city, provided certain factors are present, the same quality of teacher, the same generous supplies of books and papers, and the same kind of supervision. School patrons and school directors have never been allowed to forget since Mr. Young was made superintendent that an important essential in good rural schools is better buildings, better ventilation, better light and more comfortable quarters in every way.

The rural schools in St. Louis county, as in nearly every other part of the country were seriously handicapped during the war by an insufficient supply of teachers. In order to overcome that difficulty Air. Young endeavored to prevail upon the county high schools to conduct normal training departments, and at the present time nearly all of the rural teachers are home-trained jjroducts.

He adopted in his school administration an idea long practiced by progressive business organizations in getting the teachers together in a good summer school just before the opening of the regular term, not so much for the purpose of instruction and acquainting them with pedagogic theories, but in arousing their enthusiasm and general morale so as to put them in readiness for the actual problems they will encounter in their school work. Each summer for a number of years such a school has been conducted in St. Louis county.

F"or eight years Air. Young was publisher of the Rural School Bulletin, a local magazine devoted to the interests of the schools of St. Louis county. He was a regular contributor to the Bulletin, the flies of which contain most of his literary productions. About four years ago he also edited one division of the encyclopedia known as "School Alethods." In 1919 he and an associate opened a commercial school at Twenty-flrst avenue. West, and Superior street in Duluth. the first session beginning September 2nd. Air. Young is devoting his entire time to that institution now.

The majority of the people living in the rural districts of St. Louis county are of foreign birth. In order that they might become acquainted with the English language and learn something of American ideals and form of government Air. Young instituted what is known as the Speak-English Alovement. Through this movement the children are encouraged to teach the English language to their parents and to their little brothers and sisters. They take pride in

Duluth And St. Louis County 753

Each school entering upon the Speak-English work is provided with an attractive, framed certificate, and each Speak-English worker wears a button bearing the inscription : "We Speak English."

The Speak-English Movement was started in the fall of 1918, and when Mr. Young's resignation took effect in August, 1920, 2,250 boys and girls were enrolled in the movement. The English language is spoken in many families where it was never heard before, many fathers and mothers are delighted over having learned to read English, and whereas in former years the little folks entering school were unable to speak English, the majority of the beginners in 1920 were acquainted with the English language.

During the war Mr. Young was manager of the Junior Red Cross. He is not a member of any literary or educational organization, has no secret affiliation, was reared a Methodist and is an independent voter. July 31, 1901, he married Miss ]^Iay E. Walls, daughter of I. C. Walls. Both their children are now deceased.

G. A. E. FiNLAYSON. In no profession is there a career more open to talent than in that of the law. and in no field of endeavor is there demanded a more careful preparation, a more thorough appreciation of the absolute ethics of life or of the underlying principles which form the basis of all human rights and privileges. It is a profession into which none should enter without a recognition of the obstacles to be encountered and overcome and the battles to be won, for success does not perch on the banner of every one who enters the competitive fray, but comes only as the legitimate result of capability.

G. A. E. Finlayson was born May 2. 1873, in Montreal. Canada, and is a son of Alexander and Agnes (McLennan) Finlayson. His father, who was born and reared in Canada, came to the United States on October 31, 1880, and located in South Angus, Polk county, Minnesota, where for about a year and a half he was engaged in the mercantile business. At the end of that time he turned his attention to farming, in which he met with splendid success, becoming the owner of 800 acres of excellent and productive land in Polk county. In 1883 he removed his family to Crookston. Minnesota, that his children might have the benefit of the schools of that city.

G. A. E. Finlayson received his elementary education in the jniblic schools of Crookston, being a member of the first class of four who were graduated from the high school there in 1891. Having determined to devote his life to the legal profession, he then entered the University of Minnesota, where he was graduated from llu- academic dei)artment with the degree of H. A. in 1896. He then entered the law de])artment and was admitted to the bar in 1899, entering upon the active jjractice of his profession at Crookston. In 1^13 he came to the citv of Duluth, where he has since resided and practiced his profession.

Politically Mr. h'inlayson is atliiialed with the Ivepuhlican party. having cast his first jiresidential vote for William McKinley. His religious membershi]) is with the Pilgrim Congregational Church of Duluth. Fraternally In- is a nicmber of the P.enevolcnt and Protective Orclcr of h:iks, Clan'Stewart, Curling Club and other organizations.

( )n September 2*^, 1915, he was married to h'va Husseltnan, a daughter of William P.usselman. and they -Arc the parents of a son. Ci. W. A., born on October 17. 1916.

Frederick A. Richardson. It is generally considered by those in the habit of superficial thinking that the history of so-called great men only is worthy of preservation and that little merit exists among the masses to call forth the praises of the historian or the appreciation of mankind. A greater mistake was never made. No man is great in all things and very few are great in many things. It is not a history of the lucky stroke which benefits humanity most, but the long study and effort which eventually result in a sure and permanent success. Among those in St. Louis county who have achieved success along steady lines of action is the subject of this sketch.

Frederick A. Richardson was born on January 11, 1893, in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, and is the first in the order of birth of the nine children who blessed the union of W. J. and Josephine (Perrin) Richardson, the former of whom was a native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Frederick A. Richardson was educated in the country schools of Wisconsin and the public schools of Duluth, the family having moved to this city while he was still a lad. His first employment was as a water carrier at nine years of age. Shortly afterwards he went to work on his father's farm and spent three years there. He grew to manhood surrounded by those conditions which tend to develop industry, integrity and frugality. How well he has retained those lessons of his early training has been shown by his later life.

On leaving the home .farm Air. Richardson obtained employment as a messenger boy for the Western Union Telegraph Company, but two years later became a clerk in a railroad office in this city, where he remained for a time. Then for a year he worked as a clerk in the W^estern Union office in this city, being then transferred to the American District Telegraph Company, where for a year he served as night operator. From June, 1916, until 1918, he had charge of the day office for that company and in the latter year was appointed general manager of the American District Telegraph Company's office in Duluth. He severed his connection with the American District Telegraph Company and is now associated with the Langdahl Tailoring Company, 18 North Twenty-first avenue, West, Duluth. Energy, good judgment and executive ability are the elements which have contributed to his success, and among his associates he is held in the sincerest regard, while he stands high in the esteem of the public who have had dealings with him.

On January 23, 1911, Mr. Richardson was married to Marie A. Fleckenstein, and they are the parents of a son, Frederick A., Jr. In his political views Mr. Richardson is independent, but he stands staunchly for all movements or enterprises having for their objects the advancement of the city along material, civic or moral lines.

Marsh \LL H. Alworth, with two of the greatest industries of northern Minnesota, lumbering and mining, Marshall H. Alworth has been intimately associated for a period of nearly half a century. For the greater part of that time he has been a resident of Duluth and one of the men of enterprise who have liberally bestowed their public spirit and also a share of their business influence in the development of the community.

Mr. Alworth was born at Florence, Oneida county. New York, October 26, 1846, a son of Nathan S. and Deborah (Wickwire) Alworth. His father, who died about 1856, was a railroad man and was engaged in construction work for the Erie Railroad at the time of his death.

Marshall H. Alworth had four sisters, but is now the only survivor of his generation of the family. Beginning life with a district school educa- tion acquired in western New York, he left home between the age of thirteen and fourteen, and for many years had some of the "rough and tumble" experiences of Hfe. For a time he worked on the Great Lakes, but eventually became a land and timber explorer, a work in which he achieved a high degree of expertness and skill, and which he followed for over twenty years.

About 186/ he began exploring in the timber lands of Michigan, Wisconsin. Mississippi and Minnesota, and after looking for timbers for others interested in investments finally secured a working interest and operated on capital of his own. It was about 1880 that he became financially interested in this industry, and during the past forty years he has held and developed large tracts of timber land, especially in the northern states.

Mr. Ahvorth first came to the city of Duluth in 1873. For several years he was employed under contract in exploring and locating Government land in Minnesota, Wisconsin and upper Michigan. Soon after he came to Duluth there occurred the memorable failure of Jay Cooke, initiating the tremendous financial depression of 1873. There was no disposition on the part of moneyed interests to continue the contracts in which Mr. Alworth was interested. With what money he personally commanded he looked over some in St. Louis county, but soon found his occupation practically gone. That financial depression was a serious blow to the development of Duluth, which did not recover for several years.

Mr. Alworth returned to northern Minnesota in 1882, again as a land looker, but he was a purchaser of lands at the Government land sale, and later, in the 1893 sale at St. Cloud, he acquired further land holdings. Some of these lands were on the Mesaba Range. They had already shown indications of ore. and these indications led Mr. Alworth to believe that if the underground resources were properly explored a satisfactory commercial basis could be established. Thus he and his associates agreed not to sell the fee of tlie lands when the timber was removed, and that precaution was fully justified by the later outcome.

At first he gave options to explore, but found the work was not properly done, and he and his associates then took the matter directly under their own suj^ervision. Much of the land had been "test-pitted" and worked over from one to three times, but the liew and thorough investigations proved good deposits of ore. On that basis was formed the Alworth Alining and Development Company, an organization jhat was successfully continued for several years, as long as ore was found in paying quantities. The members of this company were J. L. Washburn. \\'. C. Agnew, W. H. Cole and Mr. Alworth. Finally they leased the lands and did not get more than two and a half cents a ton above what the option called for.

A number of other business enterprises have commanded the time and resources of Mr. .Alworth. He became owner of considerable real estate in Duluth and took an interest in various industries to build up the town. Among pro])erties which he owns is the Alworth Building, construction of which was begun September 12, 1909, and the building, completed, was turned over by the contractors May 1, 1910. He also owns the St. Regis Apartments and a few buildings in other parts of the city. During his career at Duluth he is said to have invested about half a million dollars in local manufacturing industries.

Mr. Alworth has no church membership but is a supporter of many charitable enterj)riscs and organizations. He is a Republican in politics. He was marrierl at Saginaw. Michigan. Jinic 13. 1878. and of the seven children horn tc him and Mrs. Alworth two arc now living. Marshall W.

and Royal D. Alworth. The sons are actively associated with their father, Marshall looking after the mining properties and Royal after the real estate holdings.

John R. McGiffert. While he came to Duluth in 1892 to practice law, and made a name in that profession, John R. McGiffert is best known in the Northwest as one of the executive officials of the Clyde Iron Works, as an inventor and mechanical engineer and as patentee of a large list of devices, most of them used in the lumber industry and which have in some respects almost revolutionized certain logging and lumbering operations.

Mr. McGiffert was born at Hudson, New York, ^larch 19, 1869, a son of John N. and Sarah (Carnahan) McGiffert, the former, a native of New York and the latter of Pennsylvania. His grandfather, James McGiffert, was born near Belfast, Ireland, in 1800 and came to New York in 1819. In the maternal line Mr. McGift'ert represents some distinguished American names. His maternal great-great-grandfather, John Carnahan, was commander of a Pennsylvania company in the Revolutionary war. The Carnahans were Scotch-Irish and settled in Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century. One of the Carnahans, James, was an early president of Princeton College. The grandfather, James McGiffert, was a grandson in the maternal line of Colonel William Dinwiddie, whose brother was the Robert Dinwiddie. known to every American schoolboy as the Colonial Governor of Virginia.

John R. McGiffert was liberally educated, attending ])ublic schools and an academy in his native town, taking two years in Hamilton College, graduating in 1890 from Williams College in New York, and in 1892 receiving his law degree from the University of New York. Admitted to the bar the same year, he came to Duluth and opened his office and soon had a comfortable clientele as a lawyer.

W'hile in school and during his law practice Mr. McGiffert found time to encourage his inventive genius and allowed it more or less full scope, though the first invention patented and turned to commercial use was the McGiffert Log Loader, which he fir.st patented in 1901. During subsequent years he obtained more than twenty other patents covering different types of logging machinerv.

About the time he obtained his patent on the McGiffert Log Loader the Clyde Iron Works was established as the reorganization of another iron working plant at Duluth. The Clyde Iron Works has long been the most com])lete iron working plant in the Northwest, and has specialized in the manufacture of logging and other heavy machinery. The Mc- Giffert Log Loader has been manufactured by the Clyde Iron Works from the beginning, as w^ell as other of Mr. McGiffert's patents. In 1902 Mr. McGiffert became superintendent of the logging machinery department, and subsequently became treasurer and secretary and later vice president of the corporation in general charge of the design and construction of all the machinerv manufactured in the immense plant at Duluth.

Mr. McGiff'ert is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for the Advancement of Science, the New York Machinery Club, is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. belongs to the Duluth Commercial Club, Kitchi Gammi Club, Duluth Boat Club. Northland Countrv^ Club, and has allied himself with every progressive civic business and patriotic organization since he took up his residence at Duluth. Air. McGiffert has served as a member of the Board of Education and in other capacities.

Duluth And St. Louis County 757

In 1896 he married Miss Gertrude Yates Magoun, who was also born in Hudson, New York. Her ancestry involves many prominent names, particularly in the Yates line. Colonel Christopher Yates was an officer in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. Another member of this family was Joseph Yates, who helped frame the Constitution of the United States and later was governor of New York. Mr. and Airs. McGiffert have five children, Stephen Y., Mary Y., Gertrude R., Ruthersford N. and Andrew C.

E. H. Falgren has lived in and around Duluth for nearly forty years, has long been a successful business man, and is secretary and assistant treasurer and the chief executive manager of the East End Ice Company.

He was born in Sweden, December 6, 1873, and was eight years of age when he came to America with his parents in 1881. His father, E. A. Falgren, located at Duluth in the spring of 1882, and his chief business through all the succeeding years has been that of gardening. He is now seventy-two years of age, and of his four children. E. H. is the only survivor.

The latter was educated in the public schools of Duluth and at the age of thirteen was clerking in the drapery department of a department store. In 1895 he became associated with the East End Ice Company. which was then owned by Fred Sahlberg. who died in 1904. It was incorporated in 1905, and there was a reorganization of the company's affairs. Mrs. Sahlberg. wife of Fred Sahlberg. was made president and

E. H. Falgren became secretary and assistant treasurer. The company does a large wholesale and retail business direct with consumers in both natural and manufactured ice, and operates a large ice storage and warehouse at Duluth. The city office is at 9 South Fifth avenue. West.

Mr. Falgren is a member of the Commercial and Kiwanis Clubs, is a Republican in politics, and is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Knights of the Maccabees. July 18. 1900. in Duluth. he married Miss Anna S. E. Northstrum. She was also born in Sweden, and her people came to Duluth in 1882. and she acquired her education in the public schools of that city. They have two children. Marion, born September 2. 1901. and Vernon, born November 24. 1904.

Edwin F. Johnson while growing to manhood chose the profession and career of undertaking and embalming and has practiced that vocation continuously since he graduated from university twelve years ago. He is now the head of F. A. Johnson and Son. undertakers and funeral directors at Duluth.

F. A. Johnson, was born in Sweden and came to America at the age of nineteen and joined a brother in Minneapolis. This brother had located at Minneapolis some time previously and was engaged in the lumber business there, and F. A. Johnson found employment in the lumber yard for two or three years and then moved to Ivvansyille, Minnesota, where he was engaged in the retail lumber business on his own accoimt until about 1896. His next location was at Elbow Lake. Minnesota, where he carried on an extensive business as a hardware merchant and lumberman until 1918. In that vear he moved to Duluth and joined his son as the business head of V. A. Johnson and .Son. funeral directors.

Edwin F. Johnson was eight years of age when the family removed to Elbow Lake, and he acquired most of his i)ublic school education there, including the high school course. For two years he attended Miimesota College in Minneapolis and took the cmbalmers' course at University of Minnesota in 1908. As a licensed embalmer he was employed by several undertakers in Duluth and elsewhere for several years, and for five years was traveling salesman for the firm of Janney, Semple, Hill & Company of Minneapolis. Then, on May 1, 1918, associated with his father, he established the present business of F. A. Johnson and Son, For the first two years the firm was located at 319 East Superior street, and having outgrown the quarters there moved to a specially equipped funeral home at 514 East Third street. The firm maintains its own funeral equipment, and Mr. Edwin F. Johnson gives his personal supervision to all cases. The firm has a splendid location convenient to transportation, and its business and service are highly appreciated.

Otto J. Wendlandt. Of Duluth's industry represented in the printing and typographical trade one of the leading establishments is the Wendlandt Printing & Binding Company, comprising a complete establishment at 114-116 West First street for doing all classes of printing, binding and the manufacture of stationery supplies. The president and manager and practically the founder of the business is Otto J. Wendlandt. Other officials of the concern are Louis G. Wendlandt, secretary, and William H. Wendlandt, treasurer.

Otto J. Wendlandt was born at Bloomer, Wisconsin, April 3, 1877. His father, John M. Wendlandt, was a native of Germany and came to America in 1866. For a number of years he followed his trade and business as a brewer at Bloomer, Wisconsin, but in 1891 removed to W^est Superior, where he continued business as a general merchant until his death in 1899. Of his eleven children seven are still living, Otto J. being the second in age.

Otto J. Wendlandt was educated in the public schools of Bloomer, and first went to work for R. C. Mast, a bookbinder of Superior. He learned and followed that trade at Superior, and in June, 1902, came to Duluth and set up a modest shop of his own in the basement of the Providence Building. From bookbinding he gradually expanded his business, organizing the Wendlandt Printing & Binding Company and increasing the facilities until it is now one of the chief organizations of its kind in Northern Minnesota. From time to time Mr. W'endlandt has also given his enterprise to other business afTairs and is vice president of the Cuyuna-Duluth and the Cuyuna Mille Lacs Mines at fronton, Minnesota.

He is affiliated with the Elks, Good Samaritans, Sons of Hermann and Order of Moose, is a member of the Commercial and Lions Clubs and in politics is independent. June 13, 1900, at Superior, W^isconsin, Mr. Wendlandt married Miss Christina Yeska, whose people also came from Germany. They first settled at Milwaukee and afterward moved to Long Prairie in Minnesota, where Mrs. Wendlandt finished her education. Mr. and Mrs. Wendlandt have five children : Pearl, born in 1902 ; Vernon, born in 1904; George, born in 1907; Violet, born in 1910; and Marion, born in 1913.

George N. Holland came to Duluth nearly forty years ago. It would not be possible in a brief article to indicate or suggest the wide range of his enterprises, his experiences and his close associations with the fundamental industries and resources of this northern country.

He was born at Saginaw, Michigan, October 8, 1860, and as a youth he grew up familiar with many phases of the great lumber industry, in which his father was vigorously engaged. Mr. Holland came to Duluth in 1882 and was employed as a lumber and timber estimator, and for several years syndicates worked at the task of selecting Government lands. In 1884 he entered the lumber and timber business for himself. His work in prospecting and developing timber tracts brought him naturally a knowledge of the mineral resources of the various iron ranges. He did much exploration work on both the Mesaba and VermiUion ranges, and in 1892, in connection with W. G. LaRue and H. Jarchow, found what is now the Waucouta, Hanna and Brunt mines. These properties they promptly lost in the panic of 1893. Subsequently he discovered the Holland Mine near Biwabik, and this property was later operated by Swallow & Hopkins, Mr. Holland retaining an interest.

As long ago as 1886 Mr. Holland bought from the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company for W. R. Burt of Saginaw a tract of land on the Mesaba that later was found to contain the Burt Mine and six or seven others now fully explored, though not opened, since they are under a blanket lease to the United States Steel Corporation. Mr. Holland has expressed his relations to the lumber and mming industries in the following way : "When I want to have some fun I explore for iron, and when it is necessary to make money I buy timber." His timber dealings are now exclusively confined to the southern territory.

Mr. Holland calls attention to the more or less familiar experiences of owners and operators in the mining ranges when he mentions that Mr. Burt tried hard to dispose of his holdings on the Mesaba for a very nominal sum, and being unable to do so was forced to keep, against his will, a pretty large fortune in iron ore that subsequently for years paid him large royalties. The same has been true of many other large holders of iron in fee. They bought the land for the pine, after the lumber was cut were unable to sell the lands, and others explored and found the mines for them.

Mr. Holland represents some old and substantial American ancestry. His father was born at Belgertown, Massachusetts, moved out to Erie county. New York, and still later to Saginaw, Michigan, where he turned his career from farming to lumbering. He died in 1908, at the age of seventy. The mother of George N. Holland is still living, at the age of eighty-six, at Saginaw. Her father was a physician and her grandfather was Rev. D. D. Nash of Cooperstown, New York, a prominent pioneer minister whose church is still in use and in which every year is held a memorial service in his honor. George N. Holland is the first of four children, two sons and two daughters, all still living. During his boyhood in Saginaw he attended the public schools, graduating from high school, and completed his education with two years in a military academy at Worcester, Massachusetts, and two years at the University of Michigan. Fraternally he is affiiliated with the Elks.

Phillip .Sher. One of the largest wholesale and jobbing concerns handling meat and animal products in the Duluth territorv is that of Phillip Sher. An interesting fact in this connection is that Phillip Sher some twenty-five or thirty years ago had to borrow a hundred dollars to open a modest meat market, and his own energies, good judgment and persistence have been the forces behind the growth and progress of his business.

Phillip Sher was born in Russia, July .^. 1858, and came alone to America in 1891. After securing from a friend the modest loan above mentioned he used it to secure equi})me!it and install a modest stock of retail meats in a small room on Superior street, Duluth. He remained in that location three years, and in that time his trade and business had outgrown the room and he then moved to larger quarters at 25 East First street. Eventually he built up a large retail business and gradually transformed his enterprise into wholesale and jobbing, and the annual volume of his sales now aggregate half a million dollars. Mr. Sher has long made it a rule and practice to invest his surplus proceeds from business in Duluth real estate, and is the owner of a number of residences and business blocks which constitute a substantial form of real wealth.

He is the father of four sons and two daughters, all living, and the sons are actively associated with him in the wholesale meat and livestock business. Mr. Sher was married in Russia forty-two years ago and after coming to this country and getting established sent for his wife and family, who joined him. Mr. Sher is an Orthodox in religious belief and is a Republican in politics.

J. E. Davis, a resident of Duluth for the past fourteen years, has built up and is i)roprietor of a large and prosperous business known as the West End Scrap Iron and ^letal Company, which buys and sells material over a district including most of the Northwestern States and Canada.

Mr. Davis was born in Russia, June 2, 1886. and was twenty years of age when he came to this country in 1906. He had a fair education, and on coming to Duluth found work as a laborer in a scrap iron yard. At the end of a year and a half he had made considerable progress in the acquisition of the American language and customs, and then engaged in business for himself under the name of the West End Scrap Iron and ]\Ietal Company. From 1908 to 1918 his associate in this business was W. Ginsberg, and since then he has been the individual proprietor. His first location was at Twenty-first avenue. West, and ^Michigan street; a year and a half later he removed to 1910-1912 West Michigan street, and the office and yard of the plant have been in that locality ever since. The West End Scrap Iron and Metal Company are wholesale dealers in scrap iron and metal, rags and woolens, second-hand machinery, and 60 per cent of the business is jobbing. The business connections extend over eight or ten states and Canada. Mr. Davis has also been in the hide and fur business in Duluth, and was interested in the Marine Iron & Shipbuilding Company.

He is a member of the Masonic Order, the Duluth Commercial Club, and Covenant Lodge No. 569. I. O. B. B. His church connections are with Kofereth of Israel Temple of Immanuel. jNIr. Davis was married in Duluth in 1914 to ]\Iiss Florence Levin.

Peter L. Morterud. The senior partner of the Morterud-Koneczny Company, one of the large and prosperous retail stores on West Superior street, began his career with onh- a common school education and with the incentive sui)plied b}' himself in the way of earnestness, ambition and perseverance, ruid has found his way over obstacles to independent and influential position in his home city.

Mr. Morterud was born in Norway, September 11. 1866. His father. Peter Morterud, brought the famih' to America in 1873 and for the first two years lived in Dane county, Wisconsin, then two years in Trempealeau county and fifteen years in Jackson county in the same state. He was a blacksmith by trade. On coming to Duluth he located in what is now known as the West End. where he lived retired until his death in 1901. Of his seven children, five are still living.

Duluth And St. Louis County 761

Peter L. Morterud, the youngest of the family, had only the advantages of the common schools and as a boy worked on farms at small wages. He also clerked in a general store at Whitehall, Wisconsin. On coming to Duluth he became a clerk for his brother in the clothing business, and for twenty years was actively associated with his brother, eventually acquiring a third interest in the store. In 1908 he organized the present firm of the Morterud-Koneczny Company, which was incorporated the same year. He has given all liis time to the management of this enterprise, and does an extensive Imsiness as a retail merchant in clothing, shoes and furnishing goods, rhe store is at 2101-2103 West Superior street and draws a large trade not only from the West End, but from many other sections of Duluth and surrounding territory.

^Ir. Alorterud is a member of the Norwegian Methodist Church. He has always stood as a stanch advocate of prohibition. May 27, 1891, he married ]\Iiss Mary Peterson. They have had four children. Hazel v., Ernest (deceased), Leslie M. and Olive M.

A. A. Kerr, represents at Duluth one of the largest firms of food product makers in America, the Loose-Wiles Biscuit Company. This lias lieen his line of business for thirty or forty years, and to a large degree he is personally responsible for the great volume of business that flows to his corporation from the Duluth district.

Mr. Kerr was born at Berlin, Wisconsin, August 18. 1860. son of Robert and Elizabeth (Ray) Kerr. His parents were both natives of vScotland. His father came to America in 1854, lirst located at ^lilwaukee. where he followed his trade as a carriage trimmer; from there moved to Berlin, Wisconsin, and during the pericjd of the Civil war lived in Chicago. His next home was at Peoria. Illinois, and he spent his last years at Monmouth in that state. Of his famih- of nine children A. A. was the third in age.

He acquired his early education in the public schools and at tlie age of twelve was clerking in a grocery store. After c(jnsideral)le training in merchandising he entered the service of the F. A. Kennedv lliscuit Company as a traveling salesman and continued with that concern until the National Biscuit Compan\- absorbed the Kennedy Company. He eventually was made local manager for that noted concern. In 1906 he joined the Loose-Wiles Biscuit Company as local manager at Duluth, and has been in charge of the local offices and warehouses at 308 West Michigan street since that time, 'i'he Loose-Wiles ])roducts are now sold and distributed in great (|uantities all over Duluth. the Head of the Lakes district and the iron ranges, and the business for this entire district goes through Mr. Kerr's office.

Mr. Kerr l)ecame a charter member of the L'nited Commercial Travelers in 18*^2. ."since coining to Duluth he has been generous of his ctTorts and influence in behalf of good citizenshij). He is a memlxr of tlie COmmercial ( lul), I\otar\ Chfl'), CiU'Iing Club, and a Kepublican in politics, lie married at Washington. Iowa, September 7, 18*>2. and has two ehildri'ii. \ i\ii'nne and Robert.

I\ohi;kt !'). Wii rri'.siDi:. I'opular re])uiation accords to Robert B Whiteside of Duluth the title of cijiitalist. Wlu-n iie first came to the district of .Northern Minnesota his cajjital .aggregated onlv $3,500. lie li.is in truth bei-n a capitalist in more than one sense. The great resources of his career have been represented not so much hv money .as by physical powi-r ,ind cndur.anci'. judgment, determin.ation. and a faculty of fighting to victory without regard to obstacles interposed. His record is that of a highly successful man and his activities have made him widely known not only in the Duluth country but in other states as well.

Mr. Whiteside was born in Ontario, Canada, March 13, 1856. He had a public school education, but his real training came not from books but through experiences that developed every physical and mental faculty in his character, including self-reliance. Only a boy, he worked in the lumber camps of the South Branch of the Muskoka River. His first venture was of itself an illustration of independence and courage. He contracted for the purchase of a tract of stumpage, and personally labored and engineered the campaign for logging the tract. It was his first case of real profits from the products of the iorest.

Mr. Whiteside's association with the Duluth country began forty years ago, in 1881. The old logging firm of Hall & Norton secured his services as log and river foreman on the Black River in Wisconsin on January 10, 1882. In later years Mr. W'hiteside has made a large part of his fortune through his mining interests. At the beginning, however, he was a practical timber man, and as a timber cruiser he explored many of the ranges without a thought of the treasures underground. Some of his early explorations deserve permanent record in the history of the iron ranges. In 1883 he went on a trip over the V^ermillion Range, cruising for timber, taking along five men and building homes and locating homestead claims. He is said to have been the first timber cruiser to examine the localities where are now numerous ore mines. At one time he had sixty timber claims located. His plan was to place homesteaders on these claims, and while he was searching out the most valuable timber tracts there was another historic character, Captain Harvey, who was exploring the same district in search of metals and minerals. Captain Harvey is known in history as the man who made the first discovery of iron ore in the Ely district, having located what was known as the Pioneer Mine. This mine was on land comprised in one of Mr. Whiteside's timber claim locations.

In early years Mr. Whiteside realized very little from the mineral resources underlying his properties on the ranges. He owned the superficial rights of the Chandler Mine property, and sold that claim for $2,000, and received only $1,500 for the Sibley Mine. During his homesteading explorations Mr. Whiteside and his party walked all the distance of more than a hundred miles from Duluth to what is now Ely, carrying packs on their backs. He enjoyed to the full the rugged experiences of such work, and in endurance and capacity for physical toil he had few equals.

During all these years he was engaged in logging operations. He and his brother John in 1893 were associated with W. C. Winton and S. G. Knox in the organization of the Knox Lumber Company, with headquarters at Winton, Minnesota. ^Ir. \\'hiteside was superintendent of the logging department of this company until 1898, when he sold out to H. F. David of Duluth. W^hile he owned some of the choicest tracts of stumpage in Northern ]Minnesota. Mr. Whiteside gradually extended his interests to other timber districts. In 1899 he acquired 13,000 acres of the big timber lands of Calaveras county, California, and he still owns that immense tract. The purchase included the Calaveras Grove and the Tuolumne Grove, containing

Duluth And St. Louis County 763

A few years ago Mr. Whiteside was credited with operating more drilling outfits for the uncovering of ore deposits in the Lake Superior region than any other individual operator. His prospecting for ore was always part of his individual operations, carried on at his own expense. He owns a quarter interest in the fee of. the Zenith Mine and a sixth interest in the fee of the Pioneer Mine, both at Ely, and has been vice president of the Rouchleau-Ray Iron Land Company and president of the Presquele Iron Mining Company.

In recent years his operations have taken still another direction. These have brought him the distinction of being the largest investor and most successful operator from Duluth in oil properties of the Southwest.

Mr. Whiteside, for all his success, remains a man of quiet, democratic tastes, and his pleasures and recreations are largely furnished by his diversity of business affairs. Some years ago he bought Big Island, in Spirit Lake, an enlargement of the St. Louis River, opposite the steel plant, and has improved and made this valuable as a farm as well as a country retreat. He regards all the old-timers of Duluth and the Range country as his friends, and is also well known socially at Duluth. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the Kitchi Gammi Club, the Northland Country Club, a life member of the Duluth Boat Club and the Curling Club. He is a Scottish Rite ^lason and Shriner. Mr. Whiteside has reared a fine famil3\ He married at Duluth in 1888 ^liss Sophia Kimberg. The seven children born to their marriage are James E., Roger \'., Robert Walton, Frances Burton, Gordon Douglass, Walker Lee and Marion Calaveras.

A. H. Donald continuously for nearly thirty years has been in business at Duluth as a grocery merchant and has one of the oldest establishments in the West End of the city. He has become well and favorably known on account of his public spirit and his generous participation in every movement undertaken for the benefit and general welfare of the citizens.

Mr. Donald was born in Scotland, November 8, 1858, son of David and Henrietta (Henderson) Donald. In 1872. when he was fourteen years of age, the family came to America and located in Michigan. David Donald was a farmer by occupation and followed that vocation in Michigan for many years, living near the cit}- of Alpena. He died at the age of seventy-nine.

A. H. Donald was the second in a family of eleven children. He acquired all his education in the schools of Glasgow, Scotland, before coming to this country. He lived at home \yith his parents for several years and at the age of nineteen found occui:)ation for one winter in Springfield, Massachusetts, as driver of a street car drawn by a mule. He then returned to Michigan and entered the lumber woods, helping get out logs and also rafting on the river, and every season for eight years spent his time as a j)ractical lumberman. In Ontonagon count}-, IMichigan, he took up a homestead of eight}- acres, })rovcd u\) his claim, developed a farm from the land and eventually sold out for $2,200, this re])rescnting a rather promising capital for that day.

On Mav 12. 1891, following his farming and lumbering experience in Michigan. Mr. Donald came to Duluth and employed his capital to establish and ojien a stock of groceries and retail meats, a business that he has continued as an important service to the community of West Duluth ever since. His store, a landmark in the commercial district of the West Side, is at 128 Sixty-third avenue. Mr. Donald is a Republican in politics, and is affiliated with the Modern Woodmen of America and the Woodmen of the World. He is also a banker, being vice president of the Western State Bank of W'est Duluth, an institution that w^as organized in 1904.

February 28, 1891, a few weeks before he came to Duluth, Mr. Donald married Miss Elizabeth Nyman, a native of Sweden, who came to this country in 1888. They have six children, Roy, Alexander, Esther, James, Robert and Bruce.

E. G. Wallinder. In the business history of Duluth an enterprise that has the distinction of being the oldest in its line in the city is the sash and door factory of E. G. Wallinder. During the thirty years of its existence it has developed and prospered materially under the well-directed management of its proprietor, and with the enterprise has grown also the man, who is now justly accounted one of his community's reliable and public-spirited citizens.

Mr. Wallinder was born in Sweden, November 16, 1864, and as a youth attended the public schools. The engineering profession had been decided upon for him by his parents, but their early deaths put an end to these plans, and after their deaths, on May 1, 1880, when he was not yet sixteen years of age, he came to the United States alone and located first at Burlington. Iowa, where he secured employment in the master mechanic's offices of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. After one year he became a designer for Wolf & Company of Burlington, and in 1882 went to Minneapolis, where he remained six months, during which time he was foreman for the Saint Louis Hotel. During the next year and a half he made his headquarters at Brandon, Manitoba, employed in the work for the engineering department of the C. P. R. R. Leaving there, he went to Fargo, where he superintended the construction of the Fargo High School and the court house and jail in Traill county. North Dakota, which he completed in two years. On July 10, 1886. Mr. Wallinder came to Duluth, and here continued to be engaged in construction work until ?^Iarch 1, 1890, when he founded his present business.

At that time his capital amounted to $400, and his first rough roof sheltered a little group of wood-working machines, operated by four men and driven by a 15-horsepower engine and crowded into a space of 36x40 feet. Today the E. G. Wallinder Sash and Door Factory represents an investment of $85,000, and the main factory, two stories and basement. 70x100 feet, houses two comj^lete machine sets for turning out sash, doors and moulding, about fifty skilled workmen being employed and the plant being driven by an 150-horsepower electric motor and steam plant. The plant occupies two solid blocks, facing on Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth avenues, West, between Nicollet and Main street. The first floor of the main building embraces in its equipment planers, ripsaws, cut-ofif saws, jigsaws, tenoning and mortising machines, moulders, turning lathes, polishers and other machines common to such a plant. The second floor is taken up by the glueing and veneering rooms and store rooms for finished products, while the glazing room and shafting for the power plant take up the basement. The dry lumber shed, covered by galvanized iron, is 70x180 feet in size, and a shed 18x150 feet on the opposite side of the building covers a complete stock of moulding in both hard and soft woods. A fireproof dry kiln, 38x70 feet, is equipped with the hitest moist-air drying system, and a fireproof engine room contains a 150-horsepower Atlas engine and two boilers of 170 horsepower combined capacity. Not only is all equipment strictly up to date, but so far as possible it is labor-saving and provided with modern safety devices. A barn and garage. 18x24 feet, shelters the teams and automobile trucks used in transfer and delivery .of local business. A spur of the Northern Pacific Railroad runs between the main building and the dry lumber shed, and raw material is brought in and manufactured products are shipped out in carload lots. The local trade is heavy and a goodly percentage of business is drawn from Upper Michigan, Wisconsin, Southern Minnesota, North and South Dakota and Montana. Of the raw material used to make the finished products which have gained such distinction for this pioneer ])lant the oak comes from Saint Louis, the yellow pine from ^lissouri, the Douglas fir from Washington, the birch from the same state, and the white pine from Northern Minnesota.